Overview of GIS applications risk assessment and risk management of climate change hazards
Fact irrigated lands Planed irrigated lands Watershed Water bodies Settlements River
Soil types
Overview of GIS
applications risk assessment and risk
management of climate change hazards
© 2010 PREPARED The European Commission is funding the Collaborative project ‘PREPARED Enabling Change’ (PREPARED, project number 244232) within the context of the Seventh Framework Programme 'Environment'.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system, or published, in any form or in any way, electronically, mechanically, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without prior written permission from the publisher
COLOPHON
Title Overview of GIS applications, risk assessment and risk management of climate change hazards
Report number Prepared 2011.015
Deliverable number D2.5.1
Author(s) Ielizaveta Dunaieva (Crimean Scientific and Research Center) Victor Popovych (Crimean Scientific and Research Center) Elisa Traverso (Iren Acqua Gas)
Quality Assurance Patrick Smeets (KWR Watercycle Research Institute)
Document history
Version Team member Status Date update Comments
01 Ielizaveta Dunaieva Draft 27-08-2010 Chapters 1-4, 6
02 Ielizaveta Dunaieva Draft 24-06-2011 Applications from cities Simferopol and Genoa added
03 Patrick Smeets Final 03-08-2011 QA by WA leader
This report is: PU = Public
Summary
The first step to prepare for climate change effects on the water cycle is a risk assessment for the observed system to be prepared and, if it is necessary, protected. Risk assessment (RA) means the determination of qualitative and quantitative value of risks, related to a certain situation and the recognized hazards. Risk assessment is a certain phase in a risk management process. Risk management (RM) focuses on identification of risk improvement strategies. RM uses information from the risk assessment to identify engineering, management and financial strategies to diminish those consequences. Risk assessment and risk management of climate change related risks to the urban water cycle areaddressed in WA 2 of the PREPARED project (PREPARED, 2009). RA and RM are the cross-cutting issues and will have an ongoing two-way interaction with the technology development for adaptation of drinking water supply and sanitation systems of cities in the other WAs. Taking into account that climate change affects the entire water cycle and all these processes have spatial distribution, GIS tools and applications will form the basis for DSS development and will be used in the monitoring systems for integrated water resources management. This report presents the information about GIS software and applications which may help to evaluate climate change impacts on drinking water supply and sewerage systems, to predict possible changes and be prepared for the consequences. The accent is on the products related to RA/RM for the urban water cycle hazards. The descriptions of these products in this report were based on available digital information (Web), a literature review and the answers to the questionnaire, received from the project partners (both research and utilities). The following key subjects were used for identification of GIS software listed in the review. The GIS applications can be directly used or adapted for RA/RM under regional circumstances of: o Drinking water supply o Sewerage networks o WWT o Risk management o Risk assessment o Climate Change o Urban water cycle
Taking into account that in the project development and/or adaptation of Open Source software was planned, the difference between both open source and commercial categories of software is discussed. In addition, GIS is used to identify potential chemical and microbial contaminant sources by combining land use, industrial activity and location of drinking water abstraction points. The main goal of the (literature) study was to provide an overview of GIS applications that have been or can be used for RA/RM of climate change
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hazards and to define missing GIS applications, which should be developed/adapted during the project. Each identified software category is described in the report with reference to the last available version (for Open Source products) or the web site of the developer (for commercial products). The descriptions of products do not reflect the opinion of the authors or the PREPARED project, as they were based on the (commercial) information of the developer. A first vision of missing (by opinion of partners’ organizations) software products, which should be developed/adapted in future for adaptation on climate change hazard events, is included in the summary of the report.
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Contents
Summary 1
Contents 3
1 Overview of GIS software 5 1.1 Open source GIS software 8 1.1.1 Desktop GIS 8 1.1.2 Other tools 11 1.2 Commercial GIS software 12
2 Systems software and GIS applications in PREPARED project - current situation 19 2.1 Software, GIS and tools, related with water, sanitation and climate change aspects, which are used by PREPARED partners 19 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using of FOSS and commercial GIS 22
3 GIS applications for RA/RM 24 3.1 GIS tools used by PREPARED partners 24 3.2 Risk assessment and Risk management related applications 26
4 Summary of tools and GIS applications that have been or can be used for RA/RM of urban water cycle related climate change hazards 43
5 GIS case examples 47 5.1 Using hydrological models for watersheds simulation: Simferopol 47 5.2 An Open Source GIS software application: Genoa 51
6 Comments 53
7 References 54
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ACRONYMS
ASR Aquifer Storage Recovery AWCS Adaptive Water Sensitive Cities CEP Complex Event Processing COTS Commercial Off-The-shelf Software (commercially available software) CSO Combined Sewer Overflow DBMS Data Base Management System DEM Digital Elevation Model DSS Decision Support System EWS Early Warning System FOSS Free open source software GIS Geographic Information System GNU Complete Unix-like free operating system GPL General Public License HBRGs Health-Based Remedial Goals IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management LGPL Lesser General Public License OGC Open GIS Consortium OSGeo Open Source Geospatial Foundation QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment RA/RM Risk Assessment Risk Management RBCs Risk-Based Concentrations RTC Real Time Control RWH Rain Water Harvesting SUDS Sustainable Urban Drainage System UWS Urban Water Systems WA Work Area WCHDB Water Cycle Hazard Data Base WCSP Water Cycle Safety Plan WP Work Package WQ Water Quality WWT Waster Water Treatment
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1 Overview of GIS software
GIS software includes a broad range of applications, all of which involve the use of some combination of digital maps and geo-referenced data. GIS software can be sorted into different categories. Below, there is a list of notable GIS software applications, characterised by two main groups: open source and commercial software (see table 1.1). Open-source software is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights, normally reserved for copyright holders, are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. Open source licenses often meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition. Some open source software is available within the public domain. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner [2]. Free open source software is referred to as FOSS. Public domain software is software that has been placed in the public domain, in other words there is absolutely no ownership (such as copyright) of the intellectual property that the software represents. Commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS) or simply off the shelf (OTS) is a term defining technology which is ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public. Freeware (from "free" and "software") is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee. Software referred to as freeware is almost always proprietary. Commercial software is occasionally referred to as payware. The principal difference is that free software can be used, studied, and modified without restriction; free software embodies the concept of freedom to use, while freeware is free-of-charge. Freeware is also different from shareware; the latter obliges the user to pay after some trial period or to gain additional functionality [1].
Table 1.1 Overview of GIS software
Operating system
Company, GIS software Link and remarks Web BSD Unix Linux Windows Mac OS X Mac OS Open Source Albireo Telematics, Eagle 3.0 + www.albireotelematics.com Autodesk + + + www.usa.autodesk.com Free Viewer AvisMap, GIS Engine + + www.avismap.com Free Viewer Bentley Systems + www.bentley.com CADCORP + + www.cadcorp.com Free Viewer (Table 1.1 continues on next page)
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(Table 1.1 continued from previous page)H CALIPER + + www.caliper.com CAPAWARE + + www.capaware.org Free CARIS + + + + + www.caris.com Free Viewer Chameleon + + + + + + + chameleon.maptools.org Christine GIS + www.christine-gis.com Free Viewer ClarkLabs, IDRISI + www.clarklabs.org Trial Deegree + + + + + + + www.deegree.org Digital Data Technologies, + www.ddti.net Inc., ACCUGLOBE Free Viewer ERDAS, ERDAS IMAGINE + + www.erdas.com. ESRI, ArcGIS + + + + www.esri.com Free Viewer Everest GIS www.everest-gis.com + Trial FalconView + + www.falconview.org FutureServer + + + + + + + www.featureserver.org GDAL + + www.gdal.org Gemini + www.geminigeotech.com GeoBase + + + + www.geobase.info Trial Geoinformatica + www.trac.osgeo.org Geomajas + + + + + + + www.geomajas.org GeoNetwork + + + + + + + www.geonetwork- opensource.org Geopublisher + + + + + en.geopublishing.org GeoServer + + + + + + + www.geoserver.org GeoTools + + + + + + www.geotools.org GGP GIS + + www.ggpsystems.co.uk Goldin-Rudahl Systems + + www.dragon.rsgis.net Limited GRASS + + + + + + + www.grass.osgeo.org gvSIG + + + + + + www.gvsig.org ILOG, JViews Maps + + + + + + www.ibm.com/us/en Free Viewer Intergraph + + + www.intergraph.com Free Viewer ITT VIS, ENVI + + + + www.ittvis.com ISKABIS www.iskabis.iski.gov.tr ITC ILWIS + + www.ilwis.org Kalypso + www.kalypso-simulation- platform.org LandSerf + + + + + www.soi.city.ac.uk Free (Table 1.1 continues on next page)
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(Table 1.1 continued from previous page)H Manifold System + + www.manifold.net MapGuide + + + + mapguide.osgeo.org MapWindow GIS + + www.mapwindow.org MicroImages, TNTmips + + + + www.microimages.com Free Viewer Microsoft, MapPoint + www.microsoft.com Trial MiraMon + + + www.creaf.uab.cat My World GIS + + + www.myworldgis.org Trial Netcad + + www.netcad.com.tr Northgate Information + www.strumapgis.co.uk Solutions Limited, StruMap ObjectFX, Spatial FX, - + + + + + + www.objectfx.com SpatialRules OGR + + www.gdal.org OpenLayers + + www.openlayers.org Oracle Spatial + + + + + www.oracle.com Orbit GIS + + + + + + www.orbitgis.com Free Serv. & Explore Ortelius, Mapdiva + www.mapdiva.com Trial Panorama + + gisinfo.ru/index_en.htm Pitney Bowes, MapInfo + + + www.mapinfo.ca Free Viewer PostGIS + + + + + + + postgis.refractions.net POSTGRES + + + + + + + www.postgresql.org Quantum GIS + + + + + + www.qgis.org SAGA GIS + + + www.saga-gis.org Saig, KOSMO + + + www.opengis.es SharpMap + + sharpmap.codeplex.com Free Smallworld + + + + + www.gepower.com SPATIALinfo + + www.spatialinfo.com SPRING + + + www.dpi.inpe.br STAR-APIC + + + + + www.star-apic.co.uk FME Trial SuperMap + + + + www.supermap.com Free Viewer TatukGIS + + www.tatukgis.com Free Viewer TerraLib, TerraView + + + www.terralib.org ThinkGeo, Map Suite + + www.thinkgeo.com Trial uDIG + + + + www.udig.refractions.net UMN MapServer + + + + + + + www.mapserver.org Vivid, JUMP GIS + + + + + + www.openjump.org Whitebox GAT + + + www.uoguelph.ca
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A desktop GIS is mapping software that is installed onto and runs on a personal computer and allows users to display, query, update, and analyze data about geographic locations and the information linked to those locations. The data itself can either be locally or remotely accessed. Web-based GIS applications are online services over the internet that provide maps to the users and help them to search and browse spatial information like locating different places and routes.
1.1 Open source GIS software
The development of open source GIS software has - in terms of software history - a long tradition [3] with the appearance of a first system in 1978. Numerous systems are nowadays available which cover all sectors of geospatial data handling. It is possible to download open source GIS or free GIS from www.freegis.org and www.opensourcegis.org.
1.1.1 Desktop GIS
Free open source desktop GIS projects are listed below. Examples of the interface of some FOSS have shown on figure 1.1. The following descriptions were provided by the developers and do not reflect the opinion of the authors or the PREPARED project.
Capaware is an Open Source GIS, an incredible fast C++ 3D GIS Framework with a multiple plug-in architecture for geographic graphical analysis and visualization. This is a free software project and began in 2007. Developers – Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias and University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (see figure 1.1). DEEGREE (Free Software for Spatial Data Infrastructures) is a comprehensive geospatial software package with implementations of OGC Web Services like WMS and WFS, a geoportal, a desktop application, security mechanisms, and various tools for geospatial data processing and management. It is open source (LGPL), Java, standards-compliant (OGC, ISO) and an OSGeo project. FalconView is a mapping system created by the Georgia Tech Research Institute for the Windows family operating systems, USA. A free, open source version is available. Geopublisher is a Java desktop application to create multilingual, interactive maps and publish them online and offline. GRASS GIS was originally developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It is an open source complete GIS. This software is used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization (see figure 1.1). Geomajas is a free and open source GIS framework which seamlessly integrates powerful server side algorithms into the web browser. Geomajas is the extensible open source web mapping framework, enabling integrated GIS
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solutions for businesses and government. It has integrated client-server architecture, with a high focus on server-side integration of data.
Figure 1.1 An overview of interfaces of open source software GIS [4]
gvSIG is an open source GIS written in Java. gvSIG is a GIS that is, a desktop application designed for capturing, storing, handling, analyzing and deploying any kind of referenced geographic information in order to solve complex management and planning problems. It is easy to learn, yet versatile and efficient enough for demanding GIS tasks (see figure 1.1). ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) integrates image, vector and thematic data. ILWIS was initially developed and distributed by ITC Enschede (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation) in the Netherlands for use by its researchers
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and students. Since July 1 2007, ILWIS has been distributed as open source software under GPL license. JUMP GIS / OpenJUMP (Open) is a Java Unified Mapping Platform (the desktop GIS OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, deeJUMP and Kosmo emerged from JUMP. It is developed and maintained by a group of volunteers from around the world. OpenJUMP started as JUMP GIS designed by Vivid Solutions. The current version can read and write shapefiles and simple GML files. Kalypso (software) is an Open Source GIS (Java, GML3) and focuses mainly on numerical simulations in water management and ecology such as the generation of inundation and flood risk maps by hydrologic and hydrodynamic models and GIS functionality. Developed in Germany. Kosmo is a desktop GIS with advanced functions. It is the first of a series of developments that was made available to the community. Kosmo was implemented using the Java programming language and has been developed from the JUMP GIS platform and a series of free code libraries, all of which are well acknowledged and widely used in different free software projects (for example, Geotools and JTS). It is available for Windows and Linux operating systems. One of its main characteristics is the possibility of increasing functionality, based on extensions. Developed by SAIG S.L. LandSerf is a freely available Geographical Information System for the visualization and analysis of surfaces. Applications include visualization of landscapes; geomorphological analysis; gaming development; GIS file conversion; map output; archaeological mapping and analysis; surface modeling and many others. It runs on any platform that supports the Java Runtime Environment (Windows, Mac OS X, Unix, Linux, etc.). MapWindow GIS is a free, open source GIS desktop application and programming component. MapWindow GIS v. 4.7 is a full MapWindow GIS application installation. Desktop GIS, which gives possibility to distribute data to others and to develop and distribute custom spatial data analyses. MiraMon is a Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing software. It was developed in the Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). It is a low-cost software which is both powerful and accurate. POSTGRES (PostgreSQL) is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. It has more than 15 years of active development and a proven architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data integrity, and correctness. It runs on all major operating systems, including Linux, UNIX (AIX, BSD, HP-UX, SGI IRIX, Mac OS X, Solaris, Tru64), and Windows. It has full support for foreign keys, joins, views, triggers, and stored procedures (in multiple languages). This is free and open source software. As with many other open source programs, PostgreSQL is not controlled by any single company, but has a global community of developers and companies to develop it. Iride Acqua Gas SpA (now “Iren Acqua Gas”, Italy, Genoa) uses applications of this program for distributed water and freshwater quality parameters. Quantum GIS (QGIS) is an Open Source Geographic Information System licensed under the GNU General Public License. QGIS is an Open Source GIS that runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows. QGIS is an official project of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation.
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SAGA GIS – System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses – is a free open source hybrid GIS software. SAGA has a unique Application Programming Interface (API) and a fast growing set of geo-scientific methods, bundled in exchangeable Module Libraries. Most past and current SAGA developments come from the team around J. Böhner and O. Conrad, both are now working at the Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Germany (see figure 1.1). uDig – is an open source (LGPL) desktop application framework, built with Eclipse Rich Client (RCP) technology. Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools (GAT) is an open-source Geographic information system and remote sensing software package that is distributed under the GNU General Public License. It has been developed by the members of the University of Guelph Centre for Hydrogeomatics, Canada and is intended for advanced geospatial analysis and data visualization in research and education settings. The package features a friendly graphical user interface (see figure 1.1).
1.1.2 Other tools
Popular spatial software instruments or environment groups are listed below. These include possibilities for creation, support and visualization of the spatially distributed data and can be used as tools for different levels of application development.
WebMap Server: – FutureServer is an implementation of a RESTful Geographic Feature Service; – GeoServer is an open source software server written in Java that allows users to share and edit geospatial data; – Mapnik – C++/Python library for rendering – used by OpenStreetMap. Mapnik is an open source mapping toolkit, written in C++ and useful for both desktop and server based map rendering; – MapGuide – Open Source is a web-based platform that enables users to develop and deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services; – MapServer is an open source development environment for building spatially-enabled internet applications. It can run as a CGI program or via Mapscript, which supports several programming languages. Web- based mapping server, developed by the University of Minnesota; Spatial Database Management Systems: – PostGIS – Spatial extensions for the open source PostgreSQL database, allowing geospatial queries by Refractions Research; – MySQL Spatial; – TerraLib is a GIS classes and functions library, available from the Internet as open source, allowing a collaborative environment and its use for the development of multiple GIS tools. TerraLib is more than a spatial DBMS as it provides also advanced functions for GIS analysis. Its main aim is to enable the development of a new generation of GIS
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applications, based on the technological advances on spatial databases; Software Development Frameworks and Libraries (non-web): – GeoTools is an open source GIS toolkit written in Java, using Open Geospatial Consortium specifications; – GDAL is a translator library for raster geospatial data formats that is released under a X/MIT style Open Source license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation; – The OGR Simple Features Library, – a C++ open source library (and commandline tools) providing read (and sometimes write) access to a variety of vector file formats including ESRI Shapefiles, S-57, SDTS, PostGIS, Oracle Spatial, and Mapinfo mid/mif and TAB formats. OGR is a part of the GDAL library; – SharpMap is an easy-to-use mapping library for use in web and desktop applications. Software Development Frameworks and Libraries (for web applications); – OpenLayers is an open source AJAX library for accessing geographic data layers of all kinds, originally developed and sponsored by MetaCarta; – GeoBase (Telogis GIS software) is geospatial mapping software available as a Software development kit, which performs various functions including address lookup, mapping, routing, reverse geocoding, and navigation. Suited for high transaction enterprise environments; Cataloging application for spatially referenced resources: – GeoNetwork (open source) is a catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources through the web; Environment for developing Web Mapping applications: – Chameleon (open source) is a distributed, highly configurable, environment for developing Web Mapping applications. It is built on MapServer as the core mapping engine and works with all MapServer supported data formats. Chameleon was originally developed in 2002 by DM Solutions Group under contract to NRCan, in support of Canada's GeoConnections program, contributing to the Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI).
1.2 Commercial GIS software
Almost all of the companies below offer Desktop GIS and WebMap Server products. Some offer Spatial DBMS products as well. So, product user groups i.e. application fields are mentioned below. Many companies also provide trial versions for testing their software. For instance, ESRI provides this service for extensions and an evaluation disk of ArcEditor for the period of 60 days. This is very useful principle to taste, evaluate and compare possibilities of different applications. The following descriptions were provided by the developers and do not reflect the opinion of the authors or the PREPARED project.
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Autodesk is an American multinational corporation that focuses on 2D and 3D design software for use in architecture, engineering and building construction, manufacturing, and media and entertainment. Products include Map 3D, Topobase, MapGuide and other products that interface with its flagship AutoCAD software package (see figure 1.2). Albireo Telematics is a leader in providing solutions and services for the Geospatial & GIS, Defense and Homeland Security and Engineering sectors. Eagle 3.0 is a Web Based vector map Engine, capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information (data identification according to location). AvisMap is devoted to geospatial technological innovation and has developed a suite of GIS technologies. AvisMap GIS covers a broad range of products including a components-based GIS platform, a spatial database engine, as well as a desktop GIS. AvisMap GIS Engine is the basic development platform for AvisMap GIS suites, which is a new generation of component GIS development platform for GIS application developers. AvisMap GIS Engine 5 provides powerful GIS functions through Active X controls based on Microsoft COM component technique standards. It allows users to rapidly develop professional GIS applications and increase GIS functions for classical management information system (MIS) by adding graphic visualization, spatial data processing, data analysis or other functions. AvisMap is headquartered in PRC (China). Bentley Systems – Products include Bentley Map, Bentley PowerMap and other products that interface with its flagship MicroStation software package. Bentley Systems is based in USA. Cadcorp is a leading developer of GIS software industry. This includes the popular Cadcorp SIS – Spatial Information System, which runs on Microsoft Windows and encompasses desktop GIS modules, ActiveX based Developer Kits and web-based GIS software (GeognoSIS); apSIS, a component based GIS development kit and mSIS, a pocket PC based mobile data capture solution. Cadcorp is based in the UK (see figure 1.2). Caliper – Products include Maptitude Geographic Information System software, TransModeler Traffic Simulation Software and TransCAD Transportation Planning Software. Caliper is based in USA. CARIS (Computer Aided Resource Information System) is a software company that develops and supports geomatics software for land and marine applications. Caris is headquartered in Canada. Christine_GIS is a useful, easy-to-use tool that brings geographic information to the user desktop. Christine-GIS Viewer 1.4 is freeware, Christine-GIS 3.1 is low cost shareware. Clark Labs developed IDRISI, a GIS product, which is economical but capable, it is used for both operations and education. Clark Labs is a part of Clark University, Canada.
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Figure 1.2 An overview of interfaces of some of commercial GIS
Digital Data Technologies, Inc. developed AccuGlobe Desktop 2007, a standardized platform for delivering solutions to the global GIS community. Combining user-friendly design with significantly increased functionality, AccuGlobe Desktop 2007 gives greater freedom in analyzing spatial data. In addition to functioning, AccuGlobe Desktop 2007 is available as a free download for the global GIS community. Digital Data Technologies, Inc. is headquartered in the United States. GGP GIS is an extremely powerful system that is being used for many Public Sector organisations’ data sharing and accessibility needs. Initially developed for the very specific needs of the UK local government, GGP GIS has now evolved to become one of the leading Geographic Information System for Public Sector organizations, underpinning the delivery of the latest generation of integrated and web-enabled services. ERDAS Inc. (Earth Resource Data Analysis System) develops geospatial business systems solutions for authoring, managing, connecting, and delivering geospatial information. The company offers ERDAS IMAGINE, a remote sensing application with raster graphics editor capabilities for geospatial applications; LPS, ERDAS ER Mapper, ERDAS Extensions for ArcGIS, ERDAS APOLLO, ERDAS ADE. ESRI (Environmental systems research institute) is a software development and services company providing Geographic Information
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System software and geodatabase management applications. The headquarters of ESRI is in Redlands, California. ESRI uses the name ArcGIS to refer to its suite of GIS software products, which operate on desktop, server, and mobile platforms. ArcGIS also includes developer products and web services. Products include ArcView 3.x, ArcGIS, ArcSDE, ArcIMS, ArcWeb services and ArcGIS Server (see figure 1.2). Everest Software LLC developed Everest GIS, a simple GIS application for surface mapping. Everest GIS is a mapping application that enables users to generate informative maps for analysis. Everest GIS reads a variety of common file formats and has industry leading tools for creating features based on metes and bounds descriptions or quartering calls. Everest GIS integrates with other database applications to provide a complete mapping solution. Everest Software LLC is headquartered in the USA. Gemini Geo-Technologies is a full service company specializing in geographic information system, cartographic and interactive website application design. Gemini Geo-Technologies produced Gemini GIS. Goldin-Rudahl Systems, Inc. (GRS) specializes in the cost-effective application of computer technology to natural resource management problems. GRS is best known for its popular Dragon/ips® remote sensing image processing software with some GIS capabilities. GRS is headquartered in USA. ILOG is an international software company. It develops, markets, sells and supports BRMS, optimization and visualization software components, as well as supply chain applications. ILOG JViews Maps for Defense is a comprehensive set of software editors and graphics components that deliver unparalleled flexibility and openness for creating realistic and dynamic map displays with georeferenced data. ILOG currently has business locations in nine countries, but it has two principal locations: France and United States. Intergraph – products include GeoMedia, GeoMedia Professional, GeoMedia WebMap, and add-on products for industry sectors, as well as photogrammetry. It also includes applications such as GInterAqua. Intergraph is headquartered in the USA. ITT Visual Information Solutions (ITT VIS) creates software products that help professionals across industries access, analyze, and share all types of data and imagery. ENVI utilized for image analysis, exploitation, and hyperspectral analysis. ENVI is the premier application for extracting geospatial information from remotely-sensed imagery. Developed by ITT Visual Information Solutions, ENVI has long been recognized as a leader in the data access, analysis, and sharing of all imagery and data formats. ENVI’s complete image analysis platform includes robust yet easy-to-use tools for users with all levels of image processing experience, in order to enhance the GIS workflow with all types of imagery. A major focus of recent and future ENVI development is providing tools to integrate information derived from imagery into Geographic Information System databases. KB "Panorama", – GIS Panorama is a set of geoinformation technologies including professional GIS "Map 2008", professional vectorizer of digital maps "Panorama-Editor", development tools of GIS-applications for different platforms GIS ToolKit, system of accounting and registration of landownership (SARL) "Earth and right", converters for data exchange with
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other GIS (DXF/DBF, MIF/MID, Shape, S57/S52 etc.) and specialized applications (communication, navigation, ecological monitoring and other). Software is certificated in The Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography (“Roskartographia”) and the Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation, and also has stood the State tests in Topographical service of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Manifold System is a GIS software package developed by manifold.net that runs on Microsoft Windows. The GIS software competes with ESRI and MapInfo GIS products. Manifold 7.00 handles both vector and raster data, includes spatial SQL, a built-in Internet Map Server (IMS), and other general GIS features. Developed in the USA. Microsoft – MapPoint, a technology ("MapPoint Web Service," previously known as MapPoint .NET) and a specific software program created by Microsoft that allows users to view, edit and integrate maps. The MapPoint technology is used in End-user desktop software and Web-based services. Microsoft is headquartered in the USA. MicroImages, Inc. is a software development company in Lincoln, Nebraska founded in 1986. MicroImages' software products include TNTmips and TNTlite for GIS and image processing. The TNT products also support web mapping applications. My World GIS™ is a GIS designed specifically for use in educational settings. It offers easy-to-use tools to perform investigation and analysis as they explore critical issues about the environment, geography, geology, demography, history, and much more. Data visualization is ideally suited for learners because it provides a powerful way to make visible the patterns and trends that lie hidden in complex data. My World allows learners to explore and analyze geographic data about our world. My World is the latest software from the Geographic Data in Education Initiative (GEODE) at Northwestern University. It was developed as part of a research program on the adaptation of scientific visualization and data analysis tools to support inquiry-based learning. Netcad – Desktop and web based GIS products, including CAD, GIS and Remote sensing applications, map, zoning and land survey applications, etc, developed by Ulusal CAD ve GIS Çözümleri A.Ş., Istanbul, Turkey. Northgate Information Solutions Limited provides a GIS toolset Northgate StruMap. GIS based software for location-based decision support. Northgate is based in the UK. ObjectFX provides products and solutions that enable organizations to leverage the full value of dynamic spatial and temporal data to gather intelligence, monitor and improve operations, and respond more quickly to changing conditions. SpatialRULES® is a Complex Event Processing (CEP) engine for geospatial data. SpatialFX and SpatialRULES is Java-based rules engine for spatial and temporal data. ObjectFX is headquartered in Minnesota, the USA. Oracle – the world's largest enterprise software company. Every software and hardware technology needed to manage business information and streamline business processes; products include Oracle spatial and Oracle locator. Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition – includes full 3-D and Web
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services support to manage all geospatial data including vector and raster data, topology, and network models. Oracle is headquartered in the USA. Orbit GIS Technology delivers solutions for spatial information management on scalable levels. Orbit is destined to become the engine for a large variety of applications, from a simple stand-alone viewer to an n-tier multi-server resource management system for embedded, intranet, internet or mobile use. Orbit tends to become a standard GIS technology for multi- platform use, both in low-end as in high-end applications and projects. Orbit GIS and Orbit Geostatial Technologies are products and technology range owned, developed and marketed by Eurotronics NV, Belgium. Ortelius provides Mapdiva is a vector-based map illustration drawing tools from Mapdiva, LLC, reads shape file information, for Mac OS X. Free Trial. Pitney Bowes Business Insight – Products include MapInfo Professional and MapXtreme, integrates GIS software, data and services (see figure 1.2). Smallworld developed in Cambridge, England (Smallworld, Inc.) and purchased by General Electric. Smallworld technology supports application products for Telecommunications, utility and public systems organizations. SPATIALinfo – Products include spatialNET, spatialWEB, spatialOFFLINE, BILLINGsync, ADDRESSmanager, MAPupdater, and spatialWEBSERVICES. Spatial Info Inc. is headquartered in Colorado,USA. SPRING is a state-of-the-art GIS and remote sensing image processing system with an object-oriented data model which provides for the integration of raster and vector data representations in a single environment. SPRING is a product of Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE/DPI (Image Processing Division) with assistance from: EMBRAPA/CNPTIA - Brazil's Agricultural Research Agency, IBM Brasil TECGRAF - Computer Graphics Technology Group, PETROBRÁS / CENPES, K2Sistemas. STAR-APIC (UK) Ltd. provides software systems for creating and managing maps, and managing and sharing information about location. It offers standard software products for web, desktop and enterprise platforms, a range of complementary services including development of bespoke systems, and complete solutions for specific markets. STAR-APIC (UK) Ltd. is headquartered United Kingdom. SuperMap Software Co., Ltd. covers a wide range of products, including Desktop GIS, Component GIS, Service GIS, Mobile GIS, Spatial Database Engine, Navigation Application Development Platform as well as related spatial data generation, processing and management tools. SuperMap GIS is a large GIS package developed by SuperMap. SuperMap is headquartered in Beijing, China. TatukGIS Company designs, develops, licenses, markets, and supports GIS focused software products and software development tools for the creation of custom GIS applications and solutions. The leading product is the TatukGIS ‘Developer Kernel’, a comprehensive GIS development toolkit (SDK) that is licensed to GIS software solution developers in approximately 50 countries. This product is unique in that it is provided in three versions to support three very different development platforms: Borland® Delphi/C++Builder™, Microsoft® ActiveX®, and Microsoft manageable
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.NET® for WinForms. Other TatukGIS products include the GIS Internet Map Server and desktop final user products, e.g., the GIS Editor, Aerial Imagery Corrector, and free GIS Viewer. All products are developed from the core TatukGIS technology, which is the intellectual property of TatukGIS. The principle place of business is in Gdynia, Poland. ThinkGeo LLC is an industry leader in GIS and GPS asset tracking technologies. Map Suite is a full line of GIS components designed for .NET application developers. Cygnus Track is an easy to use asset tracking application designed to track and monitor vehicles, ships, aircraft, personnel and other mobile assets. Company registered in the USA.
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2 Systems software and GIS applications in PREPARED project - current situation
In May 2010 a questionnaire on GIS was sent to all PREPARED partners. The information, below was based on the answers of the PREPARED partners (both research and utilities) to the questionnaire. The questionnaire included a number of questions about currently used systems software and GIS applications, which have been, or can be, used for RA/RM, associated with climate change hazards.
2.1 Software, GIS and tools, related with water, sanitation and climate change aspects, which are used by PREPARED partners
The following software products were developed during previous projects and can be used as a basis for the development/adaptation of RA/RM related GIS tools and applications for climate change hazards: – FLIWAS is a web-based system developed in the framework of NOAH project, in cooperation with HIS and VIKING projects. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.fliwas.eu and http://www.noah- interreg.net/about_fliwas.asp?lang=0]; – Geoinformatica is a geospatial software toolkit, which builds on Perl, GTK+, GDAL, and libral, developed in the framework of Geoinformatica FOSS4G project by Ari Jolma. Geoinformatica can be used for optimizing of the locations of rainfall measurement gauges. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://trac.osgeo.org/geoinformatica]; – İSKABİS – is an Infrastructure Information System GIS. İSKİ Geographical Information System was developed within the Office İSKABİS © project, Turkey. İSKABİS CAD / GIS, GIS İSKABİS, İSKABİS MODEL components creates a new technology platform that is generally referred to as İSKABİSpatial. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://iskabis.iski.gov.tr].
Information on currently used operating systems and GIS related applications by PREPARED partners is included in table 2.1 and table 2.2.
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Table 2.1 – Operating systems, which are being used by PREPARED partners for GIS applications
Name of the partner Other Country/town Linux indows indows 7 W Windows Windows XP Windows Windows Vista
England, Wales Dwr Cymru Welsh Water x
Finland Aalto University School of x Science and Technology / Water technology Germany, IWW Water Center x Bonne Germany Hessenwasser, Groß x Gerau Germany GELSENWASSER x Italy, Genoa Iride (Iren)Acqua Gas SpA x The KWR water cycle x Netherlands, Eindhoven Norway, Oslo Vann- og avløpsetaten, x Oslo Kommune Poland Institute for Ecology of x x x Industrial Areas (IETU) Portugal EPAL x Spain, Barcelona CETaqua x Spain, Barcelona CLABSA x Turkey, Istanbul ISKI x
Turkey TUBITAK MARMARA x RESEARCH CENTER Ukraine, CSRC x x Simferopol Ukraine, SDWSC x x x Debian Simferopol
Table 2.2 – GIS, which are being used by PREPARED partners for support of spatial tasks
Country/ Name of the Arc Arc Arc Map Other town partner View Editor Info Info (specify) England, Dwr Cymru Welsh 9.2 x Cadcorp , Wales Water StruMap, Bentley (Table 2.2 continues on next page)
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(Table 2.2 continued from previous page)H Finland Aalto University 9.3 Geoinformatica School of Science and Technology / Water technology Germany IWW Water Center 3.2 Germany Hessenwasser, 3.1 Groß Gerau Germany GELSENWASSER 9.3 Italy, Genoa Iride (Iren) Acqua 9.2 9.2 QGIS 15 (open Gas SpA source), GRASS (open source) AutoCadMap2010 Netherlands, KWR 9.3 9.3 9.3 Eindhoven Norway, Vann- og 9.3 9.3 9.3 Gemini Oslo avløpsetaten, Oslo Kommune Poland Institute for x x 9.1, 4.0, MapWindow 4.6, Ecology of 9.2 9.0, 4.7 Industrial Areas 10. gvSIG 1.9 (IETU) 0 Christine_GIS Viewer 1.4 Poland Utility of Glivice 4.0, 9.0, 10. 0 Portugal EPAL GeoMedia 6.0 Spain, CETaqua 9.3 - Miramon (open Barcelona source) - Quantum GIS (open source) Spain, CLABSA 9.2 Smallworld 4.1 Barcelona Turkey, TUBITAK 9.2 Istanbul MARMARA RESEARCH CENTER Turkey, ISKI Microstation – Istanbul Oracle v8i - 11g Ukraine, CSRC 9.3 Simferopol Ukraine, SDWSC Postgis (open Simferopol source), uDig (open source)
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2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using of FOSS and commercial GIS
Open source software development aims to produce computer programs for solving certain real tasks which are free of charge for users. More importantly, the source codes of this type of software are open to the public. Internet GIS has been an active area of open source software development for a long period of time. Some later open source Internet GIS services have gained a considerable popularity. The open source GIS software packages cover the range from the Internet GIServer and GIS database management systems to GIS analysis tools. The Open Geospatial Consortium specifications work as the de-facto standards for the entire open source GIS community [5]. On the other hand, commercial GIS solutions still dominate the market. COTS GIS software has been extensively used in the computing technologies and also supports flexible customization of interfaces and functions (see table 2.3). As for costs and development transparency, open source solutions prevail. Open source software becomes competitive for GIS vendors in terms of reliability and functionality. However, COTS software still have advantages over the open source counterparts especially from the perspective of end users. The unwillingness to go open source can be contributed to the relatively more difficult work to configure and customize open source software. The technical supports, product liability as well as complete documentation add up to the reasons that explain the larger portion of market share of the COTS solutions. Taking into account these challenges, the creation of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation looks as a real step for combining of the efforts of previously uncoordinated processes of FOSS products position strengthening [5]. In our opinion, all open sources GIS software has one big disadvantage (especially for not so big organizations) - people who use these applications should be programmers. They need to understand programming code for adjusting these FOSS for their purposes and at the same time have sufficient knowledge of the specific subject area, including appropriate model usage (or have a good interaction between “software” and water management experts). For a small organization it can be much cheaper some times to buy commercial software, than to pay the special staff responsible for FOSS development or adaptation.
Table 2.3 – Differences between proprietary and FOSS software [4] Proprietary software Free & Open source Software
Warranty1 of developing company no license fees on product (holds for every company) unrestricted use (e.g. no limits for the number of installations)
Advantages components should work together no update enforcement (Table 2.3 continues on next page)
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(Table 2.2 continued from previous page)H
software price and maintenance installation know-how necessary2 fees training costs3 training costs
maintenance tied to specific licensed companies
customized development can be difficult due to available resources Disadvantages of vendors
support only as long as soft ware company exists
1) license agreements often exclude warranty 2) most FOSS desktop GIS provide installers (e.g. for MS- Windows a setup.exe) 3) user’s choice to invest in own resources or to buy external services
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3 GIS applications for RA/RM
3.1 GIS tools used by PREPARED partners
Geographic information systems are important tools for understanding the influence of spatially distributed risks, associated with natural hazards on the urban water cycle. The GIS applications which have been or can be used for RA/RM approach by PREPARED partners are listed in the table 3.1.
Table 3.1 – GIS applications used by PREPARED partners for RA/RM Country/ PREPARED Name of the Requirements Town partner application England, Dwr Cymru Welsh ArcEditor Windows Welhs Water Finland Aalto University Geoinformatica Operating School of Science system: and Technology / Windows/ Linux Water technology Germany IWW Water Arc Iso Center ESRI Spatial Analyst Hessenwasser, GW-Manager Windows XP Groß Gerau IE 7 Land-Manager GELSENWASSER Spatial Analyst AG Italy, Genoa Iride (Iren) Quantum GIS AcquaGas SpA Netherlands, KWR water cycle Reflect Eindhoven Respond Hotspot Norway, Vann- og Mike Urban ArcGIS, 2.0 GHz Oslo avløpsetaten, Oslo Mouse DHI PC RAM 1.0 GB Kommune (or more) Portugal EPAL GInterAqua/Geomedia Windows XP SP2 Geomedia Intel Hiper trading RAM 3 GB Poland Institute for ArcSWAT ArcGIS 9.2 Ecology of (ArcVIEW 9.2 Industrial Areas SP6 b1500 with (IETU) Spatial Analyst 9.2) ArcGIS DotNet support (Table 3.1 continues on next page)
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(Table 3.1 continued from previous page)H Poland (IETU) ArcSWAT Microsoft .Net Framework 2.0
NORISC - HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT Pentium III or SOFTWARE MODULE higher Visual MODFLOW RAM 1GB Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) ELCOM (Estuary and Lake Computer Model) The Computational Aquatic Ecosystem Dynamics Model (CAEDYM) HEC-RAS HEC-HMS Spain, CETaqua ESRI Spatial Analyst Windows XP Barcelona SP2, SP3; Windows Server 2008; Intel Core Duo, Pentium 4 or Xeon Processors; RAM 1 GB minimum, 2 GB recomm. or more CLABSA Infoworks Spatial Analyst ET GeoWizards Turkey, ISKI ISKABIS: Windows XP, Istanbul Water Loss Monitoring Oracle Spatial and Control database, ISKABIS: Internet Explorer Industrial Pollution 8, Intel Core 2 Monitoring and Control Duo RAM 2GB DDR2 800 Turkey TUBITAK ESRI ArcHydro tools: MARMARA Watershed protection RESEARCH and planning CENTER Ukraine, CSRC ArcSWAT, ESRI ArcGIS Simferopol Spatial Analyst
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3.2 Risk assessment and Risk management related applications
Usually a GIS application is focused on a certain field of tasks, which can be solved using specific models. Some of the GIS applications are not positioned directly as RA/RM tools, but can be used for separate spatially distributed sub-tasks, using built-in standard procedures (for instance, ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcGIS Network Analyst, ET GeoWizards and ESRI Situational Awareness). A list of the software products that have been or can be used for RA/RM water and sanitation tasks (related to climate change impacts) is given below. The following descriptions were provided by the developers and do not reflect the opinion of the authors or the PREPARED project.
ArcHydro. ESRI has developed models for Water Resources and has focused on surface water with input from key state, national, and international contributors [6]. The ArcGIS Hydro model is available for review and download. Arc Hydro is an ArcGIS-based system geared to support water resources applications. It consists of two key components: Arc Hydro Data Model and Arc Hydro Tools. The Arc Hydro tools are a set of public domain utilities developed jointly by the Center for Research in Water Resources (http:// www.crwr.utexas.edu) of the University of Texas at Austin, and the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. These tools provide functionalities for terrain processing, watershed delineation and attribute management. They operate on top of the Arc Hydro data model in the ArcGIS 8.3, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 environments. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://resources.arcgis.com/content/hydro-data-model]. This model is being used for building and analyzing GIS based infrastructure for watershed protection and planning in Turkey.
ArcGIS Network Analyst is an extension to ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, USA) that helps you conduct network-based spatial analysis. With ArcGIS Network Analyst, you can create applications that build multimodal routes, provide travel directions, look for closest facilities, and create service areas and origin-destination cost matrices. It is a commercial application [7]. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/extensions/networkanalyst].
ArcGIS Spatial Analyst is an extension to ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, USA) that provides powerful tools for comprehensive, raster-based spatial modeling and analysis. Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, you can derive new information from your existing data, analyze spatial relationships, build spatial models, and perform complex raster operations. Using this application you can perform land-use analysis, determine pollution levels and erosion potential, conduct risk assessments, model and visualize, etc [8]. It is a commercial application. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/extensions/spatialanalyst/index.ht ml]
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ArcIso. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.ike.uni-stuttgart.de]
ArcSWAT (Soil and water assessment tool) has been generated by Neitsch et al. (2002) by Grassland, Soil & Water Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service and others developers, Texas, USA [9]. This software is copyright-free and can be applied to several studies. The base GIS for SWAT is ArcView. The SWAT has the ability to simulate the complicated models in terms of hydrology, pesticides and DDT migration, the nutrient chain, the erosion and displacement of the sediment. The SWAT has been developed in the study of the quantitative effect of the management of large watershed areas or large rivers. This tool will use mainly the physical data and will enable the study of the effect on the long term. This application can be applied in any region of the world with adaptation to the current conditions. This model requires Digital Elevation Model, land use and soil information, data on quality and quantity of water and meteorological data too. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/team].
BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating point and Nonpoint Sources, the U.S.- Environmental Protection Agency, USA) is a multipurpose environmental analysis system designed for use by regional, state, and local agencies to perform watershed and water quality-based studies. Update 3 of the BASINS 4.0 software is now available for download. Like previous releases, Update 3 includes within the open-source MapWindow GIS interface, a Data Download Tool, project builder, watershed delineation routines, and data analysis and model output visualization tools. New features in Update 3 include plug-in interfaces for well-known watershed and water quality models SWMM5, WASP7, and SWAT 2005. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.epa.gov/waterscience/BASINS/].
BlueM is a software package for river basin management. It allows for the integrated simulation, analysis and optimisation of discharge and pollution loads in rural and urban catchments, including processes in the water body, using physically-based hydrologic approaches. BlueM is the result of continuous development efforts based on model concepts that have been pursued at ihwb for many years and have already been implemented in various applications. Besides the hydrological model core for rainfall-runoff computations including discharge, pollution load and water quality processes in rural and urban catchments (BlueM.Sim), the BlueM software package also contains tools for visualizing and analyzing time series (BlueM.Wave), for optimizing, auto-calibrating and performing sensitivity analyses on model parameters (BlueM.Opt), as well as for visualizing of optimization results (e.g. in the form of scatterplot matrices). A further package component is BlueM.Analyser, a tool for carrying out monitoring and assessment tasks in real-time (per time step). For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.ihwb.tu-darmstadt.de]
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CAEDYM (Computational Aquatic Ecosystem Dynamics Model, Version 3.2) is an aquatic ecological model that may be run independently or coupled with hydrodynamic models DYRESM or ELCOM. CAEDYM consists of a series of mathematical equations representing the major biogeochemical processes influencing water quality. At its most basic, CAEDYM is a set of library subroutines that contain process descriptions for primary production, secondary production, nutrient and metal cycling, and oxygen dynamics and the movement of sediment. This application can be applied in any region of the world [10] and developed by CWR Centre for Water Research in 2009. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.cwr.uwa.edu.au].
CASS WORKS (RJN Group Inc., Wheaton, Illinois) is integrated infrastructure management software for water distribution, sanitary sewers, storm drainage, treatment facilities, parks and recreation, GIS, and management assessment applications. Integration is accomplished through a module called GeoCAD that can integrate the maintenance module with the leading GIS software programs that use ORACLE. This integration allows the maintenance module to run within GIS programs. Using the ANSI SQL RDBMS standard, RJN has integrated CASS WORKS with ARC/INFO and ArcView. The ability for both systems to access the same database increases the value of the data, eliminates database inconsistencies, allows for both graphic and nongraphic representation of data, and eases implementation issues and costs [11].
Cityworks (formerly known as “Pipeworks”) is available as ArcView 3.x or ArcGIS 8.x and 9.x Extension. It helps users to integrate their GIS and facilities management. Cityworks’ water, wastewater, and storm water module works with ESRI coverages and Shapefiles. Cityworks can store project data in any SQL database, such as SQL Anywhere, Oracle, Sybase, etc. Cityworks’ capabilities include data inventory, data editing, work-order management, work-order scheduling, network tracing, maintenance histories, inspections, and condition ratings. Cityworks can also be used for managing and recording CCTV inspection programs for sewers. Instead of integrating the work-management system with GIS, Cityworks uses the GIS as a work-management system [12].
CATS (Consequences Assessment Tool Set) includes a consequence management tool that combines hazard prediction, consequence analysis, management tools, the Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) system, and population and infrastructure data in a GIS system. The software uses real-time weather data and other databases to assess the effects of natural disasters as well as man-made hazards. For example, it can predict tidal surges, contamination trajectory, and earthquake damage. It can provide optimal roadblock locations, create scenarios for training and planning, and create contingency plans with its population and infrastructure data. Similar to FEMA’s HAZUS software, this program requires ESRI’s Arc GIS software for mapping [13]. The user manual is available online at
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https://www.hsdl.org/homesec/docs/dtic/ADA423521.pdf, and the program is currently available to federal, state, and local government organizations. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://cats.saic.com/index.html]
DHI (the Danish Hydraulic Institute, DHI, Denmark) and DHI WASY group of software products. We combined these products in one group, because by using this software the entire water cycle can be modeled. Widely known products are DHI MIKE SHE, MIKE 11, MIKE 21, MIKE FLOOD (www.mikebydhi.com) and MIKE URBAN as well as DHI WASY FEFLOW, WBalMo, WGEO, HQ-EX, and WISYS Geof. MIKE BASIN is a multi-purpose, GIS-based river basin simulation package and designed for analyzing water sharing problems and environmental issues at international, national and project scale. MIKE BASIN is powerful, yet simple to use, with lots of analysis capabilities for water resources engineering, including the following tasks: solve multi- sector water allocation problems; improve reservoir and hydropower operations; conduct transparent water resources assessments; irrigation scheme performance and crop yield; assess nutrient loads from non-point and point sources; compare measures for water quality compliance; store, analyze and visualize temporal data in GIS. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.mikebydhi.com/Products/ WaterResources /MIKEBASIN.aspx] MIKE FLOOD is a computer program that simulates inundation for rivers, flood plains and urban drainage systems. It dynamically couples 1D (MIKE 11 and MOUSE DHI) and 2D (MIKE 21) modeling techniques into one single tool. MIKE FLOOD is accepted by US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for use in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). This software can be expanded with a range of modules and methods including a flexible mesh overland flow solver, MIKE URBAN, Rainfall- runoff modeling and dynamic operation of structures. MIKE FLOOD can be used for river-flood plain interaction, integrated urban drainage and river modeling, urban flood analysis and detailed dam break studies. MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological modeling system. It simulates water flow in the entire land based phase of the hydrological cycle from rainfall to river flow, via various flow processes such as, overland flow, infiltration into soils, evapotranspiration from vegetation, and groundwater flow. This product has been applied in a large number of studies world-wide focusing on e.g. conjunctive use of surface water and ground water for domestic and industrial consumption and irrigation, dynamics in wetlands, and water quality studies in connection with point and non-point pollution. It is used in regional studies covering entire river basins as well as in local studies focusing on specific problems on small scale. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.crwr.utexas.edu/]. MIKE 11 is an engineering software tool for the simulation of hydrology, hydraulics, water quality and sediment transport in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems and other inland waters. The main features of the software are: fast and robust numerical scheme; wide range of hydrologic modules; advanced cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport modules;
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wide range of flood modeling modules; comprehensive water quality and eutrophication modules; links to advanced hydrological, sewer and coastal modeling tools; GIS add-on modules. MIKE 11 is software key protected. The downloaded installation works both as a Demo Version (without software key and license files) and as a Full Version (with software key and license file). MIKE 21 is a professional engineering software package for the simulation of flows, waves, sediments and ecology in rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays, coastal areas and seas. The modeling system is designed in an integrated modular framework with a variety of add-on modules. This, in combination with the range of dedicated and easy to use tools and editors, allow customizing personal software package to suit specific needs, whether for simple or more complex 2D flow modeling needs. MIKE URBAN is a GIS-based urban modeling system for water distribution systems and wastewater collection systems. MIKE URBAN is a complete integration of GIS and water modeling. All GIS licenses and components required are embedded in the MIKE URBAN license. MIKE URBAN covers all water in the city, including: sewers - combined or separate systems or any combination of them; storm water drainage systems, including 2D overland flow; water distribution systems. It needs ArcGis for running [14]. This application can be applied in any region of the world. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://dhi- mike-urban.software.informer.com]. FEFLOW 6 (the latest major release of well-known FEFLOW subsurface flow and transport simulation system) has a completely redesigned user interface. Aside from technical advances such as hardware-accelerated graphics, users will benefit from powerful and intuitive new workflows during model setup and postprocessing. FEFLOW Viewer is a free-of-charge postprocessing tool that does not require a license and thus allows anyone to visualize FEFLOW model properties and simulation results. FEFLOW FMH3 ® (Finite Element subsurface FLOW system) is the software packages available for the modeling of flow and transport processes in porous media under saturated and unsaturated conditions. FEFLOW is a fully integrated three-dimensional finite element groundwater modeling solution. This fully integrated environmental software was designed with an easy-to-use graphical interface and offers analysis tools and robust numerical algorithms. Integral components are interactive graphics, a GIS interface, data regionalization and visualization tools and powerful numeric techniques. These components ensure an efficient working process building the finite element mesh, assigning model properties and boundary conditions, running the simulation, and visualizing the results. WbalMo is an interactive simulation system for the management and framework planning of river basins working with the Monte Carlo principle. It represents stochastically generated natural water resources, the uses of water resources taking into account the saving in time up to one month in volume. A registration of the system states during the simulation can be associated with probability statements (deficits in water supply, compliance with minimum runoff, etc.). The investigated flow field can be simulated both under stationary and under time-varying boundary conditions, including
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climate change. An optimization of the management can be made with the help of targeted variant calculations. HQ-EX is used to calculate probabilities of floods on the basis of time series. Based on the time series the following tasks can be solved with HQ- EX: a trend analysis and cleansing of the series and the determination of outliers and providing the corresponding empirical distribution (the empirical distribution is approximated by seven different analytical distribution functions). It usually uses three different parameter estimation methods: moment method; maximum likelihood method; method of probability-weighted moments. HQ-EX prints the parameters of the distributions, the fit measures and the outflows for recurrence intervals from 1.1 to 10,000 years in tabular form. WISYS Geof. is a tool for database and GIS-based management and use of water resources information using ArcGIS from ESRI. WISYS supports a modular software solution based on modern data modeling and database management systems. It supports responsible authorities and local institutions in their implementation. WISYS consists of a modular object model that is configurable and extensible. Possibilities of the program include: multilingual issues management; extensive analysis of river basin structures and community structures; processing of water geometries and event data, management and deployment of water courses; working with two water networks and scale (work and report scale); visualization of time series data (e.g. from monitoring programs); interactive map building for pre- defined default layout, metadata; coupled with simulation models. Analysis tools are also available on the web.
ELCOM (Estuary and Lake Computer Model, Version 2.2) is a three- dimensional hydrodynamics model used for predicting the velocity, temperature and salinity distribution in natural water bodies subjected to external environmental forcing such as wind stress, surface heating or cooling. Software was developed by CWR Centre for Water Research in 2009 [15]. This application of CWR can be applied in any region of the world too (see CAEDYM model too). For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.cwr.uwa.edu.au]
EPANET (developed by EPA's Water Supply and Water Resources Division) is software that models water distribution piping systems. It performs extended-period simulations of the hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. EPANET was developed to help water utilities maintain and improve the quality of water delivered to consumers through distribution systems. It can be used to design sampling programs, study disinfectant loss and by-product formation, and conduct system vulnerability and consumer exposure assessments. It can assist in evaluating alternative strategies for improving water quality, such as altering source use within multi-source systems, modifying pumping and tank filling/emptying schedules to reduce water age, using booster disinfection stations at key locations to maintain target residuals, and planning cost- effective programs of targeted pipe cleaning and replacement. EPANET can
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also be used to plan and improve a system's hydraulic performance. The software can assist with energy minimization and vulnerability study. EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of the water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period. Chemical species, water age, source, and tracing can be simulated. EPANET provides an integrated computer environment for editing network input data, running hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. These include color-coded network maps, data tables, time series graphs, and contour plots. The EPANET Programmer's Toolkit is a dynamic link library (DLL) of functions that allow developers to customize EPANET's computational engine according to their own needs. The functions can be incorporated into 32-bit Windows applications written in C/C++, Delphi, Visual Basic, or any other language that can call functions of a Windows DLL. There are over 50 functions that can be used to open a network description file, read and modify various network design and operating parameters, run multiple extended-period simulations accessing results as they are generated or saving them to file, and write selected results to a file in a user-specified format. EPANET is public domain software that may be freely copied and distributed. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/ dw/epanet.html]. ET GeoWizards is a set of powerful functions that will help the ArcGIS users to manipulate data with ease. It enables the ArcGIS users with ArcView licenses to perform some data processing tasks standardly possible only in ArcEditor and ArcInfo. The surface functions make it possible to do 3D analysis in ArcMap with no need of 3D Analyst. The ArcGis toolbox for data manipulation is required. Developed by ET Spatial techniques. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.ian- ko.com]. Geomedia GRID is an extension to the GeoMedia family of products from Intergraph Corp. This jointly-developed collection of grid operations allows for the creation, editing, and manipulation of grid files. GeoMedia Grid is capable to convert any GeoMedia Feature Class to a grid map layer and to apply traditional grid analysis techniques to the data. Local, zonal, and neighborhood operations are possible between multiple map layers. The user can extract database attributes, convert them to grid, combine them with grid data layers such as Digital Elevation Models, or remote imagery, view the analysis results in 3D, and return the query results to a vector Feature Class [16]. GeoMedia Grid is exclusively available through Intergraph Corp. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://imgs.intergraph.com/ggrid].
EPAL (Portugal) uses GeoMedia for running a Multicriteria matrix in order to find and prioritize the sections of the mains to be replaced. The multicriteria matrix was developed by EPAL in 2006. Also they use Geomedia GRID for: location of the mains in streets with a very high slope (risk of damage in case of a pipe burst) and with a very low slope (risk of flooding in case of a pipe burst).
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GInterAqua is an application which provides integral solutions for water networks by Intergraph Corporation and support for asset management [17]. For more detailed information see the following link [www.intergraph.com] and [http://www.aquasis.pt/main].
H2OMAP Water provides a powerful and practical GIS platform for water utility solutions. As a stand-alone GIS-based program, this software combines spatial analysis tools and mapping functions with sophisticated and accurate network modeling for complete infrastructure (asset) management and business planning. It performs hydraulic and dynamic water quality modeling, energy management, real-time simulation and control with an on- line interface. The program can also be effectively used to analyze pressurized sewer collection system. H2OMAP Water MSX and H2ONET MSX (Multi- Species eXtension) adds modeling capabilities including the ability to accurately model multiple interacting contaminants as well as sediment deposition and re-suspension in drinking water distribution systems. The program can also be used to track the movement, fate and build up of particulate material in the water distribution system. It considers both settling of particles under gravity as well as deposition of particles on the pipe walls due to particle/pipe surface attractive forces. Another feature of the software is its ability to accurately simulate spatial and temporal variations in water temperature and temperature gradients throughout any water distribution system [18]. H2OMAP Protector (from MWH Soft, Inc., Pasadena, California) is an add-on module for the H2OMAP suite that can be used for water security planning, infrastructure protection, and vulnerability assessment. Designed with the latest geospatial modeling technology, Protector uses a geodatabase for modeling various security scenarios. It can be used for estimating the consequences of a terrorist attack or a crisis event on a drinking-water supply infrastructure as well as formulating and evaluating sound emergency response, recovery, remediation and operations plans, and security upgrades. The program can be used to identify viable solutions before an incident or disaster occurs, or to assist in responding should it occur. HEC family products is software developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC, an organization within the Institute for Water Resources and is the designated Center for the US Army Corps of Engineers) for hydrologic engineering and planning analysis procedures, and include number of products: HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS, HEC- SSP, HEC-RPT, HEC- ResSim, HEC-EFM, HEC-EFM Plotter, HEC-FDA, HEC-DSS, CWMS. These products cover wide area of tasks, related with surface and groundwater hydrology, river hydraulics and sediment transport analysis, risk-based analysis for flood reduction, water quality modeling, reservoir system analysis and real-time water control management. Although the software was developed for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' needs, the software is available to the public whenever appropriate. The software can be downloaded from HEC’s website (http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/) and may be used outside of the company without charge. Some of these products are developed together with the
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Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). For example, GeoEFM is being programmed as an extension for ArcGIS and includes several GIS functions that are used in EFM “mother’s” application, such as management of spatial data sets, comparisons of spatial result areas for different flow regimes etc [19]. HEC-RAS allows to perform one-dimensional steady flow, unsteady flow, sediment transport/mobile bed computations, and water temperature modeling [20]. Developed by the Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources in 2009. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software]. HEC-HMS – is designed to simulate the precipitation-runoff processes of dendritic watershed systems. It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of problems. This includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology, and small urban or natural watershed runoff. Developed by the Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources in 2009 [20]. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software].
Hydroplan (Belgium) is an integrated approach to sewer asset management based on structural, hydraulic and environmental risk assessments carried out on the strategic elements of the sewerage network [21]. It starts with an inventory of the current situation and historical data, to set-up an initial asset database. After that, an analysis is performed at the pipe level and the pipes that will cause the greatest consequential damage in case of failure are scored based on several factors (financial, social and environmental). After estimating the impact of failures, the probabilities of sewer failures are calculated. The results of the strategic analysis and the failure probabilities are combined to come up with the global risk score. This gives the set of critical pipes where proactive rehabilitation investments are most cost efficient. The long-term investment is determined using a total life cycle model and Monte Carlo simulations, that integrates all costs by monetizing the risks and preventive investments. The sewerage database is continuously updated with newly gathered information and the procedure is looped through to ensure the timely detection of new problems and allow better planning of most cost-effective solutions.
InfoWater is a fully GIS integrated water distribution modeling and management software application. Built atop ArcGIS™ using the latest Microsoft .NET and ESRI ArcObjects component technologies, InfoWater seamlessly integrates advanced water network modeling and optimization functionality with the latest generation of ArcGIS. InfoWater capitalizes on the intelligence and versatility of the geodatabase architecture to deliver unparalleled levels of geospatial analysis, infrastructure management and business planning. Its unique interoperable geospatial framework enables world-record performance, scalability, reliability, functionality and flexibility - all within the powerful ArcGIS environment. InfoWater offers direct ArcGIS integration enabling engineers and GIS professionals to work simultaneously on the same integrated platform. It allows to command powerful GIS analysis and hydraulic modeling in a single
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environment using a single dataset. Users can create, edit, modify, run, map, analyze, design and optimize water network models and instantly review, query and display simulation results in ArcGIS. InfoWater MSX can also be effectively used to track the movement, fate and build up of particulate material in the water distribution system. Another powerful and unique feature of InfoWater MSX is its critical ability to accurately simulate spatial and temporal variations in water temperature and temperature gradients throughout any water distribution system. InfoWater MSX gives water utilities the vital ability to maintain a relatively constant water temperature in their drinking water distribution systems within a desirable range and help them to optimize their overall treatment and distribution processes and improve customer satisfaction. This feature can greatly assist water utilities in improving the distribution design to minimize dirty water and forge closer ties with their customers. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.mwhsoft.com/products/infowater]
InfoWork RS, Wallingford Software integrates survey and time-series data with detailed and accurate modeling, combining the advanced ISIS Flow simulation engine, geographical analysis and a relational database within a single environment. As a result InfoWorks RS allows planners and engineers to carry out fast and accurate modeling of the key elements of river and channel systems. Full flood-mapping capability is provided based on a sophisticated flood-interpolation model overlaid onto an imported ground model. InfoWorks ICM (Integrated Catchment Modeling) – is the integrated modeling platform to incorporate both urban and river catchments. With full integration of 1D and 2D modeling techniques both the below ground and above ground elements of catchments can be modeled. InfoWorks ICM enables the hydraulics and hydrology of natural and man made environments to be incorporated into a single model. A full understanding of the processes occurring can therefore be achieved, allowing the development of cost effective, innovative solutions of engineering challenges. This breakthrough in modeling ability has been achieved by extending the tried and trusted InfoWorks CS simulation engine to include river channels, bridges and other aspects more usually associated with river catchments. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.mwhsoft.com/products]. InfoWorks WS gives an accurate view of the performance of user network and assists with meeting user operational targets. Water supply model can identify infrastructure weaknesses, water quality incidents and other operational needs of all mains. The model can also be used to simulate emergency conditions and investigate solutions. InfoWorks CS provides water utilities with an effective tool for the complete urban water cycle hydrological modeling. Essential for identifying and justifying of cost effective infrastructure improvements, InfoWorks CS provides a practical method for operational control, including real time control, of wastewater networks. Other applications include urban flooding and pollution prediction and the modeling of water quality and sediment transport throughout the network. InfoWorks CS can also model networks of
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storm water or wastewater drainage systems or a combined storm water and wastewater system. Each network is modeled as a collection of sub-catchment areas that drain to nodes (manholes or grade breaks) which are joined by links (conduits, pumps etc.). For a network containing two separate drainage systems (both storm water and wastewater), two sets of overlapping sub- catchment areas can be modeled too. InfoWorks can work directly with two external GIS packages, MapInfo Professional (MapInfo Corporation) and ArcView (ESRI). InfoWorks data can be exported to either of these packages for viewing and/or additional analysis. Data can be created in or imported into the external GIS packages, edited if necessary, and then loaded into InfoWorks for usage with InfoWorks models.
İSKABİSpatial is a spatial oriented database for integrated geographic information system applications. Infrastructure and superstructure of all relevant information is held on the geometry of the Oracle Spatial database. Data entry and updates can be done and integrated with other information system enterprise solutions that represent an application. İSKABİSpatial modules are recognised by the common name of the application [22]. Some of these modules are: İSKABİSisu, İSKABİSasu, İSKABİSysu, İSKABİSbina, İSKABİSadres, İSKABİSdebi, İSKABİSoffline, İSKABİSgis, İSKABİSgeoweb. İSKABİSpatial application can help to make infrastructure facilities for drinking water, wastewater and stormwater. The modules support an integrated solution with a powerful GIS analysis (network monitoring, buffer zones, etc.), an infrastructure dynamic objects labeling (annotation) feature and dynamic symbology for infrastructure object features (color, style, thickness), etc. This application can be applied in any region, but adaptation is necessary [22]. İSKABİSpatial includes applications: Water Loss Monitoring and Control (2009), Water Loss Monitoring and Control in Istanbul city and Industrial Pollution Monitoring and Control (2008), Industrial Pollution Monitoring and Control in Istanbul city. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://iskabis.iski.gov.tr]
ISIS Professional is one of the leading software packages for river modeling. It is used extensively throughout the world on flood forecasting, flood alleviation scheme designs, flood risk mapping, flood risk assessments and catchment management planning projects. ISIS 2D, innovative 2D engine is world class in modeling of dam breaches, embankment failure and rapidly varying flow around structures. These tools provide engineers and managers with flexible and cost effective tools so that they can make decisions to proactively manage this environment. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.halcrow.com/isis/].
IQQM (Integrated Quantity and Quality Model, the New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation and Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Australia) is calibrated by two methods. Firstly, model estimation of runoff is compared with actual observation in the river and drain system. Secondly, model estimation of groundwater recharge provides
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another mechanism to predict the groundwater level in the study area. For river systems, the IQQM model is used whereas for groundwater system, Visual MODFLOW is appropriate. The drainage and river system is modeled using the IQQM software package. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.csse.com.au/ projects/upid_site].
Kalypso (Kalypso-Simulation-Platform) is an open source application for geospatial modeling and simulation. It is primarily developed to be a user friendly tool for GIS-based modeling and simulation of hydrological and hydraulic numerical models [23]. Kalypso Enterprise are customized versions of the kalypso-simulation-platform that are deployed for several engineering tasks such as flood forecast systems or decision support for urban planning (see above point 1.1).
KureCAD (Finland) is a GIS-based tool for managing sewer pipe rehabilitation with the following functionalities: 1) storage of asset information, 2) sewer pipe rehabilitation prioritization, and 3) provision of documents for the implementation of rehabilitation plans [24]. Data on structural condition (strength and shape), functional condition (its ability to transport water) and leakage rates (estimated leakage from the pipes) are the three basic types of data in KureCAD. Using the results from internal inspections or maintenance records, the user can specify a score, from 1 (good condition with no repairs) to 4 (very bad condition needing immediate repair). Denoting the condition of the pipe with respect to the three basic data types, KureCAD then combines the scores into one condition index and converts it to a GIS display. From this result, the assessment of the pipe condition – including sewer rehabilitation prioritization and rehabilitation strategy selection and cost calculations – can be done. In addition, KureCAD generates planning and design documentation – detailed site maps, detailed construction specifications and contract conditions – necessary to start the rehabilitation work.
Mouse DHI - MOUSE is the short name of MOdel for Urban SEwers, a computer program that models collection system for urban wastewater and storm water. MOUSE was the first micro-computer based software in DHI Water Environment Health and it was developed in 1983. MOUSE can be used for analyzing CSOs and SSOs, evaluating Rainfall Dependent Inflow/Infiltration, network capacity and bottlenecks, predicting local flooding, estimating sediment build-up and transport, optimization and design of Real-Time Control solutions, analyzing water quality and sediment problems, and real-time modeling embedded in RTC solutions [14]. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.dhigroup.com]. MOUSE consists of the following modules: HD – Pipe Flow, computing unsteady flows in pipe and channel networks; RDII – Rainfall Dependent Inflow/Infiltration, continuous modeling of the runoff process; RTC – Real- Time Control, defines and simulates real-time control schemes for urban drainage and sewer systems; PD - Pipe Design, automatically calculates pipe
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diameters for pipes to be (re)designed based on user-defined criteria; LTS – Long Term Simulations and Statistics, continuous simulations of long time series, including wet and dry weather; ST - Sediment Transport, simulates in- pipe sediment transport, erosion and deposition for uniform or graded sediments; AD - Advection-Dispersion, simulates the transport and linear decay of dissolved pollutants; WQ - Water Quality, simulates a range of water quality processes, including decay of BOD/COD in biofilm and in the water phase, hydrolysis of suspended matter, growth of biomass, oxygen consumption, etc. MOUSE GIS consists of the network editor and the results presentation. The network editor gives the possibility to display a lot of data and elements and to simplify the network according to certain criteria, and to save the data as a model for further use in MOUSE. The network editor serves the data preparation which will be used in the MOUSE model for simulations. The results from MOUSE simulations can easily be shown on a map in combination with GIS data (maximum water level, flooding problems etc.). Moreover, this information can also be related to other information contained in ArcView databases. MOUSE GM is an application which links GIS ArcView, and MOUSE software. Most of the possibilities of MOUSE GIS are also available in MOUSE GM, but the implemented simplification concept is different and there are some additional functions, such as import and export of model data, enabling editing of network data, and gap-filling, possibility of definition of catchments and model parameters, enabling of the model simplification according to specific criteria.
MODFLOW-SURFACT is a powerful three-dimensional finite- difference flow and transport program containing many advancements and improvements over the standard public-domain versions of MODFLOW. Other products of this developer include the following software. MODPATH is a 3D particle-tracking model that computes the path a particle takes in a steady-state or transient flow field over a given period of time. MODPATH uses the head values and cell-by-cell flow. MT3D is a 3D contaminant transport model that can simulate advection, dispersion, sink/source mixing, and chemical reactions of dissolved constituents in groundwater flow systems. RT3D is a software package for simulating three-dimensional, multispecies, reactive transport in groundwater. The code is based on the 1997 version of MT3D (DOD_1.5), but has several extended reaction capabilities. [25, 26, 27]. VisualMODFLOW – is the most widely-used 3D groundwater flow model in the world. MODFLOW can represent the effects of wells, rivers, streams, drains, horizontal flow barriers, evapotranspiration, and recharge on flow [28]. Software is developed by Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. This application can be applied in any region of the world. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.modflow.com].
NORISC (Human Health Risk Assessment Software module) The HRA software package allows determining the level and spatial distribution of human health risks at a given site as well as setting up site-specific Health-
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Based Remedial Goals (HBRGs)/Risk-Based Concentrations (RBCs). The output is presented in the form of tables and maps. Risk results are visualized to assist the decision-making process and communication between different stakeholder groups [29]. This application developed by NORISC in 2004 and can be applied in any region of the world. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.norisc.com].
Optiwin is a decision support system and optimization tool that consists of a central optimization module that is coupled to a number of numerical impact models (e.g. [30]). The module is built around a genetic algorithm and allows multi-objective optimization of vegetation damage, drinking water quality, sludge production and financial cost. With the help of the instrument the management of drinking water supply system is more flexible, and the identification of suitable adaptive strategies to changes in conditions is improved. The setup of the instrument is modular: according to the specific needs of the case studies, the selection of impact models that will be coupled to the optimization and decision support module can be varied [30].
PCSWMM is the powerful urban drainage modeling application for working with GIS/CAD based data. It enables different specialists to work on the same data, improving workflow and collaboration. PCSWMM supports the open standard and proprietary GIS and CAD formats, including ArcGIS, Geomedia SQL, MapInfo, AutoCAD, OpenGIS SQL, and many others (over 30 vector and raster formats supported). PCSWMM provides direct support for opening, editing, running, plotting and analyzing any existing SWMM5 (US EPA) models. This gives the possibility to study: time-varying rainfall; evaporation of standing surface water; snow accumulation and melting; rainfall interception from depression storage; infiltration of rainfall into unsaturated soil layers; percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers; interflow between groundwater and the drainage system; nonlinear reservoir routing of overland flow. In addition PCSWMM can estimate the production of pollutant loads associated with runoff. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.chiwater.com/ Software/PCSWMM.NET/index.asp].
PRO-GRADE is an Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS 9.2 plug-in tool, which provides the solution for quick estimation of groundwater recharge [31]. It requires data of hydraulic conductivity, water table and bedrock elevations. The software consists of two separate programs, the Pattern Recognition Organizer for GIS (PRO-GIS) and the Groundwater Recharge and Discharge Estimator for GIS (GRADE-GIS). PRO-GRADE adheres to the default raster file developed by ESRI and uses ArcObjects library for spatial data access and mapping. The vector quantities (i, j) for each cell are calculated using two dimensional stead state and mass balance equation. PRO-GRADE is a free software package for research and educational purposes. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.esri.com/ news/arcuser/0408/groundwater.html].
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REFLECT (Risk Evaluation of Functions and LandusE for drinking water production) is based on ArcView and give a risk index by the assessment of vulnerability. Developed by KIWA Water Research institute, the Netherlands in 1998 [32] (currently KWR). Information is available in Dutch.
RESPOND (Risk Evaluation of Soil Pollution for ProductiON of Drinking water) is modeling instrument by which risks of groundwater pollution can be assessed. This instrument can be applied efficiently within an ArcGIS ModelBuilder environment, coupled with groundwater flow and transport models in which distribution, retardation and attenuation are taken into account. RESPOND consists of a set of loosely coupled tools both in and outside the ArcGIS environment. RESPOND facilitates the identification of effective risk-reduction measures such as changing land use in the capture zone or selection of additional monitoring sites. RESPOND is a helpful tool for land planning and development, qualifying the relations between land use and raw water quality. The risk for drinking water production can be minimized by optimization of the land use in the capture zone. Developed by KIWA Water Research institute, the Netherlands in 2006 [33] (currently KWR).
SIMONA is a set of water simulation models (in fact, a collection of mathematical models that describe the hydrodynamic processes). It is designed as a layered system which makes use of a uniform data. SIMONA contains technical scientific knowledge in four models for the simulation of Hydrodynamic phenomena, such as simulation of the tide and the transport of substances dissolved in water. Below there are four specific models also (WAQUA - to simulate water movement and transport of substances dissolved in water in two dimensions (2D); TRIWAQ - for simulation of water movement and transport of water solutes in three-dimensional (3D); SIMPAR - for simulation of particles in the water; SLIB3D - for simulation of sediment transport in the water). For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.helpdeskwater.nl].
SMUSI 5.0 is a hydrologic runoff and pollution load model. The purpose of the SMUSI model is the simulation of pollution load in urban sewer systems. This model is used to determine the dimensions of constructions for water pollution control in combined sewer systems. The SMUSI model allows to prove to the controlling authorities that the limits for dirt discharge are not exceeded. The software runs on any normally equipped PC. It is especially suitable for use in engineering agencies charged with the planning of urban sewer systems. The Hessisches Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie is responsible for the distribution of SMUSI 5.0. IHWB no longer provides free support. Paid support is available upon request. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.ihwb.tu-darmstadt.de].
SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) was derived from the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model [34,35]. SWIM is a semi-distributed
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model simulating water fluxes, plant growth, and nutrient cycles based on hydrotopes, areas with uniform land use, soil type, and weather conditions.
SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) is a complex model capable of modeling various phases of the hydrologic cycle using different blocks (modules) such as RUNOFF, TRANSPORT, and EXTRAN. SWMM can be used both for planning and design. SWMM is developed by EPA. Planning mode is used for an overall assessment of the urban runoff problem or proposed abatement options. SWMM is commonly used to perform detailed analyses of conveyance system performance under a wide range of dry- and wet-weather flow conditions. The modeler can simulate all aspects of the urban hydrologic and quality cycles, including rainfall, snow melt, surface and subsurface runoff, flow routing through drainage network, storage, and treatment. Statistical analyses can be performed on long term precipitation data and on output from continuous simulation. At present SWMM is frequently used in the U.S. for modeling wet-weather overflows including CSO, SSO, and stormwater discharges from collection systems. As such, it is the model of choice for use in many collection-system modeling studies. For example, SWMM can be used to develop a CSO model to accomplish various tasks leading to the development of a CSO Plan of Actions mandated by EPA [36]. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [ http://www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/models/swmm ].
UnderOslo is an ArcIMS solution for online displaying of water/wastewater pipes. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.dhigroup.com].
WaterAspects is an open source water modeling framework. WaterAspects aims to be a flexible, extendable and user-friendly tool for integrated water modeling. Potential users include water managers and engineers, scientists and researchers, students working in municipalities, regulatory authorities, consultants, universities, research institutions and more. With an initial focus on integrated urban water management, WaterAspects allows for the modeling of rainfall-runoff, pollutant transport, simulation with long historic time series and event statistics based on user defined event criteria [37]. WaterAspects project is maintained by PH- Consult, Denmark. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [www.WaterAspects.org].
WaterIng is a software package for water distribution system design and analysis. It offers a multi-objective evolutionary optimization engine based on distributed artificial intelligence to support design and operation decision-making. WaterIng makes it possible to manage water network data easily by using TableView. Additionally, visualization of networks elements over a GIS-based MapView is done. It is possible to import shapefiles, information contained in EPANET files (.INP), or simply copy and paste information from Excel tables to Tableview. Design solutions or existent
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systems can be analyzed in steady state flow including extended period simulation.
WaterSAFE from Haestad Methods, Inc. (Waterbury, Connecticut), is an add-on component for WaterCAD and WaterGEMS software products. WaterSAFE is designed to manage and safeguard water distribution systems. It is a water system security and emergency planning tool specifically created to study infrastructure vulnerability to terrorist attacks and natural events. Harnessing the powers of ArcGIS, WaterSAFE enables water utilities to analyze the movement of multiple constituents and track multiple sources for a given period of time.
WEAP© (Stockholm Environment Institute - Boston Tellus Institute, USA) is a comprehensive, straightforward and easy-to-use tool for integrated water resources planning. As a database, WEAP provides a system for maintaining water demand and supply information. As a forecasting tool, WEAP simulates water demand, supply, flows, and storage, and pollution generation, treatment and discharge. As a policy analysis tool, WEAP evaluates a full range of water development and management options, and takes account of multiple and competing uses of water systems. WEAP is distinguished by its integrated approach to simulating water systems and by its policy orientation. WEAP is a laboratory for examining alternative water development and management strategies. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.weap21.org/].
XPSWMM is a software package for dynamic modeling of storm water, sanitary and river systems. It is used to develop link-node (1D) and spatially distributed hydraulic models (2D) for analysis and design. XPSWMM simulates natural rainfall-runoff processes and the performance of engineered systems that manage water resources. It also simulates flow and pollutant transport in engineered and natural systems including ponds, rivers, lakes, floodplains and the interaction with groundwater. Real Time Control (RTC) elements such as regulators, bendable weirs, and telemetry-controlled pumps have been part of software since version 2. For more detailed information visit the website of the developer [http://www.xpsoftware.com/].
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4 Summary of tools and GIS applications that have been or can be used for RA/RM of urban water cycle related climate change hazards
The PREPARED partners have proposed a number of wishes or requirements for GIS tools and applications, which have to be taken into account in the process of the applications development and/or adaptation during the project: GIS tools should be adapted for using/treating data from Regional Climate Models. Climate change problems are interdisciplinary topics and require a multidisciplinary approach. GIS tools, which evaluate water resources, soil and air conditions together would be beneficial for solving this kind of problems. Apart from the tools, suitable data to be spatially referenced needs to be available. Current tools allow already a great deal of analysis to be performed, but the critical issue is the availability of data to feed the tools. Not so much GIS needs to be evolved, but the data to analyze Climate change effects should be provided. A GIS based data model to analyze and solve the climate change problems should especially aid decision making. Taking into consideration climate change problems, means basically using the models and more climatic scenarios evaluation. This means that tasks that now are done once (because it is only evaluated one climate scenario) will be done several times, so automation mainly for importing model data results of the several scenarios into GIS and combining these results into one or several flood risk maps and risk management maps will be necessary. The opportunities of real time GIS applications for response actions should be realized, for example, flood mapping linked to local communication data to inform the people affected (e.g. by text messaging). GIS can be a tool for both risk assessment, risk communication, and response actions.
The draft list of applications which have been or can be used for RA/RM of urban water cycle climate change hazards and communication between stakeholders is presented at the table 4.1. The list was based on the project’s goals and issues addressed by the Cities/utilities in the framework of the project (PREPARED, 2009).
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Table 4.1 List of the GIS applications, which are associated with certain RA/RM tasks
Problems
- -
GIS application
lity Remarks
Flooding and risks availability availability Vulnerabi Surface water Surface Groundwater water Surface tation tation systems quality impact Impacts on sani Impacts on Impacts on Impacts drin on king water systems king water ArcHydro + + ArcSWAT + + BASINS + + BlueM + + CAEDYM + CASS WORKS + + CATS + Cityworks + + ELCOM + EPANET + + + Geomedia GRID + EPAL module, with EPAL used in module Portugal GInterAqua +
H2OMAP Water, + + + Protector HEC- (RAS, HMS, + + + + Including ResSim) other HEC family products Hydroplan + + InfoWater + + + InfoWork (RS, + + + + + ICM, WS, CS) ISIS Professional + + İSKABİSpatial + + Developed for Istanbul IQQM + Kalypso + + KureCAD + MIKE BASIN, 11, + + + + + DHI software 21, FLOOD, SHE, Urban
(Table 4.1 continues on next page)
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(Table 4.1 continued from previous page)H FEFLOW 6 and + + + DHI WASY FMH3, WbalMo, software HQ-EX, WISYS Geof MODFLOW- + SURFACT MOUSE GIS, + + + + DHI MOUSE GM NORISC + Human health risk Optiwin + PCSWMM + PRO-GRADE + REFLECT + RESPOND + SIMONA + SMUSI 5.0 + SWIM + SWMM + + + WaterAspects + WaterIng + WaterSAFE + WEAP + XPSWMM + +
As we can see in Table 4.1, some of the products have an integrated approach and can be used for a number of tasks listed above. Here we should take into account that in framework of the previous (TECHNEAU, NOAH (FLIWAS system), CARE-W, CARE-S) and current (AWARE-P) projects integrated models’ and software’s surrounding to reach projects’ goals and find solutions for drinking water, flooding or sewer system problems have been created. For example, during the CARE-S EU project [38] MOUSE, InfoWorks, SWMM and FLUENT software were used for all aspects of sewer and storm water networks rehabilitation (besides, an additional tool or subroutine was written in Visual Basic 6.0 to make output hydraulic results data available for the other CARE-S tasks /WPs in .TXT format). OpenMI standard development creates new basis for software integration in framework of the projects, and some of the products listed in table 4.1 are already OpenMI-compliant (InfoWorks, Mike, SWAT etc.) [39]. Compliance to this standard allows time-dependent models to exchange data at run-time and make model integration feasible at the operational level. It is necessary to stress that on the one hand at this moment software products, which are directly oriented on RA/RM of urban water cycle climate change hazard aspects, are practically absent. On the other hand, the software programs listed in chapter 3, cover (from a technological point of view) a wide range of topics. This includes the topics in the list of main problems which will be considered in the PREPARED project, such as: surface and
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ground water availability; impact on surface water quality, drinking water and sanitation systems; flooding; vulnerability and risks. Hence the main parts of the software tools are available and cities or utilities can select the most suitable applications for them. This will improve after adaptation of some of the products for solving climate change related tasks and GIS toolbox creation with specific RA/RM accents. The final conclusions about necessity of the GIS applications development or adaptation for each type of the hazard and the risks, related with climate change, and hazardous events will take place after the Water Cycle Hazard Database filling, selection and testing (WP 2.2).
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5 GIS case examples
The examples have given below show only small part of the possibilities of GIS based applications, which can be realized as tools for risk assessment and risk management of climate change hazards, and will be adapted/extended during the project.
5.1 Using hydrological models for watersheds simulation: Simferopol The main problem which faced Simferopol city (Crimea, Ukraine) due to probable climate change is lack of water resources. To solve the problem with scarcity of local water resources, an additional reservoir was built in the eighties of the past century and water came from Dnieper river through the system of Northern Crimean Canal (distance near 300 km, 4 lifting pump stations up to the reservoir and 290 m of lifting after purification). But, taking into account that the city continues to grow and in any case the main part of the water resources comes from 3 reservoirs, filled from local waters, problems related to good quality of water availability arise. Adaptation of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model as instrument for discharges analysis and forecast is planned in framework of the PREPARED project. This includes water quality parameters, SWAT is a physically-based watershed and landscape simulation model developed by the USDA-ARS and mainly designed for non-point source pollutant analysis. The SWAT model has built-in GIS and can be run on COTS software (ArcGIS by ESRI) and on Open source (MapWindow).
Inputs for the SWAT model are: 1. DEM (digital elevation model). (can be downloaded from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp) 2. Land use, soil types layers (can be download from http://www.waterbase.org/download_data.html) 3. Weather data: temperature (degree C), precipitation (mm/day), wind speed (m/s), solar radiation (MJ/m2), relative humidity (fractional), and potential evapotranspiration (mm H2O) . 4. Water quality and water quantity data for point source discharges and water quantity data for reservoirs.
The SWAT model can be run under the different GIS platforms: ArcSWAT was developed at Texas A&M and uses ArcGIS platform for runs. OpenSWAT is a similar tool but uses an open source GIS platform – MapWindow GIS. This product is developed at Geospatial Software Laboratory, Idaho State University, Idaho. BASINS 4 (Better Assessment Science Integrating point and Nonpoint Sources, the U.S.- Environmental Protection Agency, USA) is a multipurpose environmental analysis system designed for use by regional, state, and local agencies to perform watershed and water quality-based studies. It includes OpenSWAT as one of the built-in models (also HSPF, PLOAD, SWMM, AQUATOX, WASP)
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Using the SWAT model based on the DEM gives the possibility to receive boundaries of watersheds, sub-basins and rivers with inlets and outlets. Pictures 5.1 and 5.2 show the types of land use and soils zonation in the Salgir valley (watershed of Simferopol reservoir – one of the main local water sources for Simferopol).
Watershed Sub-basins Settlements Road River
1 - Agricultural Land-Row Crops; 2- Orchard; 3-Summer pasture; 4 - Forest- evergreen; 5 - Forest-mixed; 6 - Range-brush perennial; 7- urban residential- medium density; 8 - Range-grasses perennial; 9 – water; 10 – upland harvested.
Figure 5.1 Types of land use in catchment area of Simferopol reservoir
The SWAT model can calculate erosion in the watershed through modeling surface flow with the use of daily precipitations. For the Simferopol catchment area the value is 1.5 t/ha. Availability of hours’ precipitation data gives the possibility for erosion and maximum flow modeling.
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Fact irrigated lands Planed irrigated lands Watershed Water bodies Settlements River
Soil types
Figure 5.2 Types of soil
ArcSWAT Land/Soil/Slope Output provides information about the distribution of each class in the territory and provides data about areas. Using this information it is possible to evaluate the ecological state of the catchment area based on the land cover type.
Figure 5.3 shows output table Land/Soil/Slope with areas covered by different types of land use, soil and slopes in each sub-basin on the watershed.
The necessity of the implementation of two other models from BASIN 4 package (HSPF and SWMM), which can work with urban watershed, will be evaluated for Simferopol city too.
The HSPF model is built-in in the BASINS 4 package as well and can be used for simulation of hydrologic and associated water quality processes on pervious and impervious land surfaces, in streams, and in well-mixed impoundments. HSPF incorporates the watershed-scale Agricultural Runoff Model (ARM) and Non-Point Source (NPS) models into a basin-scale analysis framework that includes fate and transport in one-dimensional stream channels, and this model can be applied in mixed agricultural and urban watersheds. Besides, SWMM (see also chapter 3.1) is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily urban areas.
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Figure 5.3 Example of output table Land/Soil/Slope
The following diagram shows different types of land use in Salgir river watershed upstream of the Simferopol reservoir.
Tillage Orchard
Pasture
Forest
Brush
Urban territory
Forest belt
Water
Open lands
Figure 5.4 Percentage of land cover to area of watershed
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The runoff component of the SWMM model operates on a collection of subcatchment areas that receive precipitation and generate runoff and pollutant loads. The routing portion of SWMM transports this runoff through a system of pipes, channels, storage/treatment devices, pumps, and regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of runoff generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps.
5.2 An Open Source GIS software application: Genoa
In the framework of the PREPARED project Iren Acqua Gas is going to apply a procedure to map the quality of Genoa water pipes. It consists of extrapolating the average of anomalies values obtained from the sampling points, to the rest of the influence areas. This process will be performed by generating a spatial join layer from polygons (influence areas) to points (sampling points). These influence areas are dynamic, and are modelled each three months depending on the water source. The sampling points data must be manipulated to generate the average and the anomalies table. The mathematical analysis will be performed by using a SQL code. According to this background, the final software choice has been based on the advantages it will provide to the project and procedures. Interoperability of data, quantity and quality of the analyses tools, editing and layout tools, and the facilities to connect the DBMS with the desktop GIS have been considered.
The project will run with PostgreSQL/PostGIS as a Spatial Data Base Management System, and QGIS as a desktop GIS. PostgreSQL/PostGIS, even though it is a heavy and quite complex DBMS, has all the needed requirements. The choice has been driven by thinking about the possibility of future projects. This software allows researchers to: - Work with geometric data. With a long list of spatial operators, the system will allow the operator to generate the spatial join between the sampling points data and the influence areas directly in the data base; - Upload shape files from QGIS using the shp2pgadmind tool: the influence areas previously generated can therefore be charged to PostGIS easily; - Have a nice interface using Pgadmind III as a front-end administrator. Pgadmind allows the user to control easily the permits, modify/create the databases, and change the structure of tables without the necessity to use SQL code all the time. To visualize and create printable maps, QGIS will be used as desktop GIS. Even though QGIS is quite limited in geographical analysis capabilities, in this case most of the spatial data analysis process will be made with PostGIS. So there is no reason to have a really complex tool in desktop GIS.
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Figure 5.5 View of the query console with a part of the spatial join SQL script
The possibility to use it as a GRASS interface or connect it to PostGIS converts this open software to a very powerful tool for future works or projects. The choice also has been based on: - An intuitive editing menu with several tools to create/modify points, lines and polygons layers tools. - Easy way to access the layer properties. It is easy to change different characteristics such as a projection, symbology or make new reclassifications.
Figure 5.6 View of the QGIS interface with the Genoa water pipes map.
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6 Comments
GIS software products, tools and applications developed for use in GIS surrounding included in this report, represent different groups or categories of software, open source as well as commercial. Special attention should be given to the applications which can be used for support of Water Safety Plans and Water urban Cycle development support, and can be adapted for usage with climate change hazards related tasks. First of all, extended applications should provide tools for risk assessment for integrated system, including drinking water supply, sewerage and waster water treatment. GIS technologies together with analytical models and hazards database will create a foundation for future risk management and adaptive technologies development. Using these tools in the final stage of the project implementation will help to select the right decisions for the specific situation. This will address issues such as increasing of growth of pathogenic micro organisms in distribution networks, flood events or managing the drought periods in the pilot cities.
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7 References
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