Ellen Swallow Richards
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Chapter 11. Fire Alarms and Democratic Accountability Charles M. Cameron and Sanford C. Gordon
Chapter 11. Fire Alarms and Democratic Accountability Charles M. Cameron and Sanford C. Gordon 1 Introduction Accountability is a situation that prevails in any relationship between a principal and agent in which the latter takes some action for which she may be \held to account" { that is, made to answer for those actions under a system of rewards and sanctions administered by the former. In a democratic setting, the electorate are the principals and public officials the agents; rewards and sanctions the loss or retention of the benefits, privileges, and powers of office-holding. Absent electoral accountability, citizens must fall back on the benevolence of their rulers or just plain luck. History shows these are weak reeds indeed. Thus, the accountability (or unaccountability) of elected officials to voters is a key component of any comprehensive theory of democratic governance. Electoral accountability faces huge obstacles in practice. One of the most pernicious is the problem of asymmetric information: while knowing what politicians are up to is surely a critical ingredient of holding incumbent officeholders to account, for most voters, becoming and remaining informed about whether elected officials are actually meeting their obligations can be tedious, time- consuming and difficult. How many citizens have the leisure to research the voting record of their member of Congress, for instance? And even then, outside of a few specific areas, how many have the knowledge to assess whether a given legislative enactment actually improved their welfare, all things considered? A lack of transparency about actions and the obscurity between means and ends can render nominal accountability completely moot in practice.1 In the face of prohibitive information costs, a simple intuition is the following: any mechanism that lowers informational costs for voters ought to enhance electoral accountability. -
Fair Trade USA® Works of Many Leading the with Brands And
• FAIR TRADE USA • Fair Trade USA® CAPITAL CAMPAIGN FINAL REPORT 1 It started with a dream. What Visionary entrepreneur and philanthropist Bob Stiller and his wife Christine gave us a if our fair trade model could It Started spectacular kick-off with their $10 million reach and empower even more matching leadership gift. This singular people? What if we could impact gift inspired many more philanthropists with a and foundations to invest in the dream, not just smallholder farmers giving us the chance to innovate and and members of farming expand. Soon, we were certifying apparel Dream and home goods, seafood, and a wider cooperatives but also workers range of fresh produce, including fruits on large commercial farms and and vegetables grown on US farms – something that had never been done in the in factories? How about the history of fair trade. fishers? And what about farmers • FAIR TRADE USA • In short, the visionary generosity of our and workers in the US? How community fueled an evolution of our could we expand our movement, model of change that is now ensuring safer working conditions, better wages, and implement a more inclusive more sustainable livelihoods for farmers, philosophy and accelerate the workers and their families, all while protecting the environment. journey toward our vision of Fair In December 2018, after five years and Trade for All? hundreds of gifts, we hit our Capital • FAIR TRADE USA • That was the beginning of the Fair Trade Campaign goal of raising $25 million! USA® Capital Campaign. • FAIR TRADE USA • This report celebrates that accomplishment, The silent phase of the Capital Campaign honors those who made it happen, and started in 2013 when our board, leadership shares the profound impact that this team and close allies began discussing “change capital” has had for so many strategies for dramatically expanding families and communities around the world. -
Supporting a Person with Washing and Dressing
Factsheet 504LP Supporting a January 2021 person with washing and dressing As a person’s dementia progresses, they will need more help with everyday activities such as washing, bathing and dressing. For most adults, these are personal and private activities, so it can be hard for everyone to adjust to this change. You can support a person with dementia to wash and dress in a way that respects their preferences and their dignity. This factsheet is written for carers. It offers practical tips to help with washing, bathing, dressing and personal grooming. 2 Supporting a person with washing and dressing Contents n How dementia affects washing and dressing — Focusing on the person — Allowing enough time — Making washing and dressing a positive experience — Creating the right environment n Supporting the person with washing and bathing — How to help the person with washing, bathing and showering: tips for carers — Aids and equipment — Skincare and nails — Handwashing and dental care — Washing, drying and styling hair — Hair removal — Using the toilet n Dressing — Helping a person dress and feel comfortable: tips for carers — Shopping for clothes together: tips for carers n Personal grooming — Personal grooming: tips for carers n When a person doesn’t want to change their clothes or wash n Other useful organisations 3 Supporting a person with washing and dressing Supporting a person with washing and dressing How dementia affects washing and dressing The way a person dresses and presents themselves can be an important part of their identity. Getting ready each day is a very personal and private activity – and one where a person may be used to privacy, and making their own decisions. -
Why AWS for Gxp Regulated Workloads? an Executive Summary
Why AWS for GxP regulated workloads? An executive summary Move, or build, GxP workloads in the cloud with help from the AWS Life Sciences Practice The AWS life sciences practice and dedicated GxP experts help biopharma and medical device companies build new, or move, regulated workloads to the cloud. Organizations can achieve higher productivity, increased operational resilience, greater agility, improved transparency and traceability, and a lower TCO1 and carbon footprint on AWS2 compared to on-premises systems. AWS offers a secure cloud platform for automating compliance processes and providing enhanced management related to running your GxP workloads. Some of the biggest enterprises and innovative startups in life sciences have moved, or built new GxP systems on the AWS Cloud. Decades of expertise in the life sciences space enable us to help you move away from on-premises regulatory paradigms as your trusted advisor to becoming regulated cloud native. Evidence of success: Evidence of success: AWS customers AWS partners Moderna power their R&D and manufacturing Aizon use AWS to enable real-time visibility and environments on AWS to accelerate the development predictive insights that address GxP compliance. of mRNA therapeutics and vaccines. Idorsia house 90% of IT operations on AWS, including Core Informatics developed a platform on AWS that GxP compliant virtual data centers, giving them 75% enables GxP-validated applications in the cloud for cost savings compared to physical data centers its customers. Bristol Myers Squibb use AWS to create consistent, Tracelink choose AWS to support its life science scalable, and repeatable process to streamline cloud solution to meet customer compliance needs. -
Fairtrade Certification, Labor Standards, and Labor Rights Comparative Innovations and Persistent Challenges
LAURA T. RAYNOLDS Professor, Department of Sociology, Director, Center for Fair & Alternative Trade, Colorado State University Email: [email protected] Fairtrade Certification, Labor Standards, and Labor Rights Comparative Innovations and Persistent Challenges ABSTRACT Fairtrade International certification is the primary social certification in the agro-food sector in- tended to promote the well-being and empowerment of farmers and workers in the Global South. Although Fairtrade’s farmer program is well studied, far less is known about its labor certification. Helping fill this gap, this article provides a systematic account of Fairtrade’s labor certification system and standards and com- pares it to four other voluntary programs addressing labor conditions in global agro-export sectors. The study explains how Fairtrade International institutionalizes its equity and empowerment goals in its labor certifica- tion system and its recently revised labor standards. Drawing on critiques of compliance-based labor stand- ards programs and proposals regarding the central features of a ‘beyond compliance’ approach, the inquiry focuses on Fairtrade’s efforts to promote inclusive governance, participatory oversight, and enabling rights. I argue that Fairtrade is making important, but incomplete, advances in each domain, pursuing a ‘worker- enabling compliance’ model based on new audit report sharing, living wage, and unionization requirements and its established Premium Program. While Fairtrade pursues more robust ‘beyond compliance’ advances than competing programs, the study finds that, like other voluntary initiatives, Fairtrade faces critical challenges in implementing its standards and realizing its empowerment goals. KEYWORDS fair trade, Fairtrade International, multi-stakeholder initiatives, certification, voluntary standards, labor rights INTRODUCTION Voluntary certification systems seeking to improve social and environmental conditions in global production have recently proliferated. -
Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics 2Nd Edition Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics
Voluntary national ContEnt StandardS in EConomics 2nd Edition Voluntary national ContEnt StandardS in EConomics 2nd Edition WRITING COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS John Siegfried, Writing Committee Chair Many individuals reviewed the Voluntary National Vanderbilt University Content Standards in Economics, 2nd Edition. The individuals listed below provided special assistance Alan Krueger, Writing Committee Co-Chair in helping develop the content of the standards. Through February 2009 Princeton University Stephen Buckles Vanderbilt University Susan Collins University of Michigan Bonnie Meszaros University of Delaware Robert Frank Cornell University James O’Neill University of Delaware Richard MacDonald St. Cloud State University Robert Strom Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation KimMarie McGoldrick University of Richmond John Taylor Stanford University George Vredeveld University of Cincinnati FUNDING The Council for Economic Education gratefully acknowledges the funding of this publication by the United States Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement, Excellence in Economic Education: Advancing K-12 Economic & Financial Education Nationwide grant award U215B050005-08. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Education. Copyright © 2010, Council for Economic Education, 122 East 42 Street, Suite 2600, New York, NY 10168. All rights reserved. The Content Standards and Benchmarks in this document may be reproduced for non-commercial educational and research purposes. Notice of copyright must appear on all pages. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 978-1-56183-733-5 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ii Voluntary national Content StandardS IN eCONOMiCS Contents PREFACE . v FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION . -
Hand Hygiene: Clean Hands for Healthcare Personnel
Core Concepts for Hand Hygiene: Clean Hands for Healthcare Personnel 1 Presenter Russ Olmsted, MPH, CIC Director, Infection Prevention & Control Trinity Health, Livonia, MI Contributions by Heather M. Gilmartin, NP, PhD, CIC Denver VA Medical Center University of Colorado Laraine Washer, MD University of Michigan Health System 2 Learning Objectives • Outline the importance of effective hand hygiene for protection of healthcare personnel and patients • Describe proper hand hygiene techniques, including when various techniques should be used 3 Why is Hand Hygiene Important? • The microbes that cause healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) can be transmitted on the hands of healthcare personnel • Hand hygiene is one of the MOST important ways to prevent the spread of infection 1 out of every 25 patients has • Too often healthcare personnel do a healthcare-associated not clean their hands infection – In fact, missed opportunities for hand hygiene can be as high as 50% (Chassin MR, Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf, 2015; Yanke E, Am J Infect Control, 2015; Magill SS, N Engl J Med, 2014) 4 Environmental Surfaces Can Look Clean but… • Bacteria can survive for days on patient care equipment and other surfaces like bed rails, IV pumps, etc. • It is important to use hand hygiene after touching these surfaces and at exit, even if you only touched environmental surfaces Boyce JM, Am J Infect Control, 2002; WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care, WHO, 2009 5 Hands Make Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs) and Other Microbes Mobile (Image from CDC, Vital Signs: MMWR, 2016) 6 When Should You Clean Your Hands? 1. Before touching a patient 2. -
Does Economics and Business Education Wash Away Moral Judgment Competence?
J Bus Ethics DOI 10.1007/s10551-016-3142-6 Does Economics and Business Education Wash Away Moral Judgment Competence? 1 1 2 Katrin Hummel • Dieter Pfaff • Katja Rost Received: 30 October 2015 / Accepted: 21 March 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract In view of the numerous accounting and cor- Keywords Economics and business education Á Moral porate scandals associated with various forms of moral judgment competence Á Moral reasoning Á Self-selection misconduct and the recent financial crisis, economics and effect Á Treatment effect business programs are often accused of actively con- tributing to the amoral decision making of their graduates. Abbreviations It is argued that theories and ideas taught at universities CMD Cognitive moral development engender moral misbehavior among some managers, as DIT Defining issues test these theories mainly focus on the primacy of profit-max- MJC Moral judgment competence imization and typically neglect the ethical and moral MCT Moral competence test dimensions of decision making. To investigate this criti- cism, two overlapping effects must be disentangled: the self-selection effect and the treatment effect. Drawing on Introduction the concept of moral judgment competence, we empirically examine this question with a sample of 1773 bachelor’s The recent economic and financial crisis as well as and 501 master’s students. Our results reveal that there is accounting and corporate scandals over the last decades neither a self-selection nor a treatment effect for economics such as Enron (2001), WorldCom (2002), Global Crossing/ and business studies. Moreover, our results indicate that— Qwest (2002), Merck & Co. (2002), AOL Time Warner regardless of the course of studies—university education in (2002), Tyco International (2002), Computer Associates general does not seem to foster students’ moral (2004), Swissair (2001), Ahold (2003), YLine (2003), development. -
SOPHIA Learning HIST1010: U.S. History: Learn from the Past
SOPHIA Learning HIST1010: U.S. History: Learn from the Past, Prepare for the Future (3 semester credits) COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed for students to discover how key events in U.S. History from the Great Depression to the Me Too movement are both a product of our past and a precursor to our future. Along the way, students will deepen their knowledge of four essential employability skills -- problem solving, technology, agility, and communication -- which will help them analyze the past, forecast the future, adapt to changes, and share their understanding with others. Students will analyze historical resources to determine credibility and validity and use a critical thinking process to determine the causes and long term impacts of a historical event. Additionally, students will present lessons learned from U.S. historical events and their potential influence on a current problem or situation. Course Effective Dates: June 2021- present Prerequisite(s): Entry level Gen Ed course – no prerequisites Length of course: This is a self-paced course. Students have 60 days with an additional 30-day extension (if needed) to complete the course. ACE CREDIT® Recommendation: In the lower-division baccalaureate/associate degree category, 3 semester hours in applied history. LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to: 1. Determine how studying history can help us prepare for the future. 2. Identify economic downturns that have affected different parts of society. 3. Recognize the skills like technology, agility, and problem solving that help people adjust to a changing workplace. 4. Determine the ways women have used communication and agility to achieve equality. -
Home Economics Takes on a Whole New Meaning
May/June 2009 Home Economics Takes On a Whole • Home Economics Takes On a Whole New Meaning New Meaning Economic conditions stimulate change in cleaning behaviors Economic conditions stimulate change in cleaning • Sustainability Matters behaviors Consumers seeking more sustainability benefits in cleaning products According to a new survey from The Soap and • SDA On the Go Detergent Association (SDA – www.cleaning101.com), Reaching out through conferences and publications the economic downturn is having an effect on • Cleaning Matters® Honored consumers’ household cleaning habits and purchases. Electronic newsletter recognized for excellence in content and style In other words, home economics is taking on a whole • A Rite of Spring new meaning. Spring-cleaning strategies to reduce triggers for allergies and asthma SDA’s 2009 Spring Cleaning Survey shows 78 percent • The Handshake: An Important Business Ritual of respondents saying the current economic condition Use a firm handshake to get jobs, not germs has influenced their cleaning habits. Sixty percent say • Celebrating Teachers they’re doing more cleaning themselves instead of Creative ways to say thank you to a favorite teacher hiring a cleaning service. • Rug Routines Ways to put new life into your rugs after a long winter More than four in ten (44 percent) say they’re buying • Show Mom and Dad You Care less expensive cleaning products; one-third say they’re Imaginative gift ideas that won’t break the bank buying fewer cleaning products. Other respondents say economic factors influenced them to make their own cleaning products at home (22 percent) or clean less Enhancing health and quality of life frequently (17 percent). -
Internationalization of Home Economics Education: Global Education Practices and Perceptions of Teacher Educators Grace M
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1993 Internationalization of home economics education: global education practices and perceptions of teacher educators Grace M. Backman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Home Economics Commons, and the Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons Recommended Citation Backman, Grace M., "Internationalization of home economics education: global education practices and perceptions of teacher educators " (1993). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10400. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10400 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
From Corporate Responsibility to Corporate Accountability
Hastings Business Law Journal Volume 16 Number 1 Winter 2020 Article 3 Winter 2020 From Corporate Responsibility to Corporate Accountability Min Yan Daoning Zhang Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_business_law_journal Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Min Yan and Daoning Zhang, From Corporate Responsibility to Corporate Accountability, 16 Hastings Bus. L.J. 43 (2020). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_business_law_journal/vol16/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Business Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2 - YAN _ZHANG - V9 - KC - 10.27.19.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 11/15/2019 11:11 AM From Corporate Responsibility to Corporate Accountability Min Yan* and Daoning Zhang** I. INTRODUCTION The concept of corporate responsibility or corporate social responsibility (“CSR”) keeps evolving since it appeared. The emphasis was first placed on business people’s social conscience rather than on the company itself, which was well reflected by Howard Bowen’s landmark book, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman.1 Then CSR was defined as responsibilities to society, which extends beyond economic and legal obligations by corporations.2 Since then, corporate responsibility is thought to begin where the law ends. 3 In other words, the concept of social responsibility largely excludes legal obedience from the concept of social responsibility. An analysis of 37 of the most used definitions of CSR also shows “voluntary” as one of the most common dimensions.4 Put differently, corporate responsibility reflects the belief that corporations have duties beyond generating profits for their shareholders.