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A Review on 5G Sub-6 Ghz Base Station Antenna Design Challenges

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A Review on 5G Sub-6 Ghz Base Station Antenna Design Challenges electronics Review A Review on 5G Sub-6 GHz Base Station Antenna Design Challenges Madiha Farasat 1, Dushmantha N. Thalakotuna 1,*, Zhonghao Hu 2 and Yang Yang 1 1 School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia; [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) 2 Wireless Business Unit, Rosenberg Technology Australia, Northmead 2152, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Modern wireless networks such as 5G require multiband MIMO-supported Base Station Antennas. As a result, antennas have multiple ports to support a range of frequency bands leading to multiple arrays within one compact antenna enclosure. The close proximity of the arrays results in significant scattering degrading pattern performance of each band while coupling between arrays leads to degradation in return loss and port-to-port isolations. Different design techniques are adopted in the literature to overcome such challenges. This paper provides a classification of challenges in BSA design and a cohesive list of design techniques adopted in the literature to overcome such challenges. Keywords: base station antenna challenges; multiband antennas; multibeam antennas; antenna arrays Citation: Farasat, M.; Thalakotuna, 1. Introduction D.N.; Hu, Z.; Yang, Y. A Review on Base station Antenna (BSA) is the edge element in the air interface towards the mobile 5G Sub-6 GHz Base Station Antenna terminal in all communication systems, from the first-generation (1G) AMTS (advanced Design Challenges. Electronics 2021, mobile telephone systems) to the fifth-generation (5G) networks. A significant amount of 10, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ research and development has been done on BSAs; however, it appears largely dissem- electronics10162000 inated across the literature. Thus, this communication aims to collate, categorize, and discuss the latest development and challenges associated with the BSAs. Academic Editor: Massimo Donelli There are two basic types of BSAs used in cellular communication systems: omnidi- rectional and directional (sector) antennas. These variants are used in almost all wireless Received: 19 July 2021 technologies, from 1G to 5G. Omni-directional antennas are preferred for low-capacity and Accepted: 12 August 2021 extended coverage scenarios such as in rural areas. In contrast, directional antennas are Published: 19 August 2021 used to serve a targeted coverage area while providing a higher capacity. This targeted coverage, commonly known as a sector, is determined during mobile coverage planning. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral The serving sector antenna specifications are derived considering sector parameters. with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- The scope of this communication is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent iations. BSA antenna designs and challenges, with particular interest placed on lower microwave bands in sub-6 GHz range. Whilst there is a significant amount of published work on BSAs, a cohesive discussion of BSA evolution with mobile technologies is not available. Hence, the antenna community will benefit from a brief discussion on how BSA technologies have evolved through mobile generations. This is discussed in Section2 prior to discussing BSA Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. challenges in detail in Section3. Concluding remarks are drawn in Section5. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article 2. Evolution of BSA Technologies distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons First-generation (1G) networks had omnidirectional cells, as the main focus was Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// coverage, not the capacity. Hence, the BSAs, otherwise known as base transceiver station creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ (BTS) antennas, were omnidirectional. As the number of users increased in the second- 4.0/). generation (2G) networks, operators started to consider ways to increase the capacity. One Electronics 2021, 10, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10162000 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 2. Evolution of BSA Technologies First-generation (1G) networks had omnidirectional cells, as the main focus was cov- erage, not the capacity. Hence, the BSAs, otherwise known as base transceiver station Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW(BTS) antennas, were omnidirectional. As the number of users increased in the second-2 of 21 generation (2G) networks, operators started to consider ways to increase the capacity. One of the techniques used for capacity improvement is sectorization. A common sectorization 2.technique Evolution used of BSAin 2G Technologies is to divide the previous omnidirectional cell into three sectors of 120° each. As a result, three antennas, each having a 10dB beamwidth of 120°, were used First-generation (1G) networks had omnidirectional cells, as the main focus was cov- Electronics 2021, 10, 2000 in the BTS. 2 of 20 erage, not the capacity. Hence, the BSAs, otherwise known as base transceiver station Another technique used in 2G networks to enhance capacity is the use of polarization (BTS) antennas, were omnidirectional. As the number of users increased in the second- diversity. The aim was to provide two orthogonal polarizations in the antenna array. The generation (2G) networks, operators started to consider ways to increase the capacity. One horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarization were initially used, but ±45°, otherwise known ofof the the techniquestechniques used used for for capacitycapacity improvement improvement is is sectorization. sectorization. A A common common sectorization sectorization as slant polarization, has been widely adopted in many BTS antennas since 2G. Figure techniquetechnique usedused inin 2G2G isis to to divide divide the the previous previous omnidirectional omnidirectional cell cell into into three three sectors sectors of of 1a,b◦ shows vertical and slant polarized dipole array configurations used in◦ BSAs in 2G 120120°each. each. AsAs aa result,result, threethree antennas, antennas, each each having having a a 10dB 10dB beamwidth beamwidth of of 120 120°,, were were used used and following generations. The number of users increased rapidly, moving from 2G to 3G inin the the BTS. BTS. due Anotherto the introduction technique usedof mobile in 2G data networks services to enhancein 3G. As capacity a result, is operators the use of had polarization to explore Another technique used in 2G networks to enhance capacity is the use of polarization diversity.further techniques The aim to was increase to provide capacity. two One orthogonal solution polarizations was to further in subdivide the antenna the array.sector diversity. The aim was to provide two orthogonal polarizations in the antenna array. The Theinto horizontal narrower sectors. (H) and This vertical was (V)done polarization using narrow were beam initially antennas used, with but half-power±45◦, otherwise beam- horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarization were initially used, but ±45°, otherwise known knownwidth (HPBW) as slant polarization,such as 65° or has even been 33°. widely One of adopted the disadvantages in many BTS was antennas increased since antenna 2G. as slant polarization, has been widely adopted in many BTS antennas since 2G. Figure Figureloading1a,b on showsthe tower. vertical and slant polarized dipole array configurations used in BSAs in 1a,b shows vertical and slant polarized dipole array configurations used in BSAs in 2G 2G andA solution following to generations. antenna loading The numberwas achieved of users by increasedintroducing rapidly, multibeam moving panel from anten- 2G and following generations. The number of users increased rapidly, moving from 2G to 3G tonas. 3G Such due toantennas the introduction are similar of mobilein appearance data services to conventional in 3G. As asector result, antennas operators but had have to due to the introduction of mobile data services in 3G. As a result, operators had to explore exploremultiple further narrow techniques beams. As to a increase result, increased capacity. Onecapacity solution is achieved was to further without subdivide the need the for further techniques to increase capacity. One solution was to further subdivide the sector sectoradditional into narrowerantennas, sectors. as shown This in was Figure done 2. using The twin narrow beams beam or antennas multibeams with are half-power achieved into narrower sectors. This was done using narrow beam antennas with half-power beam- beamwidthby introducing (HPBW) hybrid such couplers as 65◦ intoor even the feed 33◦. network. One of the These disadvantages multibeam wasantennas increased have width (HPBW) such as 65° or even 33°. One of the disadvantages was increased antenna antennabeen a prevalent loading on choice the tower. among operators for mobile networks since then. loading on the tower. A solution to antenna loading was achieved by introducing multibeam panel anten- nas. Such antennas are similar in appearance to conventional sector antennas but have multiple narrow beams. As a result, increased capacity is achieved without the need for additional antennas, as shown in Figure 2. The twin beams or multibeams are achieved by introducing hybrid couplers into the feed network. These multibeam antennas have been a prevalent choice among operators for mobile networks since then. FigureFigure 1. 1.( a(a)) Vertical
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