Bangladesh map pdf 2019

Continue This article is about the People's Republic of . Other uses: Bangladesh (ibility). Country South Asia coordinates: 24°N 90°E / 24°N 90°E / 24; 90 Bangladeshগণজাতী বাংলােদশ People's Republic (Bengali)Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh Flag Emblem Anthem: ()My Golden Bengal March: Notuner GaanThe Song of Youth[1]Official Seal of the Government of Bangladesh Capital and largest cityDhaka23°45′50N 90°23′20E / 23.76389° N 90.38889° E / 23.76389; 90.38889Official language and national languageBengali[2]Regional languagesChittagonianSylhetiRangpuriEthnic groups (2011[3])98% 2% minorities Chakmas Marmas Santhals Mros Tanchangyas Bawms Tripuris Khumis Kukis Garos Bisnupriya Manipuris Religion (2011[5])90.5% Islam (State religion)[4]8.5% Hinduism0.6% Buddhism0.4% ChristianityDemonym(s)BangladeshiGovernmentUnitarydominant-party parliamentaryconstitutional republic• President Abdul Hamid• Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina• House Speaker Shirin Chaudhury• Chief Justice Syed Mahmud Hossain LegislatureJatiya SangsadIndependence from • Declared 26 March 1971• V-Day 16 December 1971• Current constitution 16 December 1972 Area • Total148,460[6] km2 (57,320 sq mi) (92nd)• Water (%)6.4Population• 2018 estimate161,376,708[7][8] (8th)• 2011 census149,772,364[9] (8th)• Density1,106/km2 (2,864.5/sq mi) (7th)GDP (PPP)2020 estimate• Total$864.883 billion[10] (30th)• Per capita$5,139[10] (135th)GDP (nominal)2020 estimate• Total$317.768 billion[10] (40th)• Per capita$1,888[10] (140th)Gini (2016)32.4[11]mediumHDI (2018) 0.614[12]medium · 135thCurrencyBangladeshi taka (৳) (BDT)Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)Date formatdd-mm-yyyy ADDriving sideleftCalling code+880ISO 3166 codeBDInternet TLD.bd.বাংলাWebsitebangladesh.gov.bd This article contains silent)), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a South Asian country. It is the eighth most populous country in the world, with a) [ااdeاlaاBengali: বাংলােদশ, pronounced [ˈba [ا/,[ləˈdɛ13اbæا/) Bengali text. Question marks, boxes, or other symbols may appear without proper rendering support. Bangladesh population of more than 162 million people. [14] In terms of land, Bangladesh is the 92st most resi ed member of the World Bank. Bangladesh borders the western, northern and eastern land borders, myanmar in the southeast and the to the south. and Bhutan are separated from Nepal and Bhutan by the Corridor, and in the north by Sikkim. Dakka, the capital and the largest city, is the economic, political and cultural center of the country. the largest seaport, the second largest city. Bangladesh is a major and eastern part of the Bengal region. [15] According to ancient Indian texts, Rāmāyana and Mahābhārata, a namesake of the Vanga Kingdom, the Bengal region, were powerful naval allies of the legendary Ayodhya. During the ancient and classical periods of the Indian subcontinent, the area was home to many principality, including Pundra, Gangaridai, Gauda, Samatata, and Harikela. It is also a Mauryan province during the reign of Ashoka. The principalities were notable for their overseas trade, relations with the Roman world, the middle eastern exports of fine Muslin and silk, and the dissemination of philosophy and art in Southeast Asia. The Slate Empire, the Chandra Dynasty and the were the last pre- Islamic Bengali middle kingdoms. Islam was introduced during the Shale Empire, through trade with the Abbāsid caliphate,[16] but bakhtiyar khalji's early conquest and sermon of the and Shah Jalāl of , spread faithfully throughout the region. In 1576, the wealthy Bengali sultan was absorbed into the , but his reign was briefly interrupted by the Suri Empire. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the proto-industrial mogul became a Bengali semi-independent state under the Bengali nawabs. The region was later conquered by the British East Company at the in 1757. [17] The borders of modern Bangladesh were established in August 1947, when India was split, when the region became eastern Pakistan as part of the newly formed Pakistani dominion, with the Bengali partition. [18] Later, the rise of the pro-democracy movement was based on and self-determination, which led to the liberation war and eventually resulted in Bangladesh's emergence as a sovereign and independent nation in 1971. Bangladesh is the only country in the world that has been created on the basis of ethnicity. [19] The Bengali make up 98% of Bangladesh's total population,[2][3] making it one of the most geographically homogeneous states in the world. [21] Bangladesh's large Muslim population makes it the third largest Muslim-majority country. [23] The Constitution declares Bangladesh a se worldly state, while establishing Islam as a state religion. [4] As the central power of world politics, Bangladesh is a unified parliamentary democracy and constitutional republic following the Westminster governance system. The country is divided into eight administrative districts and sixty-four districts. Although the country continues to face the challenges of corruption in the Rohingya refugee crisis[25] and the adverse effects of climate change,[27] Bangladesh is one of the emerging and growth-leading economies and one of the next eleven countries with one of the fastest real GDP growth rates. Bangladesh's economy, with nominal GDP, is the 39th largest economy in the world. Etymology Main article: Bengali names The exact origin of the word Bangla is unknown, although it is believed to originate in vanga, an ancient kingdom and geopolitical divide in the delta on the Indian subcontinent. It was located in the south of Bengal, now south- (India) and southwestern Bangladesh. In the Islamic tradition, it is said to come to / Bang, the son of Hind (the son of Hām, who is noah's son), who colonized the area first. [28] The sub suffix was added from the fact that the ecstasis of this land was 10 feet high and 20-width, at the foot of the hills, which were called al. From this suffix he added that Bung, the name Bengal came up and earned currency. [29] [30] This view is supported by Ghulam Husain Salim's Riyaz-us-Salatin. [28] Other theories refer to a Bronze Age proto-dravidian tribe,[31] the word austric bonga (Sun God),[32][32][self-published source?] and the Iron Age Vanga Kingdom. [32] The Indo- suffix desh comes from the Sanskrit word deśha, which means land or country. Therefore, the Bangladeshi name means Bengali land or Bengali country. [33] Bangla refers to the Bengal region and the . The earliest known use of the term is Nesari Disk 805 AD. The term Vangaladesa was given official status in the 11th [33] century under the Bengali Sultanship. [35] Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah declared himself the first Shah of Bangala in 1342. [35] Bangla became the region's most common name during the Islamic period. The Portuguese called the region Bengali in the 16th [37] The Bangladeshi term was often written as two words, bangla desh, in the past. Since the 1950s, Bengali nationalists have used the term at political rallies in eastern Pakistan. History main articles: and in the early and medieval periods of Vanga Kingdom and its age-old neighbors in ancient South AsiaGauda Kingdom, the first independent uniform polity in the Bengal region Stone Age assets found in Bangladesh indicate human habitation for more than 20,000 years,[38] and remnants of copper age settlements dating back 4,000 years. [38] The ancient Bengalis settled in successive waves of migration of austroasiatics, Tibetan-Burmese, Dravidans, and Indo-. [38] Archaeological evidence confirms that rice-farming communities inhabited the region in the second millennium. in Article 11(1), the following shall be copper ornaments and black and red ceramics. [40] The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers were natural arteries of communication and transport,[40] and the bay of Bengal estuary allowed maritime trade. In the early Iron Age, metal weapons, coinage, agriculture and irrigation were found. [40] At the end of the Iron Age, in the middle of the first millennium, major urban settlements were formed,[41] when the culture of northern black-polished goods emerged. In 1879, Alexander Cunningham identified Mahasthangarh as the capital of the Kingdom of Pundra, mentioned in . [43] Bangladesh's oldest inscription was found in Mahasthangarh and was used in the 3rd and 3th IBE. It's written in the Brahmi script. [45] Greek and Roman records of the ancient Kingdom of Gangarida, which (legend has it) deterred alexander the great's invasion, are linked to the fortress town of Wari-Bateshwar. [46] [47] The site has also been identified as a thriving trading center in Souanagoura, listed on the Ptolemaio world map. [48] Roman geographers recorded a large seaport in southeastern Bengal, the equivalent of what is now the region. [49] The Shale Empire was an imperial power in the late classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which was the 9th century of Somapura in Mama Mahavihara. The ruins were home to the largest monastery in pre-Islam Bangladesh, and the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of the ancient Buddhist and Hindu states that ruled Bangladesh included the Vanga, Samatata and Pundra kingdoms, the Mauryan and Gupta Empires, the Varman Dynasty, The Kingdom of , the Khadga and Candra Dynastic, the Slate Empire, the Sena Dynasty, the Harikela Kingdom and the Dvada Dynasty. These states have well developed currencies, banking, shipping, architecture and art, and the ancient universities of Bikrampur and Mainamati are hosted by scholars and students from other parts of Asia. China's Xuanzang was a renowned scholar who stayed in Somapura Mahavihara (the largest monastery in ancient India) and atisa traveled from Bengal to Tibet to preach Buddhism. The earliest form of Bengali language began to emerge in the eighth century. Early Muslim explorers and missionaries arrived in Bengal at the end of the first millennium. The Islamic conquest of Bengal began with the 1204 invasion of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji; [40] After being annexed to the Delhi Sultanship by Bengal, Khilji conducted a military campaign in Tibet. Bengal ruled the Delhi Sultanship for a century by the governors of the Mamluk, Balban and Tughluq dynastic. The Bengali Sultanship was a Bengali sovereign power in the 14th, 15th and 16th century. 1352. During its reign Bengal was transformed into a cosmopolitan Islamic superpower and became a major trading nation in the world, often referred to by Europeans as the richest country in trade. [50] The ruling houses of the Sultanate included the Ilyas Shahi, Ganesha, Hussain Shahi, Suri and Karrani dynastic dynastic dynastic, and in the period a separate mosque architecture[51] and tangka currency were introduced. [summons required] It has been subjected to hegemony in the Aracan region. The Bengali Sultanship visited explorers Ibn Battuta, Admiral Zheng He and Niccolo De Conti. The Khorasanis referred to the land as a hell full of gifts, thanks to an intolerable climate, but plenty of wealth. [52] [full quote required] at the end of the century, the Baro-Bhutan (Alliance of Muslim and Hindu Aristocrats) dominated East Bengal; it was led by Mansad-e-Ala,[53] owned by Isa Khan and his son Musa Khan. The Khan Dynasty is considered by local heroes to resist northern Indian invasions of the river's navy. The Bengali Subah was a subdivision of the Mughal Empire, which covers much of the Bengali, Bihar and Orissa regions, a deficient 17th-century fortress in Fort Aurangabad. During Emperor 's reign, the Bengali agricultural calendar was reformed to make tax collection easier. The Mughals created The Dakka as a fortress town and commercial metropolis, and for 75 years it was the capital of Bengal Subah. In 1666, the Mughals ousted the Arakanese from Chittagong. Mughal Bengali attracted foreign traders for Muslin and silk goods, and armenians were a remarkable trading community. A Portuguese settlement in Chittagong flourished in the southeast, and a Dutch settlement in existed in the north. 40% of Dutch imports from Asia are bengali dedals; including more than 50% of textiles and about 80% of silk. [55] The Bengali Subah, described as a paradise of nations,[56] was the richest province in the empire and a major global exporter,[55][57][58] a major hub for world industries such as Muslin, cotton textiles, silk,[40] and shipbuilding. [59] Its citizens also enjoyed one of the world's finest living standards. [60] In the 1960s, the Bengali nawabs became the de facto ruler of the region. The ruler's title is popularly known as the Bengali, Bihari and Orissa nawab, given that the Bengali Nawab empire encompassed much of the eastern subcontinent. Nawabs made alliances with European colonial companies, which made the region relatively prosperous at the beginning of the century. The Bengali accounted for 50% of the empire's gross domestic product. The Bengali economy is based on textiles, shipbuilding, production, construction and agricultural products. Bengali was one of the main hubs for international trade – Bengali silk and cotton textiles were worn in Europe, Japan, Indonesia and Central Asia. [62] [40] Annual shipbuilding production in Bengal was 223,250 tonnes, compared with 23,061 tonnes in 19 colonies in North America. Shipbuilding in Bengal proved to be more advanced than European shipbuilding before the Industrial Revolution. The rinsing decks of Bengali rice vessels were later replicated in European shipbuilding to replace the design of hull-step decks. [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] The Muslim population in Bengal was a product of conversion and religious evolution,[40] and pre-Islamic beliefs included elements of Buddhism and . The construction of mosques, Islamic academies (madrasas) and Sufi monasteries (khanqahs) facilitated the transformation, and Islamic cosmology played a significant role in the development of Muslim society in Bengal. Scholars believe that the Bengali were drawn to Islam by a social order aspiring to equality, which was in contrast to the Hindu caste system. [69] One notable Muslim preacher was Shah Jalal, who arrived in the area in 1303 with many other disciples to preach religion to the people. [summons required] century, Muslim poets wrote in Bengali. Notable medieval Bengali Muslim poets include Daulat Qazi, Abdul Hakim and Alaol. Syncretic cults, such as the movement, have emerged on the fringes of Bengal's Muslim society. The Persian culture was significant in Bengal, where cities like Sonargaon became the easternmost center of Persian influence. [70] The Mughals helped France avoid losing the Bengal region to the British during the seven-year war. On June 22, 1757, the British Company won a decisive victory over Nawab of Bengal and its French allies under Robert Clive. The battle followed Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab Bengali, with the English to stop the extension of the fortification. Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, commander-in-chief of nawab's army, and also promised to make him a Bengali nawab, which helped him defeat Siraj-ud-Daulah and capture Calcutte. [73] The battle cemented the company's presence in Bengal, which later covered much of India over the next hundred years. Although they lost control of The Bengali Subah, II. [74] Colonial Period Main Articles: Portuguese Empire, Bengali Presidency, as well as East Bengali and Portuguese (top left) of the Royal Court of Emperor Akbar.Portuguese colonization of the Bengali Sultanship and the Bay of Bengal in the 16th-19th centuries. [75] [76] Two decades later Da Gama's landing in Calicut, the Bengali Sultanat, gave permission to establish the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong in 1528. It became the first European colonial enclave in Bengal. The Bengali Sultanship lost control of Chittagong in 1531 after Arakan declared independence, and the established Portuguese ships Mrauk U. Goa and Malacca were founded in the 16th century. The cartaz system was introduced and all ships in the area had to buy naval trade permits from the Portuguese settlement. The slave trade and piracy flourished. The nearby island of Sandwip was conquered in 1602. In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated the Joint Dutch and the Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong. After 1534, the Bengali Sultan allowed the Portuguese to create more settlements in Chitagoong, Satgaon,[77] Hughli, Bandel and Dakka. In 1535, the Portuguese formed an alliance with the Sultan of Bengal and kept the Teliagarhi Pass 280 km from Patna, helping to avoid an invasion by the Mughals. By then, several products had come from Patna and portuguese sending traders and had been set up there since 1580. [78] By the time the Portuguese secured military assistance against Sher Shah, the Mughals had already begun conquering the Sultanship of Ghiyasuddin Mahmud. [79] In 1666, the Bengali Mughal government, led by Viceroy Shaista Khan, took Chittagong back from control in Portugal and Arakanese. [summons required] Lord Clive's meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey after the 1757 Battle of Plassey, Bengal was the first region of the Indian subcontinent conquered by the British East India Company. The company founded the presidency of Fort William, which ran the region until 1858. One notable aspect of the corporate rule was the Permanent Settlement, which established the feudal zamindari system. [80] The Bengali looting directly contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, investing the Bengali capital in British industries such as textiles and significantly increasing British wealth, while at the same time leading to the de-industrialisation of the Bengali traditional textile industry. [81] Economic mismanagement directly led to the 1770 Bengal famine, which is estimated to have killed around 10 million people,[83] as one third of the population of the region concerned starved to death. [84] At the beginning of the 19th century, several rebellions broke out (led by a Titumir), but British rule supplanted the Muslim ruling class. A conservative Islamic cleric, Haji Shariatullah, tried to overthrow the British by spreading an Islamic revival. [85] Several cities in Bangladesh participated in the Indian uprising of 1857,[86] and pledged allegiance to the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, who was later exiled to neighboring Burma. The challenge corporate rule led by the failed Indian rebellion led to the creation of the British Indian Empire as a crown colony. The British set up several schools, colleges and a university in what is now Bangladesh. Syed Ahmed Khan and Ram Mohan Roy promoted modern and liberal education on the subcontinent, encouraging the Aligarh movement[87] and the . At the end of the 19th century, novelists, social reformers and feminists came out of Muslim Bengali society. Electricity and municipal water systems were introduced in the 1890s; In the early 19th century, cinemas opened in many cities. East Bengal's plantation farm was important to the British Empire, especially for jute and tea. The British have set up tax-free river ports such as Narayanganj Harbour and large seaports such as Chittagong Harbour. Bengal had the largest gross domestic product in British India. [89] The Bengali was one of asia's first regions to have railways. In 1862, the first railway line began operating in Bangladesh. [90] In comparison, Japan had its first railway in 1872. The main railway companies in the region were the East Bengal Railway and the Assam Bengal Railway. The railways competed with water transport to become one of the main means of transport. [91] The Bengali Presidency to the greatest extentMap shows the result of the partition Bengali (1905). The western part (Bengal) has acquired parts of Orissa, the eastern part of east as Bengal and Assam. With the support of the Muslim aristocracy, the British government established the provinces of East Bengal and Assam in 1905; the new province has achieved an increase in investment in education, transport and industry. [92] However, the first partition in Bengal caused outrage at the National Congresses of Calcutta and India. In response to growing Hindu nationalism, the All India Muslim League was founded in Dakka at the 1906 All India Muhammadan Education Conference. The British government reorganized the provinces in 1912, reunified East and West Bengal and made Assam a second province. Founding conference of the All India Muslim League dacca, 1906 the Raj was slow to self-rule the colonial subcontinent. In 1862, he founded the Bengal Legislative Council, and the council's native Bengali representation was founded in the 20th century. The Bengal Provincial Muslim League was founded in 1913 to constitutionally support the civil rights of . In the 1920s, the league was divided into factions supporting the Khilafat movement and supported cooperation with the British to achieve self-control. Segments of the Bengali elite supported secularist forces mustafa kemal ataturk. [93] In 1929, the All Bengal Tenants Association was formed in the Bengal Legislative Council to counteract the Hindu landings of gentry, as well as Indian independence and In the early 20th century, movements grew stronger. After the Morley-Minto reforms and the diarchy era of Britain's India legislature, the British government promised limited provincial autonomy in 1935. The Bengal legislative assembly, britain's largest legislature, was founded in 1937. Although he won a majority of seats in 1937, the Bengali Congress boycotted the legislation. A. K. Fazlul Huq of the Krishak Praja Party was elected the first prime minister of Bengal. In 1940, Huq supported the , which ens ousted independent states in muslim-majority regions in the northwest and east of the subcontinent. The first Huq ministry, the coalition of the Bengal provincial Muslim league, lasted until 1941; This was followed by the Huq coalition in the Hindu Mahasabha, which lasted until 1943. Huq was succeeded by Khawaja Nazimuddin, who, with the effects of the Burmese campaign, the 1943 Bengal famine that killed 3 million people,[94] and the Quit India movement. In 1946, the Bengal Provincial Muslim League won provincial elections, 113 of the 250-strong assembly (the largest Muslim League mandate in British India). H. S. Suhrawardy, who made one last futile effort for in 1946, was Prime Minister of Bengal. Bengal Wing (1947) Main article: Bengali wing splitting (1947) Prime Ministers of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, Khawaja Nazimuddin and H. S. Suhrawardy. One of them, Suhrawardy, proposed an independent Bengali proposal on June 3, 1947, the Mountbatten Plan outlined the division of British India. On June 20, the Bengal legislative assembly will be meeting to decide on the Bengali partition. At the preliminary joint meeting, it was decided (by 120 votes to 90) that if the province remains united, it should join pakistan's constituent assembly. In a separate session of West Bengali lawmakers (21 against 58 votes), it was decided that the province should be disbanded and west Bengali should join India's constituent national assembly. At another legislative meeting in East Bengal, it was decided (35 against 106 votes) that the province should not be divided, and (34 against 107 votes) East Bengal would have to join Pakistan's constituent assembly if Bengal was divided. On 6 July, the region of Assam Sylhet voted in a referendum to join East Bengal. Cyril Radcliffe was tasked with drawing the borders of Pakistan and India, and the Radcliffe line established the borders of what is now Bangladesh. Union with Pakistan Main Articles: East Bengal and The Pakistani Dominion in 1947, east Bengal in the eastern part of Pakistan Dominion was established on August 14, 1947. East Bengal, with Dakka as its capital, was the most populous province of the 1947 Pakistani alliance (led by Governor Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who promised religious freedom and se world democracy). the new state). [96] East Bengal was the most cosmopolitan province in Pakistan, inhabited by peoples of different faiths, cultures and ethnic groups. Partition gave East Bengal a greater economic opportunity, which produced an urban population in the 1950s. [98] [99] Khawaja Nazimuddin was East Bengal's first chief minister with Frederick Chalmers Bourne governor. The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was founded in 1949. In 1950, the East Bengal Legislative Assembly brought about land reform, eliminating the permanent settlement and the Zamindari system. [100] The Bengali language movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the geographically separated wings of the country. The Awami Muslim League was renamed the more se worldly in 1953. [101] The First Constitutional Unit was dissolved in 1954; this was disputed by the East Bengali speaker, Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan. The United Front coalition won a landslide victory in the Muslim League in the 1954 Eastern Bengal legislative elections. The following year, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan as part of the program, and the province became a vital part of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization. Shaheed Minar, set up to commemorate the Bengala language movement protests in 1952, followed east Pakistan Women's students marching in defiance of Section 144 of the assembly ban during the Bengali language movement in early 1953 as Pakistan passed its First Constitution in 1956. Three Bengali were prime ministers until 1957: Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali of Bogra and Suhrawardy. None of the three fulfilled their mandates and resigned from office. The Pakistani army introduced military rule in 1958, and Ayub Khan was a strong man in the country for 11 years. Political repression intensified after the coup. Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962 that replaced Pakistan's parliamentary system with a presidential and governing system (based on the selection of the Electoral College), known as Basic Democracy. In 1962, became the seat of pakistan's national assembly, which can be seen as appeasing Bengali nationalism. [102] The Pakistani government built the disputed Kaptai Dam, displacing the Chakma people from the chittagong mountain roads. [103] During the 1965 presidential election, Fatima Jinnah lost to Ayub Khan, despite her support for the Unified Opposition Alliance (including the Awami League). [104] The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 prevented cross-border transport links with neighbouring India in a second partition. In 1966, Awami League leader announced the development of a six-point movement for federal parliamentary democracy. U.S. Chief Justice Earl Warren meets with Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, plaintiff of the Pakistani Federation v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, senior World Bank officials, it has exercised extensive economic discrimination against East Pakistan: greater government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers to east-west Pakistan, the use of foreign exchange surpluses in eastern Pakistan to finance imports from western Pakistan, and the central government's refusal to release funds allocated to eastern Pakistan as previous expenditure was below budget; [106] Although east Pakistan generated 70 percent of jute and tea export revenue. [107] Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested for treason in the and released during the 1969 uprising in eastern Pakistan, resulting in the resignation of Ayub Khan. General took power and reintroduced martial law. Ethnic and linguistic discrimination was common in Pakistan's civilian and military services, where Bengalis were underrepresented. 15% of Pakistan's central government offices were occupied by eastern Pakistanis, who made up 10 percent of the military. [108] Cultural discrimination also prevailed, so East Pakistan developed a separate political identity. [109] Pakistan has banned and music in state media, including works by Nobel laureate . [110] In 1970, a cyclone devastated the coast of eastern Pakistan, causing an estimated 500,000 deaths,[111] and the central government was criticized for its poor response. [112] Council Regulation (EEC) No 2777/70 of 29 October 1970 on the The Bengali-nationalist Awami League won 167 of 169 eastern Pakistani seats in the National Assembly. The League claimed the right to form a government and develop a new constitution, but strongly opposed the Pakistani army and the Pakistan People's Party (led by ). War of Independence Main Article: Bangladesh Liberation War human remains and war materiel from , DhakaMartyred Intellectuals Memorial near Rayerbazar killing field is built in memory of the soggy intellectuals of the liberation war. The Bengali population was outraged when prime minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman prevented him from taking office. [113] Civil disobedience erupted throughout eastern Pakistan and called for independence. On March 7, 1971, Mujib held an independence rally of nearly 2 million people in Dacca (as Dacka was written in English), where he said: This time the fight is for our freedom. This time, the fight is for our independence. Bangladesh's flag was first raised on March 23, the day of the Republic of Pakistan. [115] Late on March 25, the Pakistani military junta, led by Yahya Khan, launched a continuous military attack on eastern Pakistan under the codename . [116] The Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and took him to Karachi. [118] [119] [120] Before his arrest, Mujib declared Bangladesh's independence at midnight on March 26, causing the liberation war in Bangladesh to break out within hours. The Pakistani army continued to massacre Bengali students, intellectuals, politicians, civil servants and military defectors in the 1971 genocide in Bangladesh, while and other Bengali guerrilla forces could create strong resistance across the country. [121] During the war, an estimated 0.3 to 3 million people died and millions sought refuge in neighboring India. [122] Global public opinion turned against Pakistan as news of the atrocities spread; [123] The Bangladesh movement was supported by Western political and cultural figures such as Ted Kennedy, George Harrison, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Victoria Ocampo and André Malraux. [124] [125] The Bangladesh concert was held at Madison Square Garden in New York to raise money for refugees in Bangladesh. Harrison and Shankar of Bengal, India, organized the first big benefit concert in history. On December 16, 1971, Pakistan was handed over to , ending the liberation war in Bangladesh. or Independence Monument commemorates the historical events associated with the liberation war in Udyan, Szuhroday. During the Liberation War in Bangladesh, the Bengali nationalists declared independence and formed the Mukti Bahini (the Bangladesh National Liberation Army). The Provisional Government of Bangladesh shall, on 1 January 1971, take all measures to The interim government has issued a manifesto that has become the country's provisional constitution and declared equality, human dignity and social justice a principle. Due to Mujib's detention, took over as acting president, while was appointed Bangladesh's first prime minister. The Mukti Bahini and other Bengali guerrilla forces formed the Bangladeshi forces, which became the military wing of the provisional government. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders, the forces held the countryside during the war and carried out extensive guerrilla operations against Pakistani forces. As a result, almost the entire country except the capital Dacca was liberated by Bangladeshi forces in late November. National Martyrs Memorial created in memory of those who died in bangladesh's liberation war in 1971It led the Pakistani army to attack neighboring India's Western Front on December 2, 1971. India retaliated on both the western and eastern fronts. Joint ground advances by Bangladeshi and Indian forces, as well as air strikes between India and small Bangladesh The capital, Dacca, was freed from the Pakistani occupation in mid-December. In the final stages of the war, both the Soviet Union and the United States sent naval forces to the Bay of Bengal in a Cold War standoff. The nine-month war ended with rahman being acquitted of prison sentence in Pakistan on January 8, 1971 [128] and transported by the Royal British Air Force to a homecoming in Dacca for millions. [130] On March 12, 1972, three months after the end of the war, Indian troops were withdrawn. [132] The cause of self- determination in Bangladesh has been recognized worldwide. Until August 1972, the new state was recognized by 86 countries. [123] Pakistan recognized Bangladesh in 1974 under pressure from most Muslim countries. [133] The People's Republic of Bangladesh's first parliamentary era Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and U.S. President Gerald Ford in 1974 the Constituent Assembly adopted Bangladesh's Constitution on November 4, 1972, creating se worldly, multi-party parliamentary democracy. The new constitution contained references to socialism, and Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman nationalized major industries in 1972. [134] A large-scale reconstruction and rehabilitation programme has been launched. The Awami League won the country's first general election in 1973, securing a large majority in Jatiyo Sangshad, the national parliament. Bangladesh has joined the Commonwealth, the UNITED NATIONS, the OIC and the Non-Committed Movement, and Rahman has strengthened its ties with India. Amid growing agitation from the opposition National Awami Party and the National Socialist Party, it has become increasingly authoritarian. Rahman amended the constitution and gave himself more emergency powers (including the suspension of fundamental rights). The famine in Bangladesh in 1974 also exacerbated the political situation. [135] Presidential era and coups (1975–1991) See also Military coups in Bangladesh Ziaur Rahmanh. M. ErshadZia and Ershad were the strong men of the country from 1975 to 1981 to 1982-1990, and in January 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman introduced one-party socialist rule under BAKSAL. Rahman banned all newspapers except four state editions and amended the Constitution to increase his power. He was assassinating during a coup on August 15, 1975. Martial law was declared, and the presidency was transferred to the usurper of Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad for four months. Ahmad is widely regarded by as a traitor. On November 4, 1975, Tajuddin Ahmad, the country's first prime minister, and four other independence leaders were also murdered. Chief Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem was replaced on 18 December 1975. Bangladesh was controlled by a military junta led by the War Act. three years. In 1977, the head of the army, , became president. Rahman reinstated multi-party politics, privatized industries and newspapers, founded BEPZA and held the country's second general election in 1979. The semi-presidential system was formed, governed by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) until 1982. Rahman was assassinated in 1981 and succeeded by Vice President Abdus Sattar. Sattar received 65.5 percent of the vote in the 1981 presidential election. [137] After a year in office, Sattar failed the 1982 coup in Bangladesh. Chief Justice A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury was appointed president, but Hussain Muhammad Ershad, the head of the army, became the country's de facto leader and assumed the presidency in 1983. Ershad lifted martial law in 1986. He ruled with four successive prime ministers (Ataur Rahman Khan, Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Moudud Ahmed and Kazi Zafar Ahmed) and a parliament dominated by the Jatiyo Party. General elections were held in 1986 and 1988, although the latter was boycotted by the opposition BNP and the Awami League. Ershad continued administrative devolution, divided the country into 64 districts and forced Parliament in 1988 to turn Islam into a state religion. [138] A mass uprising in 1990 forced him to resign, and Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed led the country's first caretaker government as part of the transition to parliamentary rule. [137] The current parliamentary era (1991-199) See also: 2006-2008 Bangladesh political crisis Sheikh HasinaKhaleda ZiaAA Hasina and Zia have been called the Battle of begums[139][140] Rohingya refugees, who entered Bangladesh after the 1991 general election, the twelfth amendment to the Constitution restored the parliamentary republic, and Begum became Bangladesh's first female prime minister. Zia, the former first lady, led the BNP government from 1990 to 1996. In 1991, her finance minister, Saifur Rahman, began a large-scale program to liberalize the Bangladeshi economy. [135] In February 1996, general elections were held, which were boycotted by all opposition parties and won 300 (out of 300) for the BNP. This election was deemed illegal, so the caretaker government system was introduced to oversee the transfer of power, and in June 1996 new elections were held by Judge Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Bangladesh's first senior adviser. The Awami League won its seventh general election, naming the first term of its leader, Sheikh Hasina, as prime minister. Hasina's first term was highlighted by the Peace Accord and the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty with India. The second caretaker government, led by senior adviser Latifur Rahman, oversaw the 2001 General Election in Bangladesh, which returned Begum Zia and the BNP to power. The second Zia government is better has increased, but Between 2004 and 2006, the country was affected by unrest. A radical Islamist militant group, JMB, has carried out a series of terrorist attacks. The investigation found evidence that these extremist groups had launched these attacks and in 2006 detained hundreds of suspected members in a number of security operations, including two JMB leaders, Shaykh Abdur Rahman and Bangla Bhai, who were executed along with other top leaders in March 2007, ending the militant group. [141] In 2006, at the end of the BNP administration, widespread political unrest erupted over the transfer of power to a caretaker government. The Bangladeshi army therefore urged President Iajuddin Ahmed to impose a state of emergency and the caretaker government led by technocrat Fakhruddin Ahmed was deployed. [135] The emergency rule lasted for two years, during which time investigations were carried out by members of both the Awami League and the BNP, including their leaders, Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia. [142] [143] In the ninth general election in 2008, Sheikh Hasina returned to power and the Awami League won a landslide victory over the Grand Alliance. In 2010, the Supreme Court declared martial law illegal and uprooted se worldly principles in the Constitution. The following year, the Awami League abolished the caretaker-government system. The 2014 general election was boycotted by the BNP and other opposition parties, claiming a decisive victory in the Awami League, citing the lack of a general election in 2014. The election was controversial with reports of violence and the alleged repression of the opposition in the run-up to the election and 153 seats (300) went unquestionably in elections. Despite the controversy, Hasina has formed a government that has returned for a third term as prime minister. Strong domestic demand has made Bangladesh one of the fastest growing economies in the world. [144] However, there has been an increase in human rights abuses under the Hasina government, in particular forced disappearances. Between 2016 and 2017, an estimated 1 million Rohingya refugees took refuge in southeastern Bangladesh amid a military raid in neighboring Rakhine state, Myanmar. In 2018, the country has made significant changes to government quota reforms and road safety. The 2018 General Election in Bangladesh was hampered by allegations of widespread voting fraud. [145] The Awami League won 259 out of 300 seats, and the main opposition alliance, the Jatiya Oikya Front, won only 8 seats, with Sheikh Hasina as the longest-serving prime minister in Bangladeshi history. [146] Pro-democracy leader Dr. Kamal Hossain to destroy the election result and conclude the free and fair election of a new election Up. [147] The election was also observed by observers from the European Union. [148] Geography Main Article: A A satellite image showing the topography of Bangladesh the geography of Bangladesh is divided into three regions. Much of the country is dominated by the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, the world's largest river delta. [149] [150] [151] The northwestern and central parts of the country are the Madhupur and Barind plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to evergreen hill ranges. The is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (also known as Padma or Pôdda), brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna) and meghna rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges merge into the Jamuna (main channel of Brahmaputra) and later join the Meghna, eventually flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh has 57 border rivers, making it politically complicated to resolve water issues as the country is a lower coastal state in India. [152] Bangladesh is predominantly a rich fertile plain. Most of it is less than 12 m (39 feet) above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of the land would be flooded if sea levels were to rise to 1 m (3.3 feet). [153] 17% of the country is covered by forests and 12% by mountain systems. The importance of the country's haor wetlands is global environmental science. In southeastern Bangladesh, experiments have been carried out to build with nature since the 1960s. Construction of cross dams has triggered a natural action of silt, creating new land. With Dutch funding, the Government of Bangladesh began to promote the development of this new land in the late 1970s. The effort has become a multi-agency endeavor, building roads, canals, embankment, cyclone shelters, toilets and lakes, and distributing land to settlers. [154] Years of cooperation with donors and global experts in water resources management have enabled Bangladesh to develop strategies to combat the effects of climate change. In September 2018, the Government of Bangladesh approved the Bangladesh Delta 2100 plan, a combination of long-term strategies and subsequent interventions to ensure long-term water and food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability. [155] The plan was drafted by the General Economics Department of the Ministry of Planning and supported by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which brought together cross-sectoral expertise from the Netherlands and Bangladesh. [156] At an altitude of 1,064 meters (3,000 ft), Saka Haphong (also known as Mowdok Mual) is considered to be the highest peak in Bangladesh near the Myanmar border. [157] However, it is not yet widely recognised as the highest point in the country, and most sources give keokradongi the honor. [158] Administrative geography Main article: Administrative geography of Bangladesh More information: Bangladesh divisions, Bangladesh districts and of Bangladesh It was divided into eight administrative divisions,[159][160][161] each named after their own headquarters: Barisal (officially Barishal[162]), Chittagong (officially Chattogram[162]), Dhaka, Khulna, , Rajshahi, Rangpur and Sylhet. The districts are divided into divisions (zila). Bangladesh has 64 districts, each of which is additional (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, with the exception of metropolitan areas, is divided into several trade unions, each of which consists of several villages. There are no elected officials at the district or district level, and the administration consists only of government officials. Direct elections are held for one president and several members in each union (or ward). In 1997, a parliamentary law was passed to 2 seats (out of 12) for female candidates in each union. [163] Administrative divisions (km2) of the Bangladesh Division Capital Established Area (km2) 2016 Population[164] Density[164] Barisal Division Barisal 1 1 9993 1 13,225 9,145,000 691 Ch January 1, 1829, Chittagong Division 33 909 31 980 000 943 Dhaka Division Dhaka 1 January 1 829 20 594 40 171 000 1 951 K hulna Division Khulna 1 October 1960 22,284 1 7,252,000 774 Mymensingh Division Mymensingh 14 September 2015 10,584 12,368,000 1,169 Raj on 25 January 2010 16 185 17 602 000 10 003 20 412 000 1124 Rangpur II. Division Sylhet 1 August 1995 12,635 11,291,000 894 Climate Main article: Climate of Bangladesh Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Bangladesh[165] Flooding after the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed around 140,000 people. Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh's climate is tropical with mild winters from October to March, and a hot, humid summer from March to June. On February 3, 1905, a record low air temperature of 1.1 °C was recorded in northwestern Dinajpur. [166] The warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October, and supply most of the country's precipitation. Natural disasters such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes and tidal bores occur almost every year,[167] combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. The cyclones of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, with the latter killing some 140,000 people. [168] In September 1998, Bangladesh was the worst flood in the history of the world. Abrahmaputra, the Ganges and Meghna spilled and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 km (6,000 mi) of the road and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of embankment, 1,000 people were killed and 30 million became homeless; 135 000 cattle were killed; 50 km2 the earth was destroyed; and 11,000 km (6,800 mi) roads damaged or destroyed. Technically, two-thirds of the country was underwater. The severity of the floods due to unusually high monsoon rainfall, the death of unusually large amounts of melted water in the Himalayas, and the widespread felling of trees (which would have captured rainwater) due to firewood or livestock farming. [169] As a result of various initiatives at international and national level to reduce disaster risks, human tolls and economic damage caused by floods and cyclones have been reduced over the years. [170] A similar national flood in 2007, which has replaced five million people, has killed around 500 people,[171] with Bangladesh now widely considered one of the countries most at risk of climate change. [172] In a century, 508 cyclones have affected the Bay of Bengal region, 17 percent of which are believed to have caused a landslide in Bangladesh. [174] Natural hazards from increased rainfall, sea level rise and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as a result of climate change, all of which severely affect agriculture, water and food safety, human health and shelter. [175] It is estimated that by 2050, a 3-metre rise in sea level will flood about 20 percent of the earth and crowd out more than 30 million people. [176] In order to address the threat of sea level rise in Bangladesh, Bangladesh's Delta Plan 2100 has been launched[177] [178] There is evidence that earthquakes pose a threat to the country, and that tectonic plate tectonics are caused by sudden and dramatic shifts in rivers. It has been shown that flooding of rainy seasons in Bangladesh, the world's largest river site, can push down the underlying crust by up to 6 centimetres and possibly cause errors. [179] Bangladeshi water is often contaminated with arsenic due to the high arsenic content of the soil – up to 77 million people are exposed to toxic arsenic from drinking water. [180] [181] Main Articles on Biodiversity: Wildlife in Bangladesh and Fauna of Bangladesh The national animal 1994 [182] reviewed its national biodiversity strategy and action plan in 2014. [182] Bangladesh is located in the Indomalaya Empire. Its ecology includes the long sea coast, numerous rivers and tributaries, lakes, wetlands, evergreen forests, semi- evergreen forests, mountain forests, wet deciduous forests, freshwater swamp forests and flat areas with tall grass. The Bangladeshi Plain is famous for its fertile sedimentous soil, which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of mangoes, , bamboo, betel nuts, coconut and date palms. [183] The country has up to 6,000 plant life, including 5000 flowering plants. [184] Water bodies and wetlands provide habitats for many aquatic plants. Water lilies and lotuses grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has 50 wildlife sanctuary. Bangladesh is home to many sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest, which covers an area of 6,000 km2 in the southwest coastal region. It is divided into three protected shrines- the south, east and west zones. The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, which is a unique ecosystem. It also includes tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, freshwater swamp forests and mixed deciduous forests. The southeastern Chittagong region includes the evergreen and semi-evergreen hilly jungle. Central Bangladesh includes the plainland Sal forest running along the districts of Gazipur, Tangail and Mymensingh. St. Martin's Island is the only coral reef in the country. Bangladesh has plenty of wildlife in its forests, marshes, forests and hills. [183] The vast majority of animals live in a habitat of 150,000 km2. [185] The , cloudy leopard, saltwater crocodile, black panther and are among the main predators of the Sundarbans. In northern and eastern Bangladesh you will find the Asian elephant, the hoolock gibbon, the Asian black bear and the eastern pied deer beak. [187] Chital deer are widely seen in the southwestern forests. Other animals include a black giant squirrel, capped langur, Bengali fox, sambar deer, jungle cat, king cobra, wild boar, mongoose, pangolins, pythons and water monitors. Bangladesh has one of the largest populations of Irrawaddy dolphins and Ganges dolphins. A 2009 census found 6,000 Irrawaddy dolphins in Bangladesh's coastal rivers. [188] The country has a number of ampere species (53), reptiles (139), marine reptiles (19) and marine mammals (5). It also has 628 species of birds. [189] In the last century, several animals died out in Bangladesh, including unicorns and two horned rhinos and common peacocks. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, which to some extent limits deforestation. Rapid urban growth threatens natural habitats. Although many areas are protected by law, much of Bangladesh's wildlife is threatened by this growth. In addition, Bangladesh has low access to biological capacity. In 2016, Bangladesh had 0.4 hectares of bio capacity[190] per person, about a quarter of the world average. By contrast, in 2016, 0.84 hectares of bio capacity - the ecological footprint of their consumption - were used. As a result, Bangladesh is in a biological capacity deficit. [190] The Bangladesh Environmental Protection Act was passed in 1995. The government has appointed several regions to be ecologically critical including wetlands, forests and rivers. The Sundarbans tiger project and the Bangladesh bear project are key initiatives to strengthen conservation. [187] Politics and Government Main Article: Abdul Hamid, President since 2013 Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister since 2009 in Bangabha, the residence of Bangladesh's Bangladeshi President is a de Jure representative democracy of the Constitution, a Westminster-style unified parliamentary republic that has universal suffrage. The Prime Minister is the Prime Minister, who is invited to the government by the President every five years. The president invites the leader of parliament's largest party to become prime minister of the world's fifth largest democracy. [191] Bangladesh had a two-party system from 1990 to 2014, when the Awami Liga and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) took turns to take power. During this period, the elections were run by a neutral caretaker government. But the caretaker government abolished the Awami League government in 2011. The BNP boycotted the next election in 2014, arguing it would not be fair without a caretaker government. The Jatiya Oikya Front, led by the BNP, took part in the 2018 elections and lost. A number of irregularities were found in the election. Bangladesh has been a prominent civil society since the colonial period. There are various special interest groups, including NGOs, human rights organisations, trade associations, chambers of commerce, employers' associations and trade unions. [192] One of the main aspects of Bangladeshi politics is the spirit of the liberation war, which refers to the ideas of the liberation movement during the Liberation War in Bangladesh. [193] The proclamation of independence set out the values of equality, human dignity and social justice. In 1972, the Constitution included the Law on Rights and declared nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism to be principles of government policy. Socialism was later emphasized and neglected by successive governments. Bangladesh has a market-based economy. For many Bangladeshis, especially in the younger generation, the spirit of the liberation war is a vision of a society based on civil liberties, human rights, the rule of law and good governance. [194] The Government of Bangladesh is overseen by a cabinet led by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The term of office of the parliamentary government is five years. Bangladesh's civil service helps the cabinet lead the government. Public service recruitment is based on a public examination. In theory, the civil service must be a meritocracy. But a controversial quota system coupled with politicisation and a preference for seniority is said to have had an impact on the merits of public service. [195] the solemn Head of State(196), whose powers include the signature of bills enacted by parliament. The President is elected by parliament and has a five-year term. Under the constitution, the president acts on the prime minister's advice. The president is the commander-in-chief of the and chancellor of all universities. Legislative branch of the Bangladesh National Assembly of Jatiya Sangshad (National Assembly) in the one-catamaran parliament. It has 350 MPs, including 300 MPs elected on the first earlier day of the post system, and 50 MPs appointed to places reserved for women's empowerment. Article 70 of the Bangladesh Constitution states that the president of the United States of However, a number of pieces of legislation proposed independently by MPs have been converted into legislation, including the Anti-Torture Act. [197] The President of parliament is Jatija Sangsad, who is in second place under the Constitution. There's also a deputy speaker. If a president is unable to perform the duties (i.e. due to illness), the Speaker enters as deputy speaker and the Deputy Speaker becomes the acting Speaker. A recurring proposal proposes that the Deputy Speaker be a member of the opposition. [198] Legal System Main Article: Laws of Bangladesh Supreme Court of Bangladesh The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is the highest court on earth, followed by the High Court and Appellate Divisions. The head of the judiciary is Bangladesh's chief justice, who is a member of the Supreme Court. The courts have a wide margin of manoe with judicial review, and the court precedent is set in Article 111 of the Constitution. The judiciary includes district and capital courts, which are divided into civil and criminal courts. Because of the lack of judges, the judiciary is lagging behind. The Bangladesh Judicial Service Commission is an independent body responsible for judicial appointments, salaries and discipline. Bangladesh's legal system is based on common law and its main legal source is Parliament's acts. [199] The Bangladesh Code contains a list of all laws in force in the country. The code begins in 1836 and most of the laws listed in the are the Bengal Legislative Council, the Bengal legislative body, the East Bengal and Assam Legislative Council, the Imperial Legislative Council and parliament in the UK. One example is the Penal Code of 1860. From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistani National Assembly and eastern Pakistan legislature passed laws. Bangladesh's Constituent Assembly was the country's interim parliament until 1973, when the first elected Jatiyo Sangshad (National Parliament) was sworn in. Although most Bangladeshi laws were drawn up in English after a 1987 government directive laws are now primarily written Bengali. While most Bangladeshi law is se worldly; marriage, divorce and succession are governed by Islamic, Hindu and Christian family law. Justice is often influenced by Commonwealth legal developments, such as the dot of legitimate trust. Military main article: Bangladesh Armed Forces map of Bangladesh UN peacekeeping forces deployments The Bangladesh Armed Forces have inherited the institutional framework of the British Army and the British . It was formed in 1971 by military regiments in eastern Pakistan. In 2018, the Bangladeshi army had an active staff of around 157,500,[201] with the exception of the Air Force and Navy (24,000). [202] In addition to traditional defensive roles, the army supported civilian authorities in disaster relief and provided internal security during political unrest. Bangladesh has been the world's largest contribution to UN peacekeeping forces for years. In February 2015, the country made significant deployments in Côte d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Darfur, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Golan Heights, Haiti, Lebanon, Liberia and South Sudan. [203] The Bangladeshi Navy has the third largest fleet of countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal, including guided missile frigates, submarines, cutting machines and aircraft. The Bangladeshi air force is equipped with several Russian multi-role fighter jets. Bangladesh is working defensively with the US armed forces and participating in cooperation on surface readiness and training (CARAT) exercises. Relations between the Bangladeshi and Indian militaries are due to high-level visits by military leaders from the two countries. [204] [205] Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China. [206] Bangladesh ratified the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2019. [207] External Relations Main Article: External Relations of Bangladesh's First Association for Regional Cooperation in South Asia (SAARC) in 1985 in Dakkah (l-r, top row: Presidents of Pakistan and the Maldives, King of Bhutan, President of Bangladesh, Prime Minister of India, King of Nepal and President of Sri Lanka) The first major intergovernmental organisation to which Bangladesh joined was the Community of Nations in 1972. The country joined the United Nations in 1974 and was twice elected to the UN Security Council. Ambassador Humayun was elected president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1986. Bangladesh relies on multilateral diplomacy in the World Trade Organisation. It makes a significant contribution to UN peacekeeping, with 113,000 un missions in the Middle East, Balkans, Africa and the Caribbean in 2014. [208] In addition to being a member of the Commonwealth and the United Nations, Bangladesh has pioneered regional cooperation in South Asia. Bangladesh founding founder the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which aims to strengthen relations and promote economic and cultural growth among its members. It hosted a number of summits and two Bangladeshi diplomats were secretary general of the organisation. Bangladesh joined the Organisation for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 1973. It was hosting a summit of OIC foreign ministers to address issues, conflicts and disputes involving Muslim-majority countries. Bangladesh is a founding member of the developing 8 countries, a bloc of eight Muslim-majority republics. Neighbouring Myanmar (Burma) was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh. [209] Despite common regional interests, Bangladesh-Myanmar relations have been strained by the Rohingya refugee crisis and the isolationist policies of the Myanmar army. In 2012, both countries entered into force at the International Court of Justice for the Law of the Sea, which crosses maritime borders stretching the maritime borders of the Bay of Bengal. [210] Relations with Myanmar in 2016 and 2017 were again strained as more than 700,000 Rohingya refugees entered Bangladesh illegally from persecution, ethnic cleansing, genocide and other atrocities in Myanmar. Bangladesh's parliament, government and civil society are at the front of international criticism of Myanmar over military operations against the Rohingya, which the UN has called ethnic cleansing. [211] Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the Prime Minister's Office in Dhaka, 2000. Bangladesh has the most politically important bilateral relationship with neighbouring India. In 2015, major Indian newspapers called Bangladesh a trusted friend. [213] Bangladesh and India are South Asia's largest trading partners. The countries cooperate in regional economic and infrastructure projects, such as the East-South Asia Regional Motor Vehicle Agreement and the Bay of Bengal Coastal Shipping Agreement. Indo-Bangladesh relations often emphasise the common cultural heritage, democratic values and the history of supporting Bangladeshi independence. Political goodwill, the killing of Bangladeshi civilians on the border and the lack of a comprehensive water-sharing agreement for 54 cross-border rivers are important issues. In 2017, India joined Russia and China in refusing to condemn Myanmar's Rohingya atrocities, which contradicted Bangladesh's demand for recognition of Rohingya human rights. [214] However, the was delivering aid supplies to Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. [215] The fight against cattle smuggling in India has also affected Bangladesh. The Bangladesh beef and leather industry has seen increased prices due to the Indian BJP government's Hindu nationalist campaign to export beef and cattle skins. [216] Pakistan and trade relationship[217] in particular in Pakistani cotton imports from the Bangladesh textile industry. Although businesses in Bangladesh and Pakistan have invested in each other, diplomatic relations have been strained over pakistan's denials of genocide in Bangladesh in 1971. In Pakistan, they opposed executing the Jamamaat-e-Islami leader in 2013 by committing war crimes during the liberation war, leading to further strained relations. [218] China-Bangladesh relations date back to the 1950s and are relatively warm, despite the Chinese leadership's side with Pakistan during the Bangladesh War of Independence. China and Bangladesh established bilateral relations in 1976 that have been significantly strengthened and the country is seen as a cost-effective source of weapons for the Bangladeshi military. [219] Since the 1980s, 80 percent of Bangladesh's military equipment has been supplied by China (often with generous credit terms), and China is Bangladesh's largest trading partner. Both countries are part of the BCIM Forum. Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (second in the back row from left) with g7 industrialised countries leaders and other invitees at G7 44. [220] [221] The UK has long-term economic, cultural and military ties to Bangladesh. The United States is a major economic and security partner, its largest export market and foreign investor. Seventy-six percent of Bangladeshis had a favorable view of the United States in 2014, one of the highest ratings among Asian countries. [222] [223] The United States considers Bangladesh to be a key partner in the Indo-Pacific region. [224] The European Union is Bangladesh's largest regional market, providing public diplomacy and development assistance. Relations with other countries are generally positive. Common democratic values facilitate relations with Western countries and forge similar economic concerns with other developing countries. Despite poor working conditions and war involving overseas Bangladeshi workers, relations with Middle Eastern countries are friendly and bordered by religion and culture. More than one million Bangladeshis work in the region. In 2016, the king of Saudi Arabia named Bangladesh one of the most important Muslim countries. [225] However, Bangladesh has not established diplomatic relations with Israel[226] to support the sovereign Palestinian state and end Israel's illegal occupation of Palestine. [227] Bangladeshi aid agencies work in a number of developing countries. An example is BRAC in Afghanistan, which benefits 12 million people in this country. [228] Banglades ben az atomsorompó-szerződés (NPT) és az átfogó vizsgálati tilalomról szóló szerződés részes feleként atomsorompó-szerződés He has been a member of the Aligned Movement since 1973. State of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Bangladeshi foreign policy is influenced by the principle of friendship and malice towards all, first expressed by Bengali statesman H. S. Suhrawardy in 1957. [220] Suhrawardy led Eastern and Western Pakistan to join the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization, CENTO and Regional Development Cooperation. Human Rights Main Article: Human Rights in Bangladesh 2013 protests demanding the death penalty for war criminals in the 1971 war The list of fundamental rights is included in the country's constitution. The Constitution's 1972 drafter, Dr. Kamal Hossain, was influenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [231] Bangladesh also recognises the third no. [232] However, homosexuality is out of law under Article 377 of the Penal Code (legacy of the colonial period) and is punishable by a maximum sentence of life in prison. [233] [234] Judicial activism often upheld human rights. In the 1970s, judges invalidated detentions through cases such as Aruna Sen v. Government of Bangladesh and Abdul Latif Mirza v. Government of Bangladesh. In 2008, the Supreme Court paved the way for citizenship for stranded Pakistanis, who have an estimated 300,000 stateless people. [235] Despite not signing the UN Refugee Convention, Bangladesh has accepted Rohingya refugees since 1978 and is now home to one million refugees. Bangladesh has been an active member of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) since 1972. It ratified 33 ILO conventions, including the seven core ILO conventions. [236] Bangladesh ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [237] [238] In 2018, Bangladesh was criticised for its repressive digital security law, which threatened freedom of expression. Photojournal reporter was imprisoned and tortured for criticizing the government. [239] Alam appeared in the 2018 Time man of the year issue. The Bangladesh National Human Rights Commission was established in 2007. Notable human rights organisations and initiatives include the Centre for Legal Affairs and Mediation, Odhikar, the Bangladesh Workers' Safety Alliance, the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, the Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council of Bangladesh and the War Crimes Fact-Finding Committee. Successive governments and their security forces have ignored constitutional principles and accused them of human rights abuses. Bangladesh is partially free of Freedom House Freedom in the World report,[240] but its press is not free. [241] The British Economist Intelligence Unit the country has a hybrid system: (a) in the Democracy Index. [242] Bangladesh was the third most peaceful South Asian country in the 2015 Global Peace Index. [243] Bangladeshi civil society and media have been attacked by the ruling Awami League government and Islamic extremists. [244] Bangladeshi law enforcement agencies, including the Rapid Response Battalion (pictured), have been accused of human rights abuses, according to the National Human Rights Commission, with 70% of alleged human rights violations being committed by law enforcement. [245] The targets included Nobel Peace Prize winners Muhammad Yunus and , secularist bloggers, independent and opposition newspapers and television networks. The United Nations is concerned about measures by the government to restrict freedom of expression and democratic space. [244] Bangladeshi security forces, in particular the Rapid Response Battalion (RAB), have received international condemnation for human rights violations (including violent mistakes, torture and extrajudicial killings). More than 1,000 people are said to have been the victims of rab's extrajudicial killing since its formation under the last nationalist party government in Bangladesh. [246] Rab was called a death member by Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International,[247][248] which called for the force to be disbanded. [247] [248] The British and Us governments have been criticised for financing counter-terrorism operations and involving forces. [249] The Government of Bangladesh did not fully implement the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Agreement. [250] The Hill Tracts region remains heavily militarized, despite a peace treaty with indigenous peoples forged by the Chittagong Hill Tracts United People's Party. [251] Secularism is protected by bangladesh's constitution and religious parties are barred from voting in elections; However, the government has been accused of courting religious extremist groups. Islam's ambiguous stance as a de facto state religion has been criticized by the United Nations. [252] Despite relative harmony, religious minorities have been subjected to occasional persecution. The Hindu and Buddhist communities have experienced religious violence from Islamic groups - namely Bangladesh's Jamaat-e-Islami and student wing (Shibir). However, Islamic groups are losing popular support -Islamic far-right candidates peaked at 12 percent of the vote in 2001, down from four percent in 2008. [253] According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 1,531,300 people are enslaved in what is now Bangladesh, which is 0.95% of the population. [255] [256] [257] Corruption Main Article: As in many developing countries, institutional corruption is a major concern for Bangladesh. Bangladesh is the 146th member of the World Bank. transparency international's 2018 corruption detection index. [258] According to a survey conducted by ti's Bangladesh chapter, bribes made up 3.7 percent of the national budget in 2015. [259] In 2015, the largest number of waste managements was the largest,[260] followed by education,[261] police[262] and water supply. [263] The Anti-Corruption Commission was established in 2004 and was active during the 2006-2008 political crisis in Bangladesh, accusing many leading politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen of corruption. [264] [265] [266] The main articles of the economy are Bangladesh's economy and Bangladesh's list of Dakka companies, the country's commercial and financial hub, one of South Asia's most important business centers, and Bangladesh is the world's 39th largest economic hub, ranked second in South Asia after India. [267] Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and one of the fastest growing middle-income countries. [268] The country has a market-based mixed economy. A developing nation, Bangladesh is one of the next eleven emerging markets. According to the IMF, its per capita income in 2019 was USD 1906, with a GDP of USD 317 billion. [269] Bangladesh has the second highest foreign exchange reserves in South Asia (after India). Bangladesh's diaspora contributed $15.31 billion in transfers in 2015. [270] Bangladesh's biggest trading partners are the European Union, the United States, Japan, India, Australia, China and ASEAN. Expat workers in the Middle East and Southeast Asia send back a large chunk of remittances. The economy is driven by strong domestic demand. [268] In the first five years of its independence, Bangladesh adopted socialist policies. The ensuing military regime, as well as the governments of the BNP and Jatiya Party, restored free markets and supported the country's private sector. In 1991, Finance Minister Saifur Rahman introduced an economic liberalisation programme. Bangladesh's private sector has expanded rapidly and many conglomerates have driven the economy. Major industries include textiles, pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding, steel, electronics, energy, building materials, chemicals, ceramics, food processing and leather goods. Export-oriented industrialization increased by 10.1% in the 2018-19 financial year to $40 billion compared to the previous year. [271] Most of the export revenue comes from the garment industry. World GDP (PPP) ratio[272] Year share 1980 0.31% 1990 0.33% 2000 0.36% 2010 0.44% 2019 0.58% , often referred to as the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge, was the 11th largest in the world. Development. According to the World Bank, poor governance, corruption and weak public institutions are also major challenges. [273] In 2010, Standard & Poor's gave Bangladesh a long-term credit rating, under India, but above its credit ratings in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. [274] Agriculture is the largest sector of the economy, accounting for 14.2 percent of Bangladesh's GDP in 2017 and employing about 42.7 percent of the workforce. [275] The agricultural sector has an impact on job creation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. More Bangladeshis earn their livelihoods from agriculture than from any other sector. The country has one of the best rice producers (fourth), potatoes (seventh), tropical fruits (sixth), jute (second), and farmed fish (fifth). [276] Bangladesh is Asia's seventh largest producer of natural gas, ahead of neighboring Myanmar, and 56 percent of the country's electricity is produced by natural gas. The main gas fields are located in the north-east (in particular Sylhet) and south (including Barisal and Chittagong). Petrobangla is the national energy company. U.S. multinational Chevron produces 50 percent of Bangladesh's natural gas. [278] Geologists say the Bay of Bengal contains large untapped gas reserves in Bangladesh's exclusive economic zone. [279] Bangladesh has significant coal reserves and several coal mines in the northwest. Jute exports remain significant, although global jute trade has shrunk significantly since the World War II peak. Bangladesh is one of the oldest tea industries in the world and is a major exporter of fish and seafood. Nobel laureate Yunus at the 2009 meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland's Remi Holdings highest score elscord LEED certified clothing factory in Bangladesh and the highest in the world. Bangladesh's textile and conictrab industry is the country's largest manufacturing industry, with exports of $34.1 billion in 2017. [271] The production of leather goods, in particular footwear, is the second largest export sector. The pharmaceutical industry meets 97 percent of domestic demand and exports to many countries. [280] [281] Shipbuilding has grown rapidly, with exports to Europe. [282] Steel is concentrated in the port city of Chittagong and the ceramics industry plays a prominent role in international trade. In 2005, Bangladesh was the world's 20th largest cement producer, an industry dependent on imports of limestone from northeastern India. Food processing is a major sector, with local brands like PRAN increasing their international presence. The electronics industry is growing rapidly with contributions from companies like Walton Group. [283] Bangladesh's defence industry includes The Bangladesh Munitions And Khulna Shipyard. The services sector accounts for 51 percent of the country's GDP. Bangladesh Pakistan as South Asia's second largest banking sector. [284] Dhaka and Chittagong stock exchanges are the country's dual financial markets. Bangladesh's telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world, with 114 million mobile phone subscribers in December 2013,[285] and Grameenphone, Banglalink, Robi and BTTB are the largest companies. Tourism is evolving, with Cox's Bazar's seaside resort at the centre of the industry. The Sylhet region, home to Bangladeshi tea gardens, is also home to many visitors. The country has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites (the Mosque City, the Buddhist Storm and the Sundarbans) and five pilot list sites. [286] Following the pioneering work of bangladesh's Academy of Rural Development on rural development, a number of Bangladeshi NGOs, including BRAC (the world's largest NGO),[287] and Grameen Bank focused on rural development and poverty alleviation in the country. Muhammad Yunus successfully pioneered microfinance as a sustainable tool to alleviate poverty, and others followed suit. In 2015, the country had more than 35 million microcredit borrowers. [288] Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. [289] Transport Main article: A Boeing 777 of the national flag carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines Transport is a major sector of the economy. Air travel has grown rapidly and is dominated by the flag airline Biman Bangladesh Airlines and other privately owned airlines. Bangladesh has a number of airports, including three international and several domestic STOL (short take-off and landing) airports. The busiest Shahjalal International Airport connects Dakka to major destinations. Bangladesh has a 2,706-kilometer-long rail network operated by the state-owned . The total length of the country's road and highway network is nearly 21,000 km (13,000 miles). With 8,046 km of seawater, Bangladesh has one of the largest inland waterway networks in the world. [290] Chittagong's southeastern port is the busiest seaport, handling more than $60 billion in annual trade (more than 80 percent of the country's export-import trade). [291] The second busiest seaport is Mongla. Bangladesh has three seaports and 22 river ports. [292] Chittagong Dhaka Rank Port Type TEU traffic Mongla Aricha 1 Seaport 2.3 million 2 Port of the Pangaon River 116,000 3 M port ongla Seaport 70,000 4 Port of Dhaka River port 5 Port of Narayanganj River port 6 Port of Ashuganj River port 7 Port of Payra Seaport 8 Aricha Ghat River port 9 Goalondo River port Main articles : Energy in Bangladesh, Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh, telecommunications in Bangladesh, Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh Bangladesh's coal and natural gas fields2011 bangladesh had 20,000 megawatts of built-in electrical capacity in 2018. [293] About 56 percent of the country's commercial energy is produced by natural gas, followed by oil, hydropower and coal. Bangladesh plans to import hydropower from Bhutan and Nepal. [294] A nuclear power plant is being built with Russian support for the Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant project. [295] The country is ranked fifth in renewable green jobs worldwide, and solar panels are increasingly used to run urban and off-grid rural areas. [296] An estimated 98 percent of the country's population had access to better water sources by 2004 [297] (a high percentage of low-income countries), achieved largely through the construction of hand pumps with the support of outside donors. In 1993, however, it emerged that most of Bangladesh's groundwater (97% of the rural population is a source of drinking water and a significant proportion of the urban population) is naturally contaminated with arsenic. Another challenge is the low-cost recovery due to low tariffs and poor economic efficiency, especially in urban areas (where water revenues do not cover operating costs). It is estimated that 56 percent of the population had access to proper sanitation facilities in 2010. [298] Community-led full hygiene, which tackles open escape in rural areas, has been attributed to improving public health since its introduction in 2000. [299] Science and Technology Main Article: Science and Technology in Bangladesh See also Information Technology in Bangladesh and Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Bangladesh in 2018, The first payload of SpaceX's Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket was the Bangabandhu-1 satellite built by Thales Alenia Space, the Bangladesh Science and Industrial Research Council founded in 1973, with roots in the East Pakistani Regional Laboratories in Dhaka (1955), Rajshahi (1965) and Chittagong (1967). Bangladesh's space agency, SPARRSO, was founded in 1983 with the help of the United States. [300] The country's first communications satellite, Bangabandhu-1, was launched from the United States in 2018. [301] The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission operates a triga research reactor at its nuclear energy facility in Savar. [302] In 2015 Bangladesh's 26th [303] Tourism Main Article: The beach of Cox's Bazar, with an unbroken length of 120 km (75 mi), is often credited as the longest natural sea beach in the world Mountain hiking popular activity in the Bandarban District of Bangladesh tourist attractions include historic sites and monuments, resorts, beaches, picnic spots, forests and wildlife of various species. For tourists, fishing, skiing, river cruising, hiking, rowing, sailing and sea bathing. [304] [305] In 2019, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) reported that the Bangladesh travel and tourism sector directly created 1,180,500 jobs in 2018, or 1.9 percent of the country's total employment. [306] According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals each year. [306] Domestic expenditure in 2012 pushed out 97.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) for direct travel and tourism. [307] Bangladesh world rankings in 2012 for travel and tourism direct contributions to GDP, as a percentage of GDP, 140 out of 120. [307] Demographic headlines: Demographic data of Bangladesh and Bengal population (million)ÉvPop.±% 1971.1971. %2010148,7+1.38%2012161.1+4.09%Source: OECD/World Bank[308] Estimates of the Bangladeshi population vary, but 161,376,708 (162.9 million) in 2017, according to UN data. [7] [8] The 2011 census estimated it at 142.3 million,[309] far less than the estimates for the Bangladesh population (150-170 million) for the 2007-2010 estimates. Bangladesh is the eighth most populous country in the world and the world's most densely populated large country, 7. [310] The country's population growth was one of the world's highest in the 1960s and 1970s, when its population grew from 65 to 110 million. In the 1980s, bangladesh's growth rate began to slow by promoting birth control. The total fertility rate is currently 2.05,[311] lower than India (2.58) and Pakistan (3.07). The population is relatively young, 34 percent are 15 years of age or younger, and 5 percent are 65 or older. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 72.49 years in 2016. [160] According to the World Bank, as of 2016, 14.8% of the country lives below the international poverty line at less than $1.90 a day. [312] [313] The are 98% of the population. [314] The majority of Bengalis belong to Muslims, followed by , Christians and Buddhists. population includes the Chakma, Marma, Tanchangya, Tripuri, Kuki, Khiang, Khumi, Murang, Mru, Chak, Lushei, Bawm, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Khasi, Jaintia, Garo, Santal, Munda and Oraon tribes. In the Chittagong Hill Tracts region, riots and uprisings broke out in the Aboriginal autonomy movement between 1975 and 1997. Although a peace agreement was signed in 1997, the region remains militarized. [315] Bangladesh is home to a large Ismail community. [316] It is home to many Urdu-speaking immigrants who migrated there after the . Stranded Pakistanis were granted citizenship from the Supreme Court in 2008. [317] The number of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh is approximately 1 million, making Bangladesh one of the largest refugee populations World. City centers More information: Bangladesh's list of cities bangladesh is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh, and is overseen by two city companies that manage the north and south of the city. There are 12 city companies that have mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Chittagong, , Khulna, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Barisal, Rangpur, Gazipur and Narayanganj. Mayors are elected for a period of five years. Bangladesh has a total of 506 city centres, of which 43 have a population of more than 100,000. [318] Language Main article: Languages of Bangladesh The Charyapada scrolls are the oldest surviving texts in the Bengali language. The photograph was taken at the Rajshahi College Library in Bangladesh's ruling language of the Bengali (also known as Bangla). Bengali is one of the easternmost branches of the Indo-European language family. It is a part of the Eastern Indo-Arye languages of South Asia, which was founded between the 10th and 13th centuries. Bengali is written in the Bengali script. In ancient Bengal, Sanskrit was the language of written communication, especially for priests. During the Islamic period, Sanskrit was replaced by Bengali. The Bengali Sultans supported the production of Bengali literature instead of Sanskrit. Bengali also received Persian and Arabic loanwords during the Sultan's Bengali. Under British rule, the Bengali was significantly modernised by Europeans. Modern Standard Bengali emerged as a lingua franca in the region. The highly sanskritized version of Bengal was used by Hindu scientists during the Bengal Renaissance. Muslim writers like Kazi Nazrul Islamic paid attention to the Persian and Arabic vocabulary of the language. Today, the Bengali language standard is prescribed by the in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, more than 98 percent of people speak Bengali in their native language. [320] [321] It is described as the Bengali dialect continuum, where different dialects are spoken across the country. Currently there is a diglossia in which a large part of the population is able to understand or speak Standard Colloquial Bengali and regional dialects, these include a wide variety of dialects (some in separate languages) such as Chittagonian or Sylheti. [322] The Bengali Language Enforcement Act of 1987 made the use of Bengal mandatory in Bangladeshi government affairs. [323] Although the laws were historically written in English, they were not translated into Bengal until the Bengali Language Enforcement Act of 1987. All subsequent acts, ordinances, and laws have been proclaimed in Bengal since 1987. [324] English is often used in judgments of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and is also used in higher education. The Chakma language is another native East Indo-Arya Bangladesh. It is written in the Chakma script. The unique aspect of the language is that it is used by Chakma people who have population similarities to people in East Asia rather than the Indian subcontinent. The Chakma language is at risk as its use in schools and institutions decreases. Other tribal languages include Garo, Meitei, Kokborok and Rakhine. Of the austroasiatic languages, Santali is spoken by the Santali tribe. Many of these languages are written in Bengali; while there is also some usage of the Latin script. Urdu is a significant legacy in Bangladesh, especially the old Dakka. The language shall be used in the language of the 17th century. Traders and migrants in northern India often spoke Bengali, as did parts of the Bengali upper class. Urdu poets lived in many parts of Bangladesh. The use of Urdu became controversial during the Bengali language movement, when the East Bengali people resisted attempts to enforce Urdu as the main official language. In modern Bangladesh, the Urdu-speaking community is limited to the country's Bihar community (previously stranded Pakistanis); and some parts of the old Dhakaiya population. [325] Religion Main Article: Religion of Bangladeshi Religions in Bangladesh (2011) [326] Religion percentage Islam 89.5% Hinduism 8.5% Buddhism 0.6% Christianity 0.4% The Constitution grants religious freedom and officially makes Bangladesh a se worldly state, while Islam as a religion of the republic. [4] [327] [328] Islam is followed by 90 percent of the population. [329] Most Bangladeshi Bengali Muslims are the largest Muslim etnoval group in South Asia and the second largest group in the world after the Arabs. There is also a minority of non-Bengali Muslims. The vast majority of Bangladeshi Muslims are Sunnis, followed by Shiite and Ahmadija minorities. About four percent of them are non-denoiial Muslims. [330] Bangladesh is the world's fourth largest Muslim population and the third largest Muslim-majority country (after Indonesia and Pakistan). [331] Sufism has an extensive heritage in the region. [332] Liberal Bengali Islam sometimes clashes with Orthodox movements. The largest gathering of Muslims in Bangladesh is the apolitical Bishwa Ijtema, held annually in Orthodox Tablighi Jamaat. Ijtema is the second largest Muslim congregation in the world, after the Hajj. The Islamic Foundation is an autonomous government agency responsible for state-controlled religious affairs, including monitoring the moon's sighting in accordance with the lunar Islamic calendar, in order to set a date for the festival; as well as the charity tradition. Public holidays include commemorations of Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-al-Adha, the Prophet's Birthday, Ashura and Shab-e-Barat Islam. Montage Bangladesh. Clockwise in the upper left corner: Muslims pray in Baitul Mukarram; Hindu monk in the Temple of Dhakeshwar; a Buddhist monk Buddha Dhatu Jadi; a Bangladeshi Christian cardinal with other cardinals in the Vatican Hinduism follows 8.5 percent of the population; [329] Most Bengali are Hindus, and some are members of ethnic minority groups. Bangladeshi Hindus are the country's second largest religious group and the world's third largest Hindu community, after the Indian and Nepalese file. Hindus in Bangladesh are evenly distributed, with concentration concentrates in Gopalganj, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Sunamganj, Mymensingh, Khulna, Jessore, Chittagong and parts of the Chittagong Hill Tract. Festivals of 's return and 's birthday are public holidays. Buddhism is the third largest religion, at 0.6 percent. Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among ethnic groups in Mount Chittagong (especially the Chakma, Marma and Tanchangya peoples), while chittagong on the coast is home to many Bengali Buddhists. Although mahayana school Buddhism has historically spread to the region, Bangladeshi Buddhists today adhere to the Theravada school. Buddha's birthday is a public holiday. The main Buddhist priests are based in a monastery in Ban Chittagong. Eid prayers for Muslims in Barashalghar, Debidwar, Comilla Christianity are the fourth largest religion, 0.4 percent. (333) Roman Catholicism is the largest half of Bangladeshi Christians. Bengali Christians are widespread throughout the country; while the Chittagong Hill Tracts (southeastern Bangladesh) and garo tribes (northern Bangladesh) have many Christians among minority ethnic groups. The country also has Protestant, Baptist and Eastern Orthodox churches. is a public holiday. The Bangladesh Constitution declares Islam a state religion, but prohibits policy based on religion. It promotes equal recognition of Hindus, Buddhists, Christians and people of all faiths. In 1972, Bangladesh was South Asia's first constitutionally se worldly country. [335] Article 12 of the Constitution [336] Article 41 gives every citizen the right to profess, practice or spread any religion! the right of all religious communities or denoems to establish, maintain and direct religious institutions; and states that no person participating in an educational establishment is obliged to receive religious instruction, or to attend or attend a religious service or service if the education, ordinance or service other than his own. [337] Education Main Article: is 72.9 percent as of 2018, 75.7 percent for men and 70.09 percent for women. The country's education system is three-tiered and strongly supported, the government operates many schools at primary, secondary and higher secondary levels and supports many private schools. In higher education, the Government of Bangladesh funds more than 45 public universities[338] through the University Scholarship Committee. Literacy rates in Bangladesh districts The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first-fifth grade), secondary (sixth-eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grades), higher secondary (grades 11 and 12), and tertiary. [339] Five years of secondary education (including secondary education) end with a secondary school certificate (SSC) exam. Since 2009, the PEC exam has also been introduced. Students who pass the PEC exam will go to secondary or baccalaureate training, which depends on the SSC exam. [339] Students who pass the PEC exam start with a three-year secondary degree, which is followed by the Junior School Certificate (JSC) exam. Students who pass this examination will go to two years of secondary education, at the end of which the SSC exam will also be taken. Students who pass this examination start with a two-year tertiary education, which is completed by the Higher Secondary Education Certificate (HSC) exam. [339] Education is primarily Bengali, but English is often taught and used. Many Muslim families send you to periods or full-time religious education in Bengal and Arabic madrasa. [339] Bangladesh meets UNESCO's Education for All (EDF) objectives, the UNITED NATIONS Millennium Development Goals (MTGs) and other international declarations. In article 17 of the Bangladesh Constitution, the President of the United States of , the oldest university in Bangladesh universities bangladeshthree general types: public (state owned and supported), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded international organisations). In Bangladesh, 46 public,[338] 105 private[340] and two international universities; Bangladesh National University has the largest enrollment, and the University of Dhaka (founded in 1921) is the oldest. (founded in 1966) is the largest University (Campus: Rural, 2100 hectares (8.5 km2)). Islamic University of Technology, commonly known as IUT, is a subsidiary of the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which represents 57 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and South America. Asian University women in Chittagong South Asian Liberal Arts University for Women, representing 14 Asian countries; the faculty hails from renowned academic institutions in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Middle East. [341] Bangladesh also has the largest contribution from the agricultural sector (more than 20%) GDP[342] and agricultural sciences are well developed[343] these are 6 State Research-based Agricultural Universities, such as Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sylhet Agricultural University, Khulna Agricultural University, Chittagong University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. [344] [345] [346] BUET, CUET, KUET and RUET are four universities of civil engineering in Bangladesh. BUTex and DUET are two specialised engineering universities; BUTex specialises in textile engineering, and DUET offers higher education to diploma engineers. NITER is a special public-private partnership institute that provides textile engineering education. Science and technology universities include SUST, HSTU, PUST, JUST, PSTU, MBSTU, BSMRSTU, and NSTU. Universities in Bangladesh are accredited and associated with the University Grants Commission (UGC), established in 1973. [347] Medical education is provided by 29 government and private medical colleges. All medical colleges are related to the Department of Health and Family Welfare. Bangladesh's 2015 literacy rate rose to 71 percent due to education modernisation and better funding, with 16,087 schools and 2,363 colleges receiving monthly payment orders (MPO). According to then Education Minister Nurul Islam Nahid, 27,558 madrasa, as well as technical and professional institutions, were taken into the facility. In 2010, there were 6,036 educational institutions outside the MPO, and the government used 1,624 private schools for the MPO. [348] [349] Chief Medical Article: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, the first state medical university in Bangladesh established in 1998 Medical facilities in Bangladesh is considered less than adequate, although improved poverty levels have decreased significantly. Results from a recent study by Chakaria (in rural Upazila under Cox's Bazar District) revealed that village doctors, practicing allopathic medicine without formal training, reported that they provided 65% of health-sought disease episodes occurring within 14 days of the survey. Formally qualified providers made up only four per cent of the total healthcare workforce. The Future Health Systems survey revealed significant shortcomings in the treatment practices of village doctors, with widespread harmful and inadequate prescribing. [350] We recommend that you receive healthcare from informal providers. [351] A 2007 study of 1,000 rural households found that direct payments to formal and informal healthcare providers and indirect disease-related costs (loss of earnings due to illness) had withheld access to healthcare from qualified providers. [350] A community survey of 6,183 Bangladeshi people found that gender differences in behaviour seeking treatment were less likely to require treatment than men. [352] However, the use of skilled midwife (SBA) services increased from 2005 to 2007 among women from the highest socio-economic kinajtik. [353] In order to improve the wear and tear and monitoring of public health services in south-eastern Bangladesh, a health watchdog, an experimental Community empowerment tool, has been successfully developed and implemented. [354] Bangladesh's poor health can be attributed to the government's lack of health care. According to a 2010 World Bank report, 2009 health care spending was 3.35 percent of the country's GDP. [355] Government health care expenditures amounted to 7.9 percent of the total budget that year; Spending increased by 96.5 percent. [355] According to government sources, the number of hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants is 8 (as of 2015). [356] Malnutrition is a constant problem in Bangladesh, with the World Bank ranked first in the number of malnourished children worldwide. [357] [358] More than 54% of preschool children are stunted, 56% are skinny, and more than 17% are wasted. [359] More than 45 percent of rural families and 76 percent of urban families did not have an acceptable caloric intake level. [360] Culture Main Articles: , , and Bengal Renaissance Visual Arts Main Article: Liberation War by The recorded art history in Bangladesh can be delineated from the 3rd century BCE when terracotta sculptures were made in the region. In classical antithesia, a remarkable school of sculptural Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art emerged from the Slate Empire and the Sena dynasty. Islamic art was the 14th century's most modern art. The architecture of the Bengali sultanship saw separate style domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. Mughal Bengali's most famous artistic tradition was the weaving of motifs on the fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage. The Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (silly motifs) and Western textile art (paisley). The Yamdani weavers in Dhaka were given imperial patrons. [64] [361] Ivory and brass were also widely used in Mughal art. Pottery is widely used in Bengali culture. The modern art movement in Bangladesh was founded in the 1950s, especially the pioneering works of Zainul Abedin. East Bengal its own modernist painting and sculpture traditions, which differed from the arts movements of West Bengal. movements. Art Institute dhaka was an important center of visual art in the region. The annual Bengali 's parade was named an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2016. Modern Bangladesh has produced a number of South Asian painters, including SM Sultan, , Shahabuddin Ahmed, Kanak Chanpa Chakra, , Saifuddin Ahmed, Qayyum Chowdhury, Rashid Choudhury, , and . and were the country's pioneers in modernist sculpture. Lately, photography as a medium of art has become popular. Biennial Chobi Mela is considered the largest photography festival in Asia. [362] Literature See also: Bangladeshi literature by Rabindranath Tagore, author of the , and , the National Poet at Bangla Academy The oldest evidence of writing in Bangladesh is the Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription, which dates back to the 3rd century. [363] In the , Sanskrit literature flourished in the region. Bengals formed Sanskrit and Magadhi Prakrit in the 8-10. Bengali literature is a millennia-old tradition; Charyapadas are the earliest examples of . Sufi spiritualism inspired many Bengali Muslim writers. During the Bengali Sultanship, medieval Bengali writers were influenced by Arabic and Persian works. Chandidas is the famous lyrical poetic of the early medieval year. Syed Alaol was a famous se world poet and translator of the Aracan region. The Bengali Renaissance shaped the appearance of modern Bengali literature, including novels, short stories and science fiction. Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European Nobel Laureate in Literature and was described as Bengali Shakespeare. [364] Kazi Nazrul Islam was a revolutionary poet who supported the political rebellion against colonialism and fascism. is considered a pioneering feminist writer in Bangladesh. [365] Renaissance icons included Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. The writer Syed Mujtaba Ali is famous for his cosmopolitan Bengali worldview. Jasimuddin was a renowned pastoral poet. and Al Mahmud were killed in the 20th year. Farrukh Ahmad, Sufia Kamal, , Ahsan Habib, Abul Hussain, Shahid Qadri, Fazal Shahbuddin, Abu Jafar Obaidullah, Omar Ali, Al Mujahidy, Syed Shamsul Huq, Nirmalendu Goon,Abid Azad, Sanaul Haque Khan, Hasan Hafiz, Abdul Hye Sikder, Sayeed Abub, Jafar Ahmad Rashed are important figures in modern Bangladeshi poetry. Ahmed Sofa is regarded as the most important Bangladeshi intellectual of the post-independence era. Humayun Ahmed is a popular writer of jaaj tiasza of modern Bangladeshi magical realism and science fiction. Prominent writers of Bangladeshi fiction include Mir Mosharraf Akhteruzzaman Elias, Alauddin Al Azad, Shahidul Zahir, Rashid Karim, Mahmudul Haque, , Shahidullah Kaiser, Shawkat Osman, Selina Hossain, Shahed Ali, Abul Khayer Muslehuddin, Razia Khan, Anisul Hoque and Abdul Mannan Syed. Organized by Bangla Academy, the annual Ekushey Book Auction and Dhaka Literary Festival are among South Asia's largest literary festivals. The majority of workers in Bangladesh's export-oriented garment industry are women, making the biggest contribution to the country's economic growth. [367] Main article: Women in Bangladesh Although several women have occupied significant political offices in Bangladesh since 2015, women continue to live in a patriarchal social system where violence is common. [368] While women in India and Pakistan participate less in the labour market as their education increases, the situation in Bangladesh is the opposite. [368] The Bengals were in the 19th century. Begum Rokeya and Faizunnessa Chowdhurani played an important role in the emancipation of Muslim women in Bengal from Purdah, before the country was split, as well as in promoting the education of girls. Several women were elected to the Bengal legislative assembly of the British Raj. The first women's magazine, Begum, was published in 1948. In 2008, the participation of the Bangladeshi women's workforce was 26%. [369] Women dominate blue-collar jobs in the Bangladeshi garment industry. Agriculture, social services, health and education are also the main occupations of Bangladeshi women, while their employment in white-collar positions has steadily increased. Architecture Main Article: Architecture of Bangladesh The Ahsan Manzil is one of the largest residences in Old Dakka, where there are many Indo-Saracenic buildings in the architectural traditions of Bangladesh with a 2500-year heritage. [370] Terracotta architecture is a Bengali feature. Pre-Islamic Bengali architecture peaked in the Slate Empire when the Pala School of Sculptural Art created large structures such as Somapura Mahavihara. Islamic architecture began to develop during the Bengali sultanship, when local terracotta styles influenced the construction of the medieval mosque. The Mosque of Adina in United Bengal was the largest mosque built on the Indian subcontinent. [371] The Hatvanda Mosque was Bangladesh's largest medieval mosque and a great example of Turkic-Bengali architecture. The Mughal style replaced indigenous architecture when the Mughal Empire became a Bengali province and influenced the development of urban housing. Kantajew Temple and are excellent examples of late medieval Hindu temple architecture. Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, based on Indo-Islamic styles, flourished in the British period. Built in bangladesh zamindar gentry Indo-Saracenic palaces and country mansions such as Ahsan Manzil, Tajhat Palace, Dighapatia Palace, Puthia Rajbari and Natore Rajbari. The Bengali bungalow is a common sight. The roof style shown in the picture is common in the hilly areas of Sylhet and Chittagong Bengali folk architecture famous for pioneering the bungalow. Bangladeshi villages would stand roofed houses made of natural materials such as mud, straw, wood and bamboo. In modern times, village bungalows are increasingly made of tin. Muzharul Islam was the pioneer of Bangladesh's modern architecture. His varied works define the course of modern architectural practice in the country. Islam has brought leading global architects, including Louis Kahn, Richard Neutra, Stanley Tigerman, Paul Rudolph, Robert Boughey and Konstantinos Doxiadis, to work with account in eastern Pakistan. Louis Kahn was chosen to design the National Parliament Complex in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar. Kahn's monumental designs, combining regional red brick aesthetics, his own concrete and marble brutalism, and the use of lakes representing Bengali geography, were built in the 20th-year-old city. Lately, award-winning architects like Rafiq Azam have found their way into contemporary architecture by adopting influences on the works of Islam and Kahn. Performing arts at Baul's Shah Shrine kushtia includes various forms with a history dating back to the 4th [372] It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performances scroll through paintings, puppet theater and procession forms. [372] is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre. The dance traditions of Bangladesh include native tribal and Bengali dance forms, as well as classic Indian dances including Kathak, and Manipuri dances. The music of Bangladesh features the Baul mystical tradition, listed by UNESCO as a masterpiece of intangible cultural heritage. [373] Fakir Lalon Shah popularized Baul music in the country in the 18th century. Most modern are dedicated to Lalon Shah. [374] There are many lyrical musical traditions that vary from region to region, including , and . Folk music is accompanied by a one-string instrument known as the ectara. Other tools include dotara, dhol, flute, and tabla. Bengali classical music includes Tagore songs and Nazrul Sangeet. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of Indian classical music, which uses instruments such as sitar, tabla, sarod and santoor. [375] Sabina Yasmin and Runa Laila are leading play singers of the modern era, while musician Ayub Bachchu has named Bengali rock music in Bangladesh. [376] Textiles also: Textile art in Bangladesh and Muslin trade Bengali embroidery nakshi (embroidered duvet), centuries-old Bengali art tradition of with a centuries-old embroidery tradition of duvets, said to be native to East Bengal (i.e. Bangladesh). Sari is the national dress of Bangladeshi women. Mogul Dhaka was famous for producing the finest muslin saris, as well as the famous Dhakai and Jamdani, which UNESCO said was a masterpiece of humanity's intangible cultural heritage. [377] Bangladesh also produces Rajshahi silk. The shalwar kameez is also widely worn by Bangladeshi women. In urban areas some women can be seen in Western clothing. Curt and sherwani are the national clothes of Bangladeshi men; lungi and dhoti wear them in informal environments. Aside from ethnic wear, home tailored dresses and ties are customary to wear to the country's men's offices, schools and social events. The hand weare industry provides 60-65% of the country's clothing demand. [378] The Bengali ethnic fashion industry flourished in a changing environment in the fashion world. The retailer Aarong is one of the most successful ethnic wear brands in South Asia. The development of Bangladesh's textile industry, which supplies leading international brands, has helped produce and retail modern Western attire locally, and the country has many expanding local brands such as Westecs and Yellow. Bangladesh is the world's second largest exporter of clothing. Among Bangladeshi fashion designers, Bibi Russell received international acclaim for her Fashion for Development shows. [379] Kitchen Main articles: and Traditional Bangladeshi meals: Mustard Seeds Curry, Dhakai Biryani and White rice are staple Bangladeshi cuisine, as well as many vegetables and lentils. Rice preparations also contain Bengali biryanis, pulaos, and khichuris. Mustard, ghee, sunflower oil and fruit chutneys are widely used in Bangladeshi cooking. Fish is the main source of protein in Bengali cuisine. The Hilsa is a national fish and is extremely popular throughout Bangladesh. Other types of fish eaten include rohu, butterfish, catfish, tilápia and barramundi. Fish eggs are a gourmet delicacy. Seafood occupies an important place in the Bengali kitchen, especially lobster, shrimp and dried fish. Meat consumption includes chicken, beef, mutton, venison, duck and pigeon. The Chittagong, holidays are a popular tradition characterized by serving hot beef curry. In Sylhet, they marinate the shat-big lemon. In tribal Hill Tracts, bamboo shoot cooking is rife. There are plenty of desserts in Bangladesh, including typical sweets such as Rôshogolla, Rôshomalai, Chomchom, Mishti Doi and Kalojaam. Traditional desserts made from rice or fruit. Halwa is served at religious ceremonies. Naan, paratha, luchi and bakarkhani are the main local breads. Tejtea is offered to guests as a gesture of greeting and is the most common hot drink in the country. Kebabs are widely popular throughout Bangladesh, especially seekh kebabs, chicken tikka and shashliks. Bangladesh shares its gastronomic heritage with the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal. However, there are several differences between the two regions. In Muslim-majority Bangladesh, meat consumption is higher; whereas vegetarianism is more common in Hindu-majority West Bengal. The Bangladeshi diaspora dominates the South Asian restaurant industry in many Western countries, especially the UK. Festivals Main Articles: Public Holidays in Bangladesh and list of festivals in Bangladesh The annual Bengali New Year's parade , the Bengali New Year, the great festival of Bengali culture and sees a wide range of celebrations. Among the great holidays celebrated in Bangladesh, only Pahela Baishakh comes without existing expectations (specific religious identity, culture of gift-giving, etc.) and has been given the opportunity to celebrate the simpler, rural roots of Bengal. Other cultural festivals include Nabonno, and Poush Parbon are both Bengali vintage festivals. Muslim festivals of Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Milad un Nabi, Muharram, Chand Raat, Shab-e-Barat; Hindu festivals of Durga , Janmashtami and Rath Yatra; The Buddhist festival Buddha , which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, and the Christian holiday of Christmas national holidays in Bangladesh and see the most widespread celebrations in the country. The two Eids celebrate a long series of public holidays and give city dwellers an opportunity to celebrate festivals with their families outside the city. Besides there are national days such as remembrance february 21, 1952 Language Movement Day (declared international native language day by UNESCO in 1999),[380] Independence Day and . On the day of the language movement, people gather in Shaheed Minar, Daka, to commemorate the national heroes of the Bengali language movement. Similar gatherings are observed at the National Martyrs Memorial on Independence Day and Victory Day to remember the national heroes of Bangladesh's liberation war. These occasions are celebrated with public celebrations, processions, citizens' rallies, political speeches, fairs, concerts and many other public and private events celebrating bangladesh's history and traditions. TV and radio stations broadcast special programmes and patriotic songs, and many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals and concerts involving citizens from all levels of . [381] Sports Main article: Team for the practice session at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in rural Bangladesh, more traditional indigenous sports such as , Boli Khela, Lathi Khela and Nouka Baich remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,[382] Cricket is the most popular sport in the country, followed by football. The national cricket team took part in the first Cricket World Cup in 1999 and the following year was granted Test cricket status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-finals of the 2015 Cricket World Cup, the semi-finals of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and reached the Asian Cup final three times - in 2012, 2016 and 2018. In February 2020, the Bangladesh youth team won the World Cup under-19s in South Africa. It was Bangladesh's first World Cup victory. [383] Women's sport has made significant progress in the decade of the 2010s in Bangladesh. In 2018, bangladesh's women's cricket team won the 2018 Women's 220 Asian Cup, which encyclicaled with the Indian women's cricket team in the final. [385] The Bangladesh women's national football team has also achieved success at regional level, especially in the Under-15 and Under-18 teams. Football is another popular sport in Bangladesh alongside cricket[386] and is controlled by the Bangladesh Football Association (BFF). Football tournaments are regularly organised in and outside Of Dakka, and football fever plagues the nation during every FIFA World Cup. On 4 November 2018, the Bangladesh Under-15 team won the 2018 SAFF Under-15 Championship, beating Pakistan under-15s in the final. [387] Bangladeshi archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana have won several gold medals and won all 10 archery competitions (individual and team events) at the 2019 South Asian Games. [388] The National Sports Council regulates 42 sports federations. [389] Various forms of athletics, swimming, archery, boxing, volleyball, weightlifting and wrestling, as well as martial arts, remain popular. Chess is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters at bay. Among them, Niaz Murshed was the first grandmaster in South Asia. In 2010, climber Musa Ibrahim became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer Mount Everest. [391] He climbed to the top of the summit of Mount Everest. [392] Wasfia Nazreen is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the Seven Peaks, the highest mountain on seven continents in the world. [393] Bangladesh is home to a number of international competitions. The Bangabandhu Cup is an international football league that is home to the country. Bangladesh has hosted the South Asian Games several times. In 2011, Bangladesh co-hosted the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup with India and Sri Lanka. The 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship was hosted exclusively by Bangladesh. Bangladesh hosted the Asian Cup Cricket Championship in 2000, 2012. and 2016. Media and Cinema Headlines: Media Bangladesh and the Cinema of Bangladesh Anwar Hossain plays Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab Bengali, in the 1967 film Nawab Sirajuddaulah The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. More than 200 newspapers are published in the country. is the state radio service. [394] The British Broadcasting Corporation operates the popular BBC Bangla news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts Voice of America are also very popular. (BTV) is a state-owned television network. There are more than 20 privately owned television networks, including several news channels. Media freedom remains a major concern over the government's attempts to censor and harass journalists. The Bangladeshi cinema dates back to 1898, when the screening began at the Dhaka Crown Theatre. The first bioscope was created on the subcontinent in Dakka that year. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Dhaka Nawab family patroned the production of several silent films. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematography Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh called The Last Kiss. The first eastern Pakistani feature film, Mukh O Mukhosh, was released in 1956. In the 1960s, between 25 and 30 films were produced in Dakka each year. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced between 80 and 100 films a year. While the Bangladesh film industry has had limited commercial success, the country has produced major independent filmmakers. was a prominent documentary filmmaker who was murdered in 1971. The late Tareque Masud is one of bangladeshi directors in her critically acclaimed films on social issues. [395] Masud was honored by FIPRESCI at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival for his film The Clay Bird. Tanvir Mokammel, Mostofa Sarwar Farooki, Humayun Ahmed, Alamgir and Chashi Nazrul Islam are prominent directors of Bangladeshi cinema. Bangladesh has a very active film society culture. It started in 1963 in Dakkaka. Now about 40 Film Society are active throughout Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Film Society Association is the parent company of the Bangladesh film society movement. Active film companies include the Rainbow Film Society, Children's Film Society, Moviyana Film Society and Dhaka University Film Society. Museums and Libraries Main Articles: Museums in Bangladesh and List of Libraries in Bangladesh National Museum Northbrook Hall, a public library opened in 1882 with rare collections of books by the British Raj[397] The Varendra Research Museum is the oldest museum in Bangladesh. It houses important collections from both the pre-Islamic and Islamic eras, including statues of the Pala-Sena School of Art and the Indus Valley civilization; and Sanskrit, Arabic and manuscripts and inscriptions. Ahsan Manzil, the former residence of Nawab in Dakka, is the national museum of the collections of a British Raj. It was the venue of the Founding Conference of the All India Muslim League and hosted by many British viceroys in Dakkak. The Tajhat Palace Museum preserves the singing objects of North Bengal's cultural heritage, including Hindu-Buddhist statues and Islamic manuscripts. The Mymensingh Museum is home to a personal antique collection of Bengali aristocrats in central Bengal. The Chittagong Ethnographic Museum presents the way of life of the Bangladeshi tribes. The Bangladesh National Museum is located in Ramna, Dakka and has a rich collection of antiques. The Museum of Liberation War documents the struggle for independence in Bangladesh and the genocide of 1971. In ancient times, manuscripts were written on palm leaves, bark, parchment pergén and terracotta plates and preserved in monasteries known as stormy. The Hussain Shahi dynasty created royal libraries during the Bengali Sultanship. The libraries were created in bengali districts by zamindar gentry during the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th century. The trend of creating libraries continued until the beginning of World War II. In 1854, four large public libraries opened, including the Bogra Woodburn Library, rangpur public library, jessore institute public library and barisal public library. The Northbrook Hall Public Library was founded in Dakkak in 1882 in honor of Lord Northbrook, the governor. Other libraries founded in the British era included the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the Rajshah Public Library (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Public Library of the Shah Makhdum Institute, Rajshahi (1891), Noakhal City Hall Public Library (1896), Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), Chittagong Public Library (1904) and Varendra Research Library (1910). The Great Bengal Library Association was founded in 1925. The central public library of Dhaka was established in 1959. The National Library of Bangladesh was established in 1972. The World Literature Center, founded by Ramon Magsaysay Award winner Abdullah Abu Sayeed, is famous for operating numerous mobile libraries throughout Bangladesh and has been awarded the UNESCO Jon Amos Comenius Medal. See also Bangladesh Portal Asia Portal Index Bangladesh related articles Outline Bangladesh references ^ National symbols→National March. Bangladesh Tourism Council. Bangladesh: Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism. Archived on December 28, 2016. Accessed February 21, 2015. On January 13, 1972, the Bangladeshi Ministry adopted this song as a national marching song at its first meeting after the country's independence. ^ b 3. state language. Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd. Ministry of Law of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Accessed February 1, 2017. ^ B Bānlādēśakē jānuna জানুন (Discover Bangladesh) (Bengal). Bangladesh National Internet Portal. Archived on February 16, 2015. Accessed February 13, 2015. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd. Ministry of Law of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Accessed May 17, 2019. Article 2A — State religion and Article 12 – Secularism and Religious Freedom ^ Bangladesh 2015 International Religious Freedom Report (PDF). U.S. State Department. 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External links to Bangladeshat Wikipedia sister projects Definitions of Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News to Wikinews Quotes Wikiquote texts Wikisource Textbooks Wikibooks Wikibooks Wikivoyage Resources wikiversity government official website official website of Bangladesh Investment Development Authority General Information Bangladesh. It's a fact book of the world. Central Intelligence Agency. Bangladesh Curlie Bangladesh in BBC News Bangladesh UCB Libraries GovPubs Geographical Data Bangladesh OpenStreetMap Wikimedia Atlas Bangladesh key development forecasts for Bangladesh from International Futures Retrieved from 220th SA ARC summitHost countryN/ADate2020 Participants Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri LankaFollows19th SAARC summitPrecedes21st SAARC summitWebsiteSAARC The 20th SAARC summit is the 20th meeting of the heads of state or heads of government of the eight SAARC countries. The 2020 SAARC summit will take place in Islamabad. Pakistan aggressively searches from smaller South Asian nations to host the SAARC summit in Islamabad. Sri Lanka and Nepal have already expressed their support. [summons required] References External Links Official Website For

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