TCRP Synthesis 63 – On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH TCRP PROGRAM SYNTHESIS 63 Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques A Synthesis of Transit Practice TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2005 (Membership as of October 2005) SELECTION COMMITTEE (as of September 2005) OFFICERS CHAIR Chair: John R. Njord, Executive Director, Utah DOT DAVID A. LEE Vice Chair: Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Connecticut Transit Georgia Institute of Technology Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MEMBERS ANN AUGUST Santee Wateree Regional Transportation MEMBERS Authority MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT LINDA J. BOHLINGER ALLEN D. BIEHLER, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT HNTB Corp. ROBERT I. BROWNSTEIN LARRY L. BROWN, SR., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT PB Consult, Inc. DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Vice President, Customer Service, Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries, PETER CANNITO Atlanta, GA Metropolitan Transportation Authority—Metro ANNE P. CANBY, President, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, DC North Railroad JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads GREGORY COOK DOUGLAS G. DUNCAN, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN Ann Arbor Transportation Authority NICHOLAS J. GARBER, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville JENNIFER L. DORN ANGELA GITTENS, Vice President, Airport Business Services, HNTB Corporation, Miami, FL FTA NATHANIEL P. FORD GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Director, Metrans Transportation Center, and Professor, School of Policy, Metropolitan Atlanta RTA Planning, and Development, USC, Los Angeles RONALD L. FREELAND BERNARD S. GROSECLOSE, JR., President and CEO, South Carolina State Ports Authority Parsons Transportation Group SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University FRED M. GILLIAM JAMES R. HERTWIG, President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority GLORIA JEAN JEFF, Director, Michigan DOT KIM R. GREEN ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley GFI GENFARE Principal, Herbert S. Levinson Transportation Consultant, New Haven, CT JILL A. HOUGH HERBERT S. LEVINSON, North Dakota State University SUE MCNEIL, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, JOHN INGLISH Newark Utah Transit Authority MICHAEL R. MORRIS, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments JEANNE W. KRIEG CAROL A. MURRAY, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority MICHAEL S. TOWNES, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA CELIA G. KUPERSMITH C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin Golden Gate Bridge, Highway LINDA S. WATSON, Executive Director, LYNX—Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority and Transportation District PAUL J. LARROUSSE National Transit Institute EX OFFICIO MEMBERS CLARENCE W. MARSELLA MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT Denver Regional Transportation District JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT FAYE L. M. MOORE Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA Authority GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy MICHAEL H. MULHERN of Engineering Jacobs Civil Inc. J. RICHARD CAPKA, Acting Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT STEPHANIE L. PINSON THOMAS H. COLLINS (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc. JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT ROBERT H. PRINCE, JR. JAMES J. EBERHARDT, Chief Scientist, Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies, DMJM+Harris U.S. Department of Energy JEFFREY M. ROSENBERG Amalgamated Transit Union JACQUELINE GLASSMAN, Deputy Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT MICHAEL SCANLON EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads San Mateo County Transit District JOHN C. HORSLEY, Exec. Dir., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials BEVERLY A. SCOTT JOHN E. JAMIAN, Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT Sacramento Regional Transit District EDWARD JOHNSON, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration KATHRYN D. WATERS ASHOK G. KAVEESHWAR, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT Dallas Area Rapid Transit BRIGHAM MCCOWN, Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT FRANK WILSON Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association County SUZANNE RUDZINSKI, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S.EPA ANNETTE M. SANDBERG, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT EX OFFICIO MEMBERS JEFFREY N. SHANE, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT WILLIAM W. MILLAR CARL A. STROCK (Maj. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps APTA of Engineers ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. TRB JOHN C. HORSLEY TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM AASHTO Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP J. RICHARD CAPKA FHWA JOHN R. NJORD, Utah DOT (Chair) JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MICHAEL D. MEYER, Georgia Institute of Technology LOUIS SANDERS WILLIAM W. MILLAR, American Public Transportation Association APTA ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board SECRETARY MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA ROBERT J. REILLY C. MICHAEL WALTON, University of Texas, Austin TRB LINDA S. WATSON, LYNX—Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 63 On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques A Synthesis of Transit Practice BRUCE SCHALLER Schaller Consulting Brooklyn, New York SUBJECT AREAS Public Transit Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2005 www.TRB.org TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 63 The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environ- Project J-7, Topic SH-05 mental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit ISSN 1073-4880 systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of ISBN 0-309-09759-2 upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, Library of Congress Control Number 2005933206 and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec- essary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new © Transportation Research Board technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Pro- Price $19.00 gram (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to NOTICE meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, pub- Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Re- lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal search Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the Na- Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public tional Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with re- recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, spect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research modeled after the longstanding and successful National Coopera- Council. tive Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor technical activities in response to the needs of transit service provid- this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized ers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, fa- disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions cilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and ad- expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed ministrative practices. the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transporta- Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was tion Research Board, the Transit Development Corporation, the Na- authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi- tional Research Council, or the Federal Transit Administration of the ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum U.S. Department of Transportation. agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the tech- the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of nical panel according to procedures established