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System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) V. 2.1.4 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 8, 2271–2312, 2015 www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/8/2271/2015/ doi:10.5194/gmdd-8-2271-2015 GMDD © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 8, 2271–2312, 2015 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Geoscientific Model System for Development (GMD). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in GMD if available. Automated Geoscientific System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4 Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4 O. Conrad et al. O. Conrad1, B. Bechtel1, M. Bock1,2, H. Dietrich1, E. Fischer1, L. Gerlitz1, 1 3,4 1 J. Wehberg , V. Wichmann , and J. Böhner Title Page 1 Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Abstract Introduction 2scilands GmbH, Goetheallee 11, 37073 Göttingen, Germany 3LASERDATA GmbH, Technikerstr. 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Conclusions References 4 alpS – Center for Climate Change Adaptation, Grabenweg 68, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Tables Figures Received: 12 December 2014 – Accepted: 19 January 2015 – Published: 27 February 2015 Correspondence to: B. Bechtel ([email protected]) J I Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 2271 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract GMDD The System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) is an open-source Geo- graphic Information System (GIS), mainly licensed under the GNU General Public Li- 8, 2271–2312, 2015 cense. Since its first release in 2004, SAGA has rapidly developed from a specialized 5 tool for digital terrain analysis to a comprehensive and globally established GIS plat- System for form for scientific analysis and modeling. SAGA is coded in C++ in an object oriented Automated design and runs under several operating systems including Windows and Linux. Key Geoscientific functional features of the modular organized software architecture comprise an applica- Analyses (SAGA) v. tion programming interface for the development and implementation of new geoscien- 2.1.4 10 tific methods, an easily approachable graphical user interface with many visualization options, a command line interpreter, and interfaces to scripting and low level program- O. Conrad et al. ming languages like R and Python. The current version 2.1.4 offers more than 700 tools, which are implemented in dynamically loadable libraries or shared objects and represent the broad scopes of SAGA in numerous fields of geoscientific endeavor and Title Page 15 beyond. In this paper, we inform about the system’s architecture, functionality, and its Abstract Introduction current state of development and implementation. Further, we highlight the wide spec- trum of scientific applications of SAGA in a review of published studies with special Conclusions References emphasis on the core application areas digital terrain analysis, geomorphology, soil Tables Figures science, climatology and meteorology, as well as remote sensing. J I 20 1 Introduction J I The System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) (http://saga-gis.org) has Back Close been designed for an easy and effective implementation of spatial algorithms and Full Screen / Esc hence serves as a framework for the development and implementation of geoscientific methods and models (Conrad, 2007). Today, this modular organized programmable Printer-friendly Version 25 Geographic Information System (GIS) software offers more than 700 methods com- prising the entire spectrum of contemporary GIS from multiple file operations, refer- Interactive Discussion 2272 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | encing and projection routines over a range of topological and geometric analysis of both, raster and vector data, up to comprehensive modeling applications for various GMDD geoscientific fields. The idea for the development of SAGA evolved in the late 1990s 8, 2271–2312, 2015 during the work on several research and development projects at the Dept. for Physical 5 Geography, Göttingen, carried out in behalf of federal and state environmental author- ities. In view of the specific needs for high quality and spatially explicit environmental System for information of the cooperating agencies, the original research focus was the analysis Automated of raster data, particularly of Digital Elevation Models (DEM), which have been used Geoscientific e.g. to predict soil properties, terrain controlled process dynamics as well as climate pa- Analyses (SAGA) v. 10 rameters at high spatial resolution. The development and implementation of apparently 2.1.4 new methods for spatial analysis and modeling resulted in the design of three applica- tions for digital terrain analysis, namely SARA (System zur Automatischen Reliefanal- O. Conrad et al. yse), SADO (System für Automatische Diskretisierung von Oberflächen) and DiGeM (Programm für Digitale Gelände-Modellierung), each with specific skills but distinctly Title Page 15 different architectures. Due to the heterogeneity of the applied operating systems and tools in the working group a cross operating system platform with integrated support Abstract Introduction for geodata analysis seemed necessary for further development and implementation Conclusions References of geoscientific methods. Due to the lack of a satisfying development platform at that time, SAGA has been created as a common developer basis and was first published Tables Figures 20 as Free Open Source Software in 2004 in order to share its advantageous capabilities with geoscientists worldwide. Since then SAGA got a growing global user community J I (Fig. 1), which also led to many contributions from outside the developer core team and moreover fostered the foundation of the SAGA User Group Association in 2005, aim- J I ing to support a sustainable long-term development covering the whole range of user Back Close 25 interests. Since 2007 the core development group of SAGA is situated at the University Full Screen / Esc of Hamburg, coordinating and actively driving the development process. The momentum and dynamics of the SAGA development in the past 10 years is Printer-friendly Version mirrored in both, the increasing number of methods and tools (Fig. 2) which raised from 119 modules in 2005 (version 1.2) up to more than 700 modules in the present Interactive Discussion 2273 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | version 2.1.4., and, particularly, in the fast growing user community. With about 100 000 downloads annually in the last three years, SAGA today is an internationally renowned GMDD GIS developer platform for geodata analysis and geoscientific modeling. 8, 2271–2312, 2015 This paper aims to respond to the frequent user requests for a review article. In the 5 first section, we introduce the architecture of the SAGA framework, the state of devel- opment and implementation and highlight basic functionalities. Thereafter, we demon- System for strate its utility in various geoscientific disciplines by a review of important methods as Automated well as publications in the core fields of digital terrain analysis and geomorphology, dig- Geoscientific ital soil mapping, climatology and meteorology, remote sensing and image processing. Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4 10 2 The system O. Conrad et al. The initial motivation for the SAGA development was to establish a framework that supports an easy and effective implementation of algorithms or methods for spatial Title Page data analyses. Furthermore, the integration of such implementations in more complex work flows for certain applications and the immediate accessibility in a user friendly way Abstract Introduction 15 was one major concern. Thus, instead of creating one monolithic program, we designed Conclusions References a modular system with an Application Programming Interface (API) at its base, method implementations, in the following referred to as tools, organized in separate program Tables Figures or tool libraries and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) as a standard front end (Fig. 3). A command line interpreter as well as additional scripting environments were integrated J I 20 as alternative front ends to run SAGA tools. J I In 2004, SAGA has been firstly published as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). Except for the API, source codes are licensed under the terms of the GNU Back Close General Public License (GPL) (fsf.org). The API utilizes the Lesser GPL (LGPL) which Full Screen / Esc also allows developing proprietary tools on its base. The SAGA project is hosted at 25 SourceForge (http://sourceforge.net), a web host for FOSS projects providing vari- Printer-friendly Version ous additional services like version control systems, code trackers, forums and news- Interactive Discussion groups. 2274 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Although many details changed since its first version, the general system architec- ture remained the same. The following discussion refers to the most recent SAGA GMDD version 2.1.4. 8, 2271–2312, 2015 The system is programmed in the widespread and effective C++ language (Strous- 5 trup, 2014). Besides its support for object oriented programming, one of its advantages is the availability of numerous additional GPL libraries and code snippets. Apart from System for the C++ standard library SAGA’s core system solely depends on the cross platform
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