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The Visual Ecology of Bees - Tales of Diverse Eyes and Behaviours The visual ecology of bees - Tales of diverse eyes and behaviours Tichit, Pierre 2021 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Tichit, P. (2021). The visual ecology of bees - Tales of diverse eyes and behaviours. MediaTryck Lund. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 The visual ecology of bees Tales of diverse eyes and behaviours PIERRE TICHIT DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY | FACULTY OF SCIENCE | LUND UNIVERSITY The visual ecology of bees Tales of diverse eyes and behaviours Pierre Tichit DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Science, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended in the Blue Hall, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, Sweden. On Friday 23th April 2021 at 09:00 Faculty opponent Dr Martin J How School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol, United Kingdom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6.$'30(1#)'4 %A824 (42DA8CH2;0BB85820C8>= C74D=34AB86=43148=6C742>?HA867C>F=4A>5C7401BCA02C>5C7401>E4<4=C8>=4338BB4AC0C8>=74A41H6A0=CC>0;; A454A4=24B>DA24B?4A<8BB8>=C>?D1;8B70=338BB4<8=0C4C7401BCA02C>5C7401>E4<4=C8>=4338BB4AC0C8>= (86=0CDA4 0C4 2 The visual ecology of bees Tales of diverse eyes and behaviours Pierre Tichit 3 Cover illustration by Mai Hatano Copyright pp 1-75 Pierre Tichit Paper 1 © The Royal Society Paper 2 © The Royal Society Paper 3 © by the Authors (Manuscript unpublished) Paper 4 © by the Authors (Manuscript unpublished) Faculty of Science Department of Biology ISBN (print) 978-91-7895-785-9 ISBN (pdf) 978-91-7895-786-6 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2021 4 Table of Contents List of papers ........................................................................................................ 7 Author contribution ............................................................................................. 8 Papers not contained in this thesis ........................................................................ 9 Popular summary ............................................................................................... 10 Populär sammanfattning .................................................................................... 12 Résumé vulgarisé ................................................................................................ 14 The scope of the thesis ........................................................................................ 17 Summary of the chapters .................................................................................... 19 Paper I ............................................................................................................ 19 Paper II .......................................................................................................... 19 Paper III ......................................................................................................... 20 Paper IV ......................................................................................................... 20 Ecology and evolution of bees ............................................................................. 21 Why study bees ............................................................................................... 21 Bumblebees .................................................................................................... 22 Stingless bees................................................................................................... 23 Commonality and diversity of visually-guided behaviours in bees......................... 27 Why study bee vision....................................................................................... 27 Flight control .................................................................................................. 28 Commuting flights ...................................................................................... 28 Landing ...................................................................................................... 30 Navigation ...................................................................................................... 31 Foraging ......................................................................................................... 33 Mating ........................................................................................................... 34 Commonality and diversity of bee eyes in relation to the visual environment........ 37 Why and how to study and compare bee eyes.................................................... 37 How to quantify vision .................................................................................... 38 5 Visual properties .......................................................................................... 38 …must be traded-off ................................................................................... 38 Structure and function of the ocelli .................................................................. 39 Structure and function of the apposition compound eyes ................................... 40 Variations within an individual: topology of eye properties ................................ 45 Variations within a species: sex, caste and size ................................................... 47 Variations between species: lifestyle and habitat ................................................ 48 Conclusion, limitations, challenges and perspective ............................................. 51 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 52 References .......................................................................................................... 53 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 66 6 List of papers I. Tichit P, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Dacke M, Baird E. 2020 Accelerated landing in a stingless bee and its unexpected benefits for traffic congestion. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287. II. Tichit P, Alves-dos-Santos I, Dacke M, Baird E. 2020 Accelerated landings in stingless bees are triggered by visual threshold cues. Biology Letters. 16. III. Tichit P, Zhou T, Kjer HM, Andersen Dahl V, Bjorholm Dahl A, Baird E. 2020 InSegtCone: Interactive Segmentation of crystalline Cones in compound eyes. bioRxiv. (submitted) IV. Tichit P, Bodey A, Rau C, Baird E. 2021 ‘Same same but different’: exploring evolutionary and ecological causes of eye diversification in bumblebees. (manuscript) 7 Author contribution • Pierre Tichit designed the study together with Emily Baird and Isabel Alves- dos-Santos. Pierre Tichit carried out the collection and processing of behavioural data. Pierre Tichit performed the analysis of behavioural data and interpreted it with Emily Baird. Pierre Tichit designed
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