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Bird Ringing.Qxp 30/01/2008 14:26 Page 1 Bird ringing.qxp 30/01/2008 14:26 Page 1 Wild birds have been ringed for just over a hundred Bird ringing is used to monitor bird populations and measures needed. Survival rates calculated from years in many countries across the world. Currently, their movements on a national scale, and to help many recapturing ringed birds have shown that the UK over 800,000 birds are ringed in Britain and Ireland detailed studies answer specific questions about bird sedge warbler population is highly dependent on each year, of which over 13,000 are subsequently ecology and behaviour. It has provided a wealth of conditions on their wintering grounds in Africa. In found or recaptured away from where they were first information critical to achieving conservation success. years of drought in the Sahel region of West Africa, caught. Many more are recaptured locally to where The following examples illustrate discoveries and fewer birds survive the winter, leading to fewer they were ringed. conservation successes only made possible by bird birds returning to the UK to breed the next year. ringing. Bird ringing in the UK is carried out by ringers licensed • Ringing can also help monitor a bird species as it by the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) on behalf of • Ringing studies of cirl buntings in Devon showed expands its range to new areas or habitats. For the statutory conservation agencies (Natural England, that individuals rarely moved more than 2km instance, peregrines have in recent years taken to Scottish Natural Heritage, Countryside Council for between breeding territories and winter feeding nesting on tall buildings in cities, feeding on the Wales and Environment and Heritage Service Northern areas. Subsequent conservation programmes for cirl ready supply of feral pigeons. Ringing the young of Ireland). It involves catching a wild bird and fitting a buntings have provided breeding season habitat and these city peregrines will help us understand the Other means of marking birds light silver-coloured metal ring of a correct size on its winter food resources close together within the UK contribution this new habitat makes to the Coloured rings are sometimes fitted onto a bird if a leg. The ring carries a unique number, by which the range of this species. This has resulted in a population as a whole, and whether their survival research or monitoring programme requires regular bird can be identified later if it is caught or found substantial increase in the UK population. rate or the pollution loads they carry differ from sightings of individual birds. With these rings, a bird again, and a reference to the British Museum, London. their country cousins. can be identified as an individual undisturbed and This is used as a postal address for ring recoveries • Our knowledge of the migration routes and from a distance. Swans or geese often support a because it is internationally well known. destinations of our summer and winter migrant Particularly valuable to bird ecology and to colour ring with a letter/number combination species comes largely from re-catching or finding conservation efforts are ringing projects that provide engraved on it. Colour-marking individual birds has British-ringed birds elsewhere. This may help regular standardised data each year. The BTO runs, helped us to study breeding birds, and unravel determine the causes of population changes among others, the ‘Constant Effort Site’ scheme issues like territory size and interactions with observed in the UK. Numbers of roseate terns were where regular, standardised ringing throughout the neighbouring birds. declining seriously in many colonies in the 1980s, breeding season provides high quality data on annual but there was no obvious problem in the breeding changes in population size, survival rates, breeding A number of other means of marking and grounds. Finding ringed birds helped researchers success, length of breeding seasons and body monitoring individual birds are used when birds identify the wintering grounds off West Africa, where condition for a range of songbirds. need to be followed at or over greater distances. a local pastime of ‘fishing’ for terns was killing large This usually involves only larger species. Wing numbers of roseate terns. Education programmes How are birds ringed? tagging is used when it is not possible or feasible to and other conservation work together with the Birds are caught for ringing in a variety of ways. Most see the colour of leg rings. A wing tag is made of Ghanaian bird conservation groups helped to reduce adult songbirds are caught by mist-nets, fine durable flexible plastic. It is brightly coloured and Why are birds ringed? this needless mortality. vertically-set nets positioned to catch birds flying carries a large number or letter, either by itself or in Bird ringing is a valuable scientific tool for the study of through the area. Many other trapping methods are combination of the two. The tags are fitted, one on wild birds. Almost everything we know about bird • Even where seasonal movements of birds are also used, specific to the birds being caught and the each wing, to the leading edge of the wing just migration, dispersal, survival and longevity, comes relatively well known, continued, regular ringing can location of the study. Around 20% of the birds are inside the carpal joint. These tags can be read from the ringing (or other forms of marking) of wild help detect changes to these movement patterns. ringed as young before they leave the nest. These are through binoculars or telescope over considerable birds and the subsequent recording of these During the 1990s, blackcaps became a feature of the particularly valuable, as their origin and precise age distances, including when the bird is in flight, and individuals elsewhere by recapture, observation or bird tables in the UK in winter. Ringing showed that at the time of ringing are known. Wild bird rings are allow easy identification and close monitoring of the finding them dead. these were mainly Continental migrants, attracted by known as split rings, which can be placed on adult movements of the birds without the need for the the milder winters and reliable food in gardens. birds and on chicks above a given age. The ring is observer to get close to the birds again. Ringing is a means of marking a bird so that it can be placed on the bird’s leg and closed with a special pair identified as an individual at a later date. This allows • Continued regular ringing can detect changes in of pliers. While in the hand, valuable data can also be In a long-running programme to reintroduce red researchers to determine how far individuals travel and survival rates of adult or juvenile birds. Since these collected on age, sex, body size, weight, and body kites to England and Scotland, every released bird how long they live. Although many reports are of may drive population changes, effective monitoring condition. has been fitted with wing tags, so that the ringed birds found dead, ringers frequently catch birds of survival rates can help determine ultimate causes movements and fortunes of each bird could be that have already been ringed. of population change, and any conservation Bird ringing.qxp 30/01/2008 14:26 Page 2 followed – vital information for the project. A When correctly carried out by properly trained and Other rings on birds proportion of the wild-reared chicks are also wing licensed ringers, ringing has no long-term effects on From time to time people come across birds with tagged each year to aid the monitoring. As the the birds ringed. The British ringing scheme demands different types of rings. These tend to be ‘closed rings’, populations spread, the wing tagged individuals very high standards of training, and bird welfare is which are complete circles without a break in them. showed that most kites nest within the region where paramount at all times. Rings are lightweight and are These rings are used to mark and identify captive they were reared. Only a small number move a not a significant burden for birds to carry. Relative to birds. They are placed on young chicks as their legs significant distance to find a mate, although juvenile a bird’s weight, a typical metal ring is similar to a are growing, but cannot be put on an adult bird. British birds can move considerable distances. If you see a mobile phone on a human. Similarly, wing tags and birds raised in captivity must be fitted with an tagged red kite anywhere in the UK, please report it radio transmitters are light and unobtrusive, and they approved type of ring to show their captive bred origin. to an RSPB office. and their fittings are designed not to affect the bird’s All racing pigeons wear rings, as do assorted exotic flight or movement in any way. cage birds. There is no requirement to ring a bird of Modern technology has made the use of radio non-European origin, whether it belongs to a zoo or is transmitters and even satellite tracking possible. Naturally, most birds, like other wild animals, will a private pet. Some owners do ring these birds for INFORMATION With devices small enough to fit even to a resist being caught and handled, with some being their own records, but there is no central register for bumblebee, it is now possible to radio track any quite vocal during the process. It may be easy for an captive birds. Bird ringing British bird if the research work warrants it. Radio onlooker without detailed bird knowledge to assume tracking is most useful in studying secretive birds, that this apparent stress is harmful to the birds being such as corncrakes and bitterns to find out their key ringed.
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