The Contemporary Vernacular in Flux

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

- Spatial Transformations of the Built Environment in the Transformations Spatial Environment Dong the in of Built the ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades ausgeführt Grades zum der Zwecke Erlangung des akademischen Abteilung Abteilung für Entwerfen E 253/6 und Gestaltunglehre eingereicht Universitätan der Technischen Wien Klaus Zwerger, Ao.Univ.Prof. Mag.art. Dr.phil. Zwerger, Ao.Univ.Prof.Klaus Mag.art. Dr.phil. The ContemporaryThe Vernacular inFlux Fakultät für Architektur Raumplanung für undFakultät Architektur Institut für Institut Architektur und Entwerfen eines Diplom-Ingenieurs eines Diplom-Ingenieurs Nikolaus Punzengruber Nikolaus Punzengruber unter der Leitung der von unter Leitung DIPLOMARBEIT Minority’s Habitat Minority’s Wien, am 01326500 v on

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Dorferneuerung Schlüsselwörter: Abschluss der Arbeit. den Holzbauweise bildet nimmt, antraditionellen Anlehnung der Architektur Betongebäude aus den 1980er Jahren wird durch einen konzeptionellen konzeptionellen einen durch ersetzt wird Neubau Jahren 1980er den aus Betongebäude ein Schule, Die ein. Dimen von Ortszentrum im Gebäudes öffentlichen eines Die Erkenntnisse des theoretischen Teils infließen anschließend den Entwurf von Architektur im Spannungsfeld des zeitgenössischen Lebens auf dem Land. Caminadas, Gion der in einer Werk abgelegenen Region der Schweiz wirkt, zeigt ins die Rolle Exkurs Ein beleuchtet. Identifikationsbauten als Rolle ihre und Nutzung gegenwärtige ihre auf Hinsicht in Wind-Regen-Brücken und Region der Trommeltürme wie Gebäude öffentliche Erbe werden hinaus Darüber untersucht. architektonischen zum Bezug dessen und typischen Wohnhauses des Transformation die wird Detail Im Guizhou. Provinz der in Die folgende Arbeit analysiert diese Veränderungen anhand des Dorfes Dimen Produktion nachhaltig, zur Architektur.pseudo-traditioneller Tourismusindustrie Dörfer erwachte homogenen neu eine ehemals führt andererseits der und Bild der Beton- das Zustand generische Ziegelstrukturen verändern widersprüchlichen Einerseits teilweise Ortsbilder. einem gegenwärtigen zu führten Gebäude Die Transformation traditioneller Typologien und die Implementierung neuer dortigen der Veränderungen vernakulären Architektur. großen zu Umwälzungen technologische und soziale politische, führten Jahrhunderts 21. des Beginn zu und 20. Im ist. geblieben verschont Moderne der Einflüssen den von Zeit lange die bekannt, Südwesten Chinas ist für seine charakteristische Kultur und Holzbautradi und Kultur charakteristische seine für ist Chinas Südwesten im der Dong Minderheit verschiedene Kulturlandschaften hervor. Das Gebiet Menschen die brachten Bedingungen sozio-ökonomischen und geografischen unterschiedlichen Unter Gebieten. ländlichen in Gesellschaft der Spiegel ein Die gebaute Umwelt und ihre räumliche Ausformulierung waren schon immer KURZFASSUNG

. De Vernakuläre Architektur, Dong Minderheit, Minderheit, Dong Architektur, Vernakuläre Etuf ie benachbarten einer Entwurf r I

Mehrzweckhalle, deren deren Mehrzweckhalle, ti on

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Keywords: essence of without vernacular architecture copying it. a design levelon a conceptual the increase structure built in 1980sthe has small, too become I furtherwill propose a new to potential great concrete banal a building, school existing the holds Since villagers. the of livelihood Dimen of Th Province. centre Guizhou in underdeveloped village Dong large a Dimen, in building public new a for solution architectural appropriate an find to aims part design The making remote in areas. the to will show the important role that architecture excursus can play in contemporary place- An analyzed. is identification mountainous Swiss countryside that was in a situatio similar socio-economic of objects as bridges rain language wind-and- and towers drum of role the Moreover, examined. be will heritage architectural the and system architectural local the to connection construction their and constructions recent Especially local the as well as analyzed be will Area Dong the in conditions spatial the of state contradictory

h Dn Minorit Dong The geographic and economic limitations led to very particular cultural landscapes. been a mirror of the social system in the countryside. Throughout the centuries, The built environment and spatial layout in vernacular settlements have always ABSTRACT The research part architecture. of pseudo-traditional homogenous production increasing an to leads formerly tourism hand, other the On layouts. village the threaten language architectural distinctive any today. On the one hand, recently built concrete-and-brick structures devoid of state ambiguous an in itself represents Area Dong the of environment built the Consequently, types. building existing of alteration the and buildings new both of implementation the to led technology and structure social policy, in changes profound century the 20th and However,influences. 21st throughout outside by untouched largely remained that heritage architectural and culture Rur mode of construction that serves the local community and interprets the the interprets and community local the serves that construction of mode al Reconstruction, DimenReconstruction, Village Vernacular Architecture, Dong Minority, Village Regeneration Village Minority, Dong Architecture, Vernacular of ’ ae i Suhet hn i rnwe fr t distinct its for renowned is China Southwest in area y’s the thesis goes beyond the usual site analysis. The current . The final proposes design Hall of a Multipurpose II

n e . , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

势关情是侗族地中包括一为建筑本文坏纪年建造的混凝土本文旨在的建筑解民的生活水平具有很大的潜力。了南的侗族地刻未受到外界的影摘个乡

下；键词况它了保现变变世土聚落的建成要 80

。此外们与当与存的村庄布局。另一方面，旅游将化。侗族地革，纪

年代的平庸的混凝土研：区证设计乡利用重新以究乡土建筑相似但空个为贵决产来将土建筑，侗族，还地建筑间条公共多功能方案。地生了区，地阐包含方案的可行性，州省以其述响件的矛盾设计区两种区环 - 砖建筑在偏。然而在对遗产一的建成独的地理境和空砌体瑞士某山整个扪特的文化和建筑现实并的厅个大型侗族村寨——地村寨中心空结构非关状。基地的机环：新建筑与间远乡乡复结构联态设计境如今呈经济布局一直是反 20 由于缺乏任何可村制区。此外，，以及侗族地研和村的复。，乡究部分超出了一般的基地分析：分析了方案提出的建造现的限制 21 兴

对村的会间有的村中心类当，业导于，未得到良好的现遗产型 III 世

代地方制造中所能乡当研还研为该出一被建造起产纪村重建，地致了下的使用需求已究：而生了非常特殊的文化景映，由于政策、社究了公共和家庭空区建筑增加新的公共使用空扪种闻乡识别伪传统该的建造体系和建筑的新建公共建筑学模名，村的社地模式校，其建筑棱两来的建筑区设计；同这扪建筑的日益增多。处与当可的些建筑会村于，但时传统体系的一面语

发挥经显类地社状会言，因此不似的社该为态遗产结构的重要作用。得间区空寻一座建于上世。一方面，近建筑过的日常使用语相适间对找一很大程度上观和科技的深于会言，尤其类。中镜狭经济间应提高村种型子。几

断小。当，其，使合适产国破形前生西

Overview Design 5.3 Analysis Site 5.2 Task The 5.1 Proposal Design 5. 4. Conclusions 3.5 Dimen in typology housing the 3.4 of Evolution Transformation: Incremental Village Dimen 3.3 in Buildings and PublicSpaces 3.2 Village of Dimen Introduction 3.1 Maogong and Village Dimen in Transformations Spatial Local 3. Focus: 2.5 Buildings ofDong System Construction 2.4 2.3 Morphology DongVillage 2.2 DongMinority The 2.1 Literature Review 2. and Contribution Significance 1.4and Limitations Research of Scope 1.3 and Structure Methodology 1.2 and Objectives Questions Research Statement, Problem 1.1 Background and Introduction 1. in Switzerland in Switzerland Excursus: Excursus: The Case of Vrin: A. Gion Caminada’s A Area theDongMinority’s in Developments Recent Tradition DongMinority’s The rsro ntaie ml onRcntuto nMoog Maogong in Reconstruction Town Small Initiative: Grassroot

lAcietr alArchitecture IV

Work in anWork Alpine Village

26 22 12 98 90 88 69 61 47 41 32 88 32 71 7 5 4 4 2 1 5 1

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

. cnwegmn Acknowledgement 7.3 Tableof Figures 7.2 ListofLiterature 7.1 Appendix 7. Perspective Future 6.2 Conclusion 6.1 Conclusion 6.

1 13 13 1 1 13 1 40 32 31 31 6 6 3 3 3

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. transformation o that to is beautifulculturalsplendidandarchitecturalheritageits landscape for questions: environmentfollowingresearchansweringbuilt the the changes inrapid the analyse toaims paper this of part research The changing.rapidly is structurestimber private public of made fabric, village the of image cohesiveformer The transformation. a such of middle the in is Province Guizhou in Village Dimen heritage. Jing(Chapter 3.4) and Swiss Gionarchitect A. Caminada (Chapter 4). architectural practice in the Dong regiona based for on the model theories of role Chinese curat a as serve to aims design The Area. Dong the in buildings servesfurther prototypea as theraisearchitectural to contemporaryquality of public hall multipurpose new The Dimen. of centre village the in conditions the improve project architectural an in expressed question research last the to answer an provide will proposal design following The h bit niomn i Ciee ua aes s urnl udron a massive a undergoing transformati currently is areas rural Chinese in environment built The 1.1 1.

Introduction and Background Background andIntroduction Problem Statement, Research Questions Objectivesand . n at te poie s h cs. oenzto poess n spatial and processes Modernization case. the is opposite the fact, In

• • •

on. The Dong Minority’s habitat Minority’s Dong The on. s y h upeeetd oenzto poes n og society Dong in process expressedtheirin contemporary modernization building practice? unprecedented the by caused changes socio-economic fundamental the are extent what To building practicein the area? contemporary a to applied be can features design traditional Which in the in Whichrole thoughtfulcana contemporary architectural practiceplay be come all the more visible in an environment with rich architectural dev elopment theof Dong Minority’s . n sail ee, h nw ulig is to aims building new the level, spatial a On 1 in Southwest China Southwest in area? , that is renowned is that no exceptionno process of process critical or Zuo and Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. parts: two mainly of consists thesis the for data acquire to approach methodological The 1.2

utproe al oes l sae o acietrl lnig rm ra sae to scale urban from constructiondetails. Theresearch methodologyisvisualized in Figure planning architectural of scales all covers hall multipurpose theThe village. the within of identification of place livelihooda create to and the villagers improve that objects architectural contemporary design to design a new Elementary School and a Multipurpose Hall in the centre of Dimen. The aim is own my support areas pr design the in applied finally are findings The 4). 3.5, (Chapter peripheral decisions in practice contemporary cultural toward and approach critical architectural a scrutinizing studies case two Further, threat the threat that transformations spatial Problematic area. surrounding its and Dimen of village literature and synthesized to draw a holistic morphological image of the contempor des Chapter 3 focuses on Dimen Villageand its surroundings, the place of th research different of disciplines(Chapter 2.4) perspectives summarizing transformations contemporary Minority focusing on the architectural heritage in the area. Its final part sheds l The initial literature review (Chapter 2) introduces the built environment of the Do Thethesis isstructured as follows: ign proposal. In this part, the outcomes of the field research are compared wit

1. 2.

Methodology Structureand

describedand compared i extracted are methods construction traditional and transformation spatial relevant spaces, database, public morphology, village a architecture, about as findings and records texts the Using including Minority. Dong scholars the of Chinese members and western are authors anthropology.The and ethnology geography, architecture, of fields the from research include papers and books dealing with the Dong culture and architecture; These texts cross- a of establishment The construction: Library head semi-structureddocumentationvillageandvillagerswiththeinterviews and photographic surveys, building mappings, observations, behaviour include thes during used methods Research 2018; May and 2017 November in County Liping in surroundings its and Village Dimen to trips field two Collection of Empirical information: An empiric cohesiveappearance of the village andthe “ .

n an extended literaturereview 2

senseof place al field research consisting of disciplinary “library” of “library” disciplinary .

” are analysed. 1. 1. design of the of design e subsequent oposal foroposal ight on e trips trips e h the ary ng ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 1 Figure – Research Methodology 3

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ald ehooia ugae icuig h etnie extensive the including upgrades technological called especiallyspatialthe layout theof differs houses, within area. the Dong Ho architecture vernacular the since entirely generalized be cannot typology housing evolutions the example for studies, case specific the from drawn Conclusions theyare not used to bepart decision-makingof processes. otmoayacietr nsc eoerrlae. developing of way a shows and village Dimen of contemporaryarchitecture in such a remote rural area. community local the to contributes that approach architectural new a proposes further It Area. Dong the in Th typolo historical and techniques traditional the on focuses buildings Minority’s Dong the on research architectural of majority the Furthermore, transformations. urbanization in China, around half a billion of people are still directly the Despite case. any in it influence but context, surrounding their destroy or landscapes and the implementation of new architectural objects that can e cultural of changes massive to leads countryside Chinese the of transformation The significance The thisthesis of the urgency in lies thetopicof transformation.rural of 1. larger windowscan be observed aroundall rural China. ucinl rgas uh s omnl al, etuat, okhp o small or bookshops restaurants, halls, industries communal as such programs functional new of implementation the including village home Tong their of vision future their about of student the asking architecture Especially villagers. the with fellow communication the facilitated University a Rouyu, Shen respectively. an interpreter by filtered were answers their and questions my Both transformation. rural of topic complex the on views subjective their represent partners interview of answers Further, environment. changing rapidly a in snapshots are field the in acquired BothweeklastedNovemberalessinand 2017thanplace May 2018. h ltrtr rve i bod ae. t rvds nomto o te nie Dong entire the Minority’s Area. Similar transformations of information provides It based. broad is review literature The 1.3 townMaogongincludingofnearbyinthelocated Liping county T Chine by scholars were largely excludedduethe to language barrier. works that fact, the is review literature China. the of of limitation areas considerable rural all in witnessed be can modernization, and urbanization he 4Significance and Contribution is

thesis looks at the field research focuses specifically on the village of Dimen and its surrou its and Dimen of village the on specifically focuses research field Scope ofResearch and Limitations proofed difficult. Most of the interview partners wouldn’t car wouldn’t partners interview the of Most difficult. proofed ir transformations and the contemporary architectural practice of the built environment caused by tourism, 4

us o cnrt, rcs and bricks concrete, of e . Thefieldtooktrips affected by these . Hence, the dataHence,the . e at all since all at e ither enrich wever,so- ndings rapid of the of gies. the se m A ji ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 1 民族 ( minorities ethnicacknowledged officially 55 the of one is Minority Dong The ifrn fed sc a sca sinit, egahr ad rhtcs The architects. and geographers architect an from contributions scientists, social as such fields different research by written were topic the of image holistic a get to relevant are that publications,major The time. first the for China Southwest of regions remote the to able were scholars western when 1990s, early the to back date publications Pe the of outside scarce very is Minority Dong the on literatu speaking, Generally German. and English in review literature a conducted I architecture, their and Minority Dong the of knowledge basic profound a get To 2.

peopletoday, which makes it the 10 3) (Fig.2 Guizhou GuangxiandHunan, provincesofthe stretchesacross It China. language. ren 2. impact ofmodernity ontheir habitat. overview an gives 2.3 Chapter houses. traditionaltheir of detailsconstruction 2. Chapters environment. built their towards focus the shifts then and Minority Dong the to introduction general a with starts It parts. 5 of consists review literature The the DongMinority. of member a is himself author the since information inside provide can work latter rhtku dr og Te rhtcue f h Dn), ig uns “Allegorical Ruan’s Xing Archite Dong)”, the of architecture (The Dong der Architektur and Pearl River and in the coastal areas coastal the in and River Pearl and of streams large the down further valleys the in flourished which civilization valleys river Ruan, ad . peet hi vraua acietr fo a ubn cl t the to scale urban an from architecture vernacular their present 2.2 and 1 . The topography there is characterised by rugged mountain ranges and meanderin 1 The Dong1 Minority

), which means Dong people. They call themselves Gaeml or Kam in their own their in Kam or Gaeml themselves call They people. Dong means which ), Literature Review Literature

shaoshu minzu Allegorical Architecture: Living Myth and Architectonics in Southern China Southern in Architectonics Mythand Living Architecture: Allegorical cture”, and Kong Derong’s PhD Thesis “The Dong Oral Architecture”. Oral Dong “The Thesis PhD Derong’s Kong and cture”,

1 Their historical habitat lies in the remote mountainous areas in southwest . h rgo hs itrcly en h hneln fr f te Han the off far hinterland the been historically has region The ) in the People’s Republic of China. The Chinese term is ’ s

perspective th most populousminority in China. . 5

The Dong population is almost 3 million 3 almost is population Dong The are Klaus Zwerger’s Klaus are ople’s Republic of Chin of Republic ople’s seminal work seminal . p.17 . 侗亻

to travel to major Yangzi a. First a. of the of from ( , Fig. , The 少数 dong “Die re g

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 3 - Liping County (highlighted - County 3 Liping Figurein Grey Figure 2 - - of2 MapFigure the People’s Republic ofthePeople’s Republic grey). 1996) (basedon adrawingXingRuan, by ) is

situated in the centre of the Dong Minority’ssituated habitatof the centre in the China highlighting Guizhou,Hunanhighlighting China Guangxi and

(ruledin

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. an non-textualizedmusic,culturetextiles, theirliterature,expressesthrough oral successful. not were alphabet Latin a implement to or language Dong the record to characters Chinese use to attempts 2 4 rnh f h Sn-iea lnugs I i frhr iie it a oten n a a lack and Dong the However, northerndialect. southern a into divided further is It languages. Sino-Tibetan the of branch Zhua the in classified is which language own itsspeaks Minority Dong The

3 Majority communal ceremonies and certain building types that vary considerably from the Han such strategic positions villages turned into regional cent regional into turned villages positions strategic such Especially favourable geographical locations are next to the estuaries of tributaries. In as Ma’an and Dimen are situated in river bends that created relat slopesalong the narrow river favoured basins, linear settlements. Somevill steep The damages. flood of risk the minimizes plain river the of edge the at houses spacevaluable thefor cultivation of ricein theFurther, flood construcplains. and linguistic evidence into account, that account, into evidence linguistic and ta speculates, Jones Blundell scholars. among debated still is origin Their is glance first counteseemscreeks,whichsmallersteeporalongslopes rivers on found h hly oorpy n otws Cia oe a o o dfiute t the disasters like floods and mudflows. The most to common settlement difficulties natural of occasional and irrigation lot in difficulties farmland, a scarce as such posed inhabitants China Southwest in topography hilly The 2. simil timber architecturewithsome share those of nationalities untiltoday. Dong The Thailand. and Vietnam Laos, of regions border the from the of the Dong in detail and classify them into three different spatial morphologies n terraces. rice by surrounded are and habitat Dong fromthe of hills regions rugged the the in of downwards sides south the occupy They villages. Dong of lar group second a form villages Hilltop meet. would surroundings the of farmers the Field Ruan Zwerger, Zwerger, Blundell-Jones, Blundell-Jones, 2 Dong Village2Dong Morphology d “Mountain– theirarchitecture. The developedDong stronga tradition singingin – , Forest Allegorical Architecture Allegorical 4 . Zhou Zhou et al. describe the ecological and highly sustainable settlement

Vanishing Tradition: Architecture and Carpentry of the Dong Minority in China in Minority Dong the of Carpentry and Architecture Tradition: Vanishing . –Village” n at te odn eieta bidns om es fbis o save to fabrics dense form buildings residential wooden the fact, In Architecture and Ritual: How Buildings Shape Society Shape Buildings HowRitual: and Architecture Water andthe – Forest , p. 18ff p. – Paddy Field

2 Instead of written records, the Dong Minority Dong the records, written of Instead 7 the Dong’s the

–Village”, the “Mountain– ny written language. In the 20 the In language. written ancestors most-likely migrated most-likely ancestors re s hosting markets where markets hosting s , p. 214 p.214 , 3

ively wide flat areas. mor Water phology can be , rintuitiveat a varietya of king DNA king th ages,such h ridge the – ng-Dong ng-Dong century, patterns (Pond) tingthe . p. 75f p.75f . rituals amed its ge ar –

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in splendid Chengyang wind-and-rain bridge. Jones and Xuemei Li who carried out field-research in the early 2000s focusing 7 p.566ff of analysis the follows description The Sangjiang. in attraction tourist major a nowadays Area, Scenic Chengyang the to belongs village whole The fengyuqiao 8 5 ufcet eteet agl usold y oens ifune lk ms of most like villages in the Dong Area. The village influences fabric consist modernist by unspoiled largely settlement sufficient two wind-and-rain bridges upstream respectively downstream of the village serve as serve village the downstreamof respectively upstream bridges wind-and-rain two se this Insettlements. the inside stored be shouldtherefore It energy. of form “Mountain– 6 Hydrolog and Topography, ony n unx Poic. t wl-nw wn-n-an bridge wind-and-rain well-known Its Province. Guangxi in County Riv Linxi the of bend river a in situated is It village. a of layout spatial a as serves village Ma’an aforementioned The different localtopographical conditions. vegetable gardens paddies next to the Riceriver surround the inundations.compact settlement avoid to plain river the above terrace a on situated up close to each other, that were owned by one farmer and his family. The houses gathering spaces and played important roles during certain ritual occasions. ritual certain during roles important played and spaces gathering were They roads. the toconnections and river-crossing simple beyond went function Their wood-carvings. with decorated and roofs multiple with covered are Other afar. and from monotonous landmark remarkable structures are the two wind-and-rain visible bridges, that cross the Linxi in clearly River. They a element roofscape vertical undulating a homogeneous As rituals. various a and as serves assemblies It (2) village. Dong every of centre political and ceremonial Shui ( tower drum the and place take performances dancing and singing square. rectangular freque where a stage, opera the it: is to next found be village can buildings of public important the risk of the centre minimize The and hazard. food fire provide devastating to village the throughout scattered are conception of villages according to the philosophical practice of geomantic the included This view. world Daoist their partly least at adopted Dong Chin Han the with exchange cultural long-standing a During village. Dong a conceptiongeomanticthe of partsessential are bridgeswind-and-rain scale urban Li, Geary etal., Geary Blundell-

h lt 18s ae o a rwn b Li. by drawing a on based 1980s late the Zhou et al., “Sustainable Mountain Village Village Mountain “Sustainable al., et Zhou means wind and water in Chinese. Water holds Qi, a moveable life force or force life moveable a Qi, holds Water Chinese. in water and wind means Guibei Minjian Jianzhu Jianzhu Guibei Minjian Jones and Li, “What Can a Bridge Be? The Wind and Rain Bridges of the Dong.” the of Bridges Rain and Wind The Be? Bridge a Can “What Li, and Jones or Water The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen Turning China: Peopleof Kam The

花桥 huaqiao) – Terrace 桂北民間建築 y: A Case of Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou, China.” Guizhou, Southeast in Villages Case of Dong A y: is one of the largest and most elaborate in the Dong region. – Forest

–Village” . p. 32 p.32 . 5

6 The map below (Fig. 4 The . 7

preteape o eosrt the demonstrate to example perfect ak hn M’n sd o e self a be to used Ma’an then, Back Construction Adapted to Livelihood, Livelihood, to Adapted Construction . p. 45 p.45 . se ed eteet atrs epn to respond patterns settlement mostly of wooden houses lined Feng Shui Ma’an by Ma’an ) . shows the village 鼓楼 Small fish ponds er in Sanjiang in er (

风水 gulou Blundell- lc for place ( 桥雨风

8 ese, the ese, used as used nse the nse On an On on the ) . ), the ), Two Feng the and are of nt a -

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 9 eads Fr n usdr t s lot mosbe o dniy h burd borde blurred the identify betweenthe publicand private (Figrealm 5). to impossible almost is it outsider and an floors For upper verandas. overhanging by intensified is spaces theses of impression mazy livestock. the for spaces living as and storage for used often are which houses, packedofThesespacesconsistearth. the into extend groundopen floors even during heavyrainfalls. They aresometimes covered with field stones d stay paths the above eaves overlapping to due and meters two exceeds seldomly Theyhouses. upthemake thethe inside majorityvillage.publicof Th space locks to keep the Qi in the villagethein the Qi to keep locks

village layout according to according layout village block cold winds. makes sense as well. It absorbs sunlight from the south and the mountains to th villag a such view, of point geographical and ecological an From south. the Apart from the main square and the ponds narr pondsthe and square main the from Apart one. Hence, many primaryneighbouring villages areblood-related. the from away far not founded was settlement secondary a paddies,

Ruan, “Empowerment in the Practice of Making and Inhabiting.” ofMaking Practice the in “Empowerment Ruan, 9

If If a village became too populous to be nourished by its surrounding Feng Shui Feng

Further, . It has mountains to the north and the river to river the and north the to mountains has It 9

Ma’an comes close to the idealthe comesMa’anto close ow and mazy spaces connect the stilt theconnect spaces mazy and p. 218ff p.218ff beneaththe butmostly auspicious e pattern e eir widtheir e e north The ry rs Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 4 - and between - VillageSanjiang of4 Ma'an MapFigurein Guangxi in county 1980

p. 32) p.32) 10

1990 (redrawn 1990, Li, from

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 5 - lanes - 5 Mazy Figureare unplanned leftoverseemingly between the dense spaces 1990 11 , p. 56) ,p. 56)

rural fabric (redrawn Li, from rural fabric

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. fet Te lwn wtr f h udryn rvr ae the makes river underlying the of water flowing The effect: cooling natural favourable a of use makes location Their days. summer hot during g shaded a and rain from shelter provide They places. resting as used mentioned.Wind-and-rain bridges areequipped with benches along the way andare a tolock store arrival andforarrivaldeparture both locals andvisitors form natural boundaries of Dong villages. suchIn cases, the bridges mark the literally constructions elaborate Th village. a enter to These necessary often are that crossings carpentry.river celebrate Dong of mastery structures the the display in integrated pavilions are and they structures that roof is Multi-layered commonality covered. their but decoration, and size shape, in vary They wind-and- so-called the are Dong the of type building specific first The bridges Wind-and-rain County villages. their architecture with Geary with architecture construction method. construction woode the and encounter we types building the into insight provides It villages. Dong of architecture traditional the of overview an provides chapter following The 10 2.3Dong The Minority

Geary etal., Geary ta

ken bythe author The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen Turning China: Peopleof Kam The 10 qi Figure 6 Figure The elements are illustrated with photographs of villages in Liping in villages of photographs with illustrated are elements The according theto rules of – I will combine Zwerger’s classification of the Dong Minority’sDong the of classificationZwerger’s combine will I Viewacohesive above roofscape ’s brief analysis who describes ten elements that characterise that elements ten describes who analysis brief .

’ s Traditional Architecture

12 FengShui

in . the center of Dimen Village Dimenthecenter Village of The auspiciousThe of thebridge role as inside the village hasalready been . p. 31 ff p.31ff . se lcs vn more even places athering space athering e rivers often rivers e rain bridges. rain place of n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. to the houses the complicated network of beams and columns is proudly displayed proudly is columns and beams of network complicated the houses the to contrastInhouses. wooden theprinciples sameasconstruction elaboratethe follows Its pure conceptual design highligh 4and and 8 an odd number of eaves. betw varies that sides of number even an have towers drum Geary, to According presumablyrepresentationa of sacred a tree. in peop structures.Today, roof highexceptionallywith buildings single-storey structure is not accessible. As a matter of fact, drum towers can be square. adjacent an overlooks often 12 hr te ed o te ilg cas gathered clans village the of heads the where andjurisdiction of place the be toused tower drum thetimes, former 13 11 in reinforcedin concrete. castmostly are bridges constructed recentlyof abutments The used. was flotsam and wood. of madeoriginally were They constructionmaterial their of change a undergone abutmentshave The pleasurable.

is decided prior to any other construction. It is the emblematic village ce village emblematic the is It construction. other any to prior decided is of the Dong symbolically commemorates the founding of the village, The second important type of public buildings towersDrum Blundell-Jones, Blundell-Jones, Zwerger, Zwerger, Geary etal., Geary the drum tower to chat, celebrate and sing apart from various religious rituals. I rituals. religious various from apart sing and celebrate chat, to tower drum the Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen Turning China: Peopleof Kam The Architecture and Ritual: How Buildings Shape Society Shape Buildings HowRitual: and Architecture Figure 7 - Richlydecorated - bridge7 in Dimen Figurewind-and-rain . p. 306 p.306 .

ts 13 the predominant position inside the village. The 11 h tr “oe” s nrgig since intriguing is “tower” term The Their plan often shows two axes of symmetry. Later, stone, which is more resistant to floodsto resistant more is whichstone, Later, 13

is the drum tower. The tallest structure . . p. 48 p.48 . h fe-tnig tutr is structure free-standing The . p. 218 p.218 . described as usually since its location administration ntre and ntre le gatherle h roof the een it n .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Fig. 8) Fig. paintings andwooden ornaments decoratedwithrichly are eavesThe columns. Zhaoxing.as of multiple clans today up to eight drum towers can be found in large settle c villages the Since respectively. tower drum one and clan one accommodated and the village respectively. It is usually surrounded by fixed ofcentre the marks placefire A 9). (Fig.inside the in roof the under

Figure 8 - The drum tower in Dengcen built in 1997 showsdrumThe1997 in built anoctagonal- tower8 structureFigure roof isand colourf inDengcen . One drum tower is typically built by a clan or clan a by built typically is tower drum One decor 14

ate

d d Zhai. Originally Dong villages Dong Originally be nches that connect the the drum towerdrum the

ments such ully ully onsist (see Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 9 - Structural system of the octagonal drum tower in Dengcen village built in 1997, themiddle 1997, Structural in built - village 9 systemFigure tower inDengcen drum ofthe octagonal suspendedstudentsby (axonometricthe ground aboveeditedof Tongji theauthor by University,

column iscolumn ) )

basedaily theyor even store construction materialsthere (Fig. 10). ch and gather to spaces publiccovered these Villagersusepurposes. mundane Dong history and creating Dong identity. Most of the year, they serve alternativean Dong legends are performed. In this time, they play an important role i seldomly is in full use. One of these special occasions is Chinese new ye stage drama The carvings. wood and plastering bas-relief of consisting tower drum includeexamplessecondary Theirrooms. decoration resemblestheornaments of the above elevated function inherentadjacent square. Their main facade is as open their as possible to provide good views. Some of reasons obvious the for are stages stage. drama and rituals tower drum between relations certain spatial different manifold following commonly decided originally was tower, drum smaller side the of the square or even aligned of with it. As it is a oppositepublic building, situated be can stage The though. rules strict buildings importance publicof the two central square of even more. presence This spatial the configuration does case not follo a such In square. a to adjacent Zwerger, Zwerger, daa r pr sae s fe located often is stage opera or drama e Figure Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur 10 - Yin DramaYin - Stageconstruction by ismaterials, surrounded usedas gatheringitis pla . p.221 ff .

in ls poiiy o h du tower drum the to proximity close . wre describes Zwerger

ar when ancient n n passing down its location 14 as the raise Drama ce ce at on a on at t the at the w d

the flat land. The termThe flat land. the 16 sd s tr fr rdtoa ps-n-em osrcin today. constructions post-and-beam traditional for term a as used n clms rm an Te ae yial md o bak ie ro tiles roof fired black of made typically are They rain. from columns and of source only the was pit warmth and light. fire the as winter in room this in place took activities centreof the village, it was the centre privateof themicrocosm was thattower drum thein pit fire the to Similar andheating.cooking for house thby containsthe housethat punctualofpit,befiretokeptroom usedalight a and damage cause to loosely likely less just are earthquakes are ground, the pillars to connected bearing load their Since earthquakes. to climate indoor during comfortable hot and humid days. Another offered advantage of the light structure and is their ventilation sufficient allowed structures buildings. The ground floors are used as small stables conditions and from region to region. The majority of them are two or three storeye topog different to due varies plan Their reptiles. and vermin from as well as protectsposition thehouses moisturefrom thehumidin climate Southwest of China is used as theis as used most importantfor space indaytime work summer outsid the with house the interiorof the connectsthat sidesouth the on veranda or century old knowledge of climate-aware construction with scarce resources. hou The floor. second and first the in lives usually family the whereas structures will bediscussed chapterlater in 3.3. brick and concrete contemporary to houses timber traditional the of transformation Ibid. p.224 p.224 Ibid. Blundell-Jones, Blundell-Jones, Figure 11 Architecture and Ritual: How Buildings Shape Society Shape Buildings How Ritual: and Architecture 16 - The locationThe of - this housein Dengcen village demandsspectacular pillars Overhanging eaves and subsidiary roofs protect the wooden walls ganlan originally means “dry balustrade”originallymeans“dry

fo . r livestock and storage spaces They are built on slopes or in

. p. 223 p.223 . :

or “veranda” or Family lifeand other . Theopenlight and ff 15 e women of theofwomen e

ses display the display ses Te elevated The Te central The . resistance A gallery , but it isit but , raphical . The the ly d e , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. convince the women to get access to the village. They would reply with their with reply would They village. the to access get to the women the at convince sing would villages neighbouring from men whee Young cages. spinning chicken baskets, as such equipment household with gates the block theyvillage. They played a beginningvital role in blocking the way ceremonies w the Nowadays symbolise animals. simply and or purpose defence intruders their discourage lost completely to times former in locked be couldbridges and Gates gates. entrancewooden by or bridgeswind-and-rain stones, treeas suchelementsnatural bymarked be canvillage Dong a to entrances The entrances Village Figure a sinceglu However, village. the outskirtsof the grouped onbuildings either either placed inside the attic under the roof, attached to timber houses Minority staple traditional the is which rice glutinous dry to used are racks Drying granary. a owns usually family One protection. vermin and fire ventilation, 17 osrcin ehd s the as method construction th follow roofs gabled with buildings post-and-beam small These 12). (Fig. Granaries are usually grouped in the fringe zones of the villagesclos and Granaries drying racks

minorrole in nutrition thetoday racks and barns are vanishingrapidly. Zwerger, “Die Getreideharfen “Die Zwerger, 12 - The granariesThe - in Dimen onstilts built village groupedthe at are theedge of . Klaus Zwerger describesZwerger Klaus ganlan der Dong: Ein Spezifik Dong:Einder

th oss Te ae ul aoe od fr better for ponds above built are They houses. ree different typologies in detail. intypologies different ree 18

um in China.” in um p. 485 p.485 hereyoung women food of the Dong the of food e to the rice fields tinous rice playsricetinous or free 17 They can be can They st f the of ae to gate same e anding s and ls s ands own own

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Nineteen, 19 the the Sa Sui Altar is decided during the founding process of a new village b detail. in ritualscertain and cult the describe both Geary and Sax as goddess the to refers who Zwerger, scholars. among debated protector of the Dong Minority. The original nature of the goddess is still uncle a female divine a as described is goddess The shapes. different have Dong the of goddess important most the Sui, Sa goddess the worship to Altars wells.to added are ancestors and gods pavilionfor shrinessmall Sometimes travellers. and farmers for Similar roof. a with covered be r asserve theywhere villages well as outsidethe found be structurescan can it and stones field with mounted villa each in found be can water drinking clean supplies that well, one a wells are villages of spaces open the enrich that elements Smaller and Pavilions Altars Sa Sui Wells, 18 havebeen constructed to welcome totourists scenic villagesDong square for singing, dancing and feasting. to uplast several hours.Inthe evening the hosts guidewould the visitors to ri a Such gate. the from items remove gradually and songs well-rehearsed

Zwerger, Zwerger, Geary etal., Geary p. 155 p.155 Figure Die Architektur der Dong der Architektur Die The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen Turning China: Peopleof Kam The 13 - This - villagecovers twogate pathwaysoffersandtoin Dimen rest benches , p. 239; Geary et al., al., et Geary 239; p. ,

18 19 In recent times some richly decorated gates

19 According to Zwerger, the location oflocationthe Zwerger, Accordingto ., , p. 205 f f p.205 The Kam People of China: Turning Turning China: of People Kam The .

nd altars. At least At altars. nd ncestor and the and ncestor ge. It is often is It ge. efore the first esting places places esting tual wouldtual the main ar and , can ,

21 20 ago years andtook noone over. richvillagersharvests, thewherefor begrituals, theorganizeto used who reported partner interview out of field stones strangers. Another type is a free standing Sa Sui altar or even a small houses are built. Small shrines can be placed inside a building, a so call

and richly decorated. According to Ruan their location follows the follows location their Ruan to According decorated.richly and with marked are graves The slopes. mountain the on scattered villages the of th on situated usually are Theygraveyard. own its has clan or village Each Graveyards village fabri d hidden and tiny very be can buildings These hall). as translated is Laicheng,Wu 03.05.2018 Mr. with Interview Ruan, “Empowerment in the Practice of Making and Inhabiting.” ofMaking Practice the in “Empowerment Ruan, c (Fig. . 14 Both types can be found in Dimen village. During my fieldwork an ).

The lack of ornamentation makes them difficult to identify for Figure that worshipping Sa isn’t practised anymore. His father, His anymore. practised isn’t Sa worshipping that 20 14

- Enclosed Sa Altar- inDimen 21

p. 217 p.217 Feng Shui Feng artificial hill built ed e isd the inside eep Sa Tang died somedied e outskirts e pattern stones (tang

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h vles ewe te ilgs r cvrd ih ie paddie rice with covered are villages the between valleys The fires. villagelike the crownlarge aof central fir tree. su the protects It tree. sacred a to analogy an as seen often is example for treesgods.like specialold worshipDong surprising not is it Therefore,firewood. as well as furniture their buildings, 22 overestimated. The luxuri Minority’s Dong the in wood of importance The Sacred Paddies Landscape Elements: Rice and Ponds Trees, Fish

23 ils r dand eoe h hret Te ag pns r usually are communities ponds and provided both valuable nourishments a large The harvest. the before drained are fields the when caught are fish Hand-sized breeding. fish for environment ideal paddi inundated the fact, In carp. breed to created were ponds villages t inside and paddies the between In rivers. nearby from drained canals and pipes are They rice. glutinous of cultivation the for especially agriculture, for usable them make to mountains the of out carved where Terraces slopes. afforested Geary and Ou, Geary Ruan, Allegorical Architecture: Living Myth and Architectonics in Southern China Southern in Architectonics Mythand Living Architecture: Allegorical Life in a Kam Village in Southwest China, 1930-1949 China, Southwest in Village Kam a in Life an t China fir forests offer the construction material for their

22 21

As Xing Ruanthementions,towerAsdrumXing

utr ad al lf cno be cannot life daily and culture nd a source of water to fight . p. . 43 s

ht xed o the to extend that we b the by owned . p. 92 p.92 . es provide an provide es irrigated by irrigated rrounding terraced that the that he Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. columns are connected with one another by through-jointed beams to form to beams through-jointed by another one with connected are columns dominantrole. itsIn basic form,each purlin isborn column by stand a 24 roofingtheir buildings weretraditionally exclusivelytimber realized in and walls retaining pillars, wooden the beneath foundations stone necessary from from tiny toilet huts built above ponds to long-spanning wind-and-rain bridges. Apar type building of kinds all for system carpentry elaborate highly their use Dong The 2.

“ Zwergerdescribes themain characteristics follows:as osrcin ehd wih s ieped cos ot Cia s called is China South across widespread is which method, construction fromeavesthe toridge the wit longer grow columns The column. the in together spliced were they short, the Where columns. the all through passes beam anchor such single n te irrh o te at become parts the of hierarchy the and not just perceived by the users but understood. The legibility of the str shown. clearly are spaces the of borders the set that elements, timber The spaces. their of experience cognitive a from derives impression aesthetic Itsstructure.andtectonicmaterials a honestyof examplesareof they other words In The major architectural quality of the structure is the visibility of its load bearing parts architecture all directions and potential changes that include the eas theincludethat potential changes directionsand all allsystemtheirconstructionmodularwords,other Inadapt. to easy house Dong Further, minimum. a to time construction the reduces carpenters pre of amount high a Secondly,timbers. slender relatively use to them without any diagonal elements. First, this structural system and the short s The Dong make use of all the advantages of their column and tie structure, very short so-called short very the number of purlins supporting the rafters required more pillars, the carpenters use Special attention should be paid to the beautiful roof structures (Fig. 15, Fig.17). reinforcewalls the skeleton constructionbutstillallow air ventilation s in filledthewitharecreatetoexteriorthatframesTheseboardsthi interior walls.and in the houses’ appear possibiliti design of reams to lead floors upper the columnsof protruding The 15). (Fig. components construction the connect to joints mortise and tenon different of carpentersdon’ Dong short horizontal beams in different heights between the main posts. The open attics open The posts. main the between heights different in beams horizontal short etcl lmns pss r oun baig uln a ter pe e upper their at purlins bearing columns or posts elements, Vertical Zwerger, Zwerger, 4Construction System of Dong Buildings Wood and Wood Joints: Building Traditions of Europe, Japan and Chinaand Europe,Japan of Traditions Building Joints: Wood and Wood .

ance gua t use any nails or screws. Instead they developed a large varietylarge a developedthey screws. Instead or nails any use t .” -pillars. They do They -pillars. . 24 The

intercolumnia

22 n’t even reach the top floor but sit atop of atop sit but floor top the reach even n’t

of the framework are closed with wooden

he an itntv faue o Dong of features distinctive main y replacement of rotten parts.rotten ofreplacement anchor beams were too too were beams anchor ing on ground.the The d, ly visually a play nds, ows extensioninows a truss. Ideally, truss. a uctural relations Thus, they are they Thus, . h the roof pitch roof the h fabrication by fabrication . p. 269 p.269 . Theirspecial ummer. pans allow that works chuandou linear Since s are s es n d a s t . .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 25 ipaig hs mzs f ier lmns r a rvln faue f h Dong the of feature prevalent a are vernacular architecture. elements linear of mazes these displaying of structure beam and post main the prepare to weeks two about team his and carpenter master Kong Derong describes the construction process of a Dong house in detai

of aof timber usually house lasts less than a day. theassembling of wholeprocessThe rituals. manyincludes and today until up tied and togetherwith the main beams under thesupervision masterof carpenter. positionthe Putting in set are They frames. to preassembled are equivalents parallel Dong People in Southwest of China.” Southwest in DongPeople Figure

Zwerger, Zwerger, Kong, “The Dong Oral Architecture: Oral Dong “The Kong, such a prefabricated structure is a communal activity among the men of a village a of men the among activity communal a is structure prefabricated a such 15

– Arecently preassembledshowing of ganlanaresidential built frames structure building Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur a house. On site, the main columns and beams of the gable wall and its and wall gable the of beams and columns main the site, On house. 25

. p. 146 ff p.146ff . together large beams with

p. 228 p.228 Carpenter, Architecture and Phenomena among the the among Phenomena and Architecture Carpenter, 23

l: l: It takes the that are tiedthat are structure

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 16 - Typical joint- details ofthe 24

Dong Minority’s

construction system constructionsystem Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 17 - - Crosssectionconstructedarecently housein Dimenof gallery with an open

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

ubr f orss appreciates tourists of number increasing ever An symbols. and traditions their about self-conscious increasingly areDongthearguesthatthesis. my forHe observationsthe basisform buildings.His Dong fromarchitecturalvillagesan view. ofpoint in situation current the on focus Ruan and Zwerger chapters, final their In promotethe village’s tourism status. to precondition a as lavatories of construction the required government the Thus The system. sanitation the of quality the tradition of increase an to led money Foreign des tourist in villagers the for changes positive mention They stages. opera that wererelated to the agriculturalcalendar several times a dayin ne a songs perform latter The singers. professional or guides tourist keepers, as work people Instead, vanishing. of risk the time- at is and challenges serious and complex yet traditional the consuming sticky rice plantation, Consequently, that formed the cultural economy.landscape over d service a into turns society based agriculture former The area. the in elitesfinancial new produced investments external and funds Government village. a of structure socio-economic Prefecture. According to their research, the impact of tourism completely changes Au Qiandongnan in villages three in locals the of lifestyle and livelihood th compared Cui and Turner Li, respectively anthropologists and geographers The ruralin China environme living changing rapid the of observations ethnological and sociological 29 28 questions: rhetori following the asks architecture.He to directlyauthenticity about thoughts relates Ruan areas. rural in income of source important an as serves therefore hand- go should studies These alterations. and differences comparative studies with the traditional building methods that would eventually sh recomm project.He valuable a be wouldchanges ongoingthe onstudies further that indicates he However, thesis. doctoral th his in architecture of Dong in transitions situation present the on publishedexcludes completely(2016) Kong Derongvillages. Dong in environment been has research little Very 27 2.

Zwerger, Zwerger, 49ff p. concessions", and "Confrontations Cui. and Li, Turner, Kong. Ruan, 5 Recent Developments5Recent in the Dong , Allegorical Architecture: Living Myth and Architectonics in SouthernChina in Architectonics Mythand Living Architecture: Allegorical The Dong Oral Architecture, Oral Dong The al toilets above fish ponds or rice paddies didn’t suit the tourists’ demands. tourists’ the suit didn’t paddies rice or ponds fish above toilets al Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur . 27

. p. 365ff p.365ff .

p. 209ff p.

hs riiily mhszd “Dong emphasized artificially this 28

29 The latter relateslatterThepublicresearchhis to Minority’s in hn wt careful with -hand Area wlyconstructed . p. 171 ff ff p.171 . - es which ness” the currentthe ecades faces hosts, bar hosts, tonomous nd dances nd tinations. built e ends his the ow cal nt nt e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a placeless landscape, where place-base where landscape, placeless a questionsstated at the beginningof this thesis and especially the ethnic identity and the loca the and identity ethnic the especially and minority regions in China as early as in 1997. He focuses on Dong Village cultural difference of incoming tourists. He asks a similar question similar a asks He tourists. incoming of difference cultural ae aaye te rcse, ht tt sosrd ors unleashed tourism sponsored state that processes, the analyses Oakes typology same shape.and oes ee etoe. neetnl, h Dong morphological variety of drum thetowers in recent times. In contrast, Interestingly, destroyed. were towers drum many and China imperial the of remnant a regarded was multi-nationalism oiymre a aaimsit rm h dog the from shift paradigm a marked policy essential cultural feature in China by the opening up policies initiated in 197 in initiated policies up opening the by China in feature cultural essential o outsiders for understand and read to easy are that ethnicity, their of emblems as towers drum and beautiful most the for competing almos are towns then, county bigger Since and renewal.villages cultural of example an as 1980s the of beginning at started that towers drum of boom construction veritable a identify Zwerger and Ruan Minority. Dong the of self-conception contemporary the in ethnicity of architecture can serve another purpose. Especially drum towers are nowadays symb argues, He “outsidethe world”?” 33 32 Authenticity.” 31 30 in the cultural renewal during growth and progress and growth during renewalcultural the in a is Or tradition? ofinvention the in rolearchitecture´s is “What

a ws hoig n iig ony o fr wy rm Dimen from away far not county Liping in Zhaoxing was way b the in ethnicity that reflect to chosen was which village The ethnicity. D architecturalsymbolicofmarkers major theasdefined where bridges and-rain wind- andTowers Drum China. across all parks themeethnic in cultureMinority of towerimagconstructionthetheitwithindrum ashelinks boom 1980s aforementioned the for explanation plausible a gives Oakes way. new a in identity red to them allows it hand other the on but homelands their from locals tourism alienate handto threatens and one world outside the the with areas onethnic remote connects that condition, contradictory seemingly the outlines ilg hs o etr od rhtcua hrtg: l acet rm oes were towers drum ancient All destroyedduring theCultural Revolution. Newones wererebuilt inthe 19 heritage: architectural old century no has village Shenzhen. local carpenters were invited to build replicaa of their drum tower in a theme Ibid., p. 62 Ibid.,p.62 Ruan, Ibid., p. 68 Ibid.,p.68

ae, Ehi Tuim n ua Gihu Sne f lc ad the and Place of Sense Guizhou: Rural in Tourism “Ethnic Oakes, Allegorical Architecture: Living Myth and Architectonics in SouthernChina in Architectonics Mythand Living Architecture: Allegorical 33 As soon theas theme parkthe was opened, 1:1 model thedru of p. 35 ff ff p.35 th . hs om tre a a ie we mliehiiy a se a an as seen was multi-ethnicity when time, a at started boom This t vn f nenl ie ad rdtos aih representational vanish, traditions and rites internal if even at 30

d community identities once thrived?” once identities community d 27

: ls’ sense of place that derives from the from derives that place of sense ls’ ma “Doesmodernization necessarily result in – a modernization influence imposed byimposedmodernization influence a of the Cultural Revolution when Revolution Cultural the of o’ mk ue f h great the of use make don’t rchitecture instrumentalrchitecture[…] . th neetnl, this Interestingly, ey to Commerce of of Commerce rather use the . p. 168 p.168 . my research my 31 e productione s in Guizhou est possible est

He further He efine their efine in 80s. various mtower biggest park in 8. Th 8. 32 The all t able ong the the ols e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. airopen instadiums county towns. com perfor are opera for settings stage Theyas used even and symbols visual 18). to reduced (Fig. steel and concrete as such materials construction natural limits of timber construction today.Consequently they aremade of urban in even built are Recently, theconstruction boomhas reached Thecities: polygonal towers,drum customvillages. in government projects to promote tourism such as as such tourism promote to projects government in verticalmorphologicaltheirThein study. forms visited Dong village. Cai et al. confirm the gradual disappearance of other dru now is which Zhaoxing, and 1990s early the in hazard fire severe suffered Gaozen of villages the of development the compares further Oakes habitat. Dong entire the of environment built the influenced park theme a in constructed today towers drum erected recently of form common most no surprise that surprise no 34 Minority although many other shapes existed in the different regions of symbols delimited as parks theme similar in erected were morphology “authentic” markerit was easily recognizable for the public. protagonist the asthe image of production associated Asthean with Dong Minority. entire the for display on was

Dong Minority Architecture and It and Architecture DongMinority

Cai, Ferretto, and Deng, “A Study of the Ti the of Study “A Deng, and Ferretto, Cai, Figure 34 18 its

- Wood-and-Concrete - TowerDrummeters at 50 out inRongjiang topping multi eave morphology topped with a with topped morphology eave multi county seats to promote “ethnic” tourism, have exceeded have tourism, “ethnic” promote to seats county People’s Republic of China. of Republic People’s s Development Evolution.” Development s

28 mber Structure of Drum Towers Chinese of the of Chinese Towers Drum of Structure mber

chuandou so -called scenic areas and folk and areas scenic -called p. 58 p.58 drum towerusedbeenhasdrum The replica literally served literally replica The Drumtowers of the sam . chuandou Hence, a single building single a Hence,

structure is the is structure . Therefore, it is mances in mances the Dong the “modern the most the m tower , that g, pletely that the e ”

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 36 37 China.” Villages.” 35 eieta bidns se lo hd lgt n h sotoig. u t th position of Zhaoxing, which to serves as the major Due billboard for upgradDong shortcomings.folk culture tod the roads, on light sheds cleaner buil also she as the buildings, residential such for tourism aspects state-driven positive by brought the environment highlighting Besides Guizhou. the in on attraction focuses She 2010. around years touristmajor a intoturned meanwhile has whichZhaoxing of townaforementioned the in Guizhou rural in environment The geographer The easily it makes and identity Dong accessiblefor outsiders, meaningless yet itsfor original purposes. of images condenses elements architectural of juxtaposition This types. building Dong different of mixture lively octa a is an structure by surpassed structure bridge-like almost storeyed, two A 19). (Fig. purposestourismfor designedtower drum a ofspecial veryexample a analysesRuan

the Dong dances, songs and architecture are at the risk of being homogenizebeing of riskthe at are architectureand songs dances,Dong the “Dongification”process hnmnlgcl hne. h lre ony on f oga, Dong a Tongdao, of town county cent large administrative The changes. undergone have villages phenomenological only not But 20). (Fig. park theme a become now itsel village The tourists. typolog for spot photo favourite Dong the as serves various and illuminated of building eclectic an is which structure, whole the constructedrecently a of image first a gives valley, the of otheraseveryproducts literal was village

Ruan, Ferret Cornet, “Ethnic Tourism Development: Preliminary Data for t Figure p. 135 p.135 o n Ci “ilg Pooye: Sria Srtg fr hns Mnrt Rura Minority Chinese for Strategy Survival A Prototypes: “Village Cai, and to Allegorical Architecture: Living Myth and Architectonics in Southern China Southern in Architectonics Mythand Living Architecture: Allegorical p. 7 p.7 19 - Drum TowerDrumSanjiang combining- in elementsofabridge, anstageoperaadrumtower and Can ly “disneyfied” in recent years. It is full of shops that sell the same the sell that shops of full is It years. recent in “disneyfied” ly re dice Cornet sheds light on the rapid transformation of the built the of transformation rapid the on light sheds Cornet dice ih oe hn 2 0 ihbtns a udroe a undergone has inhabitants 220 000 than more with . 37 “ethnic”village.Alarge

villagecrossingthegate, fulldistance he Dong Village of Zhaoxing, “Dongness”. At night timenight At“Dongness”. 35

. p. 177 p.177 . strong e d. 36 these e, is ies, gonal gonal f has f The ay ed t l ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. due to due new ways of heating anda newlifestyle. conditionsruralof modernity refthusdualityThis lost. is recovering somethingthat towards 39 Village.” 38

rdtoa cntuto mtras uh s odn ors o euiy villages beautify to boards wooden her to According with as houses such brick and materials concrete construction recovering traditional of topic the with deals further She socialcan group besimultaneously modern, ethnicand rural. a how shows she renderings architectural of examinations her With times. villa Chinese which in condition” ontological Guizhou Province. She introduces the concept of “rural modernity” as a “contradictory students and renderings architectural on based authenticit of topic the illustrates Chio Jenny anthropologist the essay, recent a In s frt el cutc are bten neir pcs n pbi ram n Dong in realm public lost pit fire central the and Furthermore,villages. spaces interior between barrier acoustic real first a as such as doors and glass windows. The recently implemented huge glass wind barrier clear of construction the and houses the inside functions of differentiation moderntendency towards individualsmoreprivacy of isexpressed through a specif th that argues He modernization. of influence the of analysis brief his in buildings Zwerger (2013)focuses changes on of andmaterialthe spatial structure of the the fact, that he wrote his book more than 5 years ago, he just witnes Moreover, Zwerger discusses the use of new materials in housing constru Zwerger, Zwerger,

Chio, “Rendering Rural Modernity: Spectacle and Power in a Chinese Ethnic Tourism Tourism Ethnic Chinese a in Power and Spectacle Modernity: Rural “Rendering Chio, Figure

20 - Bird's-eyeView ofZhaoxing - village,entrance therecentlyoversized ga constructed Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur “ Re -covering suggests both something that needs to be hidden and a and hidden be to needs that something both suggests -covering . traditional to roofscapesamegastructure ”

. p. 366 p.366 .

it ge residents live and work in present in work and live residents ge 39 ’ s social significance in the householdthe in significance social s design projects in a Miao Village in Village Miao a in projects design

lects the difficult, but existing, but difficult, the lects sed an early stage ction. Given tecombines residential ows serve move ic y e s .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 41 40 be repaired be immediately and lead to major damagesof the after houses someti canno damages these year, the throughout towns county in working are generation

bricks exclusively in the ground floor of this fundamental transition. He describes the increasing application of concrete and

oua md o cntuto today construction of mode popular the are bricks and concrete of made entirely are which buildings, that showed changes. such undergone has floor ground the just not that state, enhances both natural that ventilation and structuresociality. wooden open the of purpose former the overruled has security and al a psil i tme structures timber in possible as early a fixed be should damages and harms minor that fact, the is structures wooden of popul decreasing the for reason Another past. the in than threat bigger even an h hazard fire of risk the villages,the for electricityprovide that structures, roadsfacilitates the transportation ofcement and bricks. Moreover, improvised cable new of construction the and China of parts large in good expensive increasingly an These transitions have of course pragmatic and economic reasons. Wood has become environmentwill be discussedandillustrated in 3.4 chapter Ibid., p. 369 Ibid.,p.369 Zwerger, Zwerger, Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur . p. 366 f p.366 . f

. Further, he indicates that the demand of privacy . hs otmu tasomto o te built the of transformation bottom-up This . 31 ic mn mmes f h middle-aged the of members many Since

40 From a present point of view we can .

h fed work field The as becomeas me. most arity 41

s t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Dimen Village is one of the largest villages in the Dong the in villages thelargest of one is Village Dimen Figure Introduction3.1 of DimenVillage 3.

Guizhou Province in the mountainous region of Liping County south west of the county town Liping i of the county town Liping, which lies approximately 30 km northeast of Dimen, wasDimen,ofnortheast approximately km 30 lies which town Liping, county the of sea level. Since detailed information about the climate is not available the most suitable for rice farming (Fig. 21). the are conditions hydrological and topographical the banks its to Close valley. flat Qiandongnan of heart the forms Autonomous Prefecture. The whichriver bends inside the System village and forms River a relati Duliu the to tributary a is flowsthroughsouthvilaroundsmallriver,situated4kmthethat TheDimen. of

Dimen Village Village and Dimen Maogong in Spatial Transformations Local Focus: 21 - Dimen is- situated areaMaogong and Town in amountainous Ladong ofon thecrossroadsLouda, . A winding road connects it to the township of Maogong, which is Dimen Village’s 32

altitude is about 750 m above Minority’s Area. It is locatedis It Area. climatedata vely wide lage n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. working groups are the migration pattern migration constructionsites.on or in towns. There they make extra income along assembly lines, in the cloth of working-age leaves the village for a couple of months throughout the year to w due to a high birth-rate. year a people ten approximately by increasing is Dimen in registered inhabitants of as places for communal lunch and meetings. According to the village head the the local kindergartenandand schoolelderly. today. The two groups remaining in the village all year round are childrenth Three clans possessclansthe Three ute dvdd no 1 agricultural 11 into divided further dense dense centres. It is easy to distinguish them looking at the map of the vi almost every inhabitant bears the surname Wu. surname the bearsinhabitant every almost oldes the is river, the of north located Mu, which of - Yin and Mang ie cnit o mr ta 50 oshl ad ot apoiaey 2500 approximately hosts and household 500 than inhabitants. Its population belongs to more five different clans or Zhai named of Mo, Mu, W consists Dimen of villagesof that are blood-relatedto eachother (Fig. 22) itsand surrounding villages Dengcen,of Ladong andLouda are part aof larg founded to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. In other words, Dimen the river. Later the secondarysettlementtheriver.theLaterneighbouringof thevillage D of Mu village, is a primary settlement in the region that later extended to t 46 45 eteet o Dncn Lua n te tow smaller the the and between Louda crossroads Dengcen, the of on settlements situated centre local a is Village Dimen 44 China.” Guizhou, Southeast in Villages Case of Dong A Hydrology: and Topography, 43 https://de.climate-data.org/asien/china/hunan/liping-976700/. 42 used as a reference for this thesis. Dimen

andthe hottest isJuly with andare hot humid.The coldest monthis January with an average temperature of 4°C summers whereas dry generally are Winters mm. 1600 around averageprecipitation annual the and 16°C around is temperature annual average The seasons. distinct topographicalconditions. The region liesin a subtropical monsoonclimate with four small river leaving large parts of the basin empty for riceriveremptyforThebasinnorthernthepartssmalllargeofpaddies. leaving par settlement. valley administratively Interview with Ms Wu in Mang Zhai, 01.05.2018 Mang 01.05.2018 Zhai, in Wu Ms with Interview Lee,

Interview with the village head, 02.05.2018 02.05.2018 head, villagethe with Interview “Liping Climate.” Zo e Zhou Kam Women Artisans of China: Dawn of theofButterflies Dawn China: of Artisans Women Kam t al., “Sustainable Mountain Village Construction Adapted to Livelihood, Livelihood, to Adapted Construction Village Mountain “Sustainable al., t . 43 According to the research of Zhou it can be categorized as a river- a as categorized be can it Zhou of research the to According Accessed September 18, 2019. 2019. 18, September Accessed called “village hollowing” “village called The village occupies the lower parts of two steep slopes next to ato slopesnext steep two ofparts lowerthe occupiesvillage The ir 45 so 46 However, it has to be taken into account that the population own drum tower. The inhabitants of the singlearethedistrictsTheinhabitants tower.of owndrum -called They come back for festivities and agricultural work. Thisagriculturalfestivitieswork. andfor backcome They 28 °C. 42 Ka fang

okn gop. h “headq The groups. working ’s climate buildings. These community buildings serve 33

is very common in Chinese rural areas rural Chinese in common very is n 44 is probably slightly cooler due to its f agn, o hc i belongs it which to Maogong, of The different Zhai have their owntheir have Zhai different The . p. 11 p.11 . .

uarter he south across t. Nevertheless t. llage. (Fig. , , the number ing industry engcen w engcen ” f these of s” at attend e system e p. 10 p.10 ork 23 ei as t ) , ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. haveto an impact. constructions in the rice field are on display in the drum tower. They obviously suc prohibit that guidelines and orders governmental However, flooding. prevent partly been has bed river the since saverelatively are lots building These 26). (Fig. basin river the in farmland important formerly the occupy they Instead, constru recently The river. the don buildings along place takes sites construction new of sprawl the respectively South and North the to ridges mountain two by restricted is of young migrant workers to display their social status. wide-spread ais town hometheir inhouse newa Buildingvillagers. the Despite the effects of migration the construction of new houses is very popular am A Case Study of a Migrant- a of ACaseStudy 47 hundred of houses in Wei and Mang Zhai and one drum tower were destroye were tower drum one a and Zhai About Mang and 2006. Wei inin houses fire of hundred a from damage horrendous suffered Dimen of centre The

Interview with various young villagers, 05/2018 villagers,05/2018 various young with Interview Chen, “Why Migrant Workers in China Continue to Build La Build to Continue China in Workers Migrant “Why Chen, Tan, “Village on the Edge of Time.” of ontheEdge Tan, “Village ’t follow the logic of the original “river original the of logic the follow ’t Sending Village in Anhui.” in Village Sending

, p. 111 ,p.111 34

p. 2 ff ff p.2 48 -valley Since the original settlement rge Houses in Home Villages: Villages: Home in Houses rge eteet ay more. any settlement” undertaking enlarged toenlarged failed cted ong d. 47 h

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 22 - Topographical - between( ranges showingmapthe valley in two thelocation of Dimen mountain on a CAD file on aCAD Prof.providedby Hongjun) Wang

based

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure

23 - Map ofMapDimen showing- different 5 Zh 36

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 24 - Map ofMapDimen showing- thewaterwaysponds and

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 25 - Map ofMapDimen buildings - showing thepublic 39

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 27 - The DimenThe Dong Eco - newMuseum buildi in November2017, Figure 26 - The DimenThe Dong Eco - Museum landscape in alush before(photo taken 2010)

ng s occupy theformer occupy s rice paddies

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. spendtheir free time together. women elder mostly Dimen, visited theirwithsometimesinfant grandchildren s strapped theirusethetobacks, I When points. meeting are they Further cementand brickson public squares te surs r ue t dy rp o sml a soae pcs o constru groups working forby, close is spaces construction a storage If material. as simply or crops dry to used are squares Other andgeese livestocklarge slaughteringofthe as well as waytraditional a in clothes take place in the small squares. During my fieldwork, I witnessed elder activitie modern andtraditional Both waterways. these alongplace take water fresh require that activities communal many Additionally, squares. village the for water sourc provide and fabric village dense the inside ponds the feed also canals The increased demand are separating these spaces more obviously and are the material manifestation material the are and obviously more spaces these separating are in Chinese cites. However, metal doors and brick walls, that have been added doors to take part in public life. public in part take to doors thelowthresholds chairsevensitor on small useto Villagers lanes. sta Outdoor 28). (Fig. use personal glance.first decode to easy not is which privacy of degree different a with spaces various of composed environment living beautiful a offers waterways by accompanied lanes built to irrigate therice fields and provide fresh water for the villagers 24). (Fig. village the connects ways water narrow and canals of network A Open Spaces borders are a veritable antithesis to the built environment of environmentbuilt the to antithesis veritable a are borders Additionally, somebuilding new types havebeen implemented elements of Dong villages, that were presented in Chapter 2.2 can be built the in realm today.outsidetheir houses villagersthetheday of spend most lifestyle public the of analysis environment of Dimen village. Despite an a gradual transformation to a more individu provides chapter following The 3.2 Public Spaces and Buildings inDimen Village

Small water basins are used as front gardens to grow vegetablesfrontgrowgardensasusedone’s for basinsareto water Small

of security. Th irs . ese open spaces, without fences, walls or clear or walls fences, without spaces, open ese

connect the front doors of the houses to the to houses the of doors front the connect 41

don’t hesitate to hesitate don’t mod in recent years. ern living quartersliving ern of theirentranceof found in Dimen ly women dying . The section of All the typicaltheAll such as pork pork as such prepare the prepare quares to quares recently, They are They on the on of ction es of es an al s , . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 51 50 crowd villagers.of att and regularly stop meat and vegetables fruit, selling trucks Small purposes. for used also are roadsdriveable alongspaces open The barrels.trash with forusedandparkingtowerexamplelotisaevendrumMang adjacentto as square The building. the of value symbolic high the contradict acti not does an apparently Such timber. process to team his and carpenter master a by used were drum the and tower drum Yin the of front in space the Dimen, visited I connect the villagers to the majority culture of the Han and the modern society. 49 newer, it was constructed in 2015 by a local master carpenter living in Yin Zh were considered when the villagers chosethe new location.

octagonal multi- octagonal vertic emphasize them of three All 32). (Fig. altar Sa the to next plan Zhai’s former administrative and communal centr their function as a place to hand down the Dong Minority’s tradition, but they but tradition, Minority’s Dong the down hand to place a as function their elderly men and women, who meet there to play cards play to there meet who women, and men elderly common typology discussed in the literature review. Today, they are mostly visite Three out of the five Zhai possess their own drum tower in Dimen Towers Drum theold one burned down (Fig. 29). thehighest ofthem, situated in the centre of the village was constructed equipped with TVs that show Han Chinese sho Chinese Han show that TVs with equipped Lee, Interview with carpenter master Mr Wu, 03.05.2018 Wu,03.05.2018 Mr carpentermaster with Interview Laicheng,Wu 02.05.2018 Mr with Interview Kam Women Artisans of China: Dawn of the Butterflies the of Dawn China: of Artisans Women Kam Figure ea ve roof structures roof ve 28 - Awide lane- showing thespatialtoprivate layers public from

49 Both . It can be argued, that they belong to the most the to belong they that argued, be can It 42

FengShui

ws e used to be a building with a square . Thus, the drum towers have lost have towers drum the Thus, . tradition as well pondsas nearby . p. 14 p.14 . , chat and light fires light and chat 50 Yin drum tower is even . Mang drum tower ality and have and ality in 2007after tower itself tower economic . equipped They areThey ai. When 51 ract a ract n Yin d by vity ow ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the single the c such contrary, the On buildings can be found all across the typology. Chinese countryside.The architectural qu Dong specific a not is type building tower. These house-like structures are usually built when the drum tower burns d for the for Kah According to Xing Ruan the Dong Minority refers to a similar public building as theamong younger villagers. place gathering main the as towers drum the surpassed They out. steam spicy and pit. None of them has glazed windows, instead the openings are left open to fire central a with equipped are Some houses. private recent the of most from them distingu that fact a way, traditional a in assembled are structures beam and post entire built are and floors two have usually They 31). Fig. 30, (Fig. craftmanship contemporary of examples offer ones wooden were the them and built of recently Most space. interior miserable a offering roofs flat with structures 食堂

The most frequently used public buildings are the Community Buildings “card room “card , , which means meeting place. These buildings serve the same purpose as a as purpose same the serve buildings These place. meeting means which translated as dining halls. These community buildings serve as gathering s 11 working groups and accommodate a large kitchen and a dining space. Th space.dining a and kitchenlarge accommodate a and groups working Ka fang fang Ka s ”. Some interview partners in Dimen referred to them simply as simply them to referred Dimen in partners interview Some Figure inDimen 29 - The octagonalThe ismain- 2007, rarely in built tower, drum used is diverse.Some themof are one-storey genericconcrete 43

Ka fang

卡房 , literally translated as

ly of timber. The timber. of ly let smoke ommunal ality of shitang Dangc drum paces ishes own own e s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

whichprobably makesit the original cent Yinin village, nowin a rather deterioratedstate was constructedclose to th and the villagers can’t afford a new one

Ruan, “Empowerment in the Practice of Making and Inhabiting.” ofMaking Practice the in “Empowerment Ruan, Figure 31 - The concrete and brick concreteThebrick dining hallandin Yin- village lacks any architectural quality Figure 30 - Each - working groupassembles together in Kafang toeat

. 52 Two of them are located in Dimen. The one 44 re

thof

e correspondingZhai. p. 229 p.229

eSa altar, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 54 53

“high http://dimen.ffmm.com/past_present_future.html http://dimen.ffmm.com/past_present_future.html nentoa aaei wrsos n acmoae rsaces rm different discipline from researchers accommodates hosts and It workshops area. academic the ininternational research and tourism cultural promote to area cultural preservation a to villages surrounding its and Dimen declared that institution cultural of Mang village outside the eastern village gate. Dimen Dong Eco Museum mu Eco the of Center Research the is building large-scale notable Another The elderly. below partas of the site analysis. and children small discusse be will It their though. building, school elementary the is intervention with women young frequently by is It visited school. the to next treatment medical basic providing bridge rain public are facilities constructed modern in an ethnically-themed Other style. A 31) small clinic close (Fig to the anymore. use in not is it head, storage room for the working teams when I visited it in 2017. According to the as used was village Yin in stage drama The village. the inside life events at the adjacent square. tourists. It hosts professional opera performances for big crowds and occasionalmainl sports village the of end east the at constructed was stage drama large A facilities Other public local carpenters in 2004. in carpenters local const where timber of made entirely Centre Research the of buildings first negati a interracesrice century-old the aestheticsof the impair not does mediumsmall sized structuresblending into theterraced T slopes. various of consists and plain river the of slopes southern the on situated is Centre Figure

Interview with the village head, 02.05.2018 02.05.2018 head, villagethe with Interview “Dimen DongEco Museum.” “Dimen - 32 end eco tourists”ecoend therestaycanto to theget know culture.Dong - The old dgancoldThe is acommunity- kah the andformer administrative centrein Yin building villa s conducting field work in the area. Further, a limited number of so-called of number limited a Further, area. the in work field conducting altarbe seen vegetation background coveredwith densein the can 54 The present layout includes a small showroom, a dining a showroom, small a includes layout present The , accessed 25.11.2019, ,accessed 25.11.2019, 53 It It is closed most of the time and disengaged from public

heclustered layout resting space and space resting central wind-and- The ResearchThe

ve way. Theway. ve y to attract to y is a private d in detail in d seum east seum ructed by ructed biggest village toilets ge, aSa ge, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 55

of fireof hydran the promoting installatithe cooperative andsystemsewage a construction glutinousrice, of the of cultivation agricultural an of foundation the are examples Some mentions projects initiated by the museum that increased the livelihood in the and failed remains have empty. Moreover,the museum doorsare closed for to the villagers. Leefu seems read and gather to children local encourage to built was entrance the to close gallery book open an example, For culture. minority and the mainstrea that the between expectations different in rooted claims conflicts been have There 2014, in museum the visited relationship who between villagers and the museum, run by Lee, outsiders, has never Ann Marie artist and hall workshop areas and severalbuildings with guest rooms. According to the

Lee, Kam Women Artisans of China: Dawn of theofButterflies Dawn China: of Artisans Women Kam ts. Figure 55

33 - View along - theriver towards thecentral bridge wind-and-rain

. p. 21 p.21 . been easy. scholar village: , that , rther on m

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. constructions that has been analysed briefly in chapter 2.3 chapter in briefly analysed been has that constructions built during the last 40 years. It further indicates that the majority of the of majority the that indicates further It years. 40 last the during built constructionssurveyed in 2018 more than two thirdsare made concreteof timber.leastatmadepercent,of thethanHowever, partlyamongreceare75 more typological genesis of the Dong house in Dimen starting with the traditional the with starting Dimen in house Dong the se of genesis typological second The periods. time different of houses residential two of surveys

ok oehr develop o together work villagers of Groups today. until activity communal a is house a of construction The morphologiesresemble modelsgeneralthat consist ofvarious sub-typesin chronologicall understood be can that drawings with illustrated is houses the the visible and non- as well as Village Dimen of appearance visual current the of understanding broad a and the impact of modernity is clearly visible in these houses. The chapter will chang technological ongoing The building. residential wooden the area, Dong the The following chapter is dedicated to the predominant building type in the vill housing inDimen typology the IncrementalEvolution of Transformation: 3.3 morphology housing 34 into sites construction contemporary on considerationthe excessive usage thisof inmaterial the villagesis no concrete in-situ of role predominant the Taking areas. urban in sides construction on gained knowledge and experiences Figure

shows that the built fabric of Dimen village that we encounter today was mainly was today encounter we that village Dimen of fabric built the that shows 34 - Diagrams - analyzingmodes the environment(basedon resea built ofof the Dimen construction in visib . It is divided into two parts. The first part consists of building of consists part first The parts. two into divided is le le factors that lead to the architectural transformations of the by studentby ofTongji Universitytheandauthor) “ new ” oe o cntuto. hy ae s o their of use make They construction. of modes 47

. The evolution of Dong of evolution The surprise. Figure buildings andbrick. reality. . These y. provide s p a up ts ages of ganlan rch nt es ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. residential buildings in Dimen, its floor plan is organized is plan floor its Dimen, in buildings residential two-storeybuilding iscovered with a gabled black-tiled roof.Like the when the house was finished. The original structure is made entirely out of wood. theduring construction and Wuinvited Mr theall helpers havecommonto a were rituals Ancientcarpenter. local a ofsupervision the under neighbours and frien his with together it built Wu Mr owner, The wood. of out entirely 1985 in bui was flatland. It and terrain slopedbetween theborder on roadmain the of west located is It Zhai. Mo in building residentiala is analysed was that building first The Surveys Building buildingsand palaces. declared that they should not exceed three jians. More bays were reserved housesin rural areas datesback theto Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) itwhen traditional Han morphology Han traditional the the facade generating a small porch. moisture. The main door is situated in the central bay (Fig. 35 and Fig. 38). It Loose pond. muddy b a caused damage from columns the above prevent to foundations as serve elevated fieldstones is and poles wooden on rests It structure. The house is inhabited by three people. Mr Mr people. three by inhabited is house The mainly wood, small machines and vegetables. The house lacks a bathroom open attic beneath the roof can be accessed with a steep ladder. The are some exceptions with a different number of bays. The three-bay type for peasants ( jian. called is The traditional timber houses in Dimen follow a modular framework system. A fram

the pond. A small wooden structure in the pond serves as a platform to They work as farmers throughout the year cultivating rice. Further, they bre Occasionallythey take care theirof grandsonwhose parents workoutside the necessary structural are elements in that thresholds Wooden room. storage a and bedrooms three by occupied are space.outdoor isusedIt mainly storagea as roomand to clothes. dry The lateral is floor upper the of bay central The structure. the to added is chimney position can be clearly seen on the western facadeIts as stove. the brick bricks arethe from apart wood of made is annex The kitchen. a and room pit Arecently added annexis common extensionto the traditional contains type. a It and room living bedroom. The a others serve as storage as spaces for agricultural used tools, rice an are pond adjacent the facing ones The hall. entrance si same the roughly of rooms Four floor. upper the to lead stairs steep 间 ) ) This type is not specifically a Dong construction type but rather but typeconstruction Dong a specifically not is type This . A house usually consists of three jians, although there although jians, three of consists usually house A ganlan It leads to an entrance hall. At the back of the hall -style buildings separate the rooms clearly. The 48

Wu hs wife his , in a symmetrical three baythree symmetrical a n M W’ mo Wu’s Mr and unplastered. A huge family stores here majority ofthe grow fruit and ze encircle theencircle ze d d vegetables. for religious and a toilet. was legally a covered a edfish in is cut in village. dinner y soil soil y bays ther. The held fire ds lt a e e a ’

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 57 56 str ele is floor ground The west. to east from village the crosses that street isone made of a concrete skeleton filled with brick walls. The building faces the whereas structure, beam post-and-tie traditional a of made is level upper construction ch materials and large windows identifyHowever, it as a contemporary building. (Fig.38). The same the still is plan floor the of typology The e firstthe after years 30 almost 2013 in built was It houses. wooden The second building I measured can be seen as a modernized version of the tr room.Inwinter the fire pit theannexin is the only source of heat. liv the in TV watching is activity leisure main A needs. own their for vegetables

ch the of care take grandparents the period this Throughout towns. nearby in work to the village for the whole year. They leave the village two times a ye Wu wife his thirties, his in is who Laicheng, Wu Mr house. the inhabit people Five slope. th into half-buried is spaces storage enclosed with basement concrete a house the costly incostly terms oftime. agricu makes which basin river the across scattered are fields Their generation. co dy n oebr t a ue t ha te iig om Te ny pieces only The room. living the furniture in the bare room rendered in white, heatthat lacks any to used was it November in day cool a visite I Whenneeded. is it wherever put be can heater electric mobile sleep in the bedrooms in the upper floor, in winter they gather in the ground floor. of the house serve different purposes during the year. In summer the family memb The interior of the house is full of light compared to the first one (Fig. 37). floorandthe main door. upperthe of windows the frameornaments Han-Chinese decoration.wooden the of used as a place to rest anymore since it is too narrow. An interesting feature is the is terrace adjacent The building. the inside warmth the keep to basement the in bay threestructure of the house. the It further contains into two toilets, incorporatedone on the ground was fl kitchen The roof. the beneath and basement thein roomsstorage of abundance an offers house The privacy. of degree increasing satisfy not do simply windows large The visible. clearly become living of way the and home bright and modernized a for wishes the between contradiction th point this At drastically. rooms the of privacy the increase and surroundings the the large windows in the ground floor. They prevent any direct visual connectivisualdirect anyprevent Theyfloor. ground the in windows large the fil translucentInterestingly, TV-screen. big a and couch large a are Interview with Mr Wu Laicheng, 02.05.2018 Laicheng,Wu 02.05.2018 Mr with Interview University ofTongji studentby 01.05.2017 Wu, Mr with Interview ild. When the couple stays in the village, they work as supportingfarmers eet level in a similar way to the older example. Instead of a muddy a of Instead example. older the to way similar a in level eet , there , five-years- old sonold and Mr Wu’sparents. Mr Wuand his wife don’tlive in 57

co mfortable atmosphere, ar for over a month 56 ms were glued to glued were ms

xample (Fig. 36)(Fig. xample d the house on house the d pond beneath pond ne o the of anges oor and one vated from vated The rooms the same the elder aditional lower actual on on lture style the not Mrs ing ers of to A e e .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 36

– The groundThe floor s ofthisisaconcrete-and-brick of houses recentlybuilt made Figure 35 - Wooden 1985 in House- built 50

tructure tructure

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 37 - Entrance goods hall- depicting moveable a firepithousehold modern and 51

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 38 - Drawings(by theauthor, constructed house based - wooden in 1985 ofon drawinga Dong students by

of Tongji University) ofTongji University) 52

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 39 - Drawings - ofacontemporary in Dimen Dong house (drawing by the author, based on drawings by Tongji student Shen Ryoyu) (drawingTongjion drawingstheby author,student based Ryoyu) by Shen 53

pa rtly constructed in concrete and bricks in concrete bricks andrtly constructed

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

two houses were covered with tiles in the 1940s the in tiles with covered were houses two bark of China fir was used as a roof. Ou and Geary mention, that in Xiagye village onl past the In area. Dong the in practice old century a not is tiles Firing modernity. the on tiles fired of use the is example One century. twentieth early the theprevailing type in Dimen. First transformationsthe timber of housesdate backto oty elcd y riay ors n h frt af f h teteh century. twentieth the porches. the of half sleep to first started people and balconies theHan resembled they Consequently in boards ordinary by replaced mostly w They planks. round or rectangular spaced with Dong equipped and specially-shaped original The railing. porch’s the of use the in influence Chinese It It shall be mentioned at this point, that the risk of fire, that could destroy burnings. hazardous prevent should that regulations building new of output direct a structuresbrick and concrete or brickThese building. the to adjacentstructure pit room, which was originally located in the first floor, was transferred into a theto Due permanent risk of fire hazardthat could extinguish entire villages, The traditional The 58 Transformation of Transformation woodenthe

Geary and Ou, Geary Figure 40

– The traditionalThe three housesbay oftenare of and timber made acantileveringfeature fir 58

Life in a Kam Village in Southwest China, 1930-1949 China, Southwest in Village Kam a in Life ganlan buildings, of which the first survey is a good example, are stillare example,good a is surveyfirst the which ofbuildings,

ganlan 54

house in Dimen Dimen in house . They further suppose an early Hanearly an suppose further They . p. 48 p.48 . entire villages and live on live and ye were type advent of advent separate st floor floor st thefire were the ere y

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 60 59 h tid oia se ae rud los ht r cntutd opeey u of out completely constructed are that concrete and brick. One or floors two wooden floors remain above ground them are step logical third The verandais nowextracted through chimneys along the gable wall. the through house the leave to used that smoke The interior. the of lightness the increased dramatically windows larger The paper. with covered originally were th windows, of dimensions the of increase an structures allowed glass of bay costs reduced The three the into incorporated were Therefore, kitchens the ground floor was filled up with the brickwork between the wooden pillars. step, next a As the host that annexes kitchensusually anylack architectural qualities. primitive The vehicles. larger of usage the for paved were Brickwas just availablewhen theroads,that suffereddamage everymonsoon season, linespose a greater risk of combustion than the firepits.old actually has increased theover last decades. Theself-built freestanding powe

us they Since constructions. brick and concrete considering when earthquakes of and bathroomshave been added Toilets theto floor. groundA majorconcern is thesafety improved: been has houses the inside sanitation step this in latest the construction. of modes handed-down the of advantages the knows who Dimen incarpenter master a to home isstructure a Suchsummertime. in comfortable more sincethey are well aware that theinterior climate of the floorsti made of c the spend families the Here white. in painted usually is floor ground sufficient knowledge in dimensioning the structur that were built for the Chinese middle class in county towns and cities. Thecities.and townscounty in class middleChinese the for built were that These regions. dwellings suburban of other thousands and commercials TV from by promoted are ornaments imported were that decorations wooden superficial concrete of made balustrades baroque-styled found have I Further, internet. the bou cheaply be can columns pseudo-classical styled composite for Formwork variety of decoration can be found on the facades that resemble the taste of the Nowadays, year. whole the for village the in stay rarely elderly and children the from apart members family the since time, of periods long throughout empty oa acietr. h mjrt o te e hue eces he soes The storeys. three exceeds houses particular a is rooms new of number increased the of majority The architecture. local handed any from disengaged completely are and roofs flat have constructions roofs. The black old ceremonies traditionalare still popular among with the villagers. coveredHowever, so often are concrete of made entirely dwellings The roof remains the most resilient part of the contemporary vernacular house. Even occasionalshakes. Interview with carpenter master Mr Wu, 03.05.2018 Wu,03.05.2018 Mr carpentermaster with Interview Interview with a villager, 03.05.2018 03.05.2018 villager,a with Interview ually firmly connected to the ground and their amateur builders someti builders amateur their and ground the to connected firmly ually

interesting case in point: Many remain Many point: in case interesting es , , it remains to be seen if they resist 59

. The interior of the ooler seasons, ooler mberis a lot me recent so calledso mes lack mes r supply owners. a great a in case ght on ght open down 60 tiled are and At at .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The resulting plurality of designs and surface materials causes serious h serious causes materials surface and designs of plurality resulting The 61 suchconstructions showing varietya of architectural styles (Fig. by occupied been have Museum Eco the of opposite Dengcen and Dimen between colours others are covered with yellowish or white fired tiles. The former ric some by of mentioned possibilities The as villagers. goods, of amount increasing ever an for security of sense the increase to grates window and doors for used is Metal process: this with along way of life throughout the whole year. indiv an allow houses new the heated, be can rooms more and more Since the among sight frequent a villagers providingaccess to virtualworlds. now is phone smart the Further, world. outside the reg remote the link and Dong the of narratives ancient the replace series and pi laig ua pplto, o hc mn Dn bln, ok o ta very that on works income belong, extra earn to Dong areas urban many in sites construction which to population, rural floating

physical environment of Dimen and the Dong area in general from an architect ocee oss n ohr custos uh s V ad as ae rae socio- created have cultural meanings cars that are associated with and TVs as such acquisitions other and houses concrete agr on ae itm t tee eeomns bt oent hs ece even reached remoteareas. has modernity but developments, these to victims are towns larger fa a at diminish gradually lands cultural the of aestheticqualitiesformer and imagescohesive The view. of Zwerger, Zwerger, t room is replaced by a main room equipped with a large TV screen. Its programs Its screen. TV large a with equipped room main a by replaced is room t Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur st pace. Especially villages along main roads and close to close and roads main along villages Especially pace. fa .p. 371 371 .p. cades are abundant: Some are plastered in different in plastered are Some abundant: are cades

61 Another new construction material has come 56 a

wealthy modern lifestyle. The former fire . ec, h nw rc and brick new the Hence, 26 , , Fig. 27). arm e paddies idualistic ’ ions to ions s point in cape the Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 41 - Inthenext steps- beenkitchens have added to thetimberlater(above); buildings the filled in with brick work (below) filledwork(below) brick in with 57

ground floorsgroundwere

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 42

– A ground floorAground entirely ofconcrete(above) out built or brick andhouses without any timber (below) are the common modes of construction today (below)today modestheofcommon construction are 58

storeys

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. willbe A lost. rather genericlandscape seems to bethe inevitable result. placea identity of the for condition basic the same”,iswhichalmost the of “quantum Gion Speakingwit stake.villagethecoherentwhole theat putappearance of people local will buildings these of more as soon As guesthouse. a latter the and

Figure 45 serve as facilities for tourists. The first one will accommodate styl classic includes This columns beautiful. and baroque concrete balustrades. The as two buildings shown in Figure regarded is ornamentation eclectic and the buildingtype.The offacadesrecently constructed arepainted in different col When I visited Dimen village, new construction sites showed even more Figure aiaas od, hs wr wl b dsusd ae i ti thes this in later discussed be will work whose words, Caminada’s 43 - The latestThe - stepis a flat-roofed flat-roofed th ree-storey concrete and brick building lacking any local features buildingree-storey brick anyandlocallacking features concrete 59

be finished, the finished, be a

variations in Karaoke Bar is 44 and the , ours ed h

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 45 Figure - Anew guesthouse- on theedge ofthe farmland: decoration notethe ecletic 44 - - Constructionsitevillagebar inthe centre ofaKaraoke

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. haveany distinctivearchitectural features. Just asmall wind-and-rain bridge village in thevillagein area. Do former a recall town the in buildings residential woodenscattered and creek a towns small Chinese other many Like valley. narrow a in Town Liping of 42 situated is It belongs. Dimen which to villages Dong surrounding eebe mgs f rdtoa villages. traditional of images resemble planks wooden with covered were road main the of facades the Culture, Dong centre a as town small the brand to order In identity. specific and place of sense any of devoid roads, country main along least at is, China ruralcontemporary the of image homogenized the Consequently, urbanization. and modernization by affected popularthein 1990sdiffer vastlyand fromthe vernacular architecture villages of became buildings cheap These countryside. Chinese the in everywhere variations slightwith found be cantownscape aSuch 46). (Fig.buildingsand-concrete mai mundane Maogong’s aif te ihs f h lcl oenet huh Rcn cadns fe m offer claddings Recent stylisticvariety andin order createto a modern image though: town.of the government local the of wishes the satisfy 62 og ioiys heritage. Minority’s Dong abandonmentthe fight to is aim declared whosearchitects and curators by led willMinority’sdiscussedareafollowingbe the inchapter. th in architecture new of implementation the of way different completely A Maogong 3.

Figure Zwerger 4 A 46 Grassroot Initiative: Small Town Reconstructionin - Beautified - , Die Architektur der Dong der DieArchitektur and “villagized”and 62

n street is framed by two to three-storied plastered brick- plastered three-storied to two by framed is street n agn Tw i te diitaie cent administrative the is Town Maogong mainplayfulthecladdingwassmall road in townMaogong, wooden of , p. 314 ,p.314

added to the facades addedto thefacades 61 Th

pseudo- e rdtoa sye olnt fully couldn’t style traditional TheprojectinMaogongis

km south-west km re it

cr regional f the of

e Dong e doesn’t ossing of the of less ore to ng of Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. rjc, the project, product production. product plaza plaza (Fig.48) tolevel groundfacade on front theto addedporch woodenwas A Dimen. in roof resembles the elaborate structure of wind-and-rain bridges not unlike the s ti pseudo-traditional Its tourists. and groups research for accommodation an as serv officials, for buildingresidential a asused formerlyapartment building, storey hill three more buildings were erected to amplify the program. The middle one, up Further time. of most empty are courtyards the road, main the to connected locals to spend their spare-time in the Cultural Center. However, since it the villages. The courtyards serve as outdoor performance areas and should archite traditional the recall roofs tiled black the as well as floors and pillars meanderi a a added spaces, Carpenters wooden goods.corridor in exhibitionfront of the buildings that encircle three courtyards. local The wooden and sell to workshop shop into small a converted and restaurant, was It 47). (Fig. name the comple barn local a of structure cement and brick defunct the preserved He assignedto renovate andrepurpose deterioratedbuildings into public cultural spaces road. Beijing- main of Jingyu the Liang Architect along buildings several of consists and programme revitalisation s el se hpe 4). chapter (see well as Swissthecountryside in Caminada Gionbyused are that Lefèvbre sociologistHenri types ofproduction. They the follow concepts space of production laid ou Zuo Jing’s th as well the accommodation should take place in Maogong. locals among goods and for the surrounding villages, Maogong should develop into a place of exc ancient Chinesetowns that servedtheas commercial centres weekly hosting market metaphor the Using industry.tourism the in investments by caused consequences resistto morelikelybe would town smallthethatbelievedThey centre. and tourist a as Maogong of town the develop to decided they villages nearb the of structure socio-economic the and landscape cultural the on tourism of impact and negative possible a of tourism aware were founders the promoteSince area. the in research to method noninterventionist a follows Ren 20), Fig. (see of village Dong largest the in development mass-touristic the to contrast 63 oehr ih e Hxn te one o te frmnind ie Dn Eco- Dong Dimen Museum. aforementioned the of founder the Hexin, Ren with together the redevelop to strategy new a implemented Jing Zuo curator the 2015, In

64 Wang, Lefèbvre, Soc. Engag. Art Art Engag. Soc. Ren’s aim is to implement cultural tourism in the whole Maogongwhole the in tourism culturalimplement to is aim Ren’s The Production of Space of Production The eoretical background on place-making in the countryside consists of three “Granary Art Center” in Maogong. It is the the is It Maogong. in Center” Art “Granary .

64 in To better understand his concept I want to analyse the core the analyse to want I concept his understand better To Contemp. China Contemp. 63 , Zuo calls them space production, culture production and production culture production, space them calls Zuo tourists and scholars. The majority of the consumption as consumption the of majority The scholars. and tourists . .

based office “Approach Architecture Studio” was Studio” Architecture “Approach office based . P. 128 128 P. . 62

centre f Maogong’s of hanging ideas the negative the information isn’t directly t by French Zhaoxing invite the x, hence x, cture of cture frame aframe area. Inarea. town a six- chool the led of ng es y s .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. etgnl idw ie te pc a tog e srne oml agae The language. formal strange yet strong structurethetrussof isalmost and banal arethe oversizedwalls(Fig. 5 a space the gives window pentagonal walls are cladded with wooden boards on the inside and with stones on th The view. stepped pitched roof breaks the of massive slab into smaller point volumes. The thick architectural an buil from the controversial of equally side is other hall, theconference On it. from disengaged feels and place the to furniture consists of minimalistic cubes. As a result, the space is not directly con Th Architecture. Japanese by inspired is decoration and layouts spatial the project, constructi wood traditional use to decided architects the Although space. architects the Its reading spaces building, are organized around a tiny courtyard that allows daylight this With researchers. implemented incoming a new typology that is not and connected to the local vernacular architecture. locals the both roomreadingthetoA next accommodations theGranaryofCentershoulArt

h bidn cnit of consists building The in economy local the boost can sustainable way. workshopFrom an architectural point wood of view its typology modern is worth mentionin a of construction the management forest for price a ar awarded even were town which forests, vast the with covered of surroundings hilly the of Since outside 51). workshop Fig. 50, carpentry (Fig. a Maogong for hall production new a is project latest The their homes fostering neighbourlinesscollectiveand activities (Fig.52 extension an like works It laundry. their drying and chatting, reading, for space was corridor opened an frequented by locals when I with visited Maogong in May 2018. They equipped used the recr was that courtyard, semi-public A 2018. until renovated were town the across scattered structures abandoned other few A Chinese pavilionthe of Venice International Architecture Biennale in 2016 the in featured was project The research. field undertake to scholars international wit collaboratedvillagers interested and artisans local Further, visitors. among and for the rich tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the region among t various in work exhibitions that addressed theirboth villagers and guests. Their aim was to raise exposed photographers and artists Different purpose. rural this of theory serve Center Art Jing’sGranary the inside spaces different The publications. and research Zuo of exhibitions, through culture phrasevernacular of conception the to key refers reconstruction, second the Production”, “Culture cities. I villagers. young for education purpose is that they can make a living in their and hometown without migrating to larger jobs offers workshop carpentry the since exist in historical Dong architecture. It is further successful on a socio-econo not does that typology a create to used where structures post-and-beam Traditional a ibr tutr sann aoe pouto hall. production a above spanning structure timber 63

). 3) . e outside. A he villagers

awareness on for the for on . mic level, ig the ding, concrete mainly e enter the eational d served nected to g. ts h e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. JingandRen Hexinstarted their project,they wanted to suchavoid a development. over-tourism view. It currently resembles the pseudo-traditional village cent village pseudo-traditional the resembles currently It view. architectural an fromquestionable highly is Maogong of centre the beautify to measuresthese of outcomeThecladding. and screens woodenornamental behind facades of the retail and wholesale buildings along the county highway were h were highway county the along buildings wholesale and retail the of facades Town.” Creative and “Cultural a to Maogong promote to order Ren Eco-Museum Dong Hexin, whois a local Lipingin County, established Dimen solida networkamong officials in of director The authorities. local the of support 65 66 Although Wangregards itas bottom-a Chinainspireto the rural population improveto theirrice-growing own culture tours exhibition TheRice-Fish-Duck-System. called is that way eco-friendly a incultivated rice mellow grown locallyis exhibitionscale large a in the household income increased and the economy flourished. One specia vital role in the marketing strategy of the cooperative. According to Zuo’s observ plays Eco-Museum Dimen The 4).(Chapter below discussedbe will that periphery fu and specialties local goods, artisanal produce to wood local use that brands design independent of foundation the was Production” “Product of manifestation first The

Ibi Wang ntr. h vlaes ok n oprtvs iia t te ns n h Swiss the in ones the to similar cooperatives in work villagers The rniture. d. , p. 127 ,p.127 , Soc. Engag. Art Engag. Soc. as fns Te rjc ft prety ih h gvrmn’ vso to vision government’s the with perfectly fits project The funds. raise . This development is the opposite of the initial intentions. When Zuo When intentions. initial the of opposite the is development This , p. 128 ff ,p.128 ff

up 64 project,it has been made possiblewith the

65 For this purpose the banal the purpose this For re of state-promoted of traditional andtraditional lty promoted point of point around ation, idde . . 66 a n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 47 - Floor PlanGranaryArtof the - Center showingthedifferent and ofcourtyards prog thesequence in its surrounding buildings in itssurrounding buildings 65

rams rams

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 49 - Bird'seye viewof- the Granary wastheupper Center, Art courtyardu still Figure 48 - The GranaryThe - Art beforeCenter inMaogong afterRenovation theand 66

nder construction nder construction

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 50 - - workshop Newlyon theoutskirts constructed ofcarpentry Maogong 51

– Largeproductionhallcoveredinside carpentryworkshop the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 52 - The recentlyThe - constructed corridorextension of theiris areas thelocalsliving used by the Figure 53 - Amassive - truss spans theinterior of the conference hall

as as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. andtraditions poses a realthreat to local peculiarities in a globalized world featuresmonotonouslocala countryside.Theof form destruction that place of sense lack buildings brick and concrete low-quality are results The commercials. cities,nearbyandtasteregarding decorationsisandshaped TV byinternet platforms from imported is condit methods construction new of livingKnowledge lost. getting are harsh farmers the to connected bonds social Old the direction. into opposite points hotspots touristic the outside houses rural of transformation The Bottom-up transformationof local housing types easier andincreases the connections theto outside world. settlements.thanmakescrampedd muddyElectricity in live topleasant more towers became bigg became towers are rural the in symbols such of boom construction veritable a to led value representationalhigh The identity. Dong of marker symbolic a became morphology architectural markers. In this process, the thesis decribes that one specifi certain of formation the to led China in ethnicity reconstructionof Government-led Top down tourist development roads facilitate transportation and mobility. Additionally, beautified village cent Further, the implementation of new technologies led to a more comfortable villagesinto open-air museums. vanishing rapidly. Thevanishingrapidly.new strongimages buildingsserve as practice in researchquestion analysing impact the of modernityon contemporary the building Minority’s habitat Thefollowing summary classifies seeminglythe chaotic transformation the of Dong 3.

stations and toilets recall a traditional style traditional a recalltoilets and stations s buildings small even and expectations tourists’ meet to facades wooden s ac ad rm promne ta ae efre o a eua bs t satisf to base tourists’ expectations regular a on performed are that performances drama and dance as such heritage intangible of commercialization a to led tourism Additionally, wealth. promoteand incomeguarantee they sincethemselves Dong the and tourists by both 5Conclusion theDong Minority’sarea. into three maincategories. It provides an answer tothe first er . Concrete buildings have been hidden behind pseudo-traditional , their number increased, although the ancient traditions were traditions ancient the although increased, number their ,

Such developments literally turned someturned literally developmentsSuch

of“Dong - ness”accepted c drum tower uch as bus as uch . as. Drum as. life. New n any ing os of ions ailylife re s are y

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. romantic past. musealized tourist villages will probably provide an exotic look into an onl placelessisacountrysideMinority’sDongarea ofmade andconcreteScatterbrick. be cannot transformation rural of categorieslast the of interventions microscale the to compared two first the of impact huge The valuableoffer tasks for architectsplayan to active role in areas.rural economic niches. Exactly these kinds of projects are worth to be carried out s fill can that goods and architecture culture, of production the through identity their chapter, try to offer an alternative way. They aim to strengthen local communities and Project,MaogongThe Critical

engagement promoting endogenous development as well as Caminada’s work in Vrin discussed in the followingasCaminada’sindiscussedwelltheVrinworkin as

. A likely future scenario for the for scenario future likely A

y ostensibly ince they ed Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The following excurs communitythein village. culture the strengthen to and cities the into villagers the of migration fight to the ETH Zurich realised a variety of projects throughout the last twenty years in order Professor Caminada, A. Gion architect local The chapter. this in analysed be will that (Graubünden) Grisons the of canton the in Vrin of village the of development th is point in case interesting particular A that. to exceptions no are Alps Swiss the va secluded the invillages The globe. theacross world urbanized increasingly an in problems similar facing are areas mountainous underdeveloped and Remote set up smallhis officein Vrin where heisworking with smalla teamuntil to Despitethe obvious differencesfrom the Dong Region in Sout th in areas poor of reconstruction the in role architect’s the show will 67 vi other many Like Caminada. by planned interventions are houses new the of Most 4.

eoe e oe t te iy f uih o eev a ere n rhtcue t t at Architecture in degree a receive to Zurich of city the to moved he before Gion Antoni Caminada was born in Vrin in 1957. There he was trained as a problemsof mountainousthe Swisscultural landscapeinthe Grisons aresimilar. Kunstgewerbeschule. After a postgraduate degree at the renowned E valley. valley. It is situated the of valley tributary a Lumnezia, Val remote the of village last the is Vrin fine-grained village centre, that consists of wooden houses and small stab multifunctional hall, a barn group and the carpentry workshop form a ring aroun bell baroque dominates colourfulthetheimageof A village.few largerbuildings, such as a with church huge A inhabitants. 280 roughly has to ee raie i Vi ad ors nvr ely luihd oprd o the to compared flourished really never tourism and Vrin in realized never were able to farm larger areas of the mountainous land. Moreover, a planned dam w were torn down, land was levelled and marshland was drained. As a result, transformation les This Switzerland. in resulted in a massive transformation of the mechanizedcultural landscape. Ancient dry-stone wall increasingly and rationalized provide hay for theforandprovidehayharsh winters long scatteredstoredacrosssmallbarnsinlan steeplaterthe meadows. wason It agriculture, mainly stock farming of cattle, goats and sheep. Hay used to be Caminada, llages in the region, Vri region, the in llages hard living conditions and its remoteness its and conditions living hard

Switzerland Switzerland in an Village Alpine in Caminada’s Work Gion A. - The Vrin Caseof Excursus: Unterwegs Zum Bauen - Ein Gespräch Über Architektur Mit Florian Aicher MitFlorian Architektur ÜberGesprächEin - Bauen Zum Unterwegs at us an altitude of 1450 m above sea level in an alpine landscape and will serve as a theoretical background for mydesign project n was victim to rural depopulation in the 20 the in depopulation rural to victim was

From theFromonwards 1950s agriculture was . The only source of income used to be to used income of source only The hw est Chi the schooltheit with TH e countryside. e th in Zurich he century due century na les (Fig. les 54) cut by hand ,the main . p. 158 p.158 . carpenter dscape todscape day. s people lleys of lleys tower Rhine d the and 67 h

as . at e e

s s I .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

68 incomefor the All locals. these factors toled the shrinking theof l famous thermal bath that attracted tourist from all over the world that secured a re st Zumthor Peter architect renowned where Vals, of valley neighbouring

Schlorhaufer, Schlorhaufer, Figure 54 - figureplanthe ground of- villageVrin,Gion Caminada's are projects highli Cul Zuffel e l’aura Dado, GionA. Dado, l’aura e Zuffel Cul

Caminada

. p.11ff . ocalpopulation. gh ted in black black tedin alized the alized eady 68

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

into 610new onesrationalizeto farming makeand th across scattered were that lots existing 3400 merged authorities Local 2. 1. roadsNew withtotala lengthof 20 kmwere constructed. level weretaken by Caminadaand the localgovernment: architectu and planning economic, on actions different museum, open-air an into Vri turning without landscapecultural the save to and Dimen, in conditions living In order to overcome the above mentioned phenomena, which are quite similar to the Re their income with the construction of constructionthe with income their incre and cooperative a founded businesses agricultural market-oriented The 3. able to export premium meat products meat premium export to able eard l hue o bit e oe udr h architect the under They ones new situation. built or new houses the old repaired of profit made carpenters and companies construction prod high-quality of following the In jobs. sale new provided and villagers the the of income the and increased village the inside meat of processing The larger barns andthatstables suitmodern agriculture. Caminada4. designednew agricultural buildingsand architectural prototypes localeconomy thatused to deliverraw materials before emigration was stopped and stopped was emigration aiaa lne nw ulc ulig sc a a omnt hl, h mortuary the buildingas well someassingle family houses. hall, community a as such buildings public new planned Caminada -Construction of the village and its agricultural economy of -Construction its agricultural economy village and the Figure 55

– Aerial butchery View the Vrin, Vitgincluding of thebarn group Sut lies foreground in the the village’s the a . slaughterhouse and butchery. They are now are They butchery. andslaughterhouse The selling of finished products boosts the boosts products finished of selling The economy stabilized. In the following years following the In stabilized. economy 73

it more profitable. .

’ giac. s result, a As guidance. s e slopes e suchas , local , ased ucts ral n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. makes up the cohesive image of the villages. Within the type, slight type, the Within villages. the of image cohesive the up makes the Dimen, in houses traditional and Vrin in Both fabric. village vernacular the usually is quantum random cityscape uniform divers this of result The lost. actually is context the result, a As taste. individualisticreflectsandstyle ownits has house familysingle new each In recent times this “difference” is essentialto reach a coherent whole. h bit niomn a qatm f lot h sm” s ia for vital is same” the almost of “quantum a environment built the features disti of strengthening mutual the as regarded be can Difference identity. local impact onthe builtenvironment and on livelihoodand serves aas base to con c positive a specific guarantees it contrary, a the On regainterm. negative a to as used not like is Difference look places certain what on choices deliberate make to have we nowadays,disappearing are constraints mentionedabove the Since itra Kneh Frampton. Kenneth historian arc by written theses the following regionalist critical a as classified be can history, aspectsmuch as climate,possible as when considerhe designs a to new as building. has From this architect point of such An view, population. local features the and crafts local topography, of combination multifactorial a theory 69 em of terms hl pae ad ra-ae poess ht teghn it strengthen thatterminology Itakea closer lookat his definition of place: processes broad-based and place, whole of identity the in but countryside, the in objects architectural single in interested Caminada Caminada’s

70 71 Gleichen.” 72 Olgiati Valerio Kollhoff, Hans Emerson,

Schoper,

Frampton, “Towards a Critical Regionalism.” Critical a Frampton,“Towards Caminada, “Faith in Community.” in Caminada,“Faith Büchi Büchi and Caminada, “Um Differenz becomefrail conditions have been largely - lost, and the contours that frame a par place a of constantscontext These factors. decisive the were - resources The material or topography, it. from gained be natural of to consequence opportunities the rather but goal, actual the never what people have always sought always have people what onl And another. from difference its through arises only place A of the periphery and the urban centres. To sustain “difference” on the le p.7 p.7 “place”, ’ s theory of place-making as an architectural task is constructed upon th upon constructed is task architectural an as place-making of theory s Ein Haus. Werk - Ding - Zeug? Gespr Zeug? - Ding - Werk Haus. Ein Theory of Difference Place, Context and . 70

“c belong to a certain architectural “type”. The repetition of this typethis of repetition The architectural“type”. certain a to belong net ad “ and ontext” in distinctive identity. 69 p. 11 ff ff p.11 Bt aiaa os n se frhr H i not is He further: step one goes Caminada But : . p. 26 p.26 .

vanishing: In suburban and also in peripheral areas, difference/otherness identity and the sense of belonging. Otherness was Otherness belonging. of sense the and identity z u beschreiben, braucht e 74 ä

che Mit Gion A. Caminada, Hermann Czech, Tom Tom Czech, Hermann Caminada, A. Gion Mitche

72 Architects engaging in rural areas ”.

“ Context s ein gewisses Quantum vom ein gewisses Quantum vom osrit ad the and constraints . y this can generate can this y uh s climate, as such ticular space have o nesad his understand To ” s n Caminada in is place. a alternations a alternations ity is in fact a fact in is ity -forming wishes andwishes Caminada hitectural struct a ontext. 71 nctive vel of This re a a ’ e s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 73 hud e wr o tee hnmn ad osdr hi dsg dcsos and decisions design their consider and narrativesupon them. phenomena these of aware be should

not periphe the scenarios, both In food. and materials raw of supplier industrialized an as centres urbanized the serve they or recreationalpurposes for population urban c are they areas, rural other In subjugation. technological the other the and qualities aesthetic their to reduction the is One areas. rural contemporary the determine that alienation of forms major two identifies He here. them illustrate remoteSincetheserelevanceareas.thesesruralfor haveglobalcantoday,a I his “Nin his out lays Caminada Gion publication Schlorhaufer’s in chapter named equally the In for Periphery Nine the Theses students in Zurich he applies a very careful yet down- yet careful very a applies he Zurich in students Caminada’s reconstructionprocess in thetown of Maogong. rural areas as well t transposed be can they but areas, urban for mainly methods these used Lefèbvre meaning. of production the and knowledge of production the production, product fac three by determined is qualities distinctive with place a that assumes who Ca divideshis process 74 Gleichen. contextualiz to guidelines general express contemporaryliveable countryside. theses following The within. from countryside the strengthen and imbalance this eradicate to play can and planning architecture role which out find to semesters several over Zurich ETH the at Caminada

Büchi Büchi and Caminada, “Um D minada follows the theories of French philosopher and sociologist Henri Lefèbvre, an equal counterpart to the cities. As a consequence, Caminada conducted rese the given?).the p actually is (what level perceptual the and intellectually?), something asseesomewhat(what do we sensitive?), (whatdostructuralwe analywhenseewe can gain an overall view by a preferably precise and disciplined survey on pot important most the as realities social or economic, cultural, considers In this process, I will follow three mains steps: perception - discou e Theses on how to strengthen the peri the strengthen to how on Theses e “ p. 11 p.11 , „Faith in Community.” p. 56 f 56p. Community.” in ,„Faith thinking is not merely utopian. Both in his office and together with his with together and office his in Both utopian. merely not is thinking 74

. 73 in As mentioned before, Zuo Jing uses a similar theory for his rural to

three steps:

ifferenz z ifferenz

u beschreiben, braucht e

phery”.

He uses the term “periphery”term the uses He to s -earth design process. He process. design -earth ein ein gewisses Quantum vom rse - idea. Perception ossible beyond ossible onsumed by the by onsumed the sensual ential. We ential. want towant se tors: ry is ry arch a e o

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. population. topography, climateand so forth. history, as such features from derives culture and architecture their of authenticity a represent and visions folkloristic.intendedor beThetoregionalarchitecture.neverromanticised Farmers urban retrospective to lead ideologies regionalist Many

terms. Theyterms. havethe chance promoteto a different modelof livelihood. socio-economic and spatial in identity,both strong their to securitydue and stability fo synonymous become rightto own their in develop mustregions rural Peripheral dniy rgnts rm ifrne T fgt lcls sbra srw, borders sprawl, suburban betweenthe urban andthe rural realm must placelessbeemphasised clearly. fight To difference. from originates Identity oe r es cesbe Dfiut cesblt cn culy ly vital heavy materialsharder and localvalue creation of essential. transportation a make would play it since actually place a of can identity the accessibility strengthening Difficult accessible. less or more regionswhichdecideto needed is holisticstrategyA depopulation. against exclusively to the market forces. Transport infrastructure plays a vital role in the peripheral inroleregionsplanninggreaterthem handa play notUrbanmust to Conservation areas and areas Conservation Development must serve both the visitor and the inhabitant of culturalthe lands qualitythe of landscape. agricultural and enterprise must collectivelyworktogether toguarantee the aes The cultural landscape is the greatest potential of peripheral regions. Landscap public. from subsidies on depend still will regions peripheral However, goods. quality pre selling and producing by value added greater attain can regions Remote 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Featuresof alocation aas basis fornew architecture Peripheral regionsascatalyst a Differencesbetween peripheralregions urbanandcentres Urban planningmust promote independencethe of peripheral regi Regulationof agricultural enterprise attractiveand landscapes Authentic holisticand agricultural economiesmountain in regions Theguest isking

– so soandis thenative inhabitant -called nature park only meet the demands of the urban the of demands the meet only park nature -called 76

ons ons should beshould e e design oe in role mium thetic cape. fight over the r

Don the dominates that structure beam and column traditional the from fundamentally loc the const on “knitted” as translated literally research constru log a is lifelong It Strickbau. called Caminada’s so the Vrin, in up type construction sums quote introductory The accessibleareas. methods. Construction can serve as a starting point to promote local economy in bad architectural local promotes and jobs provides materials these Processing economy. pe the of growth the in player important an sector construction the makes constructions new for used be can that nearby available materials of abundance An mountains): e qu who Loos, Adolf Architect Viennese the to back traced literally almost in thoughts key are vernacular be to pretend construc new and centres village over-protected of denial The thesis. this Especially the theses, that concern the architectural features of rural areas are landscapeaimsto maintain its distinguishable features. of protection The considerations. aesthetic counteract not should usage Technical including the “old town tourism” Caminada’s Following The Strickbau The Strickbau be evaluatedcritically. sy “ ssay

Schlorhaufer, Schlorhaufer, Caminada, “Faith in Community.” in Caminada,“Faith Loos, “Regeln Loos,“Regeln of exp of consists type construction each behind research essential The 8. 9. Mnrt’ ae. oee, wn t aaye aiaas noain and innovations Caminada’s analyse to want I However, area. Minority’s g

the constructionthe while also adheringtoits basic rules. een ü dn dr n e Bre bu (ue fr hs bidn i the in building those for (Rules baut Bergen den in der den, für Regeln an oaf. an The farm picturesqu not is picturesque be to dresses who person A sun. the and th effectsto such Leave manner.picturesque a inbuild not Do Economic growth=alot of workcombined withminimal material costs Aestheticaspects of technical usage

Cul Zuffel e l’aura Dado, Gion A. Caminada GionA. Dado, l’aura e Zuffel Cul für den, der in den Bergen b Bergen den in der den, für

– Research and Innovation Innovation and Research a o tikn, eti dvlpet al vr China, over all developments certain thinking, of way er doesnot dressbe to picturesque. Buthe is. and the reconstruction of traditional typologies must p. 63 p.63

ruction. This wooden construction type differs type construction wooden This ruction. aut.” 77

p. 25 f (translated by the author) author) the by (translated f p.25 Caminada’s work. His attitude can be can attitude His work. Caminada’s . p. 132 ff ff p.132 . 75 77

76 e walls, the mountainsthe walls, e

loring the limits the loring e but looks like looks but e ction method ction oted in his in oted tions, that tions, valid for ripheral a ly al Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. planks as a weather protection can be found in traditional barns in Vrin in barns traditional in found be can protection weather a as planks covered be to used that constructions, simple Such water. splashing again resistance better its to due improvement significant a was latter The one. upper the or log lower the into either cutting by secured was reached easily t degr certain a and able surfaces flat its to due areas bearing straight were maintain carpenters elements, rectangular Using cross-section. rectangular a transitionthe is areas, most inobserved be can thatbuildings, log of development 78 basic type consists of round timber with interlocking corners. layering of timbers. Major attention should be given to the corner solutions. The Log construction contemporaryserve needs without copying it. enhancements to show how a traditional construction method can be reinterpreted to

wood.in is abandoned nowadays in favour of concrete or method brick structures that are ultimately clad construction this obligatory, are buildings traditionally-looking where timber-frame areas, to touristic in Even comparedinevitable. are dwindling wood of result a of as warps and buildings amount huge a consumes it Further, logs. spatial layout of the rooms since the rooms are normally not larger than the size playfully pushed it towards its limits itstowards it pushedplayfully Caminada Gion adopted constructionthisof mode hisin highlycontextual workand stripsare typical a feature of traditional houses inVrin. Such constructions, with characteristic protruding corner ends, that resemble Zwerger, Zwerger, Wood and Wood Joints: Building Traditions of Europe, Japan and China and Europe,Japan of Traditions Building Joints: Wood and Wood can be found all across Europe and Asia. It is defined by the horizontal . 78

Figure 56

– Traditional log constructions . It comes with certain restrictionsregardingcertainthewithcomes It 78

The logs’ position w st an ae and water rain ih wooden with . p. 140 ff p.140ff . ee of sealing of ee . alternative A further A pilaster of the most ere to o

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. site. such of advantage constructionisthe high amount prefabricationof andthe short constructiontime The on people. local the by acceptance facilitates and emotions other Therefore 79 aia eape ae Cam are examples Radical

Figure Schlorhaufer, Schlorhaufer, 79 . 57

h cre dtis ok iia t hsoi lg osrcin. hs creates This constructions. log historic to similar look details corner The (Fig.57, 58)

– CornerDetails projects:in Caminadas a he didn’t knit a Cul Zuffel e l’aura Dado, Gion A. Caminada GionA. Dado, l’aura e Zuffel Cul single logs but put prefabricated timber girders one upon the inada’s Building, d Building,

early barn constructions that he started in 1995. in started he that constructions barn early – b b – Mazlaria, CaminadaBarn d 79

b – Telephone Booth,c . p.51 f . c – Communal Mortuary

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. generating of top on laid are logs rectangular The 55). (Fig. site the of topography th with play roofs pitch single characteristic Its church. the below village t of outskirts the at placed is group barn The aesthetics. characteristic its church th of east Vitg, Sut group barn the in butchery the gives construction light very A 80 their deflection. Solely the different fibre directionSolelydifferentthefibre deflection.theallowstheir construction whereas others support the horizontal boards of the facade and inne the of endsfront thethemare of somefact, Inpurpose. graphic and decorative

betweenthe variable purposes of the small chunks.wooden Figure Schoper, 58

– Barn Caminada:"knitting"The ofwooden girders is thecorners visible at Ein Haus. Werk - Ding - Zeug? - Ding - Werk Haus. Ein a permeable wall (Fig. 57 a, Fig. 59). Small cubic logs seem to s to seem logscubic Small 59). Fig. a, 57 (Fig. wall permeable

p. 17 f p.17 f 80

server toserverdistinguish and the“eavesand each other each erve a just a erve minimize e specific e - purlins”. he

e r

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. homes buried. Since many elderly the before houses, their of chambers living the inside days three for relatives farewell. and grief of space contemporary more more noble. The ishouse and consists it of two chambers, yet one for houses, the body of farm the dece vernacular in chambers the of memories evokes atmosphere resu The surface. honey-coloured and shiny a interior the give to finish shellac deep-setwindowsrecallthetheplastered church. thestoneCamina wallsof church and the traditional corner solutions of the barns. The thickness of the main topic of the building and Caminada plays with t Caminadaplayswithbuilding and the topicof main understanding of the context the of understanding dee the shows clearly It 60). (Fig. cemetery the and church the to the church. The specific detailing of its corners both corners its of detailing specific The church. tradit the and barns surrounding the farmhouses (Fig. 61), whereas the white colour of the facade links resemblesit Strickbau double-layered Its

coffin willcoffin becarried to the graveyard this Along square. main the with building the links that lane small a faces only its However, it. enter to where decide people f so entrances, village two possesses profane the and church the of space sacred the between placed carefu is building cubic The level. architectural an on as well as town-planning An early masterpieceearlyAn istheCommunity Mortuary Building or Figure , Caminada designed a new building type for the village. the for type building new a designed Caminada 59 - The woodenThe chunksservedifferent- purposesmazlariadistinguish and the from don’t pass away at home but in Caminada’s work Caminada’s in .

rns naiat ue t ly hi late their lay to used inhabitants Vrin’s as it translates an old ritual into a into ritual old an translates it as he in nearby hospitals or nursing re topic of ambiguity both on aambiguityon both of topic ebe h plses f the of pilasters the semble StivaMortsda “Transition” is the is “Transition” p anthropological p symbolically with

the barns thebarns bi and abric da used a da wall and road the road adjacent y were y ional lting ased exit lly Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Caminada 81

andeveryday afternoon chats. lec public chamber-concerts, as just purposes other serve can room upper The reflection. and commemoration single or communal for one and floor lower the in

Schlorhaufer Figure 60 , „Unterwegs zum Bauen“ p. 110 ff 110p. Bauen“ zum ,„Unterwegs - The its- Building, Community color Mortuary andmassiveappearance itvisually with link , Cul Zuffel e l e Zuffel Cul baroque church and distinguishand baroque itfrom church thevillage fabric ’aura Dado, Gion A. Caminada GionA. Dado, ’aura 81

. p.38ff.

the tures

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

prpit tme ro srcue Te lgn srcue ifrnits between differentiates structure elegant The structure. roof timber appropriate model as serve couldn’t farm formal vernacular aSince hall. the find inside span to large extremely was the for task language major The village. the of tradition building the reflect positionedthe project dramatically at the edge theof cliff. He used local pin th to connected is existing building via hall a sloped new ramp. As it The is the tourists. only profane assembly and room, Caminada villagers the for events sports and evening the In classes. sports for school local the by used is it day, 55 Fig. 54, (Fig. village the of end south the marks cliff Multipurposea of edge the is thesis this for Communityadjacent toHall theschool in Vrin. position Itsprominent above the on interest special of building public Another Figure 61 - Floor Plan,- SectionDetailsand thedouble- showing ofda Morts the Stiva s aiaa n te nier üg ozt ivne a invented Conzett Jürg engineer the and Caminada ,s 83

). Throughout the Throughout ). they host cultural host they layered‘Strickbau’ e wood e to houses

n e

in timberconstructions. The section theof Haus Walpen, residentiala buildi upgrading of possibilities other show Caminada by designed examples more Two displ village. building The surrounding economy. the contrasting without local aesthetics minimalistic almost contemporary, the promoted he Furthermore, village. blend school the make to facade the for forest communal the in harvested l used Caminada floor. overlying the of parapets the to hung is ceiling the Caminada to implement one large window in allowed each facade. Above also these large construction opening This tension. the sustain to reinforcement conventional l almost work timbers the Subsequently, parts. two the betweenconnection the concrete.concreteThe poured into shallow holesdrilled planksthe into t ceilings consist of tongue and grooved timbers (14 x 20cm) and a 14cm layer classrooms.T thein ninespanmeters of supportto a two bearingaxes in ceiling concrete a above constructed is basement that serves as a plinth. He used a building wood-concrete hybrid constructi timber three-storeyed The examples. innovativ most the of one is 1995 in planned Caminada an that Vrin, of materials east village modern with it combine techniques to construction contemporary fear not does and construction log the of aware is He style.vernacular the copy not does Caminada general, In composite concrete-wood ceiling though ceiling concrete-wood composite field stonefield blocks. b ground the from raised were that barns traditional recall They pillars. stonework massive on rests and ground the from elevated is Walpen House moisture. soil and concreteplinthpreservea theconstructionwood erectedto on splashinghou from Both winters. cold the in loss heat the limits cm 25 to up of comfortableinsulation a achieve Thermal technique. to Strickbau the panellingin realized are wood walls load-bearing in The character. clad projects both in is rooms the m of interior The logs. wooden of consist ceiling the Instead, 63). (Fig. facade Schlorhaufer, Schlorhaufer, Ibid., p. 75 ff ff Ibid.,p.75 2002 shows striking similarities with the school of Duvin (Fig. 64). s createds using local materials(Fig. 62) 83

Cul Zuffel e l’aura Dado, Gio Dado, l’aura e Zuffel Cul

n A. Caminada A. n . 84 h eeetr sho o Dvn a small a Duvin, of school elementary The .

that allows large openings in the school’s the in openings large allows that 82

. p.93ff . . It It is missing the o ngrealized arch wood arch new form guarantee on for the limits of limits of in situ into the into ses are ses water ost of of ost ike a ike hese ays s, d y e e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 62

Figure – The structureThe ofthe theMultifunctionalloads highlightswithout quotingthe logics Hall a of 63 - Large openings identify the school in Duvin as acontempor - Duvin Largeopeningsschool in the identify vernacular idol vernacular idol 85

ar y building y building

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 64 - (right)- ComparisonDuvin Single in School in Walpenfamily house Section: (left) in and

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. tried be andinitiated in the area.Dong similarity of their theory and methodsindicates that a comparable project to Vrin c Jing Jing calls them in a less abstract way “space production” and “culture production wher meaning”, of “production and knowledge” of “production production”, f creating of narratives their cerate to terms similar very use Maogong in Jing Zuo and Caminada that is finding interesting An the newbutchery enabled an outlook into a prosperous future. workamongvillagers.theworkshohis Theamplification the localofcarpentry acceptance broad a to led that importantbenefits economic and mostsocial the are The contributions Vrin. of success the describe to insufficient is interventions C of analysis architectural an that aware am I Nevertheless, needs of modernin living the alpine climate. houses family single of projects updated carefully his Furthermore, landscape. d that projects in resulted the of variations His playful yet careful method. His centuries. the construction over changed barely local the that system of a reinterpret to him allowed research traditions craft local the with in-depthengagement the on based types the rethinking of traditional typologies, the implementation of contemporary building include that work multi-faceted a realized has Caminada level, architectural an On becanused for a project in asDimen well. The multi-levelled analysis of Gion Caminada Gion of analysismulti-levelled The Findings

the the uniqueness of this successful project, certain aspects of the accumulated kn on how on a remotevillagein thecountryside becanled to Despiteprosperousa future. a tog es o place. of sense strong on’t contrast with the vernacular buildings and the culturalthe and vernacularbuildings the with contraston’t . Both refer directly or indirectly to Lefè to indirectly or directly refer Both aiaa ss eèves em o “product of terms Lefèbvre’s uses Caminada 87

’ s work in Vrin tries to give an answeran give to tries Vrin inwork s mnd’ rjcs and projects aminada’s bvre’s theorybvre’s owledg eas Zuo eas system fit the fit ”. p andp Th an of e e s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 85 existing building already accommodates children from nearby Dengcen villagDengcenaccommodatesnearbyfromchildren buildingalready existing 2 Since background: real a has building school new a designing of task The othershape. couldn’timagineany them most of life, everydaytheir from theyknow type building ubiqu the to Due building. school ideal their draw to province Jiangxi in pupils asked Framework) Urban (Rural RUF studio research architectural The Maogong. town nearby the in example for and villagessurrounding the in types similar find classrooms in the south and an outside corridor facing the walled playground. We c the residential buildings. Its generic typology is common in rural China. It consists stil is it size, its to surroundingofdensethewithcontrasts and centreDimentheof in objectdominant Due look. pseudo-vernacular a evoke to top on put was wind-and-rain the of shape traditional the resembling roof A surroundings. mass the 2003 volumeof the building was cladinto Inwooden boardswith the intention to fitinto Hall. Multipurpose a of construction new the and 1980s the in built Dimen of centre the in school elementary the of replacementthe is task The The 5.1 Task d sections, plans, visualisations.Afinal conclusion reflects onthe findings thisof thesis w as in presented subsequently is itself design The site. of the existing spatial conditions as well as the activities and behaviour of the public buildings in the centre of Dimen village. The site analysis includes new projecting of task the of introduction the with starts part design following The 84 5.

considerations preliminary the all introducedso far. incorporating intervention architectural becomes inevitable. To restore bui a cohesive newimage of the of village centre constructionI prop the or extension an Therefore, School. Elementary will children affected the and close will villages nearby the in schools el smaller the since years next the in necessary become will extension an Bolchover and Lin, Lin, Bolchoverand Lee,

Design Proposal Design Kam Women Artisans of China: Dawn of theofButterflies Dawn China: of Artisans Women Kam 84 (Fig. 65) Rural Urban Framework: Transforming the Chinese Countryside Chinese the Transforming Framework: Urban Rural

. p. 15 p.15 . attend Dimen attend a description arm and iagrams ose a subtle hole. . p.1 . ementary locals on 008 the 008 e. Bridge 11 ldings 85 itous the l But

the ive of an of Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 65 - Drawings - children ofby their ideal school re

countryside countryside 89

ca ll the prevailing genericlltheprevailing type Chinesein the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. school, as mentioned above, is covered with covered is above, mentioned as school, T constructions. hybrid wood and concrete even or brick and concrete of made stage drama the from apart are, buildings existing The building. public use mixed The site covers the area of the existing school, the adjacent rice paddi jams. traffic frequent causes vehicles motorized of number increasing an since place a narrow wind-and-rain bridge. The bridge largely lost its function as a public meetin along the village’s main thoroughfaremain village’s the along site The stretches from thecentral thesouth squarein toriver the bankst in 5.2

vivid public life at the very cent maininactiveroad. is the an It street interface in placea that bearsgreat potentialfor weakness of the site is the long and monotonous wall separating the pla Dimen. end of the site was used as a storage space for southe construction the material at both timessquare small The river. the towards flows canal open small a them, In visitors. and locals pupils, to goods household and food the offer of buildings front in even and between concrete, of made cheaply stores, grocery village the of plan site the in disorder clear a yet interface street orientationof the houses followsthe topography. Thisorientation provides anactive where morphology village surrounding the neglecting facade main their with figure: The medical building, the teachers, urban apartment anddebatable the yet guesthouse interestingface th an form wall the of opposite road main the of side It is rarely used today used rarely is It The mixed use building is not a wooden construction but a concrete and andvillagers. concrete and brick. The stage is closed most of the time and seldomly build canteen constructed recently a and 2000s early the in constructed was that stage drama A yard.school the in situated are buildings moreTwo 68). Fig. Site Analysis Site

an d will be replaced with a multipurpose hall. An apparent An hall. multipurpose a with replaced be will d re of the village (Fig. (Fig. 66). This main street crosses the river viariver the crossesstreet mainThis (Fig.66). 90

a picturesque timber cladding (Fig. 67, (Fig. cladding timber picturesque 69 ). The buildings along the west . Tiny single-room Tiny . es and an existing used by students yground from wood hybrid. ing made of made ing he north he I visited front of front e e road large the he rn g ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 66 - Site plan 1|1000 - 91

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 68 - South facadetopped- the kindergart ofapicturesquethe by school building roof, Figure 67 - The massiveThe - dwarfs school villagebuilding thesurrounding fenced courtyard fenced courtyard 92

en is located behind thebehind enislocated

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 70 -

Figure The border playground therecently adramaand canteen built stageconstructed in 2000 69 - The wallThe along- themain street iscolo painted 93

ur fully by the pupils thepupils fully by

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 71 - Axonometric - DimenCenter Village

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sketches and observations from May the 2 the May fromobservations and sketches three days in a row at 10:00, 12:00 and 16:00 respectively. The map (Fig. 7 centrethe visited I site, on activities the of overview an get to order In Patterns Activity

ncesblt o te tg ad h udrsd idadri big ae lost are bridge wind-and-rain wall underused long the the andopportunities that will beconsidered thein design proposal. through stage expressed the school of the inaccessibility of seclusion the However, ti their spend generations different and vivid is centre the up, it sum To centre. it bridge narrow the inside quality and acceptable still it’s observations, my to according However, paved. was Town Maogong to road the since increasing is road thealong traffic motorized the that said be must itpoint this At square. main concrete shops along the main street from vendors with mobile kitchens (Fig. 7 (Fig. kitchens mobile with vendors from street main inthe along snacks shops concrete buy to ground school the leave children the break, lunch the pe of full is centre village the day, the of time this At site. on locals the eoe mr qit pr fo te os o bs cntuto st nab. I nearby. site construction busy and vegetables of of kinds all selling truck noise small a witnessed furthermore the from apart quiet more becomes truck unloading construction material at the square. After the lunch break, the ce queuing with their babies on the back in front of the small clinic for medication and wome include centre the in activities Other wall. perimeter the within playground th on stays majority the However, road. main the along buildings the of porches evengoto the towerdrum to meet their relatives spendor their break in the el the of Some children: by flooded is centre village The day. the of time pe virtually is border clear a be to seemsthat wall schoolpainted The Figure 72 - Woman - of Yinbreak selling food Zhai to thepupils lunch during doesn’t pose a great ris great a pose doesn’t apart from the aforementioned loss of spatial of loss aforementioned the from apart 96

around midday shows the behaviour ofbehaviour the shows middayaround k to the activities in the in activities the to k

rmeable at that at rmeable of Dimen forDimen of ople: During ople: fruit 3) 3) based on der pupils der me there. me h small the covered covered on the , ntre the 2) n e e a .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 73 - Activityp - attern s(drawnthesiteon basedtheauthor by on hisobservations)

C C

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. serve as a place for people waiting in front of the medical building or simply meeting place foror villagers building medical the of front in waiting people for place a as serve the from street corridor covered The corridor. main covered open an by thereplaced be will playground separating wall existing the space public surrounding the of quality the increase further to order In evening. the in villagers the for place a and day the during pupils the for hall sports a as such purposes different thesis. this of part design the of core the forms that Dimen of centre the inenvisaged be will multipurpose hall new a Furthermore,spaces. learning informal offering location a but institution diversity high a reform with skills social andknowledge promising education, frightening a more no is school The chi the for environment learning scale human a provides village the of spaces fine-graine the recalls that structure campus-like A fabric. village surrounding the th volumes small into school elementary new the divide to is idea main volumetric in aelaborated are corridor shaded the asand hall multipurpose the contrast, and level urban an at projected be will building school detai of levels different in implemented is center village the of redesign The 5.3Overview Design

to taketo over the role of the nearby wind-a for the children during the breaks. As a linear space designed to meet school and the public centre. It further can be a shelter for w choice several has reasons: buildin timber as envisaged are hall multipurpose the and school new The programmewill bevery similar, just minoradaptations are necessary. will ne the year, Since villages. neighbouring the the of children the of for accommodation most empty stays which guesthouse, the street, the traffic jams and therefore lost its function as a gathering place. On the oppos 1. 2.

ilg wl ices te cetne f h bidn aog h locals generates the revenues for thelocal econo among building the of acceptance the increase will village the in working teams their and carpenters of participation The economy. The new construction of such a large object shall create revenues f rcs. ute, t a b asmld n dsebe esl. t us Its easily. structural elements in a post-and-beam- dissembled and assembled be can it Further, process. analyticalpart of the thesis. It is locallyavailable, easy to transport and fast to the deterioration of the architectural quality of the Dong area discussed in the to transformationsleadthat the antithesis to istheconstruction a as Timber imageto village. architecture. This structure i

. It is a permeable yet clear border between the realm of the s a ‘genetic code’ that contributes to the cohesive 98 nd

-rain bridge that isaffected byoccasional my structure is the essence of the Dong’s .

omen who prepare snacks and chat, it aims of formal andformal of at blend into blend at It can serve can It detail. The detail. e sd as used be or the local gathering ite side of td. In study. w spatial w gs. This gs. g as age l: The l: ldren. and as a as can d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

the future. the in constructions timber of acceptance broader a to lead might This parents. the new school will gain a different view on the built environment than the in youth of their of time generation of amount considerable next a spend will The which villagers, Area. Minority Dong the and Dimen for future Thenew buildingwillserve architecturalan as role model for an alternative Figure 74 - Diagrams - of the newandold situation 99

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 75 - Demolition - plan

100

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure

76 - Site Plan including the DesignSite the Planincluding - Proposal

101

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

102

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

104

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

106

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure

79 - Elevation West- 1|200 107

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Dong village:Dong isIt actually a reinterpretationof the wind- nearby space public linear traditional the of role the on takes further It doctor. the for patients as well as it use may breaks during children the for snacks provide is no longer a secluded place for learning but an active part of the village. W theTherefore,outside. the and inside the betweenconnection visual a allows blac with covered structure wooden The villagers. and pupils both for place As it lies in between the realm of the school and the realm of the village wall that separates the school from the street this corridor provides a transition space. painte the Replacing corridor. the is detail in propose I that intervention first The Shaded Corridor

Figure 80 - Detail Corridor - Shaded 108

an d-rainbridge. it is a meeting omen who waiting school school k tiles k in a in d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. economy. – constructiThe building.new identification thestrong with a and villagers skil the of display abovethe panels on ground floorserve as a reinforcements to bear lateral forces bo wooden the view, of point structural a From space. main large the structure neir f h tme hue bt iia t te neir f h du twr the towers drum users. the for the legible and visible of remain will interiorstructure the to similar but houses timber the of interior to contrast In style. construction traditional the resembles buildings residential h la baig tutr i cmltl md o lcl od f h su the of The forests. wood local of made completely is structure bearing load The covered outdoor corridor provides seating opportunities for the s pupils during breaks. the to buffer as serves building neighbouring the of porch the extends a Just realm. public the faces directly it whereas sides public less the mai the encircle rooms secondary L-shaped result a As hall. the to is added pupils and teachers for wardrobes accommodating zone service another north, Large library. children.small this from hall the main the to connection for visual a enable roomwindows relaxation and reading small a propose I floor first access to a storage spaces the neighbouringoffice building. Astaircase is locatedin thisservice space providi anteroom small a to leads adjacent to the villagers main space. It the is placed in the for lower volume that separates square the the facing entrance main The the wood and glass panels allows visual connection between the inside and natural directly openings facilitate of beneath row the roof. In winter they times the hall a can be closed. However, the transparency through summer, enhanced further in is airflow Opened The ventilation. outdoor. the and indoor bo between the blur panels glass and wood Large entirely. opened be can street main theDuring and hot humidsummer season the ground floor facing the square held. c exhibitionsassembliesor visitors, and researches workshops forAdditionally, Apart from that it serves a gathering place for the locals in the afternoon and e or music workshops, classes, art for surrounding ideal an is It hall. the th throughou school the of amplification an as serve will it Programmatically, future. a past or new and old betweencatalyst a it makes Zhai Mang of tower drum large to the outside world. Its situation between the realm of the elementary s between the different generations living in Dimen spacas well communicationas a place a for as serve will It village. the in conditions living current the answean is villagethe coretheof spacein coveredlargepublica of proposalThe The Hall Multipurpose

ut ie n Gion in like just e day. Activities and classes that require a large indoor space can take plac take can space indoor large a require that classes and Activities day. e chuandou u cretrs ok hl la t a ra acpac aog the among acceptance broad a to lead shall work carpenter’s ful aiaas is poet i rn – Vrin in projects first Caminada’s construction supporting its roof, which is still used in recent in used still is which roof, its supporting construction , toilets and the public laundry room in the basement. On the 109

La il otiue o h local the to contribute will rge columns and tie beams tie and columns rge colonnade that colonnade representation chool and the the outside. ven sports. ven n space on space n on process on rrounding uh The outh. hall from evening. e inside e andthe To the To an be an . The. rders ards the r tor nd ng of e t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 81 - Floor1|100 Plan00 - 110

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 82 - Floor1|100 Plan01 - 111

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 83 - Floor Plan -01 1|100 Floor-01 Plan - 112

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 84 - Activities - inside theMultipurpose Hall 113

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

114

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 85 - Elevation1|100 South - 115

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

116

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 86 - Elevation1|100 North - 117

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

118

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 87 - Perspective - Section1|75 119

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

120

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 88 - Perspective - Section1|75 121

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 89 - Axonometric - Summer View | Winter 122

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 90 - Axonometric - Drawing Explosion

123

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure

– Detail: Section 1|50 124

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figur e 92 - Detail: - Elevation West 1|50 125

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 93 - Detail: - 1|50 Elevation South 126

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure

94 - Perspective - View ofthe Multipurpose Hall 127

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure 95 - Perspective - View ofthe Interior 128

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. rdtoa Dn tplge ad eoain. w mi sotoig o this of shortcomings cent main tourist that Two are development decorations. and typologies Dong traditional c by images strong create to aims industry tourist the all, of First categories. three into environment built the of transformation the classified part research The Conclusion6.1 6.

respects the century-old knowledge of the architectural heritage. Yet it is cl is it Yet heritage. architectural the of knowledge century-old the respects pleasant a local inconstructed multifunctionalhall,The surroundings. the to school the generate courtyards learning different contemporary experience for the children. A andlong corridor, resembling a a wind-and-rain brid as volumes school Smaller elementary the environment. for cluster new a propose designpart. After analysingspatial the shortcomings village thecenterof in Dimen, I the of base theoretical the are Switzerland and Maogong in projects the Especially successfula example similar theto Maogong Project. Switzerland, in Lumnezia transformedandrevitalized thewith commitment Val of the Architect GionCaminada is of region remote the of study case The term. long were products promotedin exhibitions. Thefuture will show, ifthe project willbesuccessful local Further, town. the across micro-interventions implemented construction of a new saw mill and a carpentry. They reused abandoned building with economy local the enhance to aim architects and curators The countryside. Thirdly,theexample theof MaogongProject, showed an alternative to engage i faceless and places. generic into turn villages more and more resilient very be to proved settleme the of appearance Although cohesivesome traditional elements like the and black tiled gable roof aestheticand the threaten generations become en vogue among the villagers. New large houses, that can ac have brick and concrete as such outside the from imported materials direction. Construction different a in points buildings residential of construction the Secondly, case the theof drum tower boom traditionsLocal variations of therich architectural heritage getas lost, showed I wit contemporary building, designed for different groups of users and manifold

Conclusion Conclusion .

re bcm Dn tee ak dsnae from disengaged parks theme Dong become s 129 commodate three wooden porches ac ge links tivities. onthe opying timber early n then s and nts. the h a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. theto vast urbanizedareas in China. populationandits lifestyle willbesocially accepted anplaycanequal countand the cases, such In areas. remote in people for income of source a provide can th in implemented products niche other or food special of production scale way: sustainable a in developed be will economy local the that areas, rural for future. Architecture is of course just a minor part of such a development. It is es su a tocontribute to villages theinside players as butplanners, top-down as countrysidethe in act toarchitectsbeginning opportunityfor great a see I sense, should participate in projects that lead to a prosperous future of the Dong area. In th stakeholdersinactingall Instead,path. right the be cannot museums into villages entire turns that approach top-down A carefully: very out carried be implemented.furtherSuchprojectsh beshould area Dongthe in environment constructed and tested andconstructed Future can houses model institutions.private as well as buildings public structures, timber the enhanced in Prototype method. archived design by research a are on focus should research elevationsarchitectural and plans their disappear researchers vanishing ha vanishing of risk the at are that architecture, and traditions ancient The research. further for Thecurrent situation in the Chinesecountryside offers an interesting and broad fie 6

.2 Future Perspective . ve vn f h taiinl ibr f h Dn Mnrt bidns will buildings Minority Dong the of timber traditional the if Even been document been . Planning regulations that secure the rich heritage of the builttheofheritage richsecure theregulations Planningthat ed by Chinese institutions as well as by international by as well as institutions Chinese by 130

e countrysidee e villages e stainable sential Small erpart ave toave rural this s of s not be ld

ocoe,Jsu, n Jh Lin. John and Joshua, Bolchover, ont Cnie “tnc ors Dvlpet Peiiay aa o te Dong the for Data Preliminary Development: Tourism “Ethnic Candice. Cornet, Chio, Jenny. “Rendering Rural Modernity: Rural “Rendering Jenny. Chio, ——— Chen, Che Chen, Cai, Ling, Peter W. Ferretto, and Yi Deng. Caminada. A. Gion and Cla, Büchi, Dmn og c Msu. Acse Nvme 2, 2019. 25, November Accessed Museum.” Ferretto, Peter W., and Ling Cai. “Village Prototypes: A Survival Strategy f Eco Dong “Dimen Caminada, Gion A. “Faith in Community.” In Community.” in “Faith A. Gion Caminada, Frampton, Kenneth. “Towards a Critical Regionalism.” In History rde o te Dong.” the of Bridges oes hns o te og ioiy rhtcue n Is Development Its and Architecture Evolution.” In Minority Dong the of Chinese Towers Countryside https://doi.org/10.1080/13602360802453517. Reality Challengesand China.” Zhaoxing, of Village https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X17735368. ors Village.” Tourism China Migrant- a of Study Case A Villages: Home Birkhäuser, 2018. Structures Timber Historic of Preservation - Gleichen ».”Zentralschweiz Vom Quantum Gewisses MinorityRural Villages.” http://dimen.ffmm.com/past_present_future.html. on the Contemporarytheon Landscape 2016. . Unterwegs Zum Bauen - Ein Gespräch Über Architektur Mit Flor Mit Architektur Über Gespräch Ein - Bauen Zum Unterwegs Jones, Peter, and Xuemei Li. “What Can a Brid a Can “What Li. Xuemei and Peter, Jones, n. “Why Migrant Workers in China Continue to Build Large Houses in Houses Large Build to Continue China in Workers Migrant “Why n. 46, no. (2020): 5 521 .Vol. London60. andNew York: BloomsburyAcademic, 2016. . Rural UrbanFrameworks 22 (2011).22 Proceedings of the 20th IIWC International Conference and Symposi Architecture and Ritual: How Buildings Shape Society BuildingsShape How Ritual: Architectureand ,2009, 193 JournalArchitecture of Jo – rtqe f Anthropology of Critique ra o Architecture of urnal 54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700419875393. ua Ubn rmwr: rnfrig h Chinese the Transforming Framework: Urban Rural . Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: in Development Regional and Minorities Ethnic Berlin:Jovis, 2013. “Um Differenz Zu Beschreiben, Braucht Es Ein Es Braucht Beschreiben, Zu Differenz “Um – 203. 131 .Basel: Birkh

“A Study of Spectacle and Power in a Chinese Ethnic Chinese a in Power and Spectacle Landscript 3: Topology: Topical ThoughtsTopical Topology: 3: Landscript eie b IOO, 51 ICOMOS, by edited , atn Acietr m ltg Der Alltag Im Architektur Karton: Sending Village in Anhui.” in Village Sending 25,no. (2020): 1 1 3 n. (08: 565 (2008): 5 no. 13, the Timber Structure of Drum ä user, 2014. ge Be? The Wind and Rain and Wind The Be? ge The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on 21, 1 2017, , ian Aicher ian – . 23. Architectural – or Chinese 1 Falun, 61. Modern . Basel: – – 22. 84. um Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Lee, MarieAnna. Kong, Derong.“The Dong Architecture:Oral Carpenter, Architecture and Geary,D.Norman, Ruth B. Geary,Chaoquan Ou, Long Yaohong,Jiang Daren, and Geary,D.N., and C. Ou. Li, Changjie. Li, Wang,Meiqin. Lefèbvre, Henri.

Tan, Amy.“Village onthe Edge of Time.” Oakes,Timothy S. Loos,Adolf. “Regeln Den, Für Derin BergenDen Baut.” In “LipingClimate.” Accessed September 18, 2019.https://de.climate Li, Yajuan, Li, Sarah ——— Ruan, Xing. Schoper,Tom. Schlorhaufer,Bettina. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16599/. Phenomenaamong the RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. JiyingWang. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162297.i-298. NormanD. Geary Haar. Brill, 2007. CambridgeScholars Publishing, 2018. Postmodern Culture Verlag, 2016. HermannCzech, Tom Emerson,Hans Kollhoff,Valerio Olgiati Societies CommerceAuthenticity.”of Schwarzwald’schenSchulanstalten data.org/asien/china/hunan/liping-976700/. 61. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2015.1011162. Prov EverydayPolitics of Tourism in Three Ethnic Minority Villages, Guizhou 新华书店经銷 Culture 2005. http://cataleg.upc.edu/record=b1271141~S1*cat. Honol .“Empowerment in the Practice of Making and Inhabiting.” ince,China.” ulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007. 1, no. 2 (1996):no. 1, 2 211 AllegoricalArchitecture: Living Myth Architectonicsand Southern in China ,1997, 35 GuibeiMinjian Jianzhu EinHaus. -DingWerk Zeug? - Gespr Socially EngagedArt Contemporary in China TheProduction of Space Turner,and HaiyangCui. “Confrontationsand Concessions: An KamWomen Artisans China: of Dawnof Butterfliesthe “Ethnic Tourismin RuralGuizhou: Senseof Place and the TheKamPeople China:of Turning Nineteen , , 1990. Cul Zuffell’auraDado, e Gion A. C – Journal of Tourism Culturaland Change , , 17 71. Life in a Kam Village in Southwest China,1930-1949 – 34.NewYork: Press,New 1998. DongPeople in Southwest China,”of 2016. – 38.https://doi.org/10.1177/135918359600100204. Tourism,Ethnicity, Statetheand in Asian Pacifiand 桂北民間建築 , , 25ff. Wien, 1913. . Oxford:. BasilBlackwell Ltd., 1991. 132 National Geographic

ä cheMit Gion A.Caminada, .Beijing: aminada . SociallyEngaged Art in JahrbuchDer 中国建筑工业出版社 . London: 05 (2008):104 14,no. (2016): 1 45 .Luzern : Quart, . Wien:Passagen Journal ofMaterial - .Cambridge: . Edited. by – 25. – . c : Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ———

—— ——— Zwerger,Klaus. Zhou,Zhengxu, Ziyu

— Birkhäuser, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1179/mon.2007.55.1.012. of Phytoremediationof Bangkok: OrchidPress, 2006. 10, 10, no.12 (2018): 1 Case of Dong Villagesin Southeast Guizhou, China.” VillageConstruction Adapted Livelihood,to Topography, and Hydrology: A https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429457074. ContemporaryChina .“Die Getreideharfen . . VanishingTradition: ArchitectureCarpentryand of DongMinoritythe in Chi Wood Woodand Joints: Building Traditions of Europe, Japan Chinaand DieArchitektur Dongder Jia, Nian Wang,and Ming Fang.“Sustainable Mountain 21,no. 1 471(2007): – . York:New Routledge, 2019. 24. 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124619. d er er Dong:EinSpezifikum in China.”

. Schlebr. 133

– 512. ü gge Editor,gge 2013. Sustainability(Switzerland) InternationalJournal . Basel: na .

Figure 2 -2 Figure (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing Minority’s habitat (ruled in grey). (based on a drawing by Xi by drawing ona (based grey). in (ruled habitat Minority’s ofcentre theDong the in situated is Grey) in (highlighted County Liping -3 Figure (redrawn from Li, 1990, p. 32) p.32) Li, 1990, from (redrawn 1990 and 1980 between Guangxi in Sanjiang county in Village Ma'an Map -of 4 Figure (redrawn from Li, 1990, p. 56) p.56) Li, 1990, from (redrawn fa rural thedense between spaces leftover unplanned seemingly lanesare Mazy -5 Figure author, 15.11.2017) 15.11.2017) author, 6 Figure 16.11.2017) 16.11.2017) author,the (imageby Dimen in bridge wind-and-rain decorated Richly - 7 Figure colourfully decorated (image by the author, 30.04.2018) 30.04.2018) author,the by (image decorated colourfully struct octagonal roof an shows 1997 in built Dengcen in tower drum The -8 Figure by the author, 17.11.2017) 17.11.2017) author, theby Figure 16 -16 Figure University, edited by the author) author) theby edited University, Tongji of students by (axonometric ground theabove suspended is column middle the built village Dengcen in tower drum octagonal the of system Structural -9 Figure Figure 14 - Enclosed Sa Altar in Dimen (image by the author, 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) author, the(imageby Dimen in AltarSa Enclosed -14 Figure (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing gallery openan with Dimen in house constructed of recently a section Cross -17 Figure place (image by the author, 30.04.2018) 30.04.2018) author, theby place(image gathering used as itis materials, construction by surrounded is Stage Drama Yin -10 Figure Figure 15 Figure by the author, 17.11.2017) 17.11.2017) author, theby pillars spectacular demands village Dengcen in house this of location The -11 Figure author) author) frames that are tied together with large beams (image by the author, 16.11 author, the by (image beams large with tiedtogether are framesthat (image by the author, 16.11.2017) 16.11.2017) author, theby (image t of at edge the grouped onstiltsbuiltare Dimen in granaries The -12 Figure Figure 18 - Wood-and-Concrete Drum Tower in Rongjiang topping out at 50 at out topping Rongjiang in Tower Drum Wood-and-Concrete -18 Figure Figure 13 - This village gate in Dimen covers two pathways and offers benches tores benchesoffers and twopathways covers Dimen in gate village This 13- Figure 20.03.2020) (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guizhou/2014-07/23/content_17908969. drum tower (Ruan, 2007, p. 132) p.132) 2007, (Ruan, tower drum stag opera an bridge, ofa elements combining Sanjiang in Tower Drum -19 Figure (https://easytourchina.wordpress.com/tag/trip- megastructure a to roofscapes traditional combines gate oversiz constructed recently the village, of Zhaoxing View Bird's-eye -20 Figure ...... – – – Research Methodology (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Methodology Research View above a cohesive roofscape in the center of Dimen Village (image by theby (image Village Dimen of center theroofscape in above cohesive a View Map of the People’s Republic of China highlighting Guizh highlighting China of Republic thePeople’s Map of A recently built ganlan structure of a residential building showing preassemb showing building residential a of structure ganlan built Arecently Typical joint details of the Dong Minority’s construction system construction Minority’s of theDong details joint Typical ...... 134

to -zhaoxing-guizhou/, attended 01.12.2019) attended -zhaoxing-guizhou/, ...... ng Ruan, 1996, p.212) 1996, Ruan, ng ou, Hunan and Guangxi and Guangxi ou,Hunan .2017) .2017) ...... (drawing by the the by (drawing he village village he htm, attended attended htm, meters ed entrance entrance ed ...... in 1997, in e and a and e ...... ure and is and ure t t (image (image

(i mage

led bric . 10 11 12 13 23 14 19 24 15 20 16 17 25 18 28 30 29 3 6 6

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Maogong Town (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Town Maogong Ladon ofLouda, crossroadsthe onarea mountainous a in situated is Dimen -21 Figure

mountain ranges (based on a CAD file provided by Prof. Wang Hongjun) Wang Prof. by fileprovided CAD ona (based ranges mountain valleythebetwee in location showing the of Dimen map Topographical -22 Figure Figure 23 - Map of Dimen showing 5 different Zhai (drawing by the author)theby (drawing Zhai 5different showing of Dimen Map 23- Figure Figure 24 - Map of Dimen showing the waterways and ponds (drawing by the author) theauthor) by (drawing ponds and waterways the showing ofDimen Map-24 Figure Figure 2 Figure Figure 26 - The Dimen Dong Eco Museum in a lush landscape (photo taken before 201 before taken (photo lushalandscape in Museum Eco Dong Dimen The -26 Figure former rice paddies (image by the author, 17.11.201 author, the by (image paddies rice former the occupy buildings new 2017, November in Museum DongEco Dimen The -27 Figure author, 17.11.2017) 17.11.2017) author, to public private from layers spatial the showing lane A-wide 28 Figure author, 01.05.2018) 01.05.2018) author, (ima used rarely is 2007, tower,in built drum main octagonal The -29 Figure 01.05.2018) 01.05.2018) by (image eattogether to fang Ka in assembles group working Each 30- Figure (image by the author, 18.11.2017) 18.11.2017) author, theby (image quality architectural any lacks village Yin in dininghall brick and concrete The 31- Figure by the author, 18.11.2017) 18.11.2017) author, theby (image background the in seen be can vegetation dense with covered altarSa village,a Yin in adminisformer the and building communitya is kah dganc old The 32- Figure author, 18.11.2017) 18.11.2017) author, (imag bridge wind-and-rain central the towards alongriver the 33View - Figure Figure 35 - Wooden House built in 1985 (image by the author, 16.11.2017) 16.11.2017) author, theby (image 1985 in built House 35Wooden - Figure Dimen (based on research by student of Tongji University and the author) author) the and University Tongji of student by onresearch (based Dimen in builtenvironment the of construction modestheof analyzing Diagrams -34 Figure structure (image by the author, 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) author, the by (image structure 36 Figure by the author, 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) author, theby g household modern and firepit moveable a depicting hall Entrance -37 Figure cantilevering first floor (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing floor first cantilevering 40 Figure drawing by students of Tongji University) University) Tongji of students bydrawing authe1985 (by in constructed Donghouse wooden a of Drawings 38- Figure the ground floors were filled in with brick work (below) (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing (below) work brick with filled in were floors ground the (above); buildings timber the to added been have kitchens steps nextthe In -41 Figure Ryoyu) Ryoyu) Shen student Tongjiby drawings on based author,the by bricks (drawing and concrete in constructed partly Dimen in Donghouse contemporary a of Drawings 39- Figure Figure 43 - The latest step is step latest The -43 Figure author) author) t by (drawing today of construction modes common theare (below) timberstoreys any 42 Figure any local features (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing features local any 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) theauthor by (image centre village the barin Karaoke a of site Construction - 44 Figure ...... 5 - Map of Dimen showing the public buildings (drawing by the author)the by (drawing buildings public the showing of Dimen Map - – – – The ground floor of this recently built houses is made of a concrete-and-brick concrete-and-brick a of madeis houses built thisrecently of floor ground The The traditional three bay houses are made of timber and often feature a feature and often timber of made bayhousesare three traditional The A ground floor entirely built out of concrete and brick (above) or houses without without houses or(above) brick and concrete outbuilt of entirely floor Aground ...... a flat-roofed three storey concrete and brick building lacking lacking building and brick concrete storey three flat-roofed ...... 135

...... 7)

...... (image by the by (image ...... ge by thebyge thor, based on based thor, oods (image oods trative centre trative theauthor, ...... e by the the by e ...... n twon ...... later later he 0) 0) g and gand , ...

. . 32 35 36 37 39 40 40 42 43

45 47 46 50 50 53 51 54 52 58 57 59 60 44 44

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. by the author, 17.11.2017) 17.11.2017) author, theby deco ecleticthe note farmland: the of edge onthe guesthouse A-new 45 Figure

wooden cladding was added to the facades (image by the author, 19.11.2017) author, the by (image facades the to added was cladding wooden -46 Figure architecture-studio, attended 20.11.2019) 20.11.2019) attended architecture-studio, 2019. p. 129) p.129) 2019. Renovati theafter and before Maogong in Art Center Granary The -48 Figure https://www.archdaily.com/921265/redevelopment- on based author, theby (drawing buildings itssurrounding in programs differentthe and ofcourtyards sequence the showing Center Art Granary of the Plan Floor -47 Figure 08.05 attended (www.aituiweixin.com/html/index.php/article-1791062, construction still was courtyard upper the Center, Art Granary of the view eye Bird's -49 Figure (www.aituiweixin.com/html/index.php/article-1791062, attended 08.05.2018) 08.05.2018) attended (www.aituiweixin.com/html/index.php/article-1791062, Maogong of outskirts the on workshop carpentry constructed Newly50- Figure (www.aituiweixin.com/html/index.php/article-1791062, attended 08.05.2018) 08.05.2018) attended (www.aituiweixin.com/html/index.php/article-1791062, 51 Figure living areas (image by the author, 30.04.2018) 30.04.2018) author, theby (image livingareas their of extension the as locals theby used is corridor constructed recently The 52- Figure 19.11.2017) 19.11.2017) aut the by (image hall conference the of interiorthe spans truss 53A-massive Figure 2005.) 2005.) onSchl based author theby on(drawing based author, theby (drawing black in highl are projects Caminada's Gion Vrin, ofvillage the plan ground 54-figure Figure foreground (https://www.bergfex.com/sommer/vrin/, attended 11.11.2019) 11.11.2019) attended (https://www.bergfex.com/sommer/vrin/, foreground 55 Figure Figure 56 Figure Communal Mortuary Building, d Building, Mortuary Communal Figure 57 Figure the“eaves 58 Figure engel.de/index.php?/architektur/caminada/, attended 27.09.2018) 27.09.2018) attended engel.de/index.php?/architektur/caminada/, the barns (https://www.subtilitas.site/search/caminada, attended 26.09.2018) 26.09.2018) attended (https://www.subtilitas.site/search/caminada, barns the f themazlaria distinguish and purposes different serve chunks wooden The 59- Figure 10.09.2018) 10.09.2018) (http://derarchitektbda.de/landjaeger-und-strickbau/stiva- fabric villagethe itfrom distinguish and church baroque the with visually it link appearance massive and its color Building, Mortuary Community The -60 Figure attended 21.09.2019) 21.09.2019) attended holzbau.com/pdf/caminada_02.pdf, attended 11.09.2019) 11.09.2019) attended holzbau.com/pdf/caminada_02.pdf, ‘Strickbau’ the showing daMorts Stiva the of and Details Section Plan, Floor -61 Figure Figure 62 Figure without quoting a vernacular idol (https://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/16/gion-a- idol vernacular a withoutquoting ...... - – – – – – – (drawing by the author based on http://www.forum- on based author the by (drawing purlins”. Large covered production hall inside the carpentry workshop workshop carpentry the inside hall production covered Large Aerial View of Vrin, the barn group Sut Vitg including the butchery lies in the in lies butchery the including Vitg Sut group barn the of Vrin, View Aerial Traditional log constructions (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing constructions log Traditional Corner Details in Caminadas projects: a projects: Caminadas Detailsin Corner Barn Caminada: The "knitting" of wooden girders is visible at the corners and and thecorners at visible is girders ofwooden "knitting" The Caminada: Barn The structure of the Multifunctional Hall highlights the logics of theload of logics the highlights Hall Multifunctional the of structure The Beautified and “villagized” main road in the small town of Maogong, playful playful of Maogong, town small the road in main “villagized” and Beautified ...... (image by Christoph Engel, http://www.christoph- Engel, Christoph by (image ...... – Barn Caminada (drawing by the author) author)the by (drawing Caminada Barn ...... 136 ......

– of Mazlaria, b Mazlaria, -maogong-barn-art-center-approach- ...... da -morts-vrin- – ...... Telephone Booth, c Booth, Telephone 2/ ...... , attended ,attended double-layered double-layered ...... on (Wang, (Wang, on ...... orhaufer, orhaufer, ration (image (image ration caminada/ under ighted ighted s hor, hor, .2018) rom –

60 65 61 66 66 67 67 68 68 72 73 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a%20-%20PrimarySchoolDuvin%205.html, attended 21.09.2019) 21.09.2019) attended a%20-%20PrimarySchoolDuvin%205.html, (http://www.archipicture.eu/Architekten/Schweiz/Caminada%20Gion%20A/GionCaminad building ascontemporary a Duvin in school the identify openings Large 63- Figure

a%20-%20PrimarySchoolDuvin%205.html, attended 21.09.2019) 21.09.2019) attended a%20-%20PrimarySchoolDuvin%205.html, (http://www.archipicture.eu/Architekten/Schweiz/Caminada%20Gion%20A/GionCaminad (right) Duvin in School (left)and Walpen in familyhouse Single Section: in Comparison -64 Figure Chinese countryside (Bolchover 2014) 2014) (Bolchover countryside Chinese generic prevailing the recall school ofideal their children by Drawings 65- Figure Figure 66 - Site plan 1|1000 (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing 1|1000 plan Site-66 Figure 16.11.2017) 16.11.2017) theaut by (image village surrounding the dwarfs building school massive The -67 Figure kindergarten is located behind the fenced courtyard (image by the author, 16.11.2017) 16.11.2017) author,the by (image courtyard fenced the locatedbehind is kindergarten picturesque aby topped building school the of facade South -68 Figure author, 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) author, pupils theby colourfully painted is street main the along wall The -69 Figure Figure 70 - 70 Figure playground (image by the author, 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) author, the by (image playground Figure 71 - Axonometric Dimen Village Center (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing VillageCenter Dimen Axonometric -71 Figure author, 03.05.2018) 03.05.2018) author, (imag break lunch during pupilsthe to selling Zhai food Yin of Woman -72 Figure Figure 73 - Activity patterns on the site (drawn by the author based on his observat his based on author theby (drawn sitethe on patterns Activity -73 Figure Figure 75 - Demolition plan (drawing (drawing plan Demolition -75 Figure Figure 74 - Diagrams of the old and new situation (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing situation and new old of the Diagrams -74 Figure Figure 76 - Site Plan including the Design Proposal (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing Proposal Design the including Plan Site- 76 Figure Figure 77 - Axonometric including the Design Proposal (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Proposal Design the including Axonometric -77 Figure Figure 78 - Axonometric Village Center (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing Center Village Axonometric -78 Figure Figure Figure Figure 80 - Detail Shaded Corridor (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Corridor Shaded Detail -80 Figure Figure 81 - Floor Plan 00 1|100 (drawing by the author) author) the (drawing by 001|100 Plan Floor -81 Figure Figure 82 - Floor Plan 01 1|100 (drawing by the author) author) the (drawing by 011|100 Plan Floor -82 Figure Figure 83 - Floor Plan -01 1|100 (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing 1|100 -01 Plan Floor 83- Figure Figure 84 - Activities inside the Multipurpose Hall (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Hall Multipurpose the inside Activities -84 Figure Figure 85 - Elevation South 1|100 (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing 1|100 South Elevation 85- Figure Figure 86 - Elevation North 1|100 (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing 1|100 North Elevation -86 Figure Figure 87 - Perspective Section 1|75 (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing 1|75 Section Perspective -87 Figure Figure 88 - Perspective Section 1|75 (drawing by the author) author) theby 1|75 (drawing Section Perspective -88 Figure Figure Figure Figure 90 - Axonometric Explosion Drawing (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Drawing Explosion Axonometric -90 Figure Figure 91 Figure Figure 92 - Detail: Elevation West 1|50 (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing West1|50 Elevation Detail: -92 Figure Figure 93 - Detail: Elevation South 1|50 (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing 1|50 South Elevation Detail: 93- Figure Figure 94 - Perspective View of the Multipurpose Hall (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing Hall of Multipurpose the View Perspective -94 Figure Figure 95 - Perspective View of the Interior (drawing by the author) author) theby (drawing of Interior the View Perspective 95- Figure

79 89 - Elevation West 1|200 (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing 1|200 West Elevation - - Axonometric View Summer | Winter (drawing by the author) author) the by (drawing |Winter Summer View Axonometric - –

Detail: Section 1|50 (drawing by the author) author) the (drawing by 1|50 Section Detail: ...... The recently built canteen and a drama stage constructed in 2000 border the border 2000in constructed stage drama a and canteen built recentlyThe ...... by ...... the author) author) the 137 ......

...... roof, theroof, ...... (image by theby (image ...... type in the in type ions) ions) e by the the by e ......

hor, hor, 100 101 103 105 107 108 110 111 112 113 115 117 119 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 . 85 86 89 91 92 92 93 93 95 96 99 97

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. me to Maogong and Dimen. Wit Dimen. and Maogong to me China. A special thanks goes to his students especially Shen Ruoyu, who trave Wang Hongjun who showed me the enigmatic vernacular architecture of South West Constanze, Clemens,Matthias andAngelika for sharing Magdalena, an unforgettable year. Steffi, Simon, crew Shanghai the thank to want I Finally, Specialthanks Stefanie,to for loveher and her wittycomments. countryside the in general. inexhaustible his sharing Zwerger knowledge about the Dong Klaus minority and for his inspiring talks Supervisor about architecture and Austrian my to you Thank thewith locals would havebeen impossible. I unconditional their for supportthroughout Robert mystudies. and Sigrid parents my thank to want I all of First Acknowledgement7.3

further want to express deep gratitude to my Supervisor at Tongji University, ProfTongjiSupervisor University,at mytodeep gratitudeexpress to wantfurther hout her and Duan Ruyian’s help communicating help Ruyian’s Duan and her hout 138

lled with .