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86621.Pdf (691.8Kb) JOSÉ MAURO DA COSTA HERNANDEZ ELABORAÇÃO DE UM MODELO DE COMPRA NA INTERNET: O PAPEL DA CONFIANÇA DO CONSUMIDOR NO VAREJISTA ELETRÔNICO EM DIFERENTES SITUAÇÕES DE RISCO PERCEBIDO ELABORAÇÃO DE UM MODELO DE COMPRA NA INTERNET: O PAPEL DA CONFIANÇA DO CONSUMIDOR NO VAREJISTA ELETRÔNICO EM DIFERENTES SITUAÇÕES DE RISCO PERCEBIDO Banca Examinadora Prof. Orientador: Luciano Saboia Lopes Filho Prof. André T. Urdan Prof. Dilson Gabriel dos Santos Prof. Francisco J. G. Rojo Prof. José Afonso Mazzon FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS ESCOLA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DE SÃO PAULO JOSÉ MAURO DA COSTA HERNANDEZ ELABORAÇÃO DE UM MODELO DE COMPRA NA INTERNET: O PAPEL DA CONFIANÇA DO CONSUMIDOR NO VAREJISTA ELETRÔNICO EM DIFERENTES SITUAÇÕES DE RISCO PERCEBIDO Tese apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação da FGV/EAESP Área de Concentração: Mercadologia como requisito para obtenção do título de doutor em Administração. Orientador: Luciano Saboia Lopes Filho SÃO PAULO 2003 HERNANDEZ, José Mauro da Costa. Elaboração de um Modelo de Compra na Internet: o Papel da Confiança do Consumidor no Varejista Eletrônico em Diferentes Situações de Risco Percebido. São Paulo: EAESP/FGV, 2003. 186 p. (Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação da EAESP/FGV, Área de Concentração: Mercadologia) Resumo: Esta tese propõe um modelo de compra na Internet no qual a confiança do consumidor desempenha um papel central. Dois experimentos foram realizados para testar as hipóteses derivadas do modelo. Os resultados mostraram que a confiança, embora seja importante, talvez não mereça o papel de destaque que alguns autores lhe têm atribuído. Os resultados também mostram que o consumidor que compra por meio da Internet não é mais sensível a preço que o consumidor que compra em lojas convencionais. O estudo apresenta as limitações e direções para novos estudos. Palavras-Chaves: Comércio eletrônico, confiança, experimento, Internet, marcas, risco percebido, varejo Aos meus pais Agradecimentos Prof. Luciano Saboia Lopes Filho Prof. André Torres Urdan Prof. Rubens da Costa Santos Prof. Robert Krapfel (Universidade de Maryland) Prof. José Afonso Mazzon Centro de Aperfeiçoamento de Ensino Superior (CAPES) Cida, Claudia, Edna, Gislaine, Glauciana, Lícia, Mari, Rosangela e Sandra (SEPPG) Amigos do Curso de Pós-Graduação da EAESP/FGV Amigos da Universidade de Maryland Alunos de MBA e Graduação em Adm. de Empresas da Universidade de Maryland E várias outras pessoas que, de uma forma ou de outra, muito me ajudaram a concluir esta tese e que é impossível nomear porque não haveria espaço suficiente Muito Obrigado! 17 RESUMO Motivada pelo recente debate sobre o aumento da sensibilidade a preço dos consumidores que compram pela Internet, esta tese propõe um modelo de compra na Internet no qual a confiança do consumidor no varejista eletrônico desempenha um papel central. O modelo proposto encontra forte sustentação teórica na teoria de marketing de relacionamento e, mais especificamente, nos resultados de um estudo de Morgan e Hunt (1994). Estes autores propuseram e validaram um modelo no qual o comprometimento e a confiança desempenham um papel central para o sucesso do marketing de relacionamento. O modelo proposto nesta tese foi desenvolvido apenas para situações envolvendo encontros iniciais entre consumidores e varejistas eletrônicos. Nesta situação particular, o modelo propõe que a confiança do consumidor no varejista eletrônico depende da avaliação do consumidor sobre os atributos funcionais do Website do varejista e das associações de confiança em relação à marca do varejista. A confiança do consumidor no varejista eletrônico resulta na formação da atitude do consumidor em relação ao varejista que, por sua vez, aumenta a intenção de comprar o produto do varejista e diminui a sensibilidade a preço do consumidor. Ao considerar a estreita relação entre os conceitos de confiança e risco percebido, o modelo também propõe que a influência da confiança é menor em situações de baixo risco percebido do que em condições de alto risco percebido. Para estabelecer-se um contraponto à atitude do consumidor em relação ao varejista, o modelo leva em conta também a influência da marca do fabricante sobre a intenção de compra e sobre a sensibilidade a preço do consumidor. As hipóteses originadas do modelo teórico foram testadas por meio de dois experimentos realizados concomitantemente e os dados foram coletados com os mesmos respondentes. De modo geral, o modelo proposto não foi rejeitado pelos dois experimentos. Não foi possível verificar-se, entretanto, o efeito moderador do risco percebido sobre a confiança, isto é, a influência da confiança no varejista não foi diferente nas duas situações de risco percebido. Especificamente, os resultados do primeiro experimento sugerem que a atitude do consumidor em relação ao varejista influencia positivamente a intenção de comprar o produto mas não tem nenhum efeito sobre a sensibilidade a preço do consumidor. Por outro lado, a atitude em relação à marca do fabricante influencia tanto a intenção de compra quanto a sensibilidade a preço do consumidor e seu efeito é superior ao da confiança no varejista. Os resultados do primeiro experimento também indicam que os consumidores demonstram mais confiança em varejistas eletrônicos híbridos (varejistas que comercializam seus produtos tanto por meio da Internet quanto por meio de lojas convencionais) do que em varejistas eletrônicos puros (varejistas que 18 comercializam seus produtos unicamente por meio da Internet). Esta maior confiança, entretanto, não se traduz em maior intenção de compra e é provável que a familiaridade influencie o nível de confiança do consumidor no varejista eletrônico. Os resultados do segundo experimento, por sua vez, indicam que o efeito da confiança do consumidor no varejista eletrônico é menos importante para a decisão do comprador do que o preço do bem e apenas ligeiramente superior à atitude em relação à marca do fabricante. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a confiança do consumidor no varejista eletrônico é importante, embora talvez não mereça o papel de destaque que alguns autores vêm lhe atribuindo. A tese ainda aponta as limitações dos experimentos e sugere caminhos a serem explorados por novas pesquisas na área. 19 ABSTRACT Induced by the recent debate regarding the increased price sensitivity of Internet shoppers, this dissertation proposes an Internet purchase model in which the consumer’s trust in the electronic retailer plays a central role. The proposed model has a strong theoretical support provided by the relationship marketing theory and, more specifically, it finds support in the results of a study by Morgan & Hunt (1994). These authors proposed and validated a model in which commitment and trust play a central role for the relationship marketing success. The model proposed in this dissertation was thought only for situations involving first encounters between consumers and electronic retailers. In this particular situation, the model proposes that consumer’s trust in the electronic retailer depends on both consumer’s evaluation of the retailer Website functional attributes and the trust associations of the retailer brand. Consumer’s trust in the electronic retailer results in the formation of consumer’s attitude toward the retailer, which increases the purchase intention and decreases consumer’s price sensitivity. Considering the close relationship between trust and perceived risk concepts, the model also proposes that trust effect is larger in high perceived risk situations than it is in low perceived risk situations. In order to create a contrast to the consumer’s attitude toward the retailer, the model also takes in account the effect of the manufacturer’s brand on both the purchase intention and consumer’s price sensitivity. The hypotheses originated from the theoretical model were tested through two experiments conducted at the same time and data was collected among the same respondents. In general, the proposed model was not rejected by the two experiments. However, its was not possible to verify the perceived risk moderator effect on consumer’s trust, that means, the influence of trust in the retailer was not different at all across the two perceived risk situations. Specifically, results of the first experiment suggest that consumer’s attitude toward the electronic retailer has a positive effect on the purchase intention but has no effect on consumer’s price sensitivity. By the other side, consumer’s attitude toward the manufacturer’s brand has a positive effect on both purchase intention and consumer’s price sensitivity and its effect is larger than the effect of consumer’s attitude toward the electronic retailer. The results of the first experiment also points that consumers show higher levels of trust in hybrid electronic retailers (retailers that sell their products in the Internet and in conventional stores) than in pure electronic retailers (retailers that sell their products exclusively in the Internet). However, this higher level of trust was not translated in higher purchase intention and it is likely that familiarity has an effect on consumer’s trust in the electronic retailer. 20 The results of the second experiment suggest that consumer’s trust in the electronic retailer was less important for the consumer’s decision than the good’s price and only slightly more important than consumer’s attitude toward the manufacturer’s brand. As a whole, results suggest that consumer’s trust in the electronic retailer is important although
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