Morphological Characteristics and Morphometrics of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 6, June 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 2619-2628 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210633 Morphological characteristics and morphometrics of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia MANAP TRIANTO, HARI PURWANTO♥ Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281,Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-274-580839, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 28 November 2019. Revision accepted: 17 May 2020. Abstract. Trianto M, Purwanto H. 2020. Morphological characteristics and morphometrics of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2619-2628. Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae) are eusocial insects living together in a colony with a highly organized system. Also, these bees have morphological and morphometric characters that vary among species, islands, and environmental types. This paper described morphological characteristics and morphometric study of stingless bees from the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. There were seven species of stingless bees found in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, namely Tetragonula laeviceps, T. iridipennis, T. biroi, T. sapiens, T. sarawakensis, Lepidotrigona terminata, and Heterotrigona itama. The morphometry of the stingless bees obtained in this study has varying sizes compared to the same species that have been reported elsewhere. In this study, we described the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the seven species of stingless bees in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, and presented the PCA analysis to figure out the grouping characters in order to determine its diagnostic characters. Keywords: Meliponini, morphological, morphometric, stingless bees, Yogyakarta INTRODUCTION province prefer to keep Asian honey bees Apis cerana than stingless bee, because the honey bee can produce more Stingless bee (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) is a eusocial honey. However, the current data showed that in Java and group insect that lives together in a nest (Michener 2007). Indonesia in general, the interest of keeping stingless bees This bee is instrumental in assisting the process of is increasing because keeping the stingless bees are more pollination (Free 1982; Inoue et al. 1985; Roubik 1989), a profitable. To support the success of stingless bees culture producer of honey and propolis (Lourino et al. 2006; (Meliponiculture) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Francoy 2009; Kumar et al. 2012). Although bees can Province, it is necessary to identify the species of stingless produce valuable materials for people, there are still many bees in that area. In this study, we explore the people who ignore it. morphological and morphometric characteristics of Indonesia has many species of stingless bees that are stingless bees in the Special Region of Yogyakarta widespread throughout the island (Rasmussen 2008). In Province, Indonesia which local people (Java) known the Indonesia, there are at least 46 species of stingless bee stingless bee as “klanceng”. scattered in several islands (Kahono et al. 2018). The diversity of stingless bees also varies in forest ecosystems and human settlements (Boontop et al. 2008; Salim et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2012; Kelly et al. 2014; Syafrizal et al. 2014; Rahman et al. 2015). In the settlement, a stingless bee nest can be found Study area almost all parts of the house, ranging from the walls, the This research was carried out from May-July 2019 in roof cavity, and the door cavity (Erniwati 2013). five district of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, namely Java is one of the islands with high levels of organism Sleman, Bantul, Kulon Progo, Gunung Kidul, and diversity (Kartikasari et al. 2012; Kusumaningrum and Yogyakarta City (Figure 1). Prasetyo 2018). Information and publication on the existence of the stingless bees species in the Special Procedures Region of Yogyakarta are still lacking. Therefore, the Determination of sampling sites exploration of stingless bees in the Special Region of Sampling sites were established using a purposive Yogyakarta Province will provide new information on the sampling method (Bookhout 1996) reflecting the habitat diversity and distribution of the stingless bees. diversity of Yogyakarta region. In total, there were 16 Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the provinces in sampling sites covering Yogyakarta Province. On each of Java that has many different environmental landscapes; the sampling sites, ten observation points at 100 m distance plantations, agriculture lands, secondary forests, national of each other were determined. parks, and settlements. In general, the people in this 2620 BIODIVERSITAS 21 (6): 2619-2628, June 2020 Figure 1. Study sites employed for the sampling of stingless bees in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Collection, preservation, and identification of stingless analysis was conducted to figure out the grouping bees specimen characters in order to determine its diagnostic characters. The collection of the stingless bees was conducted on The characters used in this research are shown in Table 1. two consecutive days. At seven o’clock on the first day, a sugar solution was sprayed on one square meter shrubs at the determined observation points. On the second day, the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION stingless bees visiting the plot were captured using a sweep net. The catching activities were conducted three times per There are seven species of stingless bees belonging to day at 07.00 am, 13.00 pm, and 16.00 pm. The collection three genera found in Yogyakarta, namely Tetragonula (5 of the stingless bees is done on the second day, in order to species), Heterotrigona (1 species), and Lepidotrigona (1 provide more chances of stingless bees without sting species) (Figure 2). coming to the study area. The collected samples put into a glass bottle with 90% ethanol. The Stingless bee morphology The stingless bees specimens were identified in the Tetragonula laeviceps (Smith 1857) laboratory of Entomology and Laboratory of Structure and The body of the worker bee T. laeviceps is Animal Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas predominantly shiny black. The abdomen is blackish Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Stingless bee specimens were brown. Head is black, and is sparsely covered with white identified based on morphological characters and fine hairs. Compound eyes are reddish, ocelli are blackish morphometric measurements as described by Sakagami and and large. Clypeus is blackhead and fully covered with fine Inoue (1987), Sakagami (1978), Dollin et al. (1997), white hairs. Antennal has 11 flagellomeres, scape is Sakagami et al. (1990), Klakasikorn et al. (2005) and Smith yellowish-brown, socket is grey, pedicel brown, first (2012). Morphometric measurements were performed using flagellomere is brown, second to tenth flagellomeres are a Microscope binokuler XSZ-107 BN with an Optilab brown and slightly black. Mandible has two teeth, brown viewer and Image Raster software. and slightly black at basal. Mesoscutum is black and is fully covered with yellowish setae, scutellum is black Data analysis entirely, and is covered with yellowish setae at posterior. The morphological and morphometric data acquired Tegula is brown and forewings coloration uniform. were then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis Hindwings are semi-transparent and wing venation is dark (PCA) with software PAST3 (Yudha et al. 2019). PCA brown. Hind tibiae is short, corbicula is pear shape, TRIANTO & PURWANTO – Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2621 sparsely is covered with long setae at apical but short at scape is yellowish-brown, socket is grey, pedicel is brown, basal, entirely black and basitarsi is wholly black. First to first flagellomere is brown, second to tenth flagellomeres sixth gastral tergites are fully brown and dark brown at are brown and slightly black. Mandible is with two teeth, dorsal part. The number of hamuli is 5 per hindwing brown and slightly black at basal. Mesoscutum is black and (Figure 3.A-E). is fully covered with testaceous setae, scutellum is black and covered with brown setae at posterior. Tegula is dark Tetragonula biroi (Friese 1898) and basitarsi is wholly black. Wing venation is dark brown. The body of the worker bee T. biroi is predominantly Hind tibiae are entirely blackish, corbicula is pear shape, black. The abdomen is blackish brown. Head is black, and and basitarsi is wholly black. First to sixth gastral tergites is sparsely covered with brown fine hairs. Compound eyes are fully brown and dark brown at dorsal part. The number and ocelli are brown. Clypeus is black and is fully covered of hamuli is 5 per hindwing (Figure 4.A-E). with fine brown hairs. Antennal is with 11 flagellomeres, A B C D E F G Figure 2. Stingless bee in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia: A. Tetragonula laeviceps, B. Tetragonula biroi, C. Tetragonula sapiens, D. Tetragonula sarawakensis, E. Tetragonula iridipennis, F. Lepidotrigona terminata, and G. Heterotrigona itama. Scale bar: 1 mm A B C D E Figure 3. Tetragonula laeviceps; A. Habitus, lateral view; B. Frons; C. Mesoscutum; D. Forewing; E. Hind tibia and basitarsi. Scale bar: 1 mm BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 6, June 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 2619-2628 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210633 Table 1. Morphometrics characters of stingless bees Morphometry of stingless bees (mm) Body characters T. laeviceps (N=48) T. iridipennis (N=15) T.