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Education and Technology This page intentionally left blank Education and Technology An Encyclopedia Volume 1: A–I Volume 2: J–W Edited by Ann Kovalchick and Kara Dawson Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright © 2004 by Ann Kovalchick and Kara Dawson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Education and technology : an encyclopedia / edited by Ann Kovalchick and Kara Dawson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-351-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 1-57607-749-7 (e-book) 1. Educational technology—Encyclopedias. 2. Computer-assisted instruction—Encyclopedias. 3. Internet in education—Encyclopedias. 4. Distance education—Encyclopedias. I. Kovalchick, Ann. II. Dawson, Kara. LB1028.3.E17 2003 371.33′03—dc22 2003020749 08 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Introduction, xiii Education and Technology Volume 1: A–I Acceptable Use Policies (AUP), Judith Oates Lewandowski, 1 Active Learning, Kara Dawson, 3 ADDIE Model, Michael Molenda, 7 Adult Learners, Rita Richey, 10 Alternative Assessment, Kara Dawson, 13 Analysis, Allison Rossett, 15 Anchored Instruction, Donna Baumbach, Mary Bird, and Sally Brewer, 22 Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow Project (ACOT), Judith Haymore Sandholtz and Cathy Ringstaff, 26 ARCS: A Model of Motivational Design, Peggy A. Ertmer, 34 Assistive Technology, Christine L. Appert, 39 Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), Marianne Williams, 47 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Virginia Gold, 51 Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), Michael Molenda, 57 Behaviorism, John K. Burton and David M. Moore, 61 Bloom, Benjamin S. (1913–1999), Gabriel Reedy, 66 Bloom’s Taxonomy, Michael DeCesare, 69 Bruner, Jerome S. (b. 1915), George O. Hack, 73 Campus Computing Project, Kenneth C. Green, 77 CaseNEX, Marsha A. Gartland and Robert F. McNergney, 92 Clark, Richard E. (b. 1940), Michael Molenda, 98 Cognitive Apprenticeship, Kara Dawson, 105 Cognitive Flexibility Theory (CFT), Rand J. Spiro, Brian P. Collins, Jose Jagadish Thota, and Paul J. Feltovich, 108 Cognitive Psychology, Richard E. Ferdig, 118 Collaboration and Negotiation Tool for Case-Based Instruction (CoNet-C), Ikseon Choi and Susan M. Land, 121 Collaborative Technologies, John R. Savery, 126 Communication Theory, Dawn L. Carusi, 129 Communities of Practice, John D. Smith, 134 Community Technology Centers (CTCs), Tamara R. Pearson and Aisha I. Wood, 136 Component Display Theory, David Wiley and Andy Gibbons, 138 Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI), Steven Mills, 141 Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), Minjuan Wang and Karen Cadiero- Kaplan, 144 Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), Zane L. Berge, 152 Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), Kara Dawson, 159 Cone of Experience, Michael Molenda, 161 Constructivism, Thomas Duffy and Chandra Orrill, 165 Copyright, Esther Sinofsky, 173 Courseware, Thomas C. Reeves, 179 Crossroads Project, Michael Coventry, 182 CSILE/Knowledge Forum®, Marlene Scardamalia, 183 Curriculum Integration, Glenda Gunter and Donna Baumbach, 192 Cyberculture and Related Studies, David Silver and Donald Snyder, 195 Diffusion of Innovations, Ziad Akir, 205 Digital Divide, Colleen Swain, 210 Digital Video, Clare R. Kilbane, 213 Distance Education, Susan M. Zvacek, 219 Educational Fair Use, Esther Sinofsky, 231 Educational Systems Design (ESD), Charles M. Reigeluth, 239 Elaboration Theory of Instruction, Charles M. Reigeluth, 248 Electronic Books (e-books), Barbara Pace, 261 Electronic Emissary, Judi Harris, 263 Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS), Sanjay Dua, 267 Electronic Portfolios, Helen Barrett, 271 Entertainment-Education (e-e), Tanja Bosch and Joshua Ogada, 277 E-texts and Readers, Susan Amirian, 280 Evaluation, Melissa J. Dark, 285 Florida Virtual School (FLVS), Sharon Johnston, 291 Gagné, Robert Mills (1915–2002), Walter Wager, 295 Handheld Technologies, Donna Baumbach and Karen Fasimpaur, 303 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Clark Quinn, 307 Hypertext, Richard E. Ferdig, 313 Information Literacy, Odin Jurkowski, 319 Instructional Communications, Karen Hughes Miller, 324 Instructional Design (ID), Mable B. Kinzie, Marti F. Julian, and William C. Davis, 330 Instructional Objectives, Gabriel Reedy, 337 Instructional Technology, Michael Molenda, 341 Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), Chris Eliot, 343 Interactive Television, Johannes C. Cronjé, 347 International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI), Jim Hill, 353 International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), Sally Brewer, 362 Internet Safety, Michael J. Berson and Ilene R. Berson, 364 Volume 2: J–W Jasper Woodbury, Kara Dawson, 373 JSTOR, Bruce Heterick, 376 Just-in-Time Training (JITT), Matthew F. Rose and Melissa J. Dark, 382 Knowledge Management, Melissa J. Dark, 389 Knowledge-Building Environments (KBEs), Marlene Scardamalia, 393 Learner-Centered Environment (LCE), Chandra Orrill, 401 Learning Circles, Margaret Riel, 407 Learning Objects, Kathleen Bennett, 413 Learning Styles, Jennifer Gramling, 418 LEGO/Logo, Teresa Franklin, 421 Mathematics and Technology (K-12 Education), Suzanne R. Harper, 427 Message Design, Melissa J. Dark, 430 Mindtools, Kara Dawson, 433 MOOs and MUDs, Joel A. English, 436 Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT), Gerard L. Hanley, 442 Multiple Intelligences, Kara Dawson, 445 Netiquette, Judith Oates Lewandowski, 449 Online Learning Communities, Erping Zhu, 451 Open University, Selma Vonderwell, 455 OpenCourseWare, David Wiley, 458 Open-Ended Learning Environment (OELE), Janette R. Hill and Susan M. Land, 460 Papert, Seymour (1928– ), Sebnem Cilesiz, 467 Performance Support, Theresa C. Norton and Richard L. Sullivan, 468 PLATO®, Rob Foshay, 473 Probeware, Robert Tinker, 476 Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Kara Dawson, 479 Rapid Prototyping, Barbara Bichelmeyer, 483 Research on Media and Learning, Steven Mills, 489 School Reform, Howard D. Mehlinger, 495 Schramm, Wilbur (1907–1987), Kathy Krendl, 500 Science and Technology (K-12 Education), Randy L. Bell and Lawrence B. Flick, 503 Self-Regulated Learning, Peggy A. Ertmer and Dale H. Schunk, 508 Simulation and Gaming, Margaret Gredler, 515 Situated Cognition, Kara Dawson, 522 Social Studies and Technology (K-12 Education), Judith Oates Lewandowski, 524 Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE), Niki Davis and Natalie Johnson, 529 Teachers: Preparation and Training, Keith Wetzel and Neal Strudler, 533 Technology across the Curriculum (TAC), Anne Scrivener Agee and Dee Ann Holisky, 539 Technology in K-12 Schools, Ann Thompson and Denise Schmidt, 546 Technology Planning, Larry S. Anderson, 553 Telecollaboration and Teleresearch, Judi Harris, 560 Telementoring, Kevin O’Neill, 566 Television and Learning, Susan M. Zvacek, 573 Usability, Theresa C. Norton, 579 Virtual High School Inc.®, Bonnie Elbaum and Cynthia McIntyre, 585 Virtual Library, Jo Monahan, 591 Virtual Reality (VR), Veronica S. Pantelidis and Lawrence W. S. Auld, 593 Virtual Universities, Deborah Snyder, 598 Visual Literacy, Peter Felten, 602 Vygotsky, Lev (1896–1934), Sharon B. Hayes, 605 Web Accessibility, Steven Mills, 613 Web Portals, Keith Collier and Mable B. Kinzie, 618 Web-Based Course Management Systems, Nada Dabbagh, 622 Web-Based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE), Douglas B. Clark and James D. Slotta, 630 Web-Based Instruction, Brenda Bannan-Ritland, 638 Web-Based Surveys, Theresa C. Norton, 644 Webcast, Barbara Szubinska, 650 Weblog, David Wiley, 652 WebQuests, Kara Dawson, 654 Western Governors University (WGU), Selma Vonderwell, 657 Who Built America? Roy Rosenzweig and Steve Brier, 663 Wireless Networks, Christopher Starr, 669 Glossary, 673 About the Contributors, 685 Index, 689 Contents by Category Foundations ADDIE Model Analysis Behaviorism Cognitive Psychology Communication Theory Constructivism Evaluation Human-Computer Interaction Instructional Communications Instructional Design (ID) Instructional Technology Performance Support Research on Media and Learning Implementation Collaborative Technologies Communities of Practice Community Technology Centers (CTCs) Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) Courseware Digital Video Electronic Books (e-books) Electronic Emissary Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS) Electronic Portfolios Entertainment-Education (e-e) E-texts and Readers Handheld Technologies Hypertext Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) Interactive Television Just-in-Time Training (JITT) Knowledge Management Knowledge-Building Environments (KBEs) Learning Circles Learning Objects Mathematics and Technology (K-12 Education) Mindtools MOOs and MUDs Online Learning Communities Open University Open-Ended Learning Environment (OELE) Probeware Rapid Prototyping Science and Technology (K-12 Education) Simulation and Gaming Social Studies and Technology (K-12 Education) Telecollaboration and Teleresearch Telementoring Virtual Library Virtual
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