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Complete Dissertation.Pdf VU Research Portal Chinese Investment and Aid in Cambodia's Energy Sector: Heng, P. 2016 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Heng, P. (2016). Chinese Investment and Aid in Cambodia's Energy Sector: Impact and Policy Implications. Vrije Universiteit. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Chinese Investment and Aid in Cambodia’s Energy Sector: Impacts and Policy Implications Heng Pheakdey VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Chinese Investment and Aid in Cambodia’s Energy Sector: Impact and Policy Implications ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen op maandag 25 januari 2016 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Heng Pheakdey geboren te Kompong Speu, Cambodja To my grandma TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................i List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................ii Executive Summary ............................................................................................iii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................1 1.1. Background .............................................................................................1 1.2. Research Aims and Objectives ...............................................................5 1.3. Research Questions .................................................................................5 1.4. Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................6 1.5. Research Design .....................................................................................19 1.6. Summary of Research Findings ..............................................................26 1.7. Research Outputs ....................................................................................28 1.8. Setting within the Cambodian Research Program ..................................30 1.9. Organization of the Dissertation .............................................................30 Chapter 2: Cambodia–China Relations: A Positive-Sum Game? ................32 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................32 2.2. The Extent of China’s Involvement in Cambodia ..................................34 2.3. China’s Interests in Cambodia ................................................................43 2.4. Discussion ...............................................................................................52 Chapter 3: China’s Roles in Cambodia’s Energy Sector: Catalyst or Antagonist for Development? ..........................................................................57 3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................57 3.2. Conceptual Framework: Energy and Sustainable Development ............60 3.3. Cambodia’s Energy: Institutional Arrangement and Policies .................64 3.4. China’s Engagement in Cambodia’s Energy Sector ...............................71 3.5. Discussion ...............................................................................................75 3.6. Conclusion ..............................................................................................79 Chapter 4: Hydropower and Local Community: A Case Study of Kamchay Dam, A China-Funded Hydropower Project in Cambodia ...........................80 4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................80 4.2. Hydropower Development in Cambodia ................................................82 4.3. Conceptual Framework: Hydropower and Sustainable Development ....83 4.4. Case Study: Kamchay Dam ....................................................................90 G 4.5. Discussion ...............................................................................................98 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4.6. Conclusion ..............................................................................................101 Chapter 5: China’s Resource Diplomacy in Cambodia and Beyond: First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my On Soft Power and Strongmen ........................................................................102 advisor Professor Dr. Heidi Dahles, who has encouraged and supported me 5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................102 since the beginning of this project. Her invaluable guidance and advice has 5.2. China’s Global Quest for Resources .......................................................104 contributed to significantly improve the quality of this dissertation. Her kind words, “Pheakdey, I know you can do it”, has always been effective in pushing 5.3. Conceptual Framework: Resource Diplomacy .......................................108 me to move forward when I got stuck. Without her trust, motivation and 5.4. China’s Resource Diplomacy in Cambodia ............................................111 constructive comments, this dissertation would not have come into existence. 5.5. Discussion ...............................................................................................115 It’s a privilege to have worked with her. 5.6. Conclusion ..............................................................................................119 Chapter 6: Conclusion ......................................................................................120 I also wish to thank all my key informants, including the local government officials, representatives from development partners, NGOs, the private sector, 6.1. Empirical Findings ..................................................................................121 and especially community members, for allowing me to interview them. Their 6.2. Theoretical Implications .........................................................................124 expertise, experience and local knowledge serve as the very foundation for this 6.3. Policy Implications .................................................................................126 research. In particular, I would like to thank the village heads for helping me to 6.4. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research .................................129 conduct the focus group discussion in their respective village. The discussions Bibliography ......................................................................................................131 generated rich data useful for the analysis on the impact of the dam on the livelihood of the local communities. Annexes ..............................................................................................................147 My deepest gratitude goes to all my family members. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my late grandma, my mum and aunts, for all of the sacrifices that they made on my behalf. Their continuous support and care are the source of inspiration for me to realize my goal. Last but not least, I thank the Netherlands Organizations for Scientific Research (NWO) for funding this research project. In addition, I would like to extend my thanks to the VU University Amsterdam for facilitating my stay in Amsterdam, and for providing an office space for me to write my dissertation. H ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor Professor Dr. Heidi Dahles, who has encouraged and supported me since the beginning of this project. Her invaluable guidance and advice has contributed to significantly improve the quality of this dissertation. Her kind words, “Pheakdey, I know you can do it”, has always been effective in pushing me to move forward when I got stuck. Without her trust, motivation and constructive comments, this dissertation would not have come into existence. It’s a privilege to have worked with her. I also wish to thank all my key informants, including the local government officials, representatives from development partners, NGOs, the private sector, and especially community members, for allowing me to interview them. Their expertise, experience and local knowledge serve as the very foundation for this research. In particular, I would like to thank the village heads for helping me to conduct
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