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BBC Radio 4'S Analysis, 1970 - 1983: a Selective History and Case Study of BBC Current Affairs Radio

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BBC Radio 4's Analysis, 1970 - 1983: a selective history and case study of BBC current affairs radio Hugh Chignell A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2004 Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyonewho consults it is understoodto recognisethat its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior permission. BOURNknVIUUTH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 2-101301 1 1 ICH Scq, - Lý4 G 55 hof) I M ocýjIS IOU.nc: ) Hugh Chignell BBC Radio 4's Analysis, 1970 - 1983: A selective history and casestudy of BBC current affairs radio Abstract The 'historical turn' in British Media Studies has yielded new histories of television but little work on the history of post-television radio. This thesis hopesto contribute to that neglected area. The research, based on radio and written archives and interviews with former BBC staff, examines the BBC Radio 4 current affairs programme, Analysis between the years 1970 and 1983. It addressesa number of questionsabout the programme, including the precise reasonsfor its creation, how it evolved, and how it covered a range of current affairs topics. In addition, this history of current affairs radio provides useful, new insights into the rise of professionalism in the BBC, the existence of informal networks, impartiality and bias, the tension betweenelitism and populism and the specificity of current affairs. The thesis includes a full discussion of the history of current affairs radio from 1927 to 1960. In this section the relationship of the literary elite to the BBC in the 1930s is addressedand the evolution of the 'topical talk' and the post-war 'talks magazine' are described. The precise origins of Analysis in the late 1960s are explained with reference to the tension between the more journalistic and populist 1960s news sequencesand the elitist and anti-journalistic talks tradition from which Analysis emerged following the publication of Broadcasting in the Seventies. The role of individual presenters of Analysis is examined and the evolution of the form of 'broadcast talk' employed on the programme. There is a chapter on Analysis in Africa and a concluding chapter which evaluates the relationship betweenAnalysis and the emerging political ideology of Thatcherism. By focussing on one programme over a period of time, and following the careersof named individuals who worked in BBC radio, it is possible to reveal conflicting broadcasting values and ideals of professionalism and current affairs and to trace theseback to their antecedentsin the pre-war BBC. iii Contents Copyright statement page ii Abstract X List of Tables v Acknowledgements vi Author's declaration viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Methodology 13 3 Themes in BBC History 27 4 A Selective History Current of Affairs Radio 1927 - 1960 45 5 The Birth of Analysis 1960- 1970 91 6 Analysis 1970 - 1983 ill 7 Analysis in Africa 149 8 Analysis and the Rise of Thatcherism 163 9 Conclusion 205 Appendix A Weekly ProgrammeReview Board 15112ni 221 B Minutes of CPS ManagementMeeting, November 1974 C Extracts from 'Analysis Online. ' Glossary of names 232 List of referencesand bibliography 236 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Editions of Analysis madeby Ian McIntyre and George 114 Fischer, January-June, 1971. Page Table 2. Appearancesby 'Thatcher's People' on Analysis, 1970-1989. 179 Table 3. Appearancesby other prominent 'Thatcherites' on Analysis, 1970 - 1989. 180 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to Nicola Meyrick, Editor of Analysis, for donating to Bournemouth University the large collection of tapes and transcripts which made this researchpossible. Particular thanks must also go to Matt Holland of Bournemouth University Academic Services without whose knowledge of archives and databases, as well as his active support, this researchwould not have been possible. He worked together with Ron Bums to create 'Analysis Online' which proved to be an essential tool for studying Analysis and I am most grateful to both of thern. John Ellis supervised the early stages of this research and was followed at Bournemouth University by Christine Daymon. My thanks to both of them and I can only hope that the finished thesis reflects some of their skilled input. Andrew Crisell also contributed to my supervision and I have greatly valued his advice and encouragement. I am also indebted to David Hendy whose support and specialist knowledge of BBC history has been a particular influence on my research. My thanks also to Charlie Ellis for sharing his knowledge of the growth of Thatcherism. A number of BBC staff and former staff kindly agreed to be interviewed for this research. They were all most generous with their time and willing to share their opinions and experiences,often with great candour. My colleaguesSue Wallace and Gareth Thomas joined me for some of the interviews and their assistancewas very useful. I am also very grateful to Gareth Thomas for all the work he has done, not only reviewing Analysis programmesbut also reading drafts of this thesis. I must echo the praise that all BBC researchersgive to Jacquie Kavanagh and her staff at the BBC Written Archive. Without them this project would not have been possible. Many other people have supported and advised me in different ways. My colleague and fellow radio historian, SeanStreet has inspired and supported me over the years and where he has led I have attempted to follow. My colleaguesin the 'theory team' vi in the Bournemouth Media School, Jan Johnson-Smith, Rob Turnock, Richard Berger, Sherryl Wilson and Chris Pullen have all helped with encouragementand advice. Cathy Johnsonprovided timely and constructive advice for which I am very grateful. My thanks also to Chris Wensley for granting me a sabbaticalterm and to Jan Lewis for administrative support and encouragement. Finally, my thanks to my partner, Sue Sudbury for her support, advice and encouragement. vii AUTHOR'S DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Hugh Chigncll Award for which work is submitted: Doctor of Philosophy Statement of any advanced studies undertaken lit connection with the programme of research The AHRB funded 'Analysis archive project' phasesI and 2 contributed directly to this research.All use of this researchdata (including the database'Analysis online') is fully referencedin the text and also listed in the 'List of Sources'. The work, of the joint researcherfor Phase2, Gareth Thomas, is fully acknowledgedand referenced. Use of this researchis also discussedin the Methodology chapter. Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards I declare that while registered as a candidatefor the university's researchaward, I have not been a registeredcandidate or enrolled student for an award of any other academicor professional institution. 3. Material submitted for another award N/A Signature Date of candidate............................... ....................... viii 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the radio programme, Analysis, which is the main focus of the inquiry. It explains the reasons why not only this programme, but also radio history itself, are worthy of detailed research. There is also a justification for limiting inquiry brief the main to the period 1970 - 1983. This is followed by a discussion of the political context of the early years of Analysis and then by a statement of the research aims. The nature of broadcasting history itself is introduced here and the Introduction ends with a chapter-by-chapterthesis summary. The first edition of BBC Radio 4's Analysis was broadcast on Radio 4 at 9 p.m. on Thursday 10 April 1970. 'The War for Jenkins Ear' (on the subject of the forthcoming budget) was a forty-five minute programme presentedby Ian McIntyre and produced by his friend and colleague, George Fischer. Over the ensuing decades, Analysis examined, discussedand debateda wide range of mainly political issues concerning Britain and the wider world. It brought to the microphone an impressive array of contributors; every serving prime minister and most senior cabinet ministers, heads of state, senior academics from Britain and abroad, top industrialists and so on. Analysis was a single subject, weekly current affairs programme dealing with mainstreampolitical issues,both national and international. The programme is referred to in this thesis in the past tense as this researchstops at 1983: Analysis, however, continues to be broadcast and continues to espousemany Orogranime had of the original aims. In the period 1970 - 1983, each edition a presenterand one or more expert contributors. Although there were some variations in programme format, most consistedof pre-recorded interview extracts tied together by the scripted words of the presenter. A useful way of thinking of an edition of Analysis is as an 'essay' (a term used by presenters and producers of the time) authored by the presenterand illustrated by the commentsof contributors. Analysis was perceived by BBC managersas the 'flagship' current affairs radio programme 2 in much the sameway that Panorama 1 was the flagship television equivalent. I The main body of this thesis is concerned with Analysis from its first broadcast in 1970 to the end of 1983. This examination of one programme is prefaced by a selective history of BBC current affairs radio which considers the broadcasting context and heritage as it influenced the form content and production of the series. There are a number of reasons for choosing Analysis as the subject of a doctoral thesis. This was the 'flag ship' radio current affairs programme of the BBC. Analysis, as the following chapterswill show, not only dealt with the central political issuesof the day but did so using contributions from the political and academicelites and others. It therefore provides historians with an important record of contemporary debates as expressedby key participants and thinkers. The programme reflected firmly held, but now unfashionable, ideas about the nature of current affairs and broadcasting.
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