AMAKIN WA-ASMA. Miejsca I Nazwy. Geografia Historyczna I

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AMAKIN WA-ASMA. Miejsca I Nazwy. Geografia Historyczna I AMAKIN WA-ASMA INSTYTUT KULTUR ŚRÓDZIEMNOMORSKICH I ORIENTALNYCH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK AMAKIN WA-ASMA – MIEJSCA I NAZWY GEOGRAFIA HISTORYCZNA I TOPONOMASTYKA ŚWIATA MUZUŁMAŃSKIEGO odkrycia, interpretacje, podsumowania, PERSPEKTYWY pod redakcją naukową Macieja G. Witkowskiego (IKŚiO PAN), Edyty Wolny (IKŚiO PAN) i Bogusława R. Zagórskiego (Katedra Arabistyki i Islamistyki UW) WARSZAWA 2018 AMAKIN WA-ASMA – MIEJSCA I NAZWY geografia historyczna i toponomastyka świata muzułmańskiego odkrycia, interpretacje, podsumowania, perspektywy Redakcja naukowa: Maciej G. Witkowski, Edyta Wolny, Bogusław R. Zagórski Redakcja techniczna: Dorota Dobrzyńska Konsultacja językowa (angielski): Jo Harper Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Pachniak (UW); dr hab. Danuta Chmielowska (UW) Projekt okładki: Aneta Cedro Skład: Miłosz Trukawka Copyright © by Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk i Autorzy Warszawa 2018 Wersja papierowa (100 egz.): ISBN 978-83-948004-3-7 Wersja elektroniczna: e-ISBN 978-83-948004-4-4 AMAKIN WA-ASMA ISBN 978-83-948004-3-7 e-ISBN 978-83-948004-4-4 Spis treści Wstęp .................................................................................................................................. 7 natalia Bursiewicz Funkcja i forma przestrzeni publicznej w średniowiecznych miastach iberoarabskich na obszarze Hiszpanii ............................................................................... 11 swietłana m. czerwonnaja Tatarska toponimia Krymu w warunkach panowania rosyjskiego ................................... 27 jerzy hauziński Ahmad Ibn Madżid i odkrycie morskiej drogi z Europy do Indii ..................................... 55 filip a. jakuBowski Kalendarz z Kordoby jako źródło do badania średniowiecznego środowiska geograficznego Andaluzji .............................................................................. 73 julia krajcarz Nazwy odzwierzęce w toponimii Stambułu ..................................................................... 85 agnieszka kuczkiewicz-fraś Szyickie budowle Awadhu – charakterystyka i nazewnictwo ........................................ 105 george narimanishvili South Caucasus Between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Persia. Formation of the Caucasian Borders of the Muslim World in the First Half of the 16th Century ................................................................................ 129 kamila BarBara stanek Między rzeczywistością i wyobrażeniem. Rola toponimów w przysłowiach tureckich .................................................................... 139 jan tyszkiewicz Nazwy geograficzne z terenów Europy Wschodniej i Środkowej przekazane w dziełach Ibrahima Ibn Jakuba, Mahmuda z Kaszgaru oraz Al-Idrisiego (X, XI i XII wiek) ............................................................................... 165 6 spis treści maciej g. witkowski Toponimia historyczna okolic miejsca pochówku Wielkiego Emira Kurkumasa (nr 162) na tzw. Nekropoli Północnej Kairu ................................................................... 181 george yacouB Relacja księdza Ibrahima Harfusza z jego podróży po ziemiach Al-Charrub i Asz-Szuf. Wstęp ............................................................................................................ 225 szamani yacouB Podróż do prowincji Al-Charrub i Asz-Szuf piórem misjonarza libańskiego, Jego Wielebności księdza Ibrahima Harfusza. Przekład ................................................ 231 Bogusław r. zagórski Polskie toponimy na osmańskiej mapie Europy Środkowej z 1914 roku ....................... 251 AMAKIN WA-ASMA ISBN 978-83-948004-3-7 e-ISBN 978-83-948004-4-4 Wstęp Liczący ponad miliard wyznawców świat muzułmański jest niezwykle zróżnico- wany pod względem społecznym, geograficznym, historycznym, politycznym, ideologicznym, a nawet religijnym. Zdawać by się mogło, że każdy z tych tematów został już dogłębnie zbadany przez naukowców wielu specjalności: arabistów, islamologów, iranistów, turkologów, politologów, religioznaw- ców, etnografów, historyków i uczonych wielu innych specjalności. Autorzy monografiiAmakin wa-asma, którą oddajemy w Państwa ręce, udowadniają, że geografia historyczna i toponomastyka świata muzułmańskiego są dzie- dzinami nadal wnoszącymi do nauki wiele informacji pierwszorzędnej wagi. Niniejsza monografia zawiera teksty prezentujące zagadnienia dotyczące geografii historycznej – nauka badająca przemiany środowiska geografic- znego, które dokonały się w przeszłości pod wpływem działalności ludzkiej oraz czynników przyrodniczych1 oraz toponomastyki – dział onomastyki zajmujący się nazwami miejsc, np.: miast, wsi i przysiółków, państw i krajów, lasów, gór, rzek, jezior i mórz, ulic i placów (...)2 – szeroko rozumianego świata muzułmańskiego. Artykuły zamieszczone w publikacji są plonem dyskusji i refleksji przedstawicieli różnych dziedzin nauki, do których doszło podczas pierwszego w Polsce sympozjum na temat geografii historycznej i toponomastyki świata muzułmańskiego, zorganizowanego 15 lutego 2017 1 https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/geografia-historyczna;3904918.html [20.02.2018] 2 https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/szukaj/toponomastyka.html [20.02.2018] 8 wstęp roku pod auspicjami Instytutu Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk we współpracy z Instytutem Ibn Chalduna. Konkluzją obrad był wniosek, by zagadnienia i rozważania poruszane w prezentacjach i dyskusjach utrwalić na piśmie, a samemu sympozjum nadać charakter cy- kliczny o zasięgu międzynarodowym. Dzięki temu możemy dziś pochwalić się pierwszą na rynku polskim i jedną z pierwszych na świecie wieloautorską monografią o tej tematyce. Publikacja jest zbiorem wyników badań różnych Autorów i stanowi podstawę do jeszcze szerszego opracowania tematu. Tworzy ją dwanaście artykułów uczonych polskich oraz jeden gruzińskiego, z których dziewięcioro uczest- niczyło w sympozjum. Z powodu obowiązującego systemu oceny dorobku naukowego, kilku Autorów zdecydowało się jednak przenieść wyniki swoich dociekań do wyżej punktowanych publikacji, z wielką stratą dla rysującej się wyraźnie spójności monografii (przy różnorodności i bogactwie poruszanych w niej zagadnień). Wyeliminowało to z zaiste dobrze zapowiadającego się multispektralnego obrazu islamu aż dwie istotne dla jego całości domeny – tj. Maghreb i wyspy Morza Śródziemnego – oraz znacząco spłyciło para- dygmat egipski. Pozostaje wyrazić nadzieję, że w przyszłości uda się uniknąć podobnych dylematów. Rozważania przedstawione w tomie obejmują kwestie tyczące się rozle- głego obszaru świata muzułmańskiego – od Europy Zachodniej (Andaluzja/ Hiszpania) przez jej pogranicze z Azją (Gruzja) po Subkontynent Indyjski i od Europy Środkowej (obszary Słowiańszczyzny, ze szczególnym uwzględ- nieniem ziem polskich) przez Krym, Bałkany, Azję Mniejszą (Liban/Syria) po Afrykę Północno-Wschodnią (Egipt). Pod względem tematycznym spektrum omawianych zagadnień jest jeszcze okazalsze. Obejmuje bowiem kwestie takie jak: – relacje międzykulturowe i mechanizmy pokojowej koegzystencji wy- znawców różnych religii zamieszkujących w/w ziemie, od średniowiecza (F. Jakubowki), przez XVI–XVII wiek (G. Narimanishvili) po początki XX stulecia (Sz. i G. Yacoub); – obraz i postrzeganie obszarów Słowiańszczyzny i Polski w środowiskach średniowiecznych muzułmańskich elit intelektualnych (J. Tyszkiewicz) oraz osmańskich kartografów w początkach XX wieku (B. R. Zagórski); wstęp 9 – sposoby wykorzystywania toponimii w polityce jako narzędzia eliminacji kultury rdzennej ludności na przykładzie Krymu (S. Czerwonnaja); – semantyczne treści toponimów osmańskich jako nośniki pewnych wartości symbolicznych i/lub etycznych w kontekście kulturowym ludowej wersji islamu (J. Krajcarz, K. B. Stanek); – współzależność toponomastyki i urbanistycznego rozwoju miast muzułmań- skich oraz jej związki z ekspansją przestrzeni miejskich, od średniowiecza po czasy nowożytne (N. Bursiewicz, J. Krajcarz, A. Kuczkiewicz-Fraś, M. G. Witkowski); – toponimia a materialne (architektoniczne) postaci wyrazu kultu w islamie w Egipcie mamelucko-osmańskim (M. G. Witkowski) oraz na subkonty- nencie indyjskim w XVIII i XIX stuleciu (A. Kuczkiewicz-Fraś); – obraz stanu muzułmańskiej kartografii i wiedzy geograficznej oraz ich wkład w naukę od średniowiecza (J. Hauziński, J. Tyszkiewicz) po XX wiek (B. R. Zagórski) – transpozycja wyobrażeń sfery duchowej wyznawców islamu w dziedzi- nę realiów architektonicznych i urbanistycznych (A. Kuczkiewicz-Fraś, M. G. Witkowski, J. Krajcarz, N. Bursiewicz, K. B. Stanek). Ponadto głębsze wejrzenie w struktury prezentacji tych zagadnień wyraźnie poucza o pilnej konieczności powrotu do rzetelnych prac badaczy (wynikają- cych nie z informacji internetowych, lecz ze znajomości oryginalnych źródeł bądź z eksperiencji własnej) oraz zwrócenia uwagi na relacje podróżników z XIX i początków XX wieku (zwłaszcza Sz. i G. Yacoub oraz J. Hauziń- ski, J. Tyszkiewicz, F. Jakubowski, M. G. Witkowski; także: N. Bursiewicz, A. Kuczkiewicz-Fraś). Powyższa lista nie wyczerpuje oczywiście wszystkich zagadnień poru- szanych przez Autorów. Ukazuje raczej, jak rozległy jest zakres możliwości badawczych oferowanych przez studia topograficzne i toponomastyczne nad światem muzułmańskim. Co więcej, już na pierwszy rzut oka uwidacznia wzajemne przenikanie się wyszczególnionych tu dziedzin – co tworzy pod- stawy do multidyscyplinarnego ujęcia tematu, pomyślnie rokując dalszym studiom. Z kolei twórcza wymiana opinii badaczy różnych specjalności w za- prezentowanych wyżej kwestiach pozwala żywić nadzieję, że odmienność
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