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Pharmacognostic Investigations of Achyranthes Aspera Linn

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Pharmacognostic Investigations of Achyranthes Aspera Linn View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2011, 2(4), 145-152 Pharmacognostic investigations of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Research article Brij Raj Singh1*, Sanjay Yadav2, Satyawan Singh3, Lokesh Brind4 1. M.Pharm faculty, 2. Assistant Professor, 3. Director Pharmacy, 4. M.Pharm faculty Division of Pharmacognosy, Saroj Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, U.P. Abstract Aims & objective: Some pharmacognostical investigations were carried out on the leaves, stems and roots of Achyranthes aspera Linn to record parameters for identifying and differentiating various species of Achyranthes. Methods: The research specimens were authenticated and preserved both in fresh and dry forms. The leaves and stems were morphologically screened followed by anatomical studies with the aid of Labphot 2 microscopic units. Powder microscopy and micrometric studies, including leaf constants, were performed using suitable tools and reagents under different magnifications. Important observations and results: The leaves were petiolate and opposite, decussate, elliptic-obovate, acute apex with decurrent base, abaxial surfaces which turned blackish on storage, and had irritant smell with a slightly bitter taste. The vein islets were squarish and polygonal. Covering and glandular trichomes; anisocytic and anomocytic stomata were evident. Anomalous secondary growth of xylem and phloem in stem and roots; Vessels were helical, spiral and pitted; rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals were also evident. Key words: Pharmacognostic investigations; Achyranthes aspera; Rosette; Anisocytic; Stone cells; Anomocytic Introduction herb, found commonly as a weed throughout Amaranthaceae is a cosmopolitan India up to an altitude of 900 m. the drug family consisting of 64 genera and about goes well with the name Apamarga but the 800 species, mostly abundant in tropical nighantus mention a red variety also, called regions of America, Africa, and India (1). Raktapamargh and the latter is equated with The family represented by herbs and few Achyranthes bidentata Bl., by some authors. shrubs, contains most of the important The red variety possesses red pigments in allergic species (2, 3). Achyranthes aspera the epidermis and outer cortex of the stem Linn, Family: Amaranthaceae or its while in other respects the anatomical common name Apamarga is a stiff, erect features are alike in both the forms (4). The nature of chemical constituents (steroids and *Corresponding author triterpenoids) is also similar in both the Brij Raj Singh varieties. Another plant belonging to the Division of Pharmacognosy, Amaranthaceae family is Cyathula prostrata Saroj Institute of Technology and (Linn.) Blume., also gets substituted for A. Management, Lucknow, U.P. aspera (5). The plant has been mentioned in manuscripts of Ayurveda and Chinese Email- [email protected] medicines. The plant has been reported to 145 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Brij Raj Singh et.al, Pharmacognostic investigations of Achyranthes aspera Linn. possess a number of medicinal properties Microscopic examination (6). With the aid of a compound Based on the foregoing, the present microscope (Focus (ISI), JPM-1, India and study entails the pharmacognostic Olympus microscope) and an eye-piece investigation of the whole plant of micrometer calibrated with a stage Achyranthes aspera Linn., with a view of micrometer, the individual character of each providing pertinent information/data on its specimen was studied under both low- (10x identification. × 10x) and high-power (10x × 45x) magnification. Materials and methods Collection of species Powder microscopy Achyranthes aspera Linn were The leaves were dried for a collected in the month of October, from minimum of 15 days under a shade, local place of the Allahabad district and powdered and screened through sieves with were authenticated by Dr. Alok Lahri aperture size of 180 μm and 125 μm Incharge, CIF Division N.B.R.I., Lucknow, separately to obtain fine and very fine U.P., India (Ref. no. NBRI/CIF/182/2010). powders, respectively, and then subjected to A voucher specimen (VE131) was deposited microscopic examination. The specimens in the herbal museum at Saroj Institute of were treated with the following reagents in Technology and Management, Lucknow, order to evaluate components of diagnostic Uttar Pradesh. Care was taken to select value: 50 % glycerin as temporary healthy plants for the study. The whole parts mountant; 2 % phloroglucinol in a mixture of plant for the study were collected fresh of 90 % ethanol and conc. HCl (1:1) for from the plant and placed in FAA (formalin: lignin (7). acetic acid: 70 % ethyl alcohol) in a ratio of 1:1:18. Twenty four hours later, the Micrometric studies specimens were dehydrated with a graded Micrometric evaluation (including series of tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA). assessment of leaf constants) was carried out with the aid of a compound microscope Sectioning fitted with a camera (Swift Ive’s) as Fresh potato pieces were used to described elsewhere (8, 9, 10). support (pith) soft tissues while sectioning. Liquid was kept on the single –edge razor Study, observations and results blade, so that the sections float as they get Macroscopic characteristics of leaves, cut. A large number of slices were cut stems and roots rapidly, and best ones were sorted out. The leaves were of opposite, Wherever necessary, sections were stained petiolate, decussate, elliptic-obovate, acute with safranin. Glycerin mounted temporary and with decurrent base. The dried leaves preparations were made for were yellowish green above and pale green macerated/cleared materials. Powdered below; midrib raised below and flat above; materials of different parts were cleared with about 4 – 7 pairs of primary venations, NaOH and mounted in glycerin after extended up to the margin; the petiole staining with safranin. Different components cylindrical being 0.6-1cm long and 0.3 – 1 were studied and measured as indicated mm wide. The leaves were 2.5 – 5.2 cm in below (7, 8). length and 1.5 – 4 cm in width. The adaxial surface was smooth and slippery unlike the 146 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2011, 2(4), 145-152 abaxial side. The dried leaves had a most of them containing calcium oxalate characteristics odour and were slightly crystals. Thin walled cork cells; pericycle a mucilaginous in taste. Some leaves on discontinuous ring of lignified fibres. The storage turned blakish on their adaxial cortical zone is wide with uniform width, surface. vascular tissues show anomalous secondary The stems were of cylindrical, growth having incomplete ring of xylem and branched, solid, yellowish-brown, noxious phloem; cambial strip present between odour, hairy surface. The stem, which secondary xylem and phloem; vessels measured more than 1 cm in thickness, helical, spiral and pitted. The pith is wide showed central brown pith. having oval to polygonal parenchymatous The roots were of tap root, cells (Figure 5). cylindrical, yellowish-brown, and sweet in taste, 0.1-1 cm thickness, presence of Root secondary and tertiary root & root scars. The roots have 3-5 layered, rectangular, elongated, thin walled cork Microscopy of petioles and leaves cells. Secondary cortex were shows 6-8 The petiole has a crescent shaped, layers, oval,thin- walled, parenchymatous thick cuticle, covering Trichome, single cells having groups of stone cells and 6 layered epidermis; ground tissues consisting discontinuous rings of anomalous secondary of thin –walled parenchymatous cells thickening composed of vascular tissues. containing calcium oxalate crystals; 3 Medullary rays 1-3 cells wide. Calcium vascular bundle situated in mid region oxalate crystals present in cortical region as (Figure1) well as medullary rays (Figure 6). The leaves have covering and glandular tichomes, slightly straight walled Powder characteristics single layered upper epidermis and wavy Leaf powder walled single layered lower epidermis. Both Fragments of leaf are found in the the adaxial and abaxial is stomatiferous. powder. They exhibit certain specific Stomata type is anisocytic and anomocytic characters of diagnostic values. Two types and distinct subsidiary cells are evident.3-5 of epidermal trichomes were observed with layered collenchymas on upper side and 2-3 powder. They are uniseriate, multicellular layered on lower side. Ground tissue covering Trichome having width 16-24 μm consisting of thin layered parenchymatous and with globular head, multistalk glandular cells having 3 vascular bundles; crystals of trichomes. Rosette shaped calcium oxalate calcium oxalate found scattered in ground crystals were also found having dimensions tissues (Figure2, 3, 4). 1.67-6.67 μm. Stem Stem powder The stem is cylindrical. It has 5-10 The stem powder contains lignified prominent ridges; epidermis single layered, fibres, thin walled cork cells, helical and covered by thick cuticle having uniseriate, pitted vessels (Figure 7). 2-3 celled, covering trichomes. Cortex 4-8 layered, composed of parenchymatous cells, 147 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Brij Raj Singh et.al, Pharmacognostic investigations of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Leaf surface data Leaf surface data are tabulated in table 1. Table 1: Micrometrics of the leaves
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