Summer 2012

Home economics • Adoption of orphan babies • Home-court advantage U.S. foreclosure crisis • Native American reservations • Home sustainability Literary homes • Undergraduate living • Telecommuting Cinematic homes • Science at home • Home truths 100th birthday of chapter homes • Home away from home Holocaust letters hit home • Crossword puzzle homework

The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi names Mary Todd as its new executive director. About Us Phi Kappa Phi Forum and Its Phi Kappa Phi Forum mission statement Phi Kappa Phi Forum, a multidisciplinary quarterly magazine that enlightens, challenges and Relationship with the Society entertains its diverse readers, serves as a general- hi Kappa Phi Forum is the multidisci- interest publication as well as a platform for The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. plinary quarterly magazine of The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. P Phi Kappa Phi Forum Each issue of the award-winning journal (Issn 1538-5914) is published quarterly by reaches more than 100,000 active members as The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, well as government officials, scholars, educa- 7576 Goodwood Blvd., Baton Rouge, La. 70806. tors, university administrators, public and Printed at R.R. Donnelley, private libraries, leaders of charitable and 1160 N. Main, Pontiac, Ill. 61764. learned organizations, corporate executives ©The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, 2012. and many other types of subscribers. All rights reserved. Nonmember subscriptions It is the flagship publication of Phi Kappa Phi, $30 per year, domestic; $45 outside the U.S. Single copies $10 each; $3.25 each for active, the nation’s oldest, largest and most selective dues-paying members. Periodicals postage paid all-discipline honor society, with chapters on Baton Rouge, La., and additional mailing offices. more than 300 college and university campuses across the country. Phi Kappa Phi was founded A note on content in 1897 at University of Maine and upwards of The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the staff one million members spanning the academic The first organizational meeting of what came to be disciplines have been initiated since the Soci- of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, the Society known as The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi took staff, or the Board of Directors of ety’s inception. Notable alumni include former place in Coburn Hall (above) at University of Maine in The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. U.S. President Jimmy Carter, former NASA Orono, Maine, in 1897. The Phi Kappa Phi name was astronaut Wendy Lawrence, U.S. Supreme adopted on June 12, 1900. Although the national Submissions Court Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, headquarters has been located in Baton Rouge, La., Address material intended for publication to: Peter Szatmary, Editor writer John Grisham, YouTube cofounder and since 1978, the vast majority of the Society’s historical former CEO Chad Hurley and poet Rita Dove. Phi Kappa Phi Forum documents are still kept at the founding institution. The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi The Society began publishing what’s now called 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Phi Kappa Phi Forum in 1915. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 addition to book reviews, poetry and humor. Spring, summer and fall issues Plus, these issues compile member news, Reprint permission The spring, summer and fall issues chapter updates and Society developments, Mail to: (usually mailed late February, late May and along with letters to the editor, the Permissions Department late August, respectively) feature a variety Phi Kappa Phi bookshelf and general an- Phi Kappa Phi Forum 7576 Goodwood Blvd. of timely, relevant articles from influential nouncements of interest to keep readers Baton Rouge, La. 70806 scholars, educators, writers and other au- abreast of Society programs and activities. Fax to: (225) 388-4900 thorities, oftentimes active Phi Kappa Phi Through words and images, Web links Copying for other than personal or internal members, who offer variations on an and multimedia components, the magazine reference use without permission of Phi Kappa Phi Forum is prohibited. overall theme. intends to appeal to the diverse member- Notables to have contributed pieces include ship of Phi Kappa Phi by providing th Phi Kappa Phi Forum staff Ronald Reagan, 40 President of the United thoughtful, instructive, helpful — and Editor: Peter Szatmary States; Myrlie Evers-Williams, civil rights sometimes provocative — material in (800) 804-9880 ext. 42 trailblazer; Warren Burger, 15th Chief Justice smart, engaging ways. [email protected] of the U.S. Supreme Court; Molefi Kete Layout: R Studios (freelance) Asante, African-American studies ground- Winter issue Proofreader: Martha Allan (freelance) breaker; Sally Ride, former NASA astronaut; The winter issue (mailed late November) Editorial consultant: Traci Navarre Ernest Gaines, fiction writer; and Geoffrey celebrates those who win monetary awards Director of Marketing and Member Benefits (800) 804-9880 ext. 22 Gilmore, former director of the Sundance from Phi Kappa Phi. [email protected] Film Festival. The Society distributes more than $775,000 Phi Kappa Phi Forum also encourages annually through graduate and undergraduate Change of address movers and shakers to speak for themselves scholarships, member and chapter awards, and To request a change or correction to your through exclusive interviews. Q & As have run grants for local and national literacy initia- mailing address, send your new address along the gamut from public servants such as Lynne tives, and Phi Kappa Phi Forum applauds the with your old address, your name, phone Cheney, former chair of the National Endow- recipients in this edition, listing them all and numbers (cell, home, work), email address, member status and member number. ment for the Humanities, to famous artists spotlighting a few. (For more information Note: Your member number is the first such as playwright August Wilson to literary about Phi Kappa Phi monetary awards, go multi-digit number from the left directly critics such as Stanley Fish. online to www.phikappaphi.org/awards.) above your name on your mailing label. (For other significant contributors, go online As an arm of the Society, Phi Kappa Phi Send to: Change of Address to www.phikappaphi.org/forum.) Forum helps uphold the institution’s mission: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi The spring, summer and fall issues “To recognize and promote academic excel- 7576 Goodwood Blvd. further contain columns on fields such as lence in all fields of higher education and to Baton Rouge, La. 70806 education and academics, science and tech- engage the community of scholars in service Postmaster nology, and arts and entertainment in to others.” ■ Archive Send address changes to: The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi www.PhiKappaPhi.org 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 Contents Summer 2012, Vol. 92, No. 2

This Issue: HOME Where we reside connects to how we live. And how we fit in relates PHI KAPPA PHI FOCUS to where we 2 President’s Message come from. By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. Editor’s Note Cover photo illustration by Arnel Reynon By Peter Szatmary 3 Letters to the Editor Coming Next Issue Home Economics: 29 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf 4 30 Society Developments Ever Timely and Forever Complex 31 Chapter Update By Yvonne S. Gentzler By Caroline Cooper The profession, created more than 100 years ago, 32 Member Spotlight betters existence for one and all. 33 Member News 34 In Memoriam Ellen Swallow Richards: 8 Visionary on Home and Sustainability COLUMNS By Nancy Kwallek 22 Business and Economics Today’s “green” impetus owes much to a 19th-century By Philip R. Wahl II vanguard in nascent ecology. 23 Workplace and Employment By Kimberly Thompson 24 Education and Academics Adoption: By Timothy L. Hulsey 12 25 Science and Technology Homeward Bound By Catherine C. Shoults By Christopher Frost and Kathryn Minyard Frost and Lenore Shoults A couple adopting two orphan babies ask: 26 Sports and Exercise Can “home” be imprinted on the brain? By Joe Cascio 27 Arts and Entertainment By (William) Arnold Johnston Did I Really Leave Home? and Deborah Ann Percy 15 Can I Really Return Home? By Emil Her Many Horses FEATURES A Native American ponders his tribal origins and 21 Crossword Puzzle discovers worldwide analogues. By Jim Bernhard 28 Book Review Home Truths Written by Gerald Duff Homing in on Reviewed by William A. Bloodworth, Jr. 18 Shakespeare and Nabokov 35 Poetic Pause By Samuel Schuman “Before They Made Engines” By Karlanna Lewis These canonical writers examine their sense of place 36 And One More Thing … in diametrically different ways. with Bob Zany

Summer 2012 1

President’s Message

By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. percentage of younger citizens earning Board of Directors ime flies. Good times college degrees. While such statistics society president William A. Bloodworth, Jr., Ph.D. fly faster. measure only quantity, quality and excel- Office of the President If I, a jogger, could lence are powerful motivators, too. Phi Augusta State University T 2500 Walton Way run as fast as my time as Kappa Phi promotes excellence to honor Augusta, Ga. 30904-2200 president of the board of di- those who achieve it — and to cause others [email protected] rectors of The Honor Society to strive for it. society president-ELECT of Phi Kappa Phi has gone And to strive for it as lifelong learners. Diane G. Smathers, Ed.D. by, I’d be headed to the Olympics in London. When we cite our motto — “Let the love of Emeritus College E-304 Martin Hall But my fleetness would be no match for the learning rule humanity” — or part of our Clemson University endurance of the nation’s largest, most inclu- mission — “to engage the community of Clemson, S.C. 29634 sive, and best academic honor society. scholars in service to others” — we’re not [email protected] In my short and swift-passing tenure as talking about a short race. It’s a marathon. society past president president, we’ve seen some changes and We’ve been running in it now for 115 Robert B. Rogow, C.P.A., Ph.D. Dean, College of Business and Technology started some developments. At-large years. I hope we’re still running in it a Eastern Kentucky University members now serve on the board, and we’re century from now. Business & Technology Center 214 521 Lancaster Ave. engaged in the excitement and hard work of The theme of this issue of the magazine is Richmond, Ky. 40475 creating a national service initiative. “Home.” Phi Kappa Phi has been a [email protected] Changes are good. Survival re- Bloodworth reviews kind of home for me for decades, VICE PRESIDENT FOR FINANCE quires them, in individuals and organ- a memoir about not just the past two years, and it home. See page 28. Curtis D. Black, Ph.D. izations. But continuity has its will continue to be a home “where Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Toledo College of Pharmacy place, too. For Phi Kappa Phi, the heart is” for the rest of my life. 3000 Arlington Ave., MS 1013 which dates to 1897, the best continuity is But I’m passing on the key to the Phi Toledo, Ohio 43614 the initiation of new members. In my two Kappa Phi president’s home — the virtual, [email protected] years as president, the Society has initiated honorary place that has been my residence VICE PRESIDENT FOR CHAPTER RELATIONS more than 60,750 members and increased for a while — to Diane Smathers, from Timothy L. Hulsey, Ph.D. Dean, The Honors College our active members by seven percent, as of Clemson University. I know Diane well and Virginia Commonwealth University press deadline. she, I’m sure, will run with it: bring new P.O. Box 843010 Richmond, Va. 23284-3010 These are important numbers, especially and fresh perspectives to the house. Under [email protected] when academic excellence nationwide is in her leadership, the Society will continue to VICE PRESIDENT FOR FELLOWSHIPS AND AWARDS short supply. As you might know, the United grow while staying the vital course that William J. McKinney, Ph.D. States lags behind many other nations in the began in 1897. ■ Kettler Hall 169 Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd. Editor’s Note Fort Wayne, Ind. 46805 [email protected] By Peter Szatmary somehow. Education may mean a new VICE PRESIDENT FOR MARKETING he impression of home: boarding school, residential colleges. AND MEMBER BENEFITS home leaves a mark, Travel often requires hotels: professional H. Ray Sylvester, Ph.D. University of the Pacific distinct or faint, all homes. For the armed services home is a Eberhardt School of Business T 3601 Pacific Ave. over the place. life-and-death matter: barracks. And there Stockton, Calif. 95211 Here are examples of are all those specialized homes: retirement [email protected] how home signifies me. I villages, assisted-living facilities, mental- grew up an only child of health institutions, homeless shelters, gated VICE PRESIDENT AT LARGE Yaw A. Asamoah, Ph.D. divorce: two homes yet no home. From ages developments, vacation getaways, recre- College of Humanities and Social Sciences 7 to 13, I considered myself the sole provider ational vehicles; museum and library and Indiana University of Pennsylvania 201 McElhaney Hall for a tropical fish tank: maintaining my kennel and commune and orphanage and 441 North Walk hobby home. Summers meant sleepaway rehab and hospice. Indiana, Pa. 15705-1018 camp: makeshift home. Most of my child- Home derives from pleasure and pain, [email protected] hood took place amid immigrants and first- entertainment and duty, of course. In a way, VICE PRESIDENT AT LARGE generation Americans: those forging new a hospital is a home. And houses of worship Judy A. Highfill 821 Craig Dr. homes while remembering ancestral homes. give home to the spirit. Sports divide into Kirkwood, Mo. 63122-5712 An adopted cousin as a boy threw tantrums home and visiting teams. Community [email protected] when his biological mother would visit: the centers double as civic homes. Birthplaces VICE PRESIDENT FOR STUDENTS birthright of home vulnerable and complicat- of noteworthy people, inventions, and Jeffry Harrison ed anew. An English major, I have spent causes are proclaimed “home of” them. The B.S. in business administration (May 2012) Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville decades reading literature: renditions of best employment might be when personnel SSC 1280, Box 1160 home spanning family to neighborhood, turn into quasi kin and work becomes a Edwardsville, Ill. 62026-1160 country to planet. I once taught creative second home. Organizations, associations, [email protected] writing to juvenile delinquents in detention and other selective groups offer a home for VICE PRESIDENT FOR STUDENTS Rodney Hughes centers, halfway houses, boot camps: con- like-minded people, such as Phi Kappa Phi Doctoral student in higher education fined homes. A step-cousin committed members pursuing academic excellence in The Pennsylvania State University 400 Rackley Building suicide in her room via hanging: a young all fields of higher education and letting the University Park, Pa. 16802 woman too close to home? I prefer memorial love of learning rule humanity. [email protected] candles to gravesite visits: fear of the eternal My former Society colleague Perry A. ACTING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR home. A few years ago, I bought a house in Snyder suggested this edition’s theme of Lourdes Barro Baton Rouge after climbing the career ladder “Home.” He’s home now, in the sense that he The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi 7576 Goodwood Blvd. nationwide: home, sweet home! retired last June as executive director. Baton Rouge, La. 70806 So much of existence incorporates home Where’s your home? ■ [email protected]

2 Summer 2012

Letters to the Editor Reflections on the Holocaust y parents were Holocaust survi- survivor and at age seven became a natural- display autonomy, or take initiative. As the vors. There are no words to express ized U.S. citizen. My three children, one of speaking patterns travel down the family line Mhow liberating it was to read whom is a Phi Kappa Phi member, are third- and over the eras, trauma becomes transgen- Hilene Flanzbaum’s “The Trace of Trauma: generation survivors and natural-born Ameri- erational and results in various mental health Third-Generation Holocaust Survivors” in cans. After reading Flanzbaum’s article, a diagnoses, not to mention social problems. the spring 2012 edition of Phi Kappa Phi thought struck me that her story had so many We learn much through research by and Forum, theme of “Accountability.” similarities to my own and that now, finally, I on Holocaust survivors and their descen- My mother, a seamstress whose family understand not only my parents’ reasoning for dants. I hope Flanzbaum continues to owned a clothing manufacturing company, wanting to forget their past, but also how I was expand her writing to encourage profes- was imprisoned in Dachau, Auschwitz, and brought up and how I raised my children. Her sionals across the disciplines to share in- finally Bergen-Belsen; my father, whose account has spurred me and a cousin, a psy- sights and further cooperative efforts. family owned a company that made ciga- chotherapist, to write a memoir of our own. — Sandra Pate rettes, was imprisoned in Buchenwald, Ausch- — Esther J. Brown (University of Arkansas at Little Rock) witz, and Bergen-Belsen. They were liberat- Legal assistant at a domestic relations and tax law firm, Family therapist, Rogers, Ark. ed by the British in April 1945, met soon Tulsa, Okla. thereafter, and married that winter, initially t is with some hesitancy that I respond to choosing to stay in Northwest Germany near ews have passed through many trials and Hilene Flanzbaum’s sensitive article. Bergen-Belsen because their homes in Lodz, much trauma; ours is a people united by IHowever, as both a second-generation Poland, no longer existed. I was born at Jtragedy but also by hope, perseverance, member and a psychologist who has conduct- Glynn Hughes Hospital, in a Displaced and faith. We endured the Holocaust, the ed research on the second generation, I find Persons Camp, in May 1949. My parents ancient Roman invasion, the Greek and myself troubled. She states that therapists use and I immigrated to the U.S. in 1950. Persian conquests, and more. Where are the term second-generation survivor “to We settled in Houston, Texas, my dad these empires now? Gone. But our people name dysfunctional behaviors common to the working as a machinist. My parents brought remain. Unlike Hilene Flanzbaum’s family, subset.” Such a definition, though, differs my baby bathtub along because it served a mine did not pass through the Holocaust, from the view generally taken by historians dual purpose for me, bathing and sleeping. It’s having moved to America from Bohemia and behavioral scientists that a second-gener- now in the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish and Germany before WWI, but for all those ation member is, more concretely and less Art in Tulsa, Okla. I have boxes of documents, who did, I remember. I want to thank her for pejoratively, the offspring of a Holocaust sur- books and photographs from Bergen-Belsen, remembering, too; I appreciate knowing vivor. Psychopathology may or may not be for which I never understood the purpose. there are others who suffer, and hope, as I present. Flanzbaum attaches her perspective My mother watched four of her seven do. Humans are bound by tragedy because it to the third generation as well. Although siblings and her mother be marched off to reminds us of what strength, courage, and perhaps consistent with literary works on the gas chambers. Nazis killed five of my optimism we have. That’s what happened the subject, her perspective distorts the bulk father’s six siblings. The surviving siblings, with 9/11. We are accountable to all those of behavioral science research over the past my mother’s two sisters and brother and who have gone before us, even as we are ac- 30 years. Reports of dysfunction have pre- my father’s brother, settled in Israel, Brazil, countable for those yet to come. dominately focused on clinical samples and and Canada. (Only my mother’s brother, — Laura Engelmann therapists’ subjective impressions. In contrast, Max, 92, is still with us.) But as with Flanz- (South Dakota State University) studies employing community-based popula- baum’s family, no one talked about this, at Junior music (piano) major, Brookings, S.D. tions, appropriate comparison groups, and least not until my parents (also deceased) well-standardized, psychometrically sound were filmed for the Shoah Foundation n her thoughtful recounting of family measures (e.g., Baron, Reznikoff, and Glen- video archive in the mid-1990s. history vis-à-vis the Holocaust, Hilene wick, Journal of Psychology, 1993) usually I never understood the logic of moving IFlanzbaum explains that “debate exists have uncovered few if any indicators of im- so far away from the only family they had about how this trauma is transmitted across paired adjustment or personality. Flanzbaum left, as happened with some of Flanz- generations. Is it by too much silence? Or concludes that “to think of myself as part of a baum’s family. But I remember my father too much speech? Is it by a lack of nurture? third generation holds me accountable to my stating over and over that he would never Or the wrong kind of nurture?” Or, she past.” But I see the appropriation of victim- live in a place where he was a target of per- continues, perhaps genetics play a part? ization, resulting in a disservice to the resil- secution. He did not attend synagogue nor I once participated in a research project ience and thriving often demonstrated by did he force my younger brother or me to that compared the language of incarcerated Holocaust survivors’ families and the off- celebrate our bar or bat mitzvah. He young men with that of young men attending spring of victims of other traumas. ■ changed our last name from Falatycki to college a few blocks away. The inmates made — David Glenwick Faland, reasoning that no one could pro- significant speaking errors that skewed (Cornell University) nounce the former; however, I believe the reality; the students rarely did. So I would add Professor of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, N.Y. change was made to make us sound Ameri- that trauma also is transmitted by family se- can and fit into mainstream society. mantics that interfere with the developmental For another letter to the editor, go online to I am a second-generation Holocaust needs of learners to speak up for themselves, www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. Coming Next Issue Letters to the Editor Submission Guidelines Letters to the Editor The theme will be “Making the Grade.” Potential Phi Kappa Phi Forum welcomes letters to the editor for consideration for The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi topics for the fall 2012 edition include Japanese publication. Letters should be no more than 400 words and may be edited for 7576 Goodwood Blvd. tea ceremonies; college athlete graduation rates; content or length. Note: submission does not necessarily mean publication; Baton Rouge, LA 70806 the end of the American influence; social Darwinism the editor decides based on appropriateness and space. Send letters to: [email protected] versus individual choice; institutionalization of mentally disabled children in Britain. *Letters become the property of this publication and cannot be returned to sender.

Summer 2012 3 Home Economics: Ever Timely and Forever Complex

4 Summer 2012 - - - - 5 - - - - - The The 4 The Lake Placid conference in conference Placid Lake The 1899 unified various humane humane various unified 1899 attendees the Among agendas. the Richards, Swallow Ellen was sanitary (in graduate female first health) public and engineering of Institute Massachusetts from 2012

ummer S The forward-thinking group created an created group forward-thinking The work for boys; domestic sciences for girls). girls). for sciences domestic boys; for work been had science domestic 1880, by And sec and elementary public in introduced Boston. in schools ondary purpose of the conference was to work work to was conference the of purpose educational agencies, governmental with the entities; philanthropic and bodies, Association Economics Home American Attendees 1909. in created be would its deserved economics home that decreed uni and colleges at study of course own with confused be not should and versities chemis and (physics arts” “household the house and preparation food to applied try in important though which, sanitation) school of part already were right, own their about place took Discussions curriculum. train and tenements city in women helping agreed Attendees waitresses. and cooks ing by “recognition for come had time the that sociologic important the of state the states Therefore home. the of problem Technology and the driving force behind behind force driving the and Technology poor Boston for Kitchen England New the Kitchen Rumford related the and 1890 in Chicago 1893 the at unveiled was that Count by inspired was and Fair World’s of science the in breakthroughs Rumford’s Lake the at Also nutrition. and cooking Dewey, Melvil were conference Placid and System, Decimal Dewey the of creator estab him helped who Annie, wife first his cultur social, for Club Placid Lake the lish O. Wilbur and enrichment; spiritual and al United the of director first the Atwater, and Station Experiment Agricultural States research. nutrition human in a pioneer to biology from everything in Experts to art and philosophy, to theology physics, subsequent at in weighed also literature a decade. for lasted that meetings yearly that knowledge of body interdisciplinary a groundbreaking of beginning the marked economics. home called profession ------in in - - For more about Ellen Ellen about more For Richards, Swallow 8. page see

1 - - 2 -century America faced dilem faced America -century th Educator Catharine Beecher pub Beecher Catharine Educator 3 ome economics remains as relevant and complicated today as when the profession profession the when as today complicated and relevant as remains economics ome then, like Now, ago. a century than more York New Upstate in founded was unemployment. and malnutrition, poverty, as such ills social with struggle people A Treatise on Domestic Economy Domestic on Treatise A Late 19 Late The pursuit began as an experiment and became an institution. Accusations of obsoles of Accusations institution. an became and experiment an as began pursuit The Other precursors of home economics: economics: home of precursors Other Participants sewed seeds that had been been had that seeds sewed Participants cence eventually set in as sensibilities changed, and the field underwent modifications out modifications underwent field the and changed, sensibilities as in set eventually cence to point starting From exigencies. contemporary meet to evolve to continues It necessity. of thorny. is it as intricate as is U.S. the in economics home of path the destination, ultimate necessities Historical 1841. Eastern cities like Boston and Phila and Boston like cities Eastern 1841. the by schools cooking opened delphia Agricul State Kansas 1873 in and 1860s, domes in curriculum offered College tural Move Garden Kitchen The economy. tic working-class for training vocational ment, Emily worker welfare by started was girls, Expo Centennial The 1875. in Huntington encouraged 1876 in Philadelphia in sition (shop schools public in home the of study lished lished Undergraduates at an unidentified school learn culinary arts in 1926. in arts culinary learn school unidentified an at Undergraduates Library of Congress By Yvonne S. Gentzler By Yvonne H chology, to improve the quality of life of individuals, advance the welfare of communi of welfare the advance individuals, of life of quality the improve to chology, potential? human maximize we do How all. for justice social ensure ultimately, and, ties, economics. home of profession forever-complex and ever-timely the in lies answer One Home economics, from its earliest incarnations to its current concerns, critiques the social social the critiques concerns, current its to incarnations earliest its from economics, Home psy and economics chemistry, as such sciences, the from principles applies and scene Formal instruction in needlework for girls girls for needlework in instruction Formal in England New in began home the outside and alphabet the teach to way a as 1789 numbers. mas such as massive immigration, over immigration, massive as such mas unreg and sanitation, poor cities, crowded and suffrage, women’s and tion, theo scientific that believed who con habitation, to applied be could ries ulated sweatshops. Activists, Activists, sweatshops. ulated others and researchers, educators, vis-à- reform social sought who residential reduction, poverty vis representa union inefficiencies, in conference 1899 a September at vened “living ameliorate to N.Y., Placid, Lake institutional the home, the in conditions community.” the and household, houses for the poor, made beggars self-suf beggars made poor, the for houses but inexpensive the concocted and ficient, peas, barley, of soup Rumford’s nutritious in and indigent the for beer and potatoes, ing ingenuity of the American-born British British American-born the of ingenuity ing Benjamin (Sir Rumford Count loyalist an As inventor. and physicist a Thompson), industrial organized he Bavaria, to adviser work built children, soldiers’ for schools improved Rumford England, In carcerated. homes warmed that apparatuses heating fire Rumford his and food, cooked and the with up came He influential. was place to science utilized and pot coffee drip Rumford nutrition. study and food prepare bed. folding a devised also planted for generations. Aspects of what what of Aspects generations. for planted at date economics home become would sweep the through 1700s late the to least

sadf should be asked to give household arts workforce. Many toiled in sweatshops rife social justice. They continued to utilize sci- and home economics the same encourage- with unhealthy working conditions, as no entific methods across the disciplines as did ment given to agriculture and mechanical federal laws governed child labor and few the originators of home economics. But arts in state schools and colleges, by pub- states enacted or enforced such laws. Work- subsequent professionals also recognized lications, traveling libraries, institutes and force conditions were also exhausting, with that coping skills were only part of the other agencies for extension teachings and the average workweek in manufacturing in answer; in addition, bigger agendas needed home education.”5 1900 at 53 hours, and perilous, with more to be set. New leaders wrote Concepts and To upgrade the well-being of individuals than 2,500 railroad workers and almost Generalizations: Their Place in High and the efficiencies of dwelling meant edu- 1,500 coal miners dying on the job in 1900. School Home Economics Curriculum cating citizens and students on rudiments Plus, less than 14 percent of all Americans (1967), which divided home life into five like air quality, food preservation, and graduated high school in 1900, and less different but interrelated areas: human de- household maintenance. Shelter, and the than 10 percent had electricity in the home. velopment and the family; home manage- ability to manage it via science and eco- And the life expectancy of a newborn in ment and family economics; food and nu- nomics, were essential to quality of life.6 1900 was 47.3 years.8 Sexism ran amuck in trition; textiles and clothing; and housing. For instance, building an outhouse at the the workplace, at home, and throughout By the late 1970s, scholars Marjorie top of a hill and storing food in a spring- culture; women were not permitted to apply Brown from University of Minnesota and house at the foot of that same hill most for patents and men held the overwhelming Beatrice Paolucci from Michigan State likely resulted in polluted water and poten- majority of leadership positions in the pro- University updated and otherwise reposi- tial death. Assumptions were not made fessions and in politics. To look out for the tioned the mission of home economics even about one’s station; the onus was the prolif- collective body of the nation, home econ- more. Their revolutionary Home Econom- eration of knowledge democratically, omists, then, recognized the importance of ics: A Definition (1978) charged home without discrimination, for equitable seeing beyond gender, cultural, ethnic, reli- economists to “enable families, both as in- benefit across the entire population. Influ- gious and racial boundaries. dividual units and generally as a social in- enced in part by educational philosopher stitution, to build and maintain systems of John Dewey, who postulated that school- Midcentury advancements action which lead (1) to maturing in indi- age children learned best in experiential Home economics expanded and flour- vidual self-formation and (2) to enlight- settings, home economics instructors ished until the middle of the 20th century — ened, cooperative participation in the cri- equipped middle and high school class- because it had to. Proponents developed and tique and formulation of social goals and rooms with sewing machines, kitchens, and delivered programs that spanned the life means for accomplishing them.”9 Home childcare laboratories. And by the final cycle from pregnancy care to gerontology economics, Brown and Paolucci urged, Lake Placid conference, the decision was issues to the dying process, integrating must take the initiative to provide experi- made to link home eco- ences and education for in- nomics to funding for dividuals and families to federal vocational pro- help themselves, must be grams that provided train- analytical in addition to sen- ing in schools for home sitive. This required home economics-related occupa- economics professionals to tions. Home economics ed- collaborate with peers, con- ucators agreed that the stituents, and colleagues ideal way to prepare future across disciplinary boundar- generations for roles as ies to parse their own objec- parents and family members tives and society at large was to teach nutrition and and to become savvy in safe food handling; about government, business and clothing and textiles; per- industry, and community sonal finance and home structures. Creating change management; and child and mandates confronting issues human development. head-on. To support the greater This redefinition also good meant educating fami- provided an opportunity for lies on fulfilling their obli- school curriculum to be gations within a larger An instructor demonstrates the proper way to bathe a baby at the Fall River (Mass.) revised. Home economics social unit.7 To do that, Continuation School in 1926. teachers who championed home economists (then, like this new professional now) had to grapple with the socioeconom- ideas, models and findings from various dis- agenda challenged students to seek solu- ics of the times. Only 19 percent of the ciplines. This synthesis incorporated health tions to questions such as: What should be 24 million workers in the U.S. in 1900 and hygiene, social welfare, public educa- done to bring about the optimal develop- were women (out of a total population of tion, and the immigrant experience; abetted ment of children, of adults, of families? 76 million). Most households contained a the cause of unions, settlement houses, and How do commodities like food, money, and working father and stay-at-home mother; women’s rights; and supported legislation fashion impact the psychological, social, thus, parenting fell to the traditional care- and policies affecting public welfare, espe- and physical makeup of individuals, of taker, with married women and children fi- cially for women and children. In schools, communities, of societies? These questions nancially dependent on and often otherwise through government and via outreach, home compelled students to seek not only practi- subservient to men. Employers couldn’t economics taught people decision-making cal tools but more importantly underlying fathom contemporary accommodations like skills to enable them to find pragmatic solu- issues, to take personal and collaborative maternity leave and flex time; in fact, no tions for the daily situations they faced in an responsibility in improving the quality of employee benefits of any kind existed. ever-changing society. life for all. To be sure, home economics What’s more, 1.75 million children ages Home economists in the 1960s took continued to draw from the disciplines that 10-15 were gainful workers, and children things further by recognizing the need to be pertain to daily life: biology, chemistry, of all ages comprised six percent of the more proactive in addressing issues of social sciences, and the like. But because

6 Summer 2012 these topics were refracted through the interdisciplinary profession into the current ones, such as the obesity epidemic, prisms of economic, political, ethical, reli- respective domains. And many home recession fallout, global warming, illegal gious, and cultural forces, what emerged economics education programs in higher immigration, senior care, teen pregnancy, was a sophisticated plan for providing all education were simply shut down. Damag- cyber bullying, runaway youth, homeless people opportunities to understand them- ing misconceptions cropped up; even people, and military families. Home econo- selves and the planet, to become collabora- though high school programs’ names were mists apply a holistic approach — from the tive and responsible citizens within a just changed, the content remained largely the wallet to the domicile, from physical health society. For instance, home economics stu- same, and students at the university level to mental health, from laws on the books to dents in secondary schools should not who selected a degree in one of these new- prejudices in the air — to all constituents, simply learn to sew. They should also titled programs had difficulties explaining meaning most of the populace. explore the reasons young people believe what the field encompassed. Paradoxically, So long as people make decisions within they have to wear designer jeans a global community about what to fit in, the effects of indigo dye to wear and eat, where to live on the environment, and the and work, how to manage fi- dangers of unsanitary sweatshops nances and living spaces, not to worldwide that make the jeans. mention ways to raise children Further, foods classes, beyond and interact with others, there teaching preparation skills, also will be a need for home eco- must address reasons why in nomics. Individual concentra- some communities fast food res- tions and school programs like taurants serve as the grocery chemistry and economics can’t store, for instance. tackle these issues alone. Nor does any other profession have Current concerns a history of critiquing and for- Not everyone has embraced mulating social goals and this innovative agenda for home means for accomplishing them economics, though. Some in- This 1942 home economics with the intent of improving the structors continue to teach class occurs at a migratory workers quality of life worldwide. applied skills to improve daily community in Eleven Mile Corner, Ariz. Should the desire for an inte- necessities, believing that the grated disciplinary strategy goal of educational programs is emerge as a viable response to to assist students in making informed deci- the successful fight against sexism gave today’s troubles, a careful investigation of sions. Others, who receive vocational women, who formed most of the disci- home economics might yield sound evi- funding, teach skills for gainful employ- pline’s students and instructors, new lines dence of making a positive difference, as it ment. However, for those who agree with of work beyond home economics (and has for more than a century. n Brown and Paolucci — and I do — that the nursing and education). And more people imperative of home economics education is specialized in one of the more recognized Yvonne S. Gentzler is to evaluate social conventions to determine components of home economics like nutri- Associate Professor of Family, if there might be better ways to live, the tion science, family studies, and child de- Youth and Community in the territory reaches beyond discipline bound- velopment, which ultimately became their Department of Curriculum aries and obliges people to think, create, own departments. and Instruction at University and act in the best interest of all humans (I, for one, continue to identify myself as of Minnesota. She won and the environment. a home economist not simply because my the Advancing Women’s Although home economics has evolved to degrees are in this field but also because I Leadership Award in 1994 meet current societal challenges and gained remember Brown, one of my mentors, from the Women’s Leadership Institute at Wells visibility with vocational education, it has telling me that rebranding wouldn’t move College for work on social issues in Pennsylvania been losing standing in political circles. us forward; relevance would. I believe the and developed the Family and Consumer And, in 1993, five leading associations (in- name change was more about trying to Sciences Education Leadership Academy at cluding the American Home Economics As- seem with-it, about public relations and Iowa State University. The seventh edition of her sociation) recommended changing the name marketing, than about the essence of the textbook Building Life Skills, coauthored with of home economics to family and consumer work. Additionally, the U.S. was the only Louise A. Liddell, will be released later this year sciences.10 The question was: Does the name country that changed the profession’s by Goodheart-Willcox. Scholarly articles Gentzler “home economics” reflect the society and name; all other countries refer to the en- wrote or co-wrote have appeared in peer- the times? After considerable debate, the deavor as home economics.) reviewed publications including the International answer was no, and the name change was Several theories beyond the above con- Journal of Home Economics and the Journal of adopted by those associations. Following sequences attempt to explain why home Family and Consumer Sciences. She presents suit, secondary schools, higher education, economics has waned in visibility and im- regularly at annual meetings of the American and advocacy organizations replaced their portance. The general public contends the Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, program titles from home economics to profession to be largely what they remem- which named her the 2007 National Outstanding human sciences, human ecology, human de- ber from secondary school programs: basic Family and Consumer Sciences Teacher velopment, family studies, family and con- skills for living and, therefore, expendable. Educator. Gentzler has taught at numerous other sumer sciences, and the like. Others question whether a program dedi- universities and earned degrees from Geneva The best of intentions sometimes don’t cated to improving the quality of life for in- College (B.A. in biblical studies), Messiah College pan out. One upshot has been a lack of dividuals, families, and communities is un- (B.S. in home economics education), and across-the-board identity and confusion re- realistic, oversimplified, naïve, outdated. The Pennsylvania State University (M.Ed. and garding relevance. High school programs, But many experts aver that the heart of Ph.D. in home economics education). Email her at generally once required nationwide, home economics coincides with human [email protected]. became electives or were pared down in freedom within a just society. Thus, this some states. Some colleges and universities For footnotes and more photos, go online to profession, by whatever name, can offer www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. folded the five areas of emphasis in this viable solutions to perennial challenges and

Summer 2012 7 “Some leaders are born women.”

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Partly through Farrar’s recommendation, Massa recommendation, Farrar’s through Partly Born and raised on a farm in Dunstable, Mass., Mass., Dunstable, in a farm on raised and Born Richards (who in 1875 married Robert Hallowell Hallowell Robert married 1875 in (who Richards chusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) took a took (MIT) Technology of Institute chusetts in enroll to her permitting Richards, on chance if determine to speak, to so pig, a guinea as 1870 Rich sciences. the in degrees pursue could women and MIT to admitted female first the became ards 1873. in degree bachelor’s a second received persistent strong, this gender, her of Because ad an pursue to opportunities denied was woman other and MIT by sciences the in degree vanced accepted though, Vassar, universities. prestigious iron of analysis chemical the on thesis master’s her that degree a master’s her on conferred and ore laboratory- MIT admiring her “and year, same the in ‘degree,’ a third her upon bestowed mates A.O.M: an of form Arts).” the All of tress and mainly educated at home by a teacher father father a teacher by home at educated mainly and Vassar entered she mother, a homemaker and then-women’s the graduated and 1868 in College Charles professor Chemistry years. two in school because field that pursue to her encouraged Farrar sciences: the to approach unique her with agreed he problems practical solve help should they that natural re-creating for tools be merely than rather environments. various in occurring phenomena Many accomplishments Many T By Nancy Kwallek

Ellen Swallow Richards: Richards: Swallow Ellen Visionary on Home and Sustainability Sustainability and Home on Visionary paid off, for not only did Richards become the first first the become Richards did only not for off, paid a and nation the in chemist female professional na “the was also she science, applied in leader scientist” water preeminent tion’s work in wastewater management and regulation. regulation. and management wastewater in work and 1884 in instructor a lab as Richards hired MIT women. for instructor head became she Richards, an expert in mining and metallurgy at at metallurgy and mining in expert an Richards, as sustainability of idea the advancing began MIT) officials, advising trustee, Vassar a as 1892, as early instead plant irrigation an construct to instance, for the to college the from canal sewage a building of River. Hudson at MIT until retirement. until MIT at by, among others, a woman scientist more than a century ago: Ellen Henrietta (nee Swallow) Richards Richards Swallow) (nee Henrietta Ellen ago: a century than more scientist a woman others, among by, as so, do to continue and existence on impact positive a lasting made contributions Her (1842-1911). efforts. her upon expands progress current eraldine

— — G are born women.” born are MIT Museum “Some leaders “Some Richards and other members of the MIT Chemistry Department pose in 1899 or 1900. “home ecology” disci- food, clean air, and Richards’ advice ran counter to both deco- pline (later called home economics) — healthy homes, she insisted these pursuits be rating and decorum. Removing draperies perhaps what she’s most known for — brought to the public’s attention. Particularly and opening windows were not only un- because the word “home” in Greek is the significant was Richards’ early understand- fashionable; doing so also exposed basis of the word “economy.” From that ing of indoor air quality (IAQ) and its effect members of the household to the “evils” of association, she developed the Summer In- on both physical and mental well-being. the outside world, disrupting the notion of stitute of Euthenics — a center for studies Richards’ America lacked the gleaming home as a sanctuary. For homemakers who in families, child psychology, child nutri- skyscrapers and jetliners of today, but many believed the interior environment had the tion, and methods of education — which of the environmental issues that plagued ability to improve the morality of its habi- ultimately included faculty members Ben- cities then have yet to be resolved. She tants, Richards’ advice was beyond a matter jamin Spock, the pediatrician, and Marga- lived in a world that celebrated the ornate. of mere taste and approached blasphemy. ret Mead, the cultural anthropologist.7 Victorian architecture was in vogue, and its Unfazed, Richards further argued that These strides followed earlier steps such as eclectic mixture of historic motifs with Victorian houses were the cause of many the New England Kitchen that opened in modern methods of mass-production gener- people’s ailments. Dust and inadequate 1890 under her guidance to provide work- ated buildings in the style of Gothic ventilation, she claimed, contributed to ing-class families in Boston nutritious food Revival, Shingle, Queen Anne, and East- pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other illness- and to teach them how to prepare it inex- lake, among others. The interior of Victori- es. And many of the connections she made pensively. Also, Richards urged that an homes was often decorated with heavy between health and the environment have courses in domestic science be taught in draperies, dark paint colors, and elaborately proven true. Although most 21st-century Boston public schools. As a matter of carved furniture and accessories. At that cities are not inundated with clouds of course, she was the first president of the time, Americans viewed home as a sanctu- black smog and soot, air quality remains a American Home Economics Association. ary, a refuge from waste-lined streets and problem. In response to high oil prices Richards wrote 17 books, including the soot-filled air, the fallout of during the 1970s energy crisis, govern- first health-food cookbook published in the industrialization. ments began advocating airtight construc- country. Other titles: Home Sanitation: A At the turn of the 20th century, Richards tion to prevent heat and air conditioning Manual for Housekeepers (1887); Domes- addressed not only the potential health risks loss. The reduced fresh air intake resulted tic Economy as a Factor in Public Educa- of poor IAQ, but also the negative mental in higher levels of chemical emissions re- tion (1889); The Cost of Living, as Modi- and economic consequences. In Euthenics, maining within the sealed interior environ- fied by Sanitary Science (1899); and the Science of Controllable Environment, ment — a potential disaster for a society Sanitation in Daily Life (1907). She helped written a year before her death in 1911, she that spends 90 percent of their time reform hygiene procedures in Boston vehemently calls for her contemporaries to indoors.9 Recent studies demonstrate that schools and was committed to public health recognize the potential hazards and benefits poor IAQ, resulting from cleaning prod- and environmentally responsible living of indoor air. Richards’ warnings about ucts, tobacco smoke, radon, microbiologi- conditions. Her achievements make her one tightly sealed homes were as pertinent then cal contaminants, and formaldehyde (often of the first green thinkers in America. as they are now: “Once-breathed air is as found in furniture and cabinetry), can much a waste as once-used water, and induce allergies, headaches, respiratory in- Many applications should be allowed to escape. Sewers are fections, and asthma.10 Several indoor air Richards’ “science of better living” move- built for draining away used water. Flues contaminants, including formaldehyde and ment remains vital to the 21st century. An are just as important to serve as sewers for radon, are also known carcinogens. Indeed, ardent champion of daily exercise, nutritious used air.”8 To many in Victorian society, poor IAQ jeopardizes the health and mars

10 Summer 2012 Richards, far left back row, poses with other women at MIT in 1888. into innovations in materiality, science, and architecture. Richards hoped industrializa- tion would allow for the creation of healthi- er, more efficient environments, but the op- posite has often proven true. Modernist architects design homes to be “machines for living in,” but many of these environ- ments are plagued by similar, if not greater, problems than their Victorian predecessors. Plastics and artificial materials offer new design options, but they also release VOCs into the interior environment. America’s environmental problems have changed in many regards, but Richards’ research still offers common-sense solutions that are often forgotten in a post-industrial world. Today, Richards remains relatively unknown to those outside of home econom- ics. But her work also influenced the ecology movement (not to mention women’s rights). Richards was an early the comfort of approximately 30 percent of buildings in the inability of most of the crusader for drinking water regulations, new or remodeled homes, according to the teachers to see the relations between mental wastewater management, control of VOCs, World Health Organization.11 Resident stupidity and bad air.”16 Her statement, and other principles of going green today, complaints manifest themselves as anxiety, though perhaps politically incorrect and and she tested home furnishings and foods irritability, depression, and forgetfulness crass by contemporary standards, compares for toxic contaminants. As the call for sus- and as numerous physiological symptoms,12 to a recent notice by the Environmental tainable environments continues to grow, some of which were alluded to above. Protection Agency (EPA) that “IAQ affects so will the value of Richards’ work — Richards knew that health and safety in- the health, productivity, performance, and timeless lessons on the benefits of living centives were not enough to convince her comfort of students, teachers, and staff.”17 and working in healthy spaces. Richards, a contemporaries of the importance of indoor These great concerns for Richards also woman clearly born to be a leader, was a air quality. Science lacked the technology pose a hurdle today with the lack of stan- visionary, creating a new method to solve to provide tangible proof, and leaders of in- dards throughout the U.S. to regulate volatile the complex problems of materiality both dustry wanted to know the impact on their organic compounds (VOCs) that are emitted inside and outside the home. n bottom line. In response, she reported ex- as gases from indoor building materials, amples of both improved efficiency and cleaning supplies, paint, and pesticides. Nancy Kwallek (University cost-savings with better air quality. On the Chemicals in some VOCs have great adverse of Texas at Austin) directs title page of Euthenics, the Science of Con- health effects. Formaldehyde, one of the the Interior Design Program trollable Environment, she opened with a worst culprits, resides in composite wood, and holds the Gene Edward statistic from the Report on National Vitali- plywood, and the “toxic trailers” that the Mikeska Endowed Chair for ty, shocking enough to catch the eye of any Federal Emergency Management Agency Interior Design at the School businessman: “The national annual unnec- purchased to house tens of thousands of of Architecture at University of essary loss of capitalized net earnings is victims of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Texas at Austin. Her research about $1,000,000,000.” Richards also ex- Yet there is hope. Some public entities, examines the human response to the ambiance plored societal benefits of improved indoor such as the EPA, and private programs, such of office environments. An international expert environments: “Dr. George M. Gould esti- as the GREENGUARD Environmental Insti- on the effects of interior color on humans, mated that sickness and death in the United tute (GEI) do, in fact, test chemical emis- Kwallek has presented juried, invited, and plenary States cost $3,000,000,000 annually, of sions of products for acceptable levels in in- papers to international scholarly, design, and which at least one-third is regarded as terior spaces. In fact, GEI, established in professional groups on five continents, and her preventable.”13 Again referencing the 2001, certifies more than 200,000 products work was featured in a three-part international Report on National Vitality, Richards representing upwards of 225 manufacturers18 documentary, Cracking the Color Code (2008). added, “The sum of the costs of illnesses, and has replaced the Good Housekeeping Currently, she is developing an extensive including loss of wages and cost of care, Seal of Approval for product evaluations. project to test the effects and interrelationships is thus $460,000,000 plus $500,000,000 Further, an array of independent publications between color, indoor air quality, and off-gassing equals $960,000,000. … At least three- has gone green — for all intents and purpos- of various materials compared with nontoxic quarters of the costs are preventable.”14 es carrying the torch for Richards and her natural “green” materials vis-à-vis office workers Today it is estimated that reduction of numerous texts about poor IAQ. For in- in a confined interior space. A site visitor and indoor air quality-related illnesses can stance, Natural Home and Garden, a bi- team chair of the Council for Interior Design potentially save or enhance office-based monthly magazine launched in 1999, is an Accreditation, Kwallek earned degrees from Kent businesses about $10 billion to $30 billion authority on sustainable building and on eco- State University (B.S. in education/interiors), annually.15 In these times, as rising health- friendly home products, environments, and Oregon State University (M.S. in related arts/ care costs and the ballooning national debt designs. It also offers tips on how to plant interiors), and Purdue University (Ph.D. in continue to dominate political rhetoric and native and organic gardens, complete green environmental design). Last year she was given public concern, perhaps the economic and remodeling projects, and live in homes that a Lifetime Achievement Award from Kent State’s health benefits of indoor air quality will be take advantage of renewable energy. College of Architecture and Environmental once again put in the spotlight. Design. Email her at [email protected]. An early advocate for education reform, Many thanks Richards also worried that poor air quality Richards was a trailblazer in discussing For footnotes and more photos, go online to could affect student performance: “Alas, the role of applied science in the interior www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. how is pride laid low in most public school environment. This dialogue later translated

Summer 2012 11 Home is so sad. It stays as it was left, It is no great leap, then, to recognize that Shaped to the comfort of the last to go the idea of home is wrapped up in the deepest sense of people’s identities — even As if to win them back. Instead, bereft long after leaving the physical place behind. Of anyone to please, it withers so, And if that’s the case, could home be im- printed on the neural pathways of the Having no heart to put aside the theft human brain? It is this possibility, and the relatedness And turn again to what it started as, between human and home, which we explore A joyous shot at how things ought to be, in this essay. We do so through the experi- Long fallen wide. You can see how it was: ence of orphans, children who enter life with no traditional home, and through our own Look at the pictures and the cutlery. experience of trying to adopt two orphan The music in the piano stool. That vase. babies from Romania.

— Philip Larkin, “Home is so Sad,” from his 1964 Human but without home collection of poems, The Whitsun Weddings Another literary work resonates with us about all this: John Irving’s 1985 novel The Cider House Rules, which begins at an orphanage in rural Maine in the first half of the 20th century. Wilbur Larch, obstetrician and abortionist, founded and runs it; his favorite orphan and reluctant heir apparent is Homer Wells, who is never placed success- fully into an adoptive home. Not for nothing do the good doctor and, eventually, his hesi- tant protégé read Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield to the other wards as a bedtime story. (The titular character loses his father even before birth and his mother some years later, navigating a grim childhood as a de facto orphan.) Larch treats the orphans as if they come from royalty and each evening calls out to them: “Good night — you Princes of Maine, you Kings of New England!” Irving writes. “Then, bang! — the door would close, and the orphans would be left in a new blackness. Whatever image of royalty that they could conjure would be left to them. What princes and kings could they have seen? What futures were possible for them to dream of?” In short, Irving wonders, would they ever find home? We wondered the same thing some 15 years ago upon entering a Romanian orphan- age to volunteer community outreach. (We arrived at Romania by chance and destiny. One of us — Christopher — had won a Ful- Mother and daughter, three months old, bright at University of Bucharest for the exchange a smile in Câmpulung, Romania, spring 1996 semester to help revive the aca- in July 1999 on Aristéa’s first trip outdoors. demic discipline of psychology, which had Adoption: been censored by despot Nicolae Ceausescu. Romania is also the birthplace of humanitari- an writer Elie Wiesel, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate and Holocaust survivor who was or- Homeward Bound phaned during Shoah, and Christopher had By Christopher Frost and Kathryn Minyard Frost studied under and written about him.) Al- though familiar with fictional images of “in- inged with melancholy, Larkin’s poem may at first reading stitutional home life,” nothing prepared us for a facility so medieval that even basic needs of fail to evoke nostalgic memories and sensations of home: the roughly 500 children, infants to age five, freshly baked cookies, playing kick the can, music lessons on were not met. Orphans were fed only one “meal” daily — watery broth with bread frag- T ments — and bathed infrequently in dirty a battered piano. Upon further reflection, it becomes apparent that water with no soap. No exercise was provided home, even when “bereft / Of anyone to please,” is a living entity, and medical care fell to untrained “nurses.” Children lacked human contact and were yearning for occupants who are no longer there, the furnishings beck- starved for physical, emotional and intellectu- oning the return of “how things ought to be.” al stimulation. Because of this deprivation, some were already developmentally delayed, and Kathryn Frost Frost Minyard Christopher

12 Summer 2012 even at 12 months old, and had contorted the children reflect the early environmental would want to find, but early experiences posture. Other babies rhythmically rocked deprivation of the orphanage: diminished inborn potential — a diminish- on all fours, trying to ease themselves to We previously reported that children ing now laid down in the neural circuitry of sleep, or pounded fists and head against who were subjected to early socioemo- the brain. Put another way, home is alive, metal cribs. The majority of these innocents tional deprivation in Romanian orphan- embedded in neural pathways. were abandoned at orphanages until adult- ages showed glucose hypometabolism hood, or until they could escape to what in- in limbic and paralimbic structures, in- Journey to home evitably was a horrid life on the streets. cluding the orbital frontal gyrus, in- What of a child who is placed in an or- We returned to Bucharest in 1998 when fralimbic prefrontal cortex, hippocam- phanage bereft of human contact at or Kathryn won a Fulbright to teach sociocul- pus/amygdala, lateral temporal cortex, shortly after birth, but who finds a real tural psychology at the same school. By then and the brainstem. … [The present] home early on in life? The result is dramat- we had decided that in addition to volunteer- study demonstrates in children who ex- ically different, pitch black versus bright ing at Romanian orphanages, we would seek perienced socioemotional deprivation a life, as we can attest. to adopt a child while there. The question structural change in the left uncinate When we returned to Romania in 1998, that stuck with us was not unlike Irving’s: fasciculus that partly may underlie the this time for a two-year teaching stint, we For orphans enduring an environment with cognitive, socioemotional, and behav- met with an adoption agent. He informed us no resemblance to what more fortunate ioral difficulties that commonly are ob- on May 17, 1999, that we had several chil- human beings call home, “What futures served in these children.3 dren to consider from the same orphanage, were possible for them to dream of?” In a video depicting these studies, brain the youngest being two unrelated and seem- scans of Romanian orphans adopted later in ingly healthy babies: a two-month-old boy Home registered in the brain life (particularly older than age 3) were de- and a three-week-old girl. As is often the Often, the answer is distressing. And scribed as having “black holes.”4 And a case, only meager data were available: given emerging literature in neuroscience helps study by Charles Nelson, pediatric profes- name, mother’s name, birth date and weight, explain why. Processes essential for the sor at Harvard Medical School and research and official seal of the adoption agency. human construction of mental worlds begin at birth and create the enduring mental schemes, or perceptual lenses, through which people figuratively see. The lens met- aphor is not far removed from neurological reality, as neurophilosopher Paul Church- land argues in Plato’s Camera: How the Physical Brain Captures a Landscape of Ab- stract Universals, released earlier this year. To arrive at perceptual patterns of meaning requires some “antecedent framework of ab- stract categories,” as Plato philosophized more than two millennia ago. Although in typical cases cognition unfolds naturally Above: Kathryn Minyard Frost holds through the processes of maturation, the Kade, two-months-old, for the first environmental deprivation of Romanian time on May 17, 1999. Top right: orphans is not normal. For the purposes of Kade (left) and Aristéa, “the twins,” this article, the issue is: How do people per- as family and friends dubbed ceptually render the concept of home? We them, rest together in a crib in a suspect that orphans who suffered early Romanian orphanage on May 22, years of physical, mental and emotional 1999, after the authors had begun deprivation tend not to render it at all. the process of adopting them. Whatever the answer, cognitive scientists Right: babies are often deprived agree that developing an ability to render of even the most basic necessities perceptually an abstract category begins at at Romanian orphanages, such as least by the moment of birth. Infant brains this one in Bucharest visited by the that are not stimulated atrophy in numerous authors in May 1999. areas and show reduction in brain volumes, resulting in cognitive (and subsequently be- havioral) deficits. Maltreatment magnifies director of developmental medicine at Chil- Undaunted, we journeyed to the orphan- those deficits; it “is a chisel that shapes a dren’s Hospital Boston, and his colleagues age (a different one than the Bucharest brain to contend with strife, but at the cost in the December 2007 issue of Science con- orphanage from two years earlier). The of deep, enduring wounds.”1 Brain imaging firms the findings of Chugani et al., as does nursery was a long, narrow room with about studies on children deprived of a normal a vast literature relying on case studies of 15 wooden cribs aligned in close rows. We caretaking environment (home), including individual children.5 The lack of a true looked around bewilderedly, excitedly, orphanage-reared children, found numerous home has been registered into the very nervously, as an attendant searched the lot. areas of the brain damaged, with specific brains of these children. “Frumos” (beautiful), she declared, reaching deficits related to memory (impairing the These studies are consistent with decades down to caress a boy’s face, a gesture that ability to conceptualize the past, which of research on early attachment in children surprised us, given our previous experience. hampers the ability to imagine a future).2 and other mammals.6 Normal brain develop- Then she handed him to the mother-to-be In an ongoing study of post-institutional- ment requires active involvement and en- among us. His countenance was curious and ized orphans, Harry Chugani, chief of pedi- gagement of the infant with the environ- somewhat perplexed. Ours was loving and atric neurology at Children’s Hospital of ment and caregivers; it requires a home like grateful — and overwhelmed. The attendant Michigan and a professor at Wayne State the thesis we are developing in this essay. then backtracked to a tiny girl, who couldn’t University School of Medicine, and his col- As newborns, these orphans possessed all have weighed more than six pounds, and leagues concluded that the brain scans of of the neural structures that a neuroscientist who was crying, and placed her in the arms

Summer 2012 13 of the father-to-be. The child stopped next eight months, Kathryn continued to any of the movies until we had read (aloud) wailing instantly and furrowed her brow as teach in Bucharest while Christopher the requisite novel in J. K. Rowling’s series. if to say, “And you are?” made periodic trips to Romania in between The distance between many orphans (in art Cradling a baby apiece, we stared at each teaching and directing a graduate health or in life) and Aristéa can be measured via other — and arrived at an instantaneous, psychology program in Texas. We filed pa- one metric: home. Larkin, in his bittersweet silent agreement. We would adopt both. perwork while waiting for the adoption to effort, declares, “Home is so sad”; for During the next four weeks, we spent be completed and a visa issued for her Aristéa home is so glad because, using the weekdays communicating with friends and entry into the U.S. On April 20, 2000, two poet’s words, it’s “a joyous shot at how relatives worldwide, figuring out how to days before Aristéa’s first birthday, mother things ought to be.” If Irving’s fictive secure funds for double adoption expenses, and daughter flew home to Christopher orphans can only speculate, “What futures buying every type of baby item imaginable, and our then-residence in Austin. were possible for them to dream of?” Aristéa and choosing names for our “twins”: Kade knows, to her core, that anything is possible. Minyard Frost and Aristéa Minyard Frost. Home is so glad Family and friends have told us how Weekends were reserved for visits to the Aristéa is now 12 and in the seventh lucky Aristéa is that we adopted her. As babies: cooing over them, reading to them, grade at the Waldorf School of San Diego. parents and psychologists, we understand bringing them clothes, food, toys. We Her teacher (of six years, because teachers (and even appreciate) the sentiment. Our noticed that Kade still never smiled, even “move up” with students in the Waldorf home is literally registered in her brain. approaching three months, while Aristéa, at system) praises her as a selfless child, an That said, the opposite is also true. The six weeks, frequently did. Although we con- attribute that requires empathy and registers reality of Aristéa — our home, with her a sidered this gap troublesome, we chalked it at the opposite end of the “socioemotional living embodiment of it — is also registered up to Kade’s longer exposure to the stimula- deficit” spectrum. Aristéa loves to read and in our brains and embedded in who we are. tion-deprived orphanage and were optimis- laugh, enjoys water sports camps and On her first birthday/welcome home invita- tic that we had intervened early enough. nature camps, makes friends easily, and de- tion, we included the following quotation: But our illusion of developmental lag was lights in her Jack Russell terrier. “We did not give you the gift of Life; Life not to hold. Kade was sent to the local hos- We never hid her Romanian roots, so gave us the gift of you.” We cannot quanti- pital on June 5 for what was called breathing there was no sudden disclosure that she was fy how much Aristéa has brought to our problems. We had visited him the afternoon adopted. In fact, we read storybooks about home, to our very existence. Yet that is pre- cisely the point. Home is transformed the Far left: Aristéa, moment another being starts to share it. 12, jokes with her Some people, like Kade, leave home all father last fall. Left: too quickly, often without warning, and supported by her sometimes needlessly. Others, like adult proud papa, Aristéa children, establish a home of their own (as Minyard Frost, 17 have our older kids, Kebana Rachel, 35, months, becomes a and Jared Christopher, 29, who love U.S. citizen on Sept. Aristéa and are loved by her). All people, 12, 2000. An official moving in time and space, carry with them, at the San Antonio, and reflect, their home, whether good, bad, Texas, office of the or both. Perhaps that’s another secret Immigration and Larkin reveals: the ability of home to “turn Naturalization Service again to what it started as.” n holds the certificate. Christopher Frost and Kathryn Minyard Frost wed before; we never saw Kade again. He died adoption to her at an early age. Photos of in December 1989. They have collaborated on the within 48 hours of admittance. There was a her and Kade as babies adorned rooms, and above topic in academic publications such as the small graveside ceremony attended by we decorated with Romanian crafts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and the Journal Kade’s birth aunt, her boyfriend, the grave- Aristéa came with us when we returned of Loss and Trauma. He is the new academic dean of digger, and a priest. Afterwards, we held our to University of Bucharest for the 2004-05 the School of Arts and Sciences at the Long Island own service. His gravesite was a pile of dirt academic year under another Fulbright for campus of St. Joseph’s College of New York. She and a rickety wooden cross, so we negotiat- Kathryn. Aristéa attended a public Waldorf is the finance coordinator of the Waldorf School ed with the groundskeeper to build a cement school at which English wasn’t spoken; by of San Diego, a private institution for children border around his eternal home and replace the time we left, she was fluent in Roma- from pre-K through secondary grades. A prolific the cross with one that would last. nian. We took the six-year-old to the orphan- author, he earned degrees from Baylor University Kade died without ever really having a age at which we first met her, and during (B.A. in the psychology of religion) and Boston home. Studies on brain research and psy- this same trip, Aristéa helped her mother University (M.A. in the psychology of religion and chosocial attachment, and his own case, clean Kade’s overgrown gravesite. Our Ph.D. in psychology and interdisciplinary studies). confirm that lack of caring (a nurturing daughter also met Wiesel — on Nov. 11, A frequent lecturer, she earned degrees from home) can be lethal.7 2004, the day that Palestinian leader Yasser University of Texas at Austin (B.B.A. in business On Aug. 11, 1999, two months after Arafat died — in his native Romania, fur- finance and Ph.D. in educational psychology) Kade’s death, we received a document per- thering connections for her. and Texas State University (M.Ed. in counseling mitting us to bring Aristéa to our Bucharest Without reading too much into things, and guidance). Both are Phi Kappa Phi members; home. This day coincided with the final Aristéa of late relishes making a pallet in he is a former chapter president at San Diego solar eclipse of the millennium. From our bedroom en route to a family slumber State University and a former Western Regional across the globe, Bucharest offered the best party. Then again, maybe reading into Representative on a national level, and she was vantage point for viewing it. Fate? this is exactly right, for she adores her initiated at the University of Texas at Austin Aristéa thrived once she came home grandparents and other extended family. chapter. Email them at [email protected] and with us. She gained a substantial amount We don’t need an image of her brain to [email protected], respectively. of weight in the first two months and soon confirm: No black holes here. fell within normal parameters, increasing Our daughter can’t get enough of Harry For footnotes and more photos, go online to from the 10th percentile to the 90th. For the Potter, another orphan. But she did not watch www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012.

14 Summer 2012 The author, center, and, clockwise from left, René San Martín, a cultural anthropologist at Southern University of Chile, and María Cátrileo, a linguist at Universidad Austral de Chile, work out the logistics of a Mapuche documentary with tribal spiritual leaders Machi Gerardo Queupucura and Machi Yolanda Curinao in Trumpulo Chico, Chile, in summer 2000.

Did I Really Leave Home? Can I Really Return Home? One Native American’s Journey

By Emil Her Many Horses becoming a museum curator of Native Sioux Nation. In my younger days espe- he headlights of the car illuminated a American culture, including the past cially, my inner circle on the two reserva- lonely stretch of road one night in 13 years at the Smithsonian Institution’s tions and the collective history of the TSouth Dakota during my Christmas National Museum of the American Indian tribes influenced the choices I made and vacation in 2010. I had come home for the in Washington, D.C. Paradoxically, what I helped sustain me. holidays, which are about the only time I do for a living makes me both intimately But although I have lived on and off make this journey anymore. I was driving involved with and at a distinct remove from Rosebud since graduating high school 40 from Rosebud, where I grew up, to nearby my subject, a subset of which is my very years ago, for the past two decades I have Mission, where I had attended high school own people, my home. resided elsewhere. Thus, I, at age 57, still and where most of my immediate family I arrived at my profession with per- struggle with if not how, then at least now lives. I had travelled this road morning sonal experience since I grew up on the when, I can return home permanently. A and evening for middle school and high Rosebud Reservation, home to roughly lot has changed there and yet some things school in the early 1970s, and as I listened 24,000 Sicangu Lakota tribal members, have never changed. Or am I talking to country music on the radio, I thought that almost 21,000 of whom live on the 1,400- about myself? everything looked so familiar: my father’s plus square-mile land. But I am an en- In writer and Spokane/Coeur d’Alene coworker’s house to the left, the open field rolled tribal member of the Oglala Lakota tribal member Sherman Alexie’s semiauto- on the right. The reflection from the head- Nation from the Pine Ridge Reservation, biographical wry novel, The Absolutely lights made the tall prairie grass appear population about 28,000 over almost True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, winner of golden, but while there was no snow on the 3,500 square miles, and about 100 miles the 2007 National Book Award for Young ground, it was still cold out. A chill over- away from my childhood home. (My People’s Literature, the teenage protagonist, Emil Her Many Horses took me. parents moved the family for employment narrating his coming-of-age story, mentions “Did I really leave?” I asked myself. opportunities.) These two reservations, in that “the people at home” call him an apple “Can I ever really return?” was the more the southeastern part of the state, form “because they think I’m red on the outside troubling question. I did go off and accom- two of the seven branches of the Lakota, and white on the inside.” I don’t agree with plish numerous things, most importantly, itself one of three major divisions of the that comment because I consider it a

Summer 2012 15 negation of heritage. But I can relate to the notion of multiple perspectives.

Early echoes I, along with my seven siblings, attended a public school district on the Rosebud Res- ervation. Almost all students were Native American, mostly Sicangu Lakota. My parents were wary of sending us to boarding school (seemingly “better” by mainstream standards) because my mother attended a Jesuit one and frequently ran away (to her home seven miles down the road) due to the stifling discipline of the nuns. (My father fared much better at the same school.) My parents also were apprehensive of having us taken away from the family unit, of course — and from our language and culture, some of the first elements of home that govern- ment and religious schools for Native Amer- icans historically suppressed. My parents worked for the Public Health Hospital in Rosebud, my father as an envi- ronmental health technician and my mother in numerous nursing roles. (My father died in his mid-50s in the late 1980s. My mother, 79, is retired on the Rosebud Reservation.) We lived in the hospital’s housing compound with most of the medical staff. Personnel changed constantly and I found it interesting to discover where everyone came from or was going to, and I yearned to travel, especially to Europe. My father, whose first job was garbage collec- tor, told me as a boy that I dreamed too big, an assertion that makes me laugh today. (I laugh for other reasons, too. My parents re- turned to school in midlife, my father earning a college degree in elementary edu- cation and my mother an associate’s degree in nursing. And five of my seven siblings graduated from college and all have impor- tant jobs such as the first female chief of Top: the author (near left) discusses indigenous worldviews with, clockwise, Mayan priests Francisco Caal police of the Rosebud tribe and the superin- and Esteban Pop, along with then-National Museum of the American Indian colleague Carmen Arellano tendent of the Rosebud division of the U.S. and Latin American sociologist and researcher Iván Garcia Santiago, in Coban, Guatemala, in 2000. The Bureau of Indian Affairs.) But given the meeting takes place by candlelight because Caal’s home did not have electricity. Above: the author extreme poverty, unemployment and learns rites of passage from Yup’ik elders John Phillips, Sr. (center left) and Peter Jacobs, Sr., with Marie dropout rates for Native Americans — Meade translating, in Bethel, Alaska, in spring 2000. sources vary, but between one-and-a-half to two times the national average is an accu- of assimilation for Native Americans. For how they were a bombed-out reminder of rate, and conservative, figure — I almost instance, approximately 8,000 Native World War II, of both the evils of Nazism understand where he was coming from. Yet American children from most every tribe and the endurance of faith. The ruins re- in 1972, I was selected in my junior year of were sent to the Carlisle (Pa.) Indian Indus- minded me of the archway in the cemetery high school to live with a host family in trial School, the first off-reservation board- at Wounded Knee that had fallen into disre- Hamburg, Germany, for three months in a ing school, to be “civilized.” Operating pair. That burial site marks the remains of student-exchange program, and my parents between 1879 and 1918, it prepared them the victims of the massacre on the Pine didn’t hold me back. to take their place in American society. One Ridge Reservation in winter 1890. I first Several experiences remain with me. way it did this was to prohibit speech in saw this hallowed ground on a Memorial Lost in a busy subway station early during their native languages. Many of the stu- Day when I was a youth. My family’s cem- my trip abroad, I suffered a panic attack for dents were much younger than I was while etery plot is located there — the same spot a few terrifying minutes because I couldn’t in Germany. At least during my panic where U.S. cavalry troops killed more than communicate with anyone. Eventually, I attack I didn’t face the possibility of harsh 300 Native American men, women and learned enough German phrases to get punishment for trying to communicate in children, including the Mniconjou Lakota around and felt rather proud when it was my own (English) tongue. chief Spotted Elk (Big Foot). my turn to go to the bakery to pick up bis- The next experience I remember in- My German host family also took me to cuits for breakfast. (As a precaution the volved a road trip to West Berlin. My host East Berlin. As an American citizen, I had order was written out for me in German, father, caretaker of the exchange school, to pass through Checkpoint Charlie at the but I didn’t need the cheat sheet.) That spoke English and pointed out various land- Berlin Wall, thus meeting my party on the moment of panic in the subway station marks. When we arrived downtown, he ges- other side. Walking through security, I makes me think of the complications tured to the ruins of a church and explained spotted guards with mounted machine guns

16 Summer 2012 overhead and feared that I would be de- it filled with followers awaiting the Pope’s south of the border. We all laughed. tained for some reason. (This was the first blessing from his Papal apartment balcony. The hospitality extended to me also time I ever saw armed guards.) What a Nuns in black habits waved white handker- stems from my job, of course; tribes feel it relief when I reunited with my host family chiefs. The crowd shouted, “Long live the is their responsibility to let the world know safe and sound! I couldn’t help but think of Pope!” I thought to myself, “They really they are still here and continue to practice my ancestors forced onto reservations by do that! It’s not just something from the their traditions, religions, and cultures. I U.S. military. And what symbols of restrict- movies.” Just like it’s true that many also am treated well because host communi- ed homelands: the Berlin Wall and Native Native Americans place great stock in mys- ties consider me an indigenous brother from American reservations! ticism and wear beads, as movies including another Native group. Museum colleagues Along these lines, I don’t remember Powwow Highway from 1989 depict. and I once spent five years of intermittent what German concentration camp I was research on Mayan themes, and during one taken to, but I do recall red brick ovens in Current applications trek, I participated in a harvest ceremony which victims of the Holocaust were incin- As a curator at the National led by Mayan priests. A guide erated and photographs of stacked, naked Museum of the American Indian, For another look at took me to a marketplace so I and looted corpses being prepared for their I travel throughout the Western home on the reserva- could purchase relevant items tion, see page 27. demise. These images reminded me of pic- Hemisphere to work with indige- such as colored candles represent- tures of the Wounded Knee Massacre. nous populations including the ing the cardinal directions and Many victims were stripped of their clothes Yup’ik elders from Alaska, Mayan incense made from copal trees. I and belongings and lay on the frozen bat- priests from Guatemala, and spiritual leaders took my place in the festivities and burned tlefield for days until being buried in a from Peru and Chile. I’ve also witnessed the the offerings at the appropriate moment mass grave without ceremony. annual renewal ceremonies of the Hupa of with the rest of the tribe. Home is a type of California and the spring and rain ceremo- artifact, after all, and I was honored that my Later connections nies of the Pueblo of New Mexico. Hospi- hosts provided me an extended home. In my travels in the decades since high tality — making someone feel not merely school, sometimes I’ve returned to Europe welcome but also home — is a common de- Future ties and in each instance confronted my own as- nominator among these diverse Will I ever return home to the reserva- sumptions about what home is. Can home communities. tion for good? Yes. When? I don’t know. for me be in the larger world? For instance, And for all Native peoples, sharing a Maybe during my lifetime. And I did go in college, I spent a few days of a month- meal with guests is an important aspect of home again last Christmas. Definitely I will long vacation in Greece and half-expected to hospitality, no matter how modest the be buried with my family at Wounded Knee see white marble temples filled with exqui- dining may be. Some of the more unique at our eternal home. site sculptures depicting historic epochs. I food and drink hosts have prepared for me For now, all I know is that I won’t be suppose I thought people cavorted in togas, include iguana tamales and beer made from going home today, for I have a lot yet to ac- too. In other words, I harbored a stereotypi- Mayan corn. The meal hardest to swallow complish. Then again, in some ways, I’m cal image. Europeans making their first visit contained roasted horse meat served in cer- already home among the many indigenous to Indian reservations often do the same emonies by the million-member Mapuche peoples of the Western Hemisphere. n thing: half-expect to see people living in of Chile. First encountering the horse via tipis and hunting buffalos. Instead, visitors invading Spanish conquistadors in the mid- Emil Her Many Horses, are confronted with harsh realities of shaky 1500s, the Mapuche believed eating it a member of the Oglala subsistence on reservations much like I was would give them strength, and they have Lakota tribe, is a curator at confronted with gray cinderblock buildings long since included it as a main part of their the Smithsonian Institution’s in Athens. On the other hand, tourists hope diet. Yet my Northern Plains tribe values National Museum of to experience remnants of the glorious past, the horse in another way; it changed our the American Indian in and I was enriched by the magnificent way of life from improving hunting, travel Washington, D.C., and Acropolis and outsiders are enriched by the and warfare to signifying wealth, status and specializes in Northern dance celebrations on reservations. prestige. So we revere it. Indeed, my last and Southern Plains culture. He curated the The next stop on my month-long adven- name originated with my paternal great- museum’s inaugural permanent exhibit in 2004, ture was Rome, and attending mass topped great-grandmother, TaSunka Ota Win, “Our Universes: Traditional Knowledge Shapes my itinerary because I am Catholic. That meaning Many Horses Woman, for she Our World,” about indigenous cosmologies; “Our might be surprising since stories abound of owned a lot of horses, and a version of her Peoples,” about the Chiricahua Apache of New the brutality of nuns and priests in their full name became my family’s surname. So Mexico and the Blackfeet of Montana; and “A Song efforts to convert Native souls to Christian- even though I don’t own a single horse, for the Horse Nation,” about the relationship ity. And an assumption remains that all horses are important to me. But it’s impolite between horses and Native Americans. And Native Americans practice a type of earth- to refuse food or drink offered by your host; he co-curated “Identity by Design: Tradition, based spirituality. Nonetheless, of the it’s important to be a good guest — to com- Change and Celebration in Native Women’s 1.975 million-plus people identified by the municate that you feel right at home. So I Dresses.” Her Many Horses also is an award-

Cynthia Frankenburg, NationalIndian Museum of the American U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs as Native dug in. With a little salt, I couldn’t tell the winning artist of contemporary beadwork and American or Alaska Native members of difference between horse meat and beef, dolls with Native American themes; his pieces 566 federally recognized tribes, an estimat- though horse meat was a little leaner. And are in the permanent collection of the National ed 680,000 are Catholic, according to the I’m sure my ancestors understood. Museum of the American Indian, Eiteljorg U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. (In Much of the conversation at these meals Museum of American Indians and Western Art, fact, in 1874 the Archbishop of Baltimore involved questions that my hosts and I and Buffalo Bill Historical Center. He earned a created a Bureau of Catholic Indian Mis- would ask each other, through translators as B.A. in business administration from Augustana sions. And today, Native Americans prac- necessary, to understand and appreciate cul- College in Sioux Falls, S.D., and studied tice both Christian and traditional reli- tural differences and similarities. At one philosophy while a member of the Jesuit order gions.) I happened to be in Rome on a dinner in Guatemala, a Mayan host’s family at Loyola University Chicago. Her Many Horses Sunday that fell on my father’s birthday, so member couldn’t get over the fact that is on the board of trustees of Augustana College I thought it would be appropriate if I went Native peoples still lived north of the border and treasurer of Running Strong for American to mass at St. Peter’s Basilica. Afterwards, (meaning north of Mexico). I responded that Indian Youth, an outreach program. Email him at I ventured to St. Peter’s Square and found I didn’t realize there were Native peoples [email protected].

Summer 2012 17 Homing in on Shakespeare and Nabokov

… Beneath the sky Of my America to sigh For one locality in Russia. When I was at home I was in a better place. — Vladimir Nabokov, — William Shakespeare, As You Like It Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited

An 1849 mezzotint of William Shakespeare by British Vladimir Nabokov writes at his desk in 1957. engraver Samuel Cousins.

By Samuel Schuman uthors William Shakespeare and Vladimir Nabokov share more than a probable birthday: April 23. (The date for Shakespeare is commonly accepted but not defini- Atively proven.) The parallels extend beyond the enduring critical reverence and popular appeal of their works as well. Interestingly, the concept of “home” is central to these towering figures, Shakespeare (1564-1616), the greatest writer of English, and Nabokov (1899-1977), the premier English prose stylist of the 20th century. In their recurrent explorations of this theme, however, the two represent polar opposites: one deeply anchored to a home culture, the other without such moorings. Shakespeare grounds plays in his native land and references it reflexively even when they’re set else- where. An oppressive regime uprooted Nabokov’s family in his youth and he moved often throughout adulthood, and his works are often set in a type of Never Never Land. Yet through the alchemy of talent and imagination, both reach the same place: a particular habitat, whether based in actuality or built from imagination, that becomes universal, the home place for readers everywhere and forever. Shakespeare: Library of Congress; Nabokov: Cornell University Faculty Biographical Files, #47-10-3394, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library University #47-10-3394, Division of Rare and Manuscript Cornell Collections, Files, Biographical Nabokov: Library Faculty University Shakespeare: Cornell of Congress;

18 Summer 2012 “This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595-96) is exotic, but because it was an echo of his this England.” set in a mythical and classical Athens ruled home time and place. The royal and military record of England, by the betrothed Theseus, Duke of Athens, Yet because of, not in spite of, his local- Shakespeare’s homeland, is the subject of and Hippolita, Queen of the Amazons. But ism, Shakespeare is the most universal of 10 of the Bard’s 38 plays, those called the in classical Athens there is a group of bum- writers. Precisely because the lovable brag- Histories, and covers some 350 years of po- bling Elizabethan workingmen: Snug the gart Bottom the weaver is persuasively true litical developments. (This list excludes ru- joiner, Bottom the weaver, Peter Quince to Elizabethan Warwickshire does he repre- minations on mythical history like King the carpenter, Francis Flute the bellows sent a truth of everywhere and all times. Lear and Cymbeline and non-British history mender, and Tom Snout the tinker. These The villain Richard III is an emblem of like Julius Caesar and Pericles.) To many characters, Shakespeare’s British contem- misrule not just for his own era, but eter- literary scholars, such as Christopher Fitter poraries, enact a play within the play and nally, in his ruthless and unremitting ambi- at Rutgers University-Camden, Shake- add an everyday London ambiance to help tion. “He was not of an age, but for all speare’s studies of English history focus on audiences relate to the proceedings. Simi- time,” Ben Jonson, the actor, playwright the monarchy and in some ways the and poet, observed about Shakespeare. monarch of his own time: Queen Eliza- A later poet, William Blake, urged beth I, daughter of Henry VIII. The seeing the world in a grain of sand, and plays depict the rise and legitimacy of Shakespeare saw the grain of sand that the Tudor line of rulers, of whom Eliz- was his homeland so clearly and wrote abeth was both the greatest and the last. of it so compellingly that it became Studying themes in the reigns of earlier everyone’s home, forever. His England, kings (such as divine ordination of past and present, becomes both symbol monarchs) offered Elizabethan drama- and quintessence of all the world. tists a relatively safe way to comment on how those issues appear in contem- “… I swore to myself I would not porary politics. dream of staying in Ramsdale under These 10 plays begin chronologi- any circumstance but would fly that cally with King John, written most very day to the Bermudas or the likely in 1594-96. The historical John Bahamas or the Blazes.” assumed the throne in 1199 and his Unlike Shakespeare, Nabokov spent reign (until 1216) was troublesome: his adult life without a true home. His suffering military losses to the Shakespeare’s birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon, parents were wealthy aristocrats, French; falling out with the Pope; Warwickshire, England. owning a grand city mansion in St. Pe- being derided by his subjects; affix- tersburg, Russia, and an estate in the ing his seal to the Magna Carta to avert larly, the tragedy Coriolanus (1607-08) is country nearby. But their fortunes took a civil war by the nobility, which was intent set in Rome in the fifth century B.C. and turn for the worse with the Russian Revolu- on protecting its rights and properties. As based on the leader of the same name, but tion in 1917, which overthrew the imperial a result, Shakespeare explores the perils it also is full of characters and conversa- government and more than 300 years of the of internal dissention within Britain. The tions that are contemporaneous with Shake- Romanov dynasty and replaced it with last monarch Shakespeare headlines is speare. For example, a serving man ex- communism. Vladimir’s father was a prom- Henry VIII, in the play of the same name claims in Act IV, “This peace is nothing, inent liberal, hence an enemy of the new (from 1612-13), ruler from 1509 to 1547. but to rust iron, increase tailors, and breed Russian state. In 1919, the Nabokovs, in- The historical Henry is perhaps most ballad-makers.” Those tailors and ballad- cluding 20-year-old Vladimir, were forced notable for breaking with the Roman makers come straight from the streets of to flee their homeland and abandon most Catholic Church and for his succession London. Likewise, the ancient Rome of possessions. They settled in Berlin, living of wives. Shakespeare treads the line Julius Caesar (1599-1600) features mobs comfortably but modestly until the senior between historical accuracy and cautious of common people and aristocratic in- Nabokov was accidentally murdered in respect for Henry’s daughter by Anne trigues akin to those of London at the turn 1922 in a botched political assassination. Boleyn, Queen Elizabeth I, who presided of the 17th century. Consider this bit of dia- Vladimir enrolled at Trinity College, Cam- from 1558 to 1603. logue early in Act I: bridge, and returned to Germany temporari- Eight plays address a sequence of ly after finishing a degree in literature. monarchs from 1398 to 1485: Richard II Flavius (a Roman official): Speak, what trade art thou? From 1919 until his death in 1977, (source of the quotation in the above Carpenter: Why, sir, a carpenter. Nabokov lived only in rental properties. subhead); Henry IV parts I and II; Henry V; Marullus (another official): First in Berlin, where, in 1925 he married Henry VI parts I, II and III; and Richard III. Where is thy leather apron and thy rule? Vera Slonim and in 1934 their only child And, as in King John and Henry VIII, What dost thou with thy best apparel on? Dmitri was born. (He died in February.) Shakespeare takes episodes from those eras You, sir, what trade are you? Nabokov supported his family primarily as to comment on the state of the nation, par- Cobbler: Truly, sir, in respect of a fine workman, I am but, a tutor of Russian and literature. With the ticularly its leaders. For instance, in as you would say, a cobbler. rise of Nazism, the family was compelled Richard II (1595) and Henry IV (1596-98), Marullus: But what trade art thou? Answer me directly. to move again, partly because Vera was he poses the delicate question of regal suc- Cobbler: A trade, sir, that, I hope, I may use with a safe Jewish, first to France in 1937 and then to cession — an important topic as the Queen, conscience, which is indeed, sir, a mender of bad soles. America in 1940, where Nabokov support- who never married and had no children, ed himself in the academic world as a re- grew older and older without a clear heir The carpenter, with his leather apron and search scientist at the Museum of Compar- for the throne. his ruler, and the cobbler who mends bad ative Zoology at Harvard University, as But Shakespeare’s preoccupation with soles are the voices of Shakespeare’s curator of lepidoptery, and as a teacher of

Library of CongressLibrary England did not end with his Histories. neighbors in the market town of Stratford- comparative literature at Wellesley College Even when his topic is far removed from upon-Avon or in the back streets around and later as a professor at Cornell Univer- the factual account of his native land, his Shakespeare’s Globe theater, not Roman sity. With the astonishing success of his plays are deeply bound in his own time plebians. Antiquity, for Shakespeare, was well-known and controversial 1955 novel and place. Thus, the romantic comedy of interest not because it was different and Lolita by the end of that decade, Nabokov

Summer 2012 19 was free to become a full-time author and gentleman, with lands in the Severn Road, straight out of a “B” horror movie. returned to Europe, residing in the Tories (Severniya Territorii), that tes- These houses become emblems of Nabo- Montreux Palace Hotel near Geneva, Swit- sellated protectorate still lovingly kov’s themes: tasteless suburbia, hopeless zerland, for 16 years until his death, as the called “Russian” Estoty, which com- adulthood, perverse evil. preeminent Nabokov critic Brian Boyd mingles, granoblastically and organi- details in his two-volume biography, Vla- cally, with “Russian” Canady, other- “I will pay thy graces / Home both in word dimir Nabokov: The Russian Years (1990) wise “French” Estoty, where not only and deed.” and The American Years (1991). The phys- French, but Macedonian and Bavarian Thus, Shakespeare, quintessentially ical homes of Nabokov’s youth receded settlers enjoy a halcyon climate under Elizabethan and English, achieves artistic into the safe and unchanging realm of our Stars and Stripes. universality in the context of his actual mythic memory; he never again saw the time and place, while Nabokov achieves Russia he left as a college-age student. that same literary universality through Lifelong exile resulted in Nabokov’s cre- homelessness and the resulting creation of ation of a fictional world that some scholars a fictional world. term transnational. (See, for instance, There is at least one point, though, Rachel Trousdale’s 2010 study, Nabokov, where the Nabokovian and Shakespearean Rushdie, and the Transnational Imagina- visions of home converge: The Tempest tion: Novels of Exile and Alternate Worlds.) (1610-11), a favorite play of Nabokov’s, in Much of Nabokov’s writing — novels, first which Shakespeare creates a fantastical in Russian and then in English; short world, like that of Ada, for a group of stories; criticism; plays; poems — reflects Renaissance Europeans. In this late comedy this global perspective. (quoted in the above subhead), the hero Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle This is one of the many houses Nabokov lived in Prospero, Duke of Milan and a Nabokovian (1969), his longest novel, best illustrates while teaching at Cornell. exile, has been marooned on a magical this sui generis environment. The sweep- island that he oversees and that is populat- ing story depicts a forbidden love Nabokov fashions a time and place that ed by sprites and the offspring of a witch. between protagonists Ada, a gifted natu- never was or will be. Yet like Shakespeare, But wandering around on it, too, are a pair ralist, and her brother Van, a brilliant psy- he engenders men and women who con- of drunken English sailors, a betraying chologist/philosopher; neither knew they vince the reader of their veracity by behav- brother, and a wise but ineffective old were siblings upon beginning the liaison ing as real people might in a fantasy uni- counselor. After enchanted misadventures in 1884 when 14-year-old Van seduces verse. And, of course, Nabokov borrows give way to happy endings, Prospero real- 11-year-old Ada. But the unabashed sen- from his own lifelong itinerancy. Ada izes, “We are such stuff / As dreams are sualists continue the incestuous relation- grows up in a stately Russian-style country made on; and our little life / Is rounded ship, ecstatic, tempestuous, passionate manor and Van at one point lives in an with a sleep.” And then, his exile ended, he and tragic, not only after discovering urban skyscraper. They have a house in goes home. n they’re kin late in adolescence but also “Ex, in the Swiss Alps,” and endow a through Ada’s marriage and, indeed, until museum in New York. One character has Samuel Schuman (University the end of the novel in 1967 when Ada is “lingered in the [North American] West of New Mexico), Chancellor 94 and Van 97. This complex plot unfolds where the many-colored mountains acted Emeritus at University of in an invented cosmos that Nabokov calls … as they had on all young Russians of Minnesota, Morris, and Demonia or Antiterra but which might be genius.” The point: Nabokov’s homeland Professor Emeritus of called nowhere and no-when. Van and and all his many resettlements are trans- Language and Literature at Ada’s unique and forbidden passion muted into a self-contained fictive universe, University of North Carolina demands an equally exotic setting. which obeys its own laws, but not those of at Asheville, writes on diverse In Vladimir Nabokov: The American “real” geography, politics or history. subjects ranging from Renaissance literature to Years, Boyd describes this locale as “his Numerous other Nabokov novels take modern fiction to higher education. His books strangest and most contradictory world, his place in fictional transnational realms, include Seeing the Light: Religious Colleges in most colorful and comic, his most lyrical among them Bend Sinister and Invitation to Twenty-First Century America (The Johns Hopkins and discordant, his most unsettling and a Beheading. And other Nabokov novels University Press, 2009); Old Main: Small Colleges profound.” Antiterra makes use of bits and toy with notions of home in recognizable in Twenty-First Century America (Johns Hopkins, pieces of prerevolutionary Russia, Western places, Lolita first and foremost, whose 2005); John Webster: A Reference Guide (G. K. Europe, and the United States at various backdrop is mid-20th-century America (and Hall, 1985); The Theater of Fine Devices: Emblems points in their histories. For instance, the which is quoted in the above subhead). and the Emblematic in the Plays of John Webster U.S. encompasses all of North and South Like Ada, it deals with a taboo sexual rela- (University of Salzburg Press, 1982); Vladimir America, which were discovered by tionship, between Humbert Humbert, a Nabokov: A Reference Guide (G. K. Hall 1979); and African navigators. Western Canada is a 37-year-old man of letters and pedophile, Cyril Tourneur (Twayne, 1977). Schuman also Russian-speaking province and Eastern and the 12-year-old Dolores Haze, whom served as acting president of Guilford College, Canada is French-speaking. Russia belongs he calls Lolita. Nabokov reinforces the per- directed the honors program at University of to the empire of Tartary, where the commu- verse nature of their affair with the odd Maine, and was a distinguished visiting professor nist revolution never took place. And the houses in which much of the story takes at University of New Mexico, among other British Empire incorporates most of place. They meet in a quintessentially taste- teaching and administrative positions, and he Europe and Africa and is ruled by a king. less American suburban home in Ramsdale, has participated in virtually every meeting of the Antiterra includes elements totally outside N.H.; their last encounter is in a bleak National Collegiate Honors Council since 1973. history; for example, there is no electricity working-class “dismal district, all dump Schuman earned degrees in English from Grinnell but there are flying carpets! and ditch … a clapboard shack, with two or College (B.A.), San Francisco State University The explosive and baffling first paragraph three similar ones farther away from the (M.A.), and Northwestern University (Ph.D.) Email of the novel prepares the reader for this dis- road and a waste of weeds all around.” At him at [email protected]. orienting geographic (and linguistic) chaos: the end of the novel, Humbert Humbert For more photos, go online to General Ivan Durmanov, Commander murders his rival, Clare Quilty, at the www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012.

of Yukon Fortress and peaceful country pseudo gothic Pavor Manor, on Grimm Library University #47-10-3394, Division of Rare and Manuscript Cornell Collections, Files, Biographical Faculty University Cornell

20 Summer 2012 The Crossword Puzzle of Phi Kappa Phi Be It Ever So Humble … By Jim Bernhard

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 61. *With “The,” 1928 comic 23. Lucy of 2003 film Kill Bill play by Ben Hecht and 24. Deep-fried Japanese dish 14 15 16 Charles MacArthur about 25. Daredevil Knievel newspapers 26. Balaclava cousin 17 18 19 67. Instrument for Zubin Mehta 27. Mountaineer’s tool 20 21 68. Overnight dance party 28. Wild marjoram with techno music 29. Item held by a thole 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 69. James who wrote the 30. Submissions to eds. by novel A Death in the Phi Kappa Phi members 31 32 33 Family John Grisham, David 70. Nerve cell projections Baldacci, et al. 34 35 36 37 38 71. Stuns 32. More regular 35. Adolphe who invented a 39 40 41 72. Word that can go before both parts of woodwind 37. It might be foreign or 42 43 44 45 46 47 answers to clues marked with * — and mutual 48 49 50 51 the theme of this issue of 40. Eagle’s foot, essentially Phi Kappa Phi Forum 41. Las Vegas light 52 53 54 55 42. Biblical figure with a salty Down spouse 56 57 1. Joey in Winnie-the-Pooh 43. Jeanne d’Arc, e.g. 2. Like TV chs. 14 and higher 46. It could be cast or cost 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 3. JPG alternative 47. Opp. of NNW

67 68 69 4. _____ polloi (the many) 49. River of books? 5. Mr. who “goes to town” in 53. Singing birds 70 71 72 1936 film 54. Partner of wines 6. Liturgical garments 55. Certain MD 7. TV character on Alice who 57. Former U. S. Poet Across 20. Sometimes they 44. Valium alternative said, “Kiss my grits!” Laureate and Phi Kappa 1. U.S. Supreme Court pop up 45. Kind of list on which 8. Scotland’s longest river Phi member Rita Associate Justice _____ 21. Peer Gynt’s mother Phi Kappa Phi members 9. Hip-pocket item in the 58. Org. of which Phi Kappa Bader Ginsburg would 22. Takes in or lets out frequently appear 1920s Phi member and lawyer 48. Other in Oaxaca overrule any objection to 26. *Place for recuperation 10. Rogers and Autry flicks Chesterfield H. Smith was her Phi Kappa Phi 50. _____ majesté (offense (slang) pres. membership 31. Schreiber of stage and against a ruler) screen 11. 66 and others (abbr.) 59. Ernst or Headroom 5. Foolish 51. A thousand of these 12. Tribe for which the 60. From _____ Z (complete) 32. Brand of kitchen tools make a grand 9. Athens: agora; Rome: and gadgets Beehive State is named 61. Poet Browning’s “Lippo _____ 52. *“_____ is what the 33. Mmes. in Madrid 13. _____ culpa Lippi” 14. Home state of Phi Kappa Green Bay Packers were 18. Ford or Lincoln 62. Not even rare Phi member and 27th 34. Paint odors, perhaps all about”: Vince 63. Oom follower, usually U.S. President William 36. Master-planned Lombardi 21. “Put _____ in it” (be twice Howard Taft community near 54. Mean quiet) 64. In the past 15. Fitzgerald who sang Melbourne, Fla. 56. Prince Valiant’s 22. Phi Kappa Phi member “A-Tisket, A-Tasket” 38. Hesitant sounds American-born son in Hal Landon, FDR’s 1936 65. Treasure opponent for president 16. Espresso alternative 39. *Operation used in offset Foster comic strip 66. Bigfoot’s size? printing 57. Racket 17. *Corporate gofer For the solution, go online to 19. Bewildered 42. Tigers in the NCAA 58. Stun www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012.

Jim Bernhard has constructed crossword puzzles for The New York Times, Los Angeles Times syndicate, and other media outlets. His books include Words Gone Wild: Fun and Games for Language Lovers (Skyhorse Publishing Co., 2010) and Porcupine, Picayune & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names (University of Missouri Press, 2007). Also a playwright, lyricist, actor, drama critic, theater historian, and television host, Bernhard has held administrative and creative positions at numerous leading theater and performing arts companies in Houston, Texas. He earned a B.A. in history from Rice University and an M.A. in English literature from University of Birmingham (England), where he studied as a Marshall Scholar. Bernhard was runner-up of the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1950.

Cornell University Faculty Biographical Files, #47-10-3394, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library University #47-10-3394, Division of Rare and Manuscript Cornell Collections, Files, Biographical Faculty University Cornell Email him at [email protected].

Summer 2012 21 Business and Economics Homeownership: American Dream or Nightmare?

By Philip R. Wahl II the U.S. Census Bureau tabulates. Austerity and the social networks that support them igh foreclosure rates in the U.S. measures drive unemployment, which drives are fractured. Indeed, their physical health, housing market have turned the foreclosures, which … as well as their emotional health and well- HAmerican dream of homeownership What’s more, multiple studies document being, is placed at risk,” Phillip Lovell and into a nightmare for millions and put the the negative impact of foreclosures on Julia Isaacs write in “The Impact of the struggling economy at further risk. What property values of adjacent residences. Mortgage Crisis on Children,” a May 2008 had been the largest and safest investment (See, for instance, “Estimating the Effect of campaign by First Focus, a bipartisan advo- for most Americans for generations has Mortgage Foreclosures on Nearby Property cacy organization for families. The authors become a far-reaching liability in wake of Values: A Critical Review of the Litera- also summarize material arguing that “chil- the Great Recession of the late 2000s. dren who experience excessive mobility, More than 76 million owner-occupied such as those impacted by the mortgage units span the nation, tallies the U.S. crisis, will suffer in school” — per- Census Bureau. RealtyTrac, an online forming below grade level, repeating marketplace of foreclosure proper- grades, dropping out. Lovell and ties, indicated in January re- Isaacs’ June 2010 follow-up, “Fami- search that “2,698,967 foreclo- lies of the Recession: Unemployed sure filings — default notices, Parents and Their Children,” cites scheduled auctions and bank findings that 19 states collectively repossessions — were report- charted a 49 percent upsweep in ed on 1,887,777 U.S. proper- homeless children since the reces- ties in 2011.” Although foreclosures de- sion; that the spike “stems largely from creased 34 percent from 2010, continuing a job losses that are now fueling the contin- downward trend over the past several years, ued foreclosure crisis”; and that “children that’s still a lot of upended households. And who entered poverty as a result of a reces- that’s over and above earlier recession-relat- sion were 15 percentage points less likely ed foreclosures. For example, the nonprofit, to complete high school and 20 percentage nonpartisan Center for Responsible points less likely to complete college than Lending, in an April 2008 brief entitled “So- those who were not poor.” lution to Housing Crisis Requires Adjusting Numerous tactics try to offset foreclo- Loans to Fair Market Value through Court- sures, including the federal govern- Supervised Modifications,” estimated ment’s Making Home Affordable that more than two million American (MHA) programs. Some recent families would lose their homes by the data cast murky light on such at- end of that decade. tempts. RealtyTrac announced “The first wave of foreclosures re- 206,900 U.S. foreclosures in sulted from bad mortgage products and February. That’s a decline of two policy. But since the first quarter of 2009, percent from January. And foreclo- the deepening foreclosure crisis has been sures dropped eight percent from Febru- driven by broader economic forces, which ture,” by W. Scott Frame, in the Federal ary 2011. But this was the lowest annual arose from the shock of the first wave but Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s Economic decrease since October 2010. A handful fall outside the control of individual house- Review, Vol. 95, No. 3, 2010.) So if your of large states caused the dip over those holds — namely the loss of jobs and neighbor is in foreclosure, you suffer, too. 12 months; 21 states posted annual in- income,” concludes “Job and Income Each foreclosure leads to a decrease of creases, the most since November 2010. Losses Drive Foreclosures Today,” pub- about one percent in the value of nearby The short-term outlook remains dim. n lished in April 2011 by The Center for homes. By the end of this year, foreclosures Community Capital at University of North will cut the value of at least 91.5 million Philip R. Wahl II (Augusta Carolina at Chapel Hill. Unemployment homes by almost $1.9 trillion, or $20,300 State University) is Senior remains high, 8.2 percent in March, per the per household, the Center for Responsible Vice President/Augusta Bureau of Labor Statistics. (It topped 10 Lending calculated in “Soaring Spillover” City President for First percent during the worst of the recession.) in May 2009. Citizens Bank in Augusta, So a vicious circle ensues, wreaking havoc Foreclosures jeopardize homeowners, of Ga. He serves as chair of on society. Unemployment causes foreclo- course, but beyond sheer “disruption, dis- the board of trustees of the sures, which means that everything from placement and economic hardship,” explains Augusta State University lending institutions to utility companies to “The Impacts of Foreclosures on Families Foundation. Other outreach includes being area retailers loses money, resulting in un- and Communities: A Primer,” released by on the school’s Hull College of Business board employment, leading to foreclosures ... the Urban Institute in July 2009. “Additional of advisors; the University of Georgia Small This vicious circle warps consumer repercussions may affect areas from parent- Business Development Center Network advisory spending and new construction, too. A recent ing to self-esteem as turmoil, fear, and un- council; and the Medical College of Georgia’s Photo illustration by Reynon Arnel Gallup poll shows that U.S. consumer spend- certainty rise. For some families, intense presidential community advisory council. Wahl’s ing on things other than the purchase of a personal, family, and financial stress feeds past chairmanships span the Augusta Metro home or vehicle or payment of normal marital problems and exacerbates negative Chamber of Commerce, Augusta Convention & household bills plunged from $114 in May behaviors like child abuse or addiction.” Visitors Bureau, and the Downtown Development 2008 to $63 last January (monthly aggre- The next generation is hit especially hard Authority of Augusta. He earned a B.B.A. in gate). And new housing starts plummeted by foreclosures. “[T]heir education is dis- management from Augusta State University.

from 622,000 in 2008 to 431,000 in 2011, rupted, their peer relationships crumble, Email him at [email protected]. Arnel ReynonIllustration by

22 Summer 2012 Workplace and Employment Working through Telecommuting turn into a gaping hole that the telecom- muter struggles to fill (resulting in bigger problems, for the fumble of one usually makes others stumble, too). Technology leads to the assumption that instant infor- mation substitutes for physical displace- ment. But technology cannot replace the human element that creates a sense of be- longing to an office culture. Telecommuters, then, and employers, must bring together home and office workers. Company and department events, parties and outings unite personnel, prompt people to get to know each other, and foster bonding moments. Weekly meetings that cover company updates, de- partment news and individual questions also tighten connections. By Kimberly Thompson management or professional role, earning Here are other tips for telecommuters: pwards of 2.9 million Americans $58,000 a year at a company with more • Designate a distinct work area. telecommute, according to research than 100 employees,” the study details. • Set a daily schedule and stick to it, Ucited in “The State of Telework in It’s easy to romanticize the popularity of e.g., arrival, departure, lunch, breaks, the U.S.,” a June 2011 report by Kate telecommuting. You don’t have to drive (or appointments, deadlines. Lister and Tom Harnish for Telework Re- take public transportation) to and from • Minimize distractions. search Network, a consulting firm. That work, saving time, money, and energy — all • Keep up appearances; look and act like might seem insignificant out of an overall the more satisfying on bad-weather days. a professional. workforce exceeding 140 million, as tallied Your favorite foods and beverages are a few • Socialize in downtime; don’t go stir- by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. But 85 of feet away. You wear what you want and crazy all alone. the “100 Best Companies to Work For” na- groom yourself as you so choose. Your taste • Be active. Working at an office requires tionwide this year with more than 1,000 in music, along with your preferred decibel movement. Find comparable exertion to employees include telecommuting as a level, prevails. You decide when to take going to and from vehicles, in and out perk, data show from a February survey in breaks and what to do on them — and in of buildings, up and down stairs, etc. Fortune magazine. So did a comparable some cases the very start and end of your “It’s not clever psychological trickery. number of top-ranked large businesses an- day. Your bathroom never has lines. And, It’s having respect for the work you do, nually back to 2007, per Fortune criteria. completely on your own in utter privacy, wherever you do it,” observes veteran tele- Also, telecommuting soared 61 percent you aren’t interrupted by chatty coworkers, commuter Kevin Purdy in “How to Work between 2005 and 2009, and “based on meddling bosses, or needy clients. from Home Like You Mean It,” an article current trends, with no growth acceleration, But telecommuting comes with its own posted in January on FastCompany.com, regular telecommuters will total 4.9 million challenges and stresses. It requires, first billed as a progressive business media by 2016, a 69 percent increase from the and foremost, discipline. Temptations brand. He continues: “working from home current level but well below other fore- loom, from surfing the Internet to taking a doesn’t have to change how you get work casts,” estimates “The State of Telework in nap to minding the kids. No one is around done, but it does change nearly everything the U.S.” No wonder that of “10 Workplace to penalize or report you, or praise or help else about your gig.” n Trends to Watch in 2012,” an article by Mi- you, as at an office. Plus, your home chelle V. Rafter posted on Entrepreneur.com might not be set up for work as effectively Kimberly Thompson, a in February, telecommuting places second. as a place of business is. National Board Certified What explains this development? Loss of productivity from telecommuting Counselor and Licensed “Companies are offering telecommuting as threatens in other ways. Standard offices Professional Counselor a way to give employees more flexible allow — and demand — social interaction, based in Houston, Texas, has schedules and in some cases make up for even if they’re divided into networks of cubi- provided career transition not offering bigger raises, but also to curb cles. Face-to-face time with colleagues, supe- workshops and career office space expenses,” Rafter summariz- riors and subordinates is important, both for- counseling for more than 20 es. Obvious causes: the recent recession mally (meetings, projects, emergencies) and years. She has coached all levels of management and the eco-friendly movement. informally (via the supply closet, water cooler, in both the public and private sectors and Who utilizes telecommuting? “The State parking lot). Technology enables employees developed numerous career transition and career of Telework in the U.S.” breaks down the to work virtually anywhere at any time, but services programs. Thompson has written widely figures as follows: private for-profits at live exchanges often play a key role in job on issues dealing with job loss and contributes a

Photo illustration by Reynon Arnel 2.2 million-plus telecommuters or 76 percent; success. Break room chats and impromptu weekly column and blog called “Career Rescue” local, state and federal governments at “let’s do lunch” don’t exist in a home office, for the “Jobs” section of the Houston Chronicle; roughly 405,000 combined (113,000, and the inspiration, synergy, problem-solving go online to blogs.chron.com/careerrescue/. 138,000, and 153,000 respectively) or and camaraderie that bubble up at these times Purchase her “Career Rescue” app at iTunes. She almost 14 percent; and private nonprofits at and other moments might suffer. received a M.Ed. in counseling from University of about 300,000 or 10 percent. “The typical So isolation can take its toll on telecom- Missouri and a B.S.W. in social work from Harding telecommuter is a 49-year-old, college-ed- muters. And the very freedom from corpo- University. Email her at [email protected];

Illustration by Arnel ReynonIllustration by ucated, salaried, nonunion employee in a rate life that telecommuting implies can put Phi Kappa Phi Forum in the subject line.

Summer 2012 23 Education and Academics For Many College Students, Home Means Both the Place They Live and the Place They Left

By Timothy L. Hulsey “Velcro parents,” those unwilling or ost students reach the age of ma- unable to let go of their children, facilitate jority as they begin higher educa- this ongoing dependence. “Some under- Mtion, but being legally accountable graduate officials see in parents’ separa- for their actions has not led to increased tion anxieties evidence of the excesses freedoms for them. Rather, recent years have of modern child-rearing,” writes Trip seen the surprising return of an old notion: Gabriel for The New York Times.4 “A in loco parentis, Latin for “instead of or in good deal of it has to do with the evo- place of a parent.” Even as students arrive to lution of overinvolvement in our stu- campus as adults in a technical sense, col- dents’ lives,” explains W. Houston leges and universities are pressured to Dougharty, steward of student affairs assume greater responsibility for them. The at Grinnell College. “These are the transition, then, from family home to under- baby-on-board parents,” Dougharty graduate living can be difficult for all elaborates to Gabriel, “highly in- parties: students, parents, and schools. vested in their students’ success.” Dennis Black, head of university life and The result is a generational sea services at State University of New York in change, declares Sue Wasiolek, dean of stu- Buffalo, saw these developments coming. dents at Duke University. “It’s ironic that the He observed in 2000: students who wanted to eliminate any kind Although students arrive for higher educa- of parental role that the university played — tion today as adults, student affairs profes- making them sign in and out of dorms, for sionals are being asked to prepare them to example — have become parents who deal quickly with adult responsibilities. The demand to be involved in their children’s campus is quite different than it was when lives,” she comments in “Helicopter baby boomer parents of today’s traditional Parents,” Bridget Booher’s article for Duke students were in college. In decades gone Magazine a few years ago.5 month on an assembly line. But they are by, campus life was highly regulated and These same parents “now insist that col- not children; in general, they are open to regimented by the college or university. The leges take responsibility for the actions of new ideas, capable of responsibility and campus exercised control over student life their millennial children due to the ‘special do not require constant supervision. … I and experiences. Today, students have much relationship’ that they believe forms upon still may be young enough and naive more legal and social responsibility for enrollment,” echoes Joseph Storch, a spe- enough myself to believe in the power of themselves, their education, and their lives. cialist in student affairs for State University individuals to make their own decisions. In the past, the college was the adult influ- of New York’s counsel office.6 Parents, often Frankly, I see no real alternative — unless ence in student college lives. Today, stu- paying significant tuition bills, “want to be you’re willing to accept unquestioning dents themselves are the adults, with rights their children’s advocates to ensure that the conformity as a way of life.8 n and responsibilities derived both from college meets what they believe to be its ob- campus and community codes. In these ligations. They want access to administra- Timothy L. Hulsey (Society times, colleges and universities are being tors, and more often than in the past they Vice President for Chapter asked to assume greater responsibility for want to hold the colleges accountable if their Relations) is Associate students and their behavior at a time when it children are harmed or do not succeed,” Professor of Psychology and would seem higher education should be ex- points out Wendy S. White, Penn’s general Dean of the Honors College ercising less concern and control.1 counsel, in a December 2005 piece in at Virginia Commonwealth Many students expect oversight from The Chronicle of Higher Education.7 University. He coauthored their parents and school. As Bradley Uni- Having grown up with parents involved in the 2004 book Moral Cruelty versity’s Alan Galsky and Joyce Shotick their every decision, students come to college (University Press of America), and articles he note recently in The Chronicle of Higher assuming their parents and the schools will wrote or co-wrote have appeared in industry Education, millennial parents are “very look out for them. The danger, of course, is publications including the American Journal of active in calling or e-mailing their chil- that the students may leave campus unpre- Psychiatry and Journal of Consulting and Clinical dren’s professors, as well as college admin- pared for independent adult life. Psychology. Hulsey earned psychology degrees istrators and staff, with their concerns. Of equal concern is that overprotected from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi While such calls have always taken place students won’t develop minds of their own. (bachelor’s), Trinity University (master’s), and to a limited extent, they now occur on a As the author of a September 1993 opinion University of Tennessee (doctoral) and served daily basis — with the knowledge and ap- piece in Duke University’s student-run as a pre- and postdoctoral fellow at Dartmouth proval of the student.”2 For example, a newspaper, The Chronicle, presaged: Medical School. Earlier in his career, he taught and parent demanded that a university “provide College students are not children. They directed the university honors program at Texas technical computer support 24 hours a day are adults, here for an education. Some State University. Email him at [email protected]. because her daughter had electronically may be immature, or overly affected by ‘lost’ a term paper at 3 a.m. that was due peer pressure, social groups or advertis- For footnotes, go online to 3 www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. later that morning.” ing. A few might benefit from working a image Shutterstock Arnel Reynon by from illustration Photo

24 Summer 2012 Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon from Shutterstock image beyond the Classroom Learning STEMs al texts reach the same conclusions. same the reach texts al workforceand job training programs.” tionentities, community colleges, and grams,universities and other higher educa schooland summer community based pro outsidethe K-12 classroom, such asafter gramsdirected atlearning environments ofSTEM-focused activities infederal pro Principles2011” also calls for “integration Theadvocacy organization’s “Core Policy roombut also beyond itand all year-round. learningexperiences not just inthe class principleinquiry-based, student-centered Development Laboratory. Development Educational Southwest the for report 2002 Achievement Student on Connections Family,Community and School, of Impact in Mapp L. write T.life,” Karen Anne and Henderson through and school in dren’sachievement chil their on influence major a have lies fami convincing: and positive, consistent, is evidence “The ways. numerous in ages all of children benefits summertime during whatkids can dowhen not inschool. Afterall, there’s sciencea tofiguring out footsthe bill orprovides the opportunities. T and LenoreShoults By CatherineC.Shoults regional science fairin1996. Arkansas Catherine C.Shoults(second andteammates from left) team at won project an thefourth-grade Integrating STEM into the home and and home the into STEM Integrating Wecouldn’t agree more, nomatter who cationCoalition rightly supports on ing,and Mathematics (STEM) Edu heScience, Technology,Engineer A New Wave AThe New Evidence: of 2 Many addition Many , a , 3 1

------numerous research studies make clear. make studies research numerous participants, of socioeconomics or nicity eth race, the of regardless exists outcome educational and involvement parental together,” the position statement urges. urges. statement position the together,” science learn to opportunities embrace answerstoyour children’s questions, and the all knowing not of advantage Take newthings about science and technology. other sources. other ings, the report points out repeatedly. out points report the ings, find these reinforce campus on not when otherwise and summer the for activities Shrewdly-chosen school. and home at ior behav improve otherwise and skills social their enhance classes, challenging more to up ratchet grades, higher earn them helps Wave New Evidence A of attendance, classroom better and dren chil by comprehension math and reading greater in results involvement Parental Science Teachers Teachers Association, Science National the by Learning” Science in Involvement Parent Statement: “Position 2009 an April posits preparation, extensive or STEM of love a require doesn’t ment involve parental endeavors; these from rewards reap to kids their for ciplines dis STEM like even or with, familiar at, adept be to need don’t parents Similarly, to! not afford can’t and — subjects STEM pursue to afford can everyone means This The advantageous correlation between between correlation advantageous The Instead,“Join your children inlearning 7

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- - generateelectricity. stratedhow food inthe refrigerator can daughterchose anexperiment that demon fourth-gradescience fair, mother and fact,when itwas time tosign upfor a howscience was part ofeveryday life. In thatshe developed growinga wonder about tivesafter school and during the summer whentaken toscience museums byrela membersaslittlea girl having somuch fun coCrickets. Andthe younger ofthe duo re vices-cum-programmablebricks called Pi basedonLegos and tiny computer toy de androbotics through aninteractive project ingprinciples involving motors, circuits Theobjective: tointroduce basic engineer StateUniversity Museum inthe late 2000s. age7-12 while working atthe Arkansas theduo created “RoboCamp”a for children STEMoutside the classroom. Theelder of attesttothe effectiveness ofextending forkids throughout the year. “h thecommunity.” andother interesting science-rich sites in toparks, museums, zoos, nature centers, participationinsummer programs; ortrips inthe community through outdoor play; object”and “science learning athome and dening,repairing bikea orother household ascooking, doing household chores, gar through,for instance, “authentic tasks such homefor exploration and discovery” creatingpositivea and safe environment at Nurturechildren’s curiosity inSTEM “by thatstem from this smart play! We’rejust two ofthe countless examples and [email protected], respectively. Bluff, Emailthem at [email protected] Ark. & ScienceCenter inPine for Arkansas Southeast studies), sheistheexecutive director oftheArts ASU (M.A.incommunication; Ph.D. inheritage education)Rutgers and University (B.A. inart University (ASU) degrees Museum.Earning from through State first-grade children at theArkansas Phi forKappa a “family reading castle” for pre-K ands-on,experiential” brainy adventures Yourmother-daughter columnists can TheSTEM Education Coalition favors S ummer 2012 www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. For footnotes, go online to 8 2010 Literacy Grant2010 Literacy from Phi State University), won a Lenore Shoults (Arkansas graduate studies. Hermother, Phi to helpfinance her of Excellence from Phi Kappa She alsowon a2009Award State University.Missouri and aB.S. inbiologyfrom health from Yale University a master’s degree inpublic in Topeka, Sheearned Kan. HealthInstitute the Kansas analyst at is ahealthpolicy State University) (Missouri Catherine C.Shoults 9

10 Wedotoo.

n - - 25 - - - - - Sports and Exercise Why Home Games Win Out By Joe Cascio seven. The hometown faithful not only were for the same reason: to shake up the oppo- visitor to another’s home expects louder than I had ever heard on TV or in sition. Gonzaga University traveled to Saint courtesy, respect, and hospitality. person but also knew when and how to get Mary’s College for a nationally televised ARightfully so. These expectations under the skin of the “guests.” For instance, showdown of West Coast powerhouses. don’t necessarily apply to the same degree Boston supporters jeered Lakers all-star Urges for “defense” from the home crowd in sports, particularly at the professional center Kareem Abdul-Jabbar about the de- didn’t necessarily play an integral part in and collegiate levels. Instead, visiting struction of valuable possessions after his the outcome. The taunts against Robert teams often endure crowd taunts, question- house had burned down in January 1983. Sacre, Gonzaga’s seven-foot senior center able officiating, and, in some cases, sub- Thus, the Lakers made uncharacteristic and third-leading scorer at 11.5 points per standard amenities. Yes, home-court advan- mistakes, seemed frazzled at times, and game, did. He “missed all four of his field tage might exist for the local team, for lost, 111-102. Magic Johnson, the legendary goal tries in the first half and began the surely there are benefits to sleeping in one’s Lakers point guard, is quoted in Mark final 20 minutes on the bench,” according own bed, avoiding the grind of long travel, Heisler’s biography of Lakers head coach to an Associated Press story posted on having friends and family around, enjoying Pat Riley, The Lives of Riley (Macmillan, SportsIllustrated.CNN.com. “Sacre home cooking, etc. But the opposition 1994), as saying that the team “learned a checked in with 15:23 to play and wound suffers what can be called the visiting valuable lesson. Only the strong survive, and up with four points on 1-for-7 shooting and team’s disadvantage. that’s something we didn’t know until then. three rebounds.” Because he was playing Take basketball. I first became aware of … We realized it’s not all about talent. …” poorly, the throng chanted, “We want this in 1984 as a 13-year-old from Redondo No wonder that small forward great Sacre!” and his body language slumped, his Beach, Calif., rooting for my beloved Los Charles Barkley, when starring with the confidence obviously shaken. Gonzaga lost Angeles Lakers against their archrivals, the Phoenix Suns, paid the expenses for 83-62. Going into the game, Gonzaga was Boston Celtics, in the NBA Finals. I heard heckler extraordinaire and Washington nationally ranked and Saint Mary’s wasn’t. rumors that Celtic fans pulled the fire alarm Bullets (now Wizards) diehard Robin The next week, the opposite was the case. of the Boston hotel the Lakers were staying Ficker to sit behind the Chicago Bulls In Scorecasting: The Hidden Influences at, that the lights at the Boston Garden shut bench during the 1993 NBA Finals in Behind How Sports Are Played and Games off without explanation during Lakers prac- Phoenix. An attorney, politician, and activ- Are Won (Random House, 2011), Tobias tices, and that the visiting locker room ist, Ficker was “always berating opposing Moskowitz, a behavioral economist at Uni- smelled of fresh paint hours before the deci- players from his perch in the front row,” versity of Chicago, and L. Jon Wertheim, a sive game seven in Boston. No one associat- Washington Post staff writer Thomas Heath senior Sports Illustrated writer, boil down ed with the Lakers commented on such un- recounted in an August 1997 article, home-court/field advantage to biased offici- derhanded tactics but if they were being “trying to psyche out and distract the op- ating. They suggest, for instance, that visit- used, I hoped they wouldn’t work and knew posing team by reading aloud passages ing teams in the NBA endure 1 to 1.5 more they were wrong. As Bill Saporito remarks in from books about their lives, holding up subjective violations called against them his December 2004 Time magazine article on rubber chickens or shouting at players than home teams. But statistics like those the spread of unsportsmanlike and rough through a megaphone as they huddled with don’t fully account for home-court/field ad- play in athletics from contestants to observ- their coaches.” (Ficker notwithstanding, the vantage. What the visiting team confronts ers, “How did fan behavior become so vile? Bulls, led by the peerless Michael Jordan, matters, too. Not for nothing did Magic Practice. In cities like Boston, New York and won the series, 4-2.) Johnson concede to Heisler that the 1984 Philadelphia, fans are notorious for their “The obnoxiousness isn’t limited to pro Celtics were “stronger-minded” than his raucous behavior.” sports either. Many college venues take great Lakers. n Saporito cites examples across sports, pride in their lack of hospitality for visiting from the relatively mild to the shockingly teams,” Saporito points out. “At Duke Uni- Joe Cascio (California State egregious. “Some fans who were once versity the denizens of the Cameron Indoor University-Dominguez happy to cheer for the home team have now Stadium, known as the Cameron Crazies, Hills) is Project Manager of turned every contest into a hatefest,” he specialize in personal taunts that often cross Athletics at Santa Monica makes clear. “Opposing players must be the line. They once showered condoms on a College. Previously, he was verbally eviscerated, their personal prob- Maryland player who had been accused of associate head coach of lems made fodder for derision.” Along these sexual assault,” Saporito explains, and men’s basketball. Beginning lines, my most vivid memory of the 1984 “dangled chicken nuggets on a fishing pole” full-time higher education NBA Finals was how the Boston Garden near a “chunky” center from state rival Uni- at age 34, Cascio earned a bachelor’s degree in crowd af- versity of North Carolina. kinesiology and a master’s degree in physical fected the On Jan. 12, I watched an NCAA men’s education administration from California Lakers in basketball game that included antics argu- State University-Dominguez Hills. Email him at game ably less offensive but employed [email protected]. MovieWeb.com Arnel Reynon illustration

26 Summer 2012 Arts and Entertainment There’s No Place Like Home – Right? By (William) Arnold Johnston (Charlize Theron) revisits Mercury, the and Deborah Ann Percy small (and fictional) Minnesota hometown ontemporary American movies that she draws on (usually falsely) for con- obsess over the theme of “home.” tributions to an undistinguished series of CDramas like The Deer Hunter young adult novels. Lonely and aimless in (1978), comedies like Coming to America the big city of Minneapolis-St. Paul, and as (1988), family lore like Home for the self-absorbed as she is beautiful, Mavis sets Holidays (1995), and children’s fare like out to steal her high school boyfriend Up (2009), not to mention adventure Buddy Slade (Patrick Wilson) from his tales like E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial wife Beth (Elizabeth Reaser), after reading (1982), political reckonings like Reds an email that they’ve become parents for (1981), even sports stories like Heaven the first time. Can Wait (1978), and crime sagas like But instead of recapturing her glory Road to Perdition (2002) — no matter days as a prom queen and otherwise the genre, the notion of “home” often showing off to the locals, Mavis discov- preoccupies films. ers that her memories of Mercury are not “There’s no place like home,” says only inaccurate but also narcissistic. teenager Dorothy Gale in the 1939 Matt Freehauf (Patton Oswalt), unno- musical The Wizard of Oz, perhaps Holly- ticed by Mavis in high school even wood’s most famous treatment of the though his locker adjoined hers, and subject and certainly a cinematic touch- crippled from a beating by homophobic stone ever since. When a tornado whoosh- jocks erroneously assuming he was gay, es Dorothy (portrayed by Judy Garland), proves vital to Mavis’s reality check. So her trusty dog Toto and their Kansas farm- does her humiliation at a birthday party house “Over the Rainbow,” as the song- that Buddy throws Beth. Mavis learns writing team of composer Harold Arlen that she must face a future and lyricist E. Y. Harburg put it, to the Above: Mavis realizes that devoid of illusions about the past eponymous and magical land, not for she can’t go home again, and that the metropolis, for better nothing are the heroine’s sidekicks — the even though she takes a or worse, is her true home. Scarecrow (Ray Bolger), Tin Man (Jack trip back there, in Young Written by Diablo Cody and di- Haley) and Cowardly Lion (Bert Lahr) — Adult. Left: Dorothy and rected by Jason Reitman, Young versions of people from what she deemed her pals travel the road to Adults makes the serious joke a dull existence on the prairie. Indeed, home in The Wizard of Oz. that for some, their cherished everything Dorothy experiences in Oz, home has never been more than from flying monkeys to witches wicked Levoi initially dismisses Sioux beliefs — their own fictional construct. and good, is aimed at teaching her to ap- as notably conveyed by tribal policeman Movies like Young Adults and Thunder- preciate home (so that the girl can return Walter Crow Horse (Graham Greene), heart concur with The Wizard of Oz that there). Whether more recent flicks agree tribal elder Grandpa Sam Reaches (Ted there’s no place like home — even if we or disagree with this sentiment espoused Thin Elk), ARM activist Jimmy Looks may not want to live there. n by principal director Victor Fleming from Twice (John Trudell), and activist and an adaptation of L. Frank Baum’s 1900 schoolteacher Maggie Eagle Bear (Sheila (William) novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, they Tousey) — as mumbo jumbo. Arnold tend to wrangle with it. But through these encounters Levoi ex- Johnston Thunderheart, for instance. In this fact- periences a visionary connection to his (Western based 1992 thriller written by John Fusco father and tribe. And this epiphany Michigan and directed by Michael Apted, mixed- enables him and Crow Horse to expose University), blood FBI agent Ray Levoi (Val Kilmer) the perpetrators and uncover additional Emeritus Chair is sent to a poverty-stricken Sioux reserva- crimes. While never losing sight of its and Professor Johnston is runner-up for the of English tion in the late 1970s to help solve a focus as a mystery, Thunderheart stresses summer poetry contest. murder connected to the antigovernment that there’s no place like home — even See page 35. at Western politics of the Aboriginal Rights Move- when we’re ambivalent about, or ignorant Michigan ment (ARM). Levoi’s assignment stems of, it. The movie was shot on Pine Ridge University, and his wife Deborah Ann Percy, a from his own Oglala Sioux roots, of which Reservation in South Dakota, and screen former educator-administrator at public middle he knows almost nothing and to which he roles mirror real life for some of the many schools in Kalamazoo, Mich., write full time. Their feels little connection. Eager to fulfill his Native Americans in the cast, as Janet books include his The Witching Voice: A Novel marching orders and leave what he consid- Maslin observes in her New York Times from the Life of Robert Burns; her collection of ers alien territory, the resentful “Washing- review. Home touches, in other words, fiction, Cool Front: Stories from Lake Michigan; ton redskin,” as he’s mocked, finds abound; “the film depicts a large ceremo- and their collaborations: The Art of the One-Act, himself embroiled in a tangle of local an- nial powwow, a sweat lodge ceremony an anthology; Duets: Love Is Strange, one-acts; tagonisms, economic and environmental and other authentic aspects of Indian Beyond Sex and Rasputin in New York, full-length MovieWeb.com issues, and deep-seated cultural and histor- life,” Maslin writes, with “a documenta- plays; and translations (with Dona Roşu) of ical differences. Further, his few recollec- ry’s attentiveness to detail.” plays by Romanian writer Hristache Popescu. tions of his Native American father com- In Young Adult, a mordant comedy Email them at [email protected] or

Arnel Reynon illustration prise a stereotypical drunken Indian. And from last year, ghost writer Mavis Gary [email protected].

Summer 2012 27 Book Review A Liar’s Truth By William A. Bloodworth, Jr. rolific writer Gerald Duff offers a strikingly forthcoming memoir as his latest work. He comes to Home Truths with Pnumerous credentials: prize-winning author of eight novels among more than a dozen books; onetime English professor at Vanderbilt University, Kenyon College, and Johns Hopkins and former administrator at Goucher College, Rhodes College, and McKendree University; and Phi Kappa Phi member through the McKendree chapter. For Home Truths, a passage from Duff’s homepage (geraldduff.com), explaining how his literary output re- flects his East Texas upbringing, is most relevant: Duff grew up in two parts of Texas: the petrochemical area of the Gulf Coast, and the pine barrens of Deep East Texas, which made for two-mindedness and a bifurcated view of the world, as he demonstrates in his fiction. His characters are deeply rooted both in the past and in the present, and they struggle fiercely and comically in a quest to achieve escape velocity from places which are not their homes. Home Truths, subtitled A Deep East Texas Memory, tells Duff’s own struggle to escape. That the struggle was unsuccessful on a psychological level gives the memoir itself a two-mindedness in which the author’s inner turmoil is offset by occasional comic relief. Readers knowledgeable of East Texas will recognize the truth of Duff’s bifurcated geography. He was born in 1938 in Beau- mont, heart of the industrial “Golden Trian- gle” alongside the other port cities of Port Arthur and Orange, and home to oil refineries Home Truths and chemical plants. When Duff was in the By Gerald Duff fourth grade, his father lost his blue-collar job 160 pp. with Sun Oil Company and moved the family Texas Christian to rural Polk County in East Texas, where he University Press had grown up; where the plumbing consisted (September 2011) only of a bucket and a dipper; and “where $21.95 paperback But even with these successes, Duff admits that Duffs of every description and small-minded- escape from his family and roots is illusory. ness lived and wondered, watching and cri- Indeed, near the end of the memoir, Duff tiquing each other’s every deed, habit, thought, and predilection.” focuses on a male first cousin, once a constant childhood companion, A few years later, the Duffs returned to the Golden Triangle, the who as an adult was convicted of manslaughter. At the funeral of adolescent bearing bad memories of Polk County and the small- Duff’s father, the cousin calls the author his role model and by way mindedness of his father’s family. of elaboration adds that Duff “led me to know how to be bad.” Duff This might explain why Home Truths also focuses on imagina- admits to himself that “the convicted slaughterer of men, the boy tive lies Duff told others — and himself. “I have spent my life who had pushed a lawn mower with me,” had told the truth. And lying about what I could not bear to accept as truth,” he concludes, now, decades later, Duff ruminates that he “need never think of him “and I have ended up writing fiction, lies about what happened to again,” since his cousin was “dead now and buried in some grave- people. … The lie has been my comfort and my refuge.” Duff’s yard of the Gulf coast. … We were kin only in blood, not in kind. I lies sometimes rise to the level of humor, as in his boast to college tell myself that, but I know it’s another one of my lies” — a powerful friends about seducing a divorced woman who, actually, never let expression of “there but for the grace of God go I.” This sense of him touch her. More often, he casts the lies darkly, and a reader what could have happened to Duff bubbles up from beneath the senses the pain they were intended to relieve. surface prose; nostalgia and accomplishment play only minor roles. The hurt that preoccupies Duff contains surprising candor (even In this respect the book resembles a male version of Mary from a self-professed “liar”), especially about his negativity toward Karr’s 1995 Liar’s Club, another memoir from industrial East his father. For instance, as his father is dying in a nursing home, Texas. The home truths here really are not the truths about the Duff sits in a car “crying bitterly aloud at the fact that I had seen home where Duff grew up, but about the discordant home that he my father brought low, as I had always wanted him to be when I carries with him, in his heart and mind. n lived with him as a child. I finally had what I wanted now, and its taste was not what I expected.” While failing to elaborate why he William A. Bloodworth, Jr. (Society President), raised in San Antonio and wanted his father ‘brought low,” Duff reveals a long-harbored small Texas towns, earned a B.S. in English and education from Texas Lutheran blame on the husband and parent. Thus, his father even haunts University (TLU), an M.A. in English from Lamar University, and a Ph.D. in Duff’s adult dreams: “He does not leave me alone. He continues to American civilization from University of Texas at Austin. He has written widely forgive me, and I have not to this day been able to do the same for on the American West and authored two books, Max Brand (1993) and Upton him, his blessing and my curse.” Sinclair (1977), both published by Twayne. Bloodworth has been president Phi Kappa Phi members may appreciate Duff’s academic adven- of Augusta State University since 1993 and instrumental in its Phi Kappa Phi tures. He changed his college major from electrical engineering (a chapter. On a national level, he served on the Society’s Fellowship Committee highly regarded field in the late 1950s at what’s now Lamar Universi- from 1991 to 1997 and was the keynote speaker at the 2004 Convention. ty in Beaumont) to English, followed by graduate studies at the uni- Honors include a 2009 Distinguished Alumni Award from TLU. Email him at versities of Arkansas and Illinois, and faculty appointments thereafter. [email protected].

28 Summer 2012 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary [Bond, James]: Alphabet, Anatomy, [Auto]biography By Michelle Disler 95 pp. Counterpath Press (November 2011). $14.95 paperback.

riends of Michelle Disler (Ohio University), Assistant Professor of Creative Nonfiction at Ohio Wesleyan University, find it amusing that she earned her doctorate in the year 007, according to Fa February 2009 feature story by her employer’s media and community relations office. Disler locates another parallel in her retired father’s profession: homicide detective. On her resume, Disler calls this experimental work a “a three-part, cross-genre look into the cultural, comic, iconic, and lit- erary significance of Ian Fleming’s James Bond.” She added by email that “when women leave their husbands (my mom), and men chase villains not their own (my dad), and women chase villains not their dad (me, I suppose) — well, that leaves a risky proposition like an alphabet or the simple com- plexity of memoir and writing about memory. Maybe that’s a leap, but the sobering truth about these Bond essay projects is their critical examination of this spy-styled popular fiction of model masculin- ity in mass culture.”

Rhetorical Delivery as Technological Discourse: A Cross-Historical Study By Ben McCorkle 224 pp. Southern Illinois University Press (January 2012). $35 paperback or e-book.

his book is about the moving parts of the rhetorical process: the raised arm, the clenched fist, the shifting countenance, and (more recently) the array of typefaces, color palettes, ‘Tgraphics, background audio files, and other multimodal content used to help convey a given message to its intended audience,” writes Ben McCorkle (Augusta State University), Associate Professor of English at The Ohio State University at Marion, in the introduction. “The ancients knew it as the canon of delivery, and at various points over its long, storied existence, it is a concept that has been exalted, demonized, ignored, recalibrated, and redefined.” Thus, McCorkle charts the sym- biotic relationship between traditional rhetorical delivery and emergent writing and communication technologies over the ages and “argues that the rhetorical canon of delivery is inherently a techno- logical discourse,” he elaborated via email. McCorkle “writes eloquently,” applauds Gail Hawisher, Professor Emeritus of English at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, “with fascinating in- sights on every page.” Agents of Integration: Understanding Transfer as a Rhetorical Act By Rebecca S. Nowacek 192 pp. Southern Illinois University Press (November 2011). $32 paperback.

he question of how students transfer knowledge is an important one, as it addresses the degree to which students experience their education as an integrative experience,” explains ‘TRebecca S. Nowacek (Villanova University), Associate Professor of English at Marquette University and director of its writing center. “I explore, through research conducted in a team-taught, multidisciplinary learning community, the issue of transfer by asking what in an educational setting engages students to become ‘agents of integration’ — individuals actively working to perceive, as well as to convey effectively to others, the connections they make. The book’s three main chapters focus on the experiences of students, the experiences of instructors, and the specific challenges of transferring writing-related knowledge across domains.” Her analysis of knowledge transfer “is more comprehensive, nuanced, and informed than anything I have seen in our field to date,” praises Anis Bawarshi, director of expository writing at University of Washington, and it “will have significant and lasting implications.”

Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Submission Guidelines The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi If you are an author and would like your work to be considered for inclusion in the 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf, send two copies of the book, a color headshot of yourself, Baton Rouge, LA 70806 contact information (address, phone numbers, email), and a one-page synopsis to: [email protected]

*All submitted books will be added to the Phi Kappa Phi library housed at the Society headquarters.

Summer 2012 29 Society Developments

Lourdes Barro Made Positive Strides as Acting Executive Director

Lourdes Barro.

During her yearlong stint as leader, Lourdes Barro has moved Phi Kappa Phi forward in many ways, said Society President William A. Mary Todd. Bloodworth, Jr. Achievements include increased membership, more chapters, significant fundraising, and bolstered Mary Todd Named Executive Director headquarters operations. Barro has supervised these accomplishments while also of The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi fulfilling her duties as chief financial officer, added Bloodworth in further praise. ary Todd, founding dean of the as campus visits and chapter installations. “I have worked closely with Lourdes for Honors College at Marshall Uni- Todd, who was appointed following a almost five years, during which I have been versity, assumes stewardship of five-month national search, said, “I am M continually impressed by her talents as our the nation’s oldest and most selective all- honored by the confidence expressed by the chief financial officer and, since July 2011, as discipline honor society on July 1. She’s the board in their invitation to serve as the next our acting executive director,” he declared. first woman to lead the 115-year-old organ- executive director of Phi Kappa Phi. To join th “Her work shows true dedication to the ideals ization and the 11 individual to hold the with the Society’s talented board and staff is of Phi Kappa Phi and her conscientiousness in position since 1900. an extraordinary opportunity, and I look carrying out her responsibilities has been “I look forward to working with her,” forward to working with them to extend the inspiring. While I know that no one in any said Diane G. Smathers, Society Presi- long tradition of recognizing academic excel- organization is irreplaceable, Lourdes Barro dent-Elect and chair of the executive di- lence that is at the heart of Phi Kappa Phi.” comes as close to that category as anyone rector search committee, which an- While at Marshall, Todd directed the with whom I have ever worked.” nounced the hire on April 30. “Mary process of establishing the Honors College. Under her management, new and renewing brings a wealth of experience and exper- She formulated a strategic plan, led the revi- members increased by approximately four tise to the role. She is a scholar, a leader, sion of curricula for the University Honors percent; three new chapters were approved and a true public servant. I believe she has and Yeager Scholars programs, created an (with two installed) and four more were the strengths and vision needed to strate- admissions protocol, upgraded facilities, reactivated; the 2012 annual appeal gically move the Society forward.” partnered with the development staff to generated a 24 percent increase over Todd was initiated into Phi Kappa Phi in identify donors, and began both a faculty donations received the prior year; and the 1993 at University of Illinois at Chicago fellows program and an annual lecture Society’s investment assets were transitioned and later led a successful petition to bring a series. Under her leadership, the College’s from TIAA-CREF to Kaspick & Company to chapter of Phi Kappa Phi to Marshall. She enrollment grew by more than 50 percent. improve portfolio performance. will take over for Acting Executive Direc- Todd also served as the primary contact “It has been an honor to serve the Society tor Lourdes Barro, who has been serving in for Phi Kappa Phi at Marshall since the in this capacity,” Barro said. “I am extremely of Angela Spires,Courtesy University of Nevada,chapter Reno president that capacity since Perry Snyder retired in chapter’s installation in 2010. pleased with the progress made by the June 2011 after 12 years of service, while Before joining Marshall in 2009, Todd organization during this past year, particularly continuing her long-standing role as chief served for five years as vice president for in the membership, chapter performance and financial officer, to which she returns as academic affairs and dean of the faculty at development areas. A large portion of the second in command of the Society. Ohio Dominican University. She was re- credit goes to a supportive board and to my As executive director, Todd will work sponsible for all aspects of the academic colleagues, without whom this growth would with the Society’s board of directors to administration of the undergraduate, gradu- not have been possible.” develop a strategic plan for Phi Kappa Phi ate and continuing studies schools. When new executive director Mary Todd that supports its mission “to recognize and Todd earned a bachelor of arts in history takes the reins on July 1, Barro will return promote academic excellence in all fields from Valparaiso University, a master of full time to her responsibilities as associate of higher education and to engage the general studies from Roosevelt University, executive director and chief financial community of scholars in service to and a Ph.D. in American history from Uni- officer. n others.” She also will oversee the day-to- versity of Illinois at Chicago. n day operations of Phi Kappa Phi headquar- — Staff report

ters and participate in field activities such — Staff report Rick by Lee Todd of Photo

30 Summer 2012 Chapter Update

Phi Kappa Phi members from the University of Nevada, Reno chapter attend an initiation banquet in the mid-1960s.

x Two Chapters Blow Out 100 Birthday Candles By Caroline Cooper professional opportunities it provides. I’ve his spring, the Phi Kappa Phi chap- Venerable Alliances spoken with faculty on this campus who ters at University of Florida and Uni- have been members since their time as versity of Nevada, Reno became the Phi Kappa Phi Chapters at Least graduate students or undergrads, and they T 100 Years Old and Their Installation Date seventh and eighth campuses, respectively, have only good words about the connec- out of 300-plus active counterparts, to cele- University of Maine, 1897 tions it can deliver to members.” brate their 100th anniversary in the Society. The Pennsylvania State University, March 23, 1900 Influential members of the University of The two chapters planned to mark this University of Tennessee, Knoxville, April 21, 1900 Florida chapter include Chesterfield Smith august event and remember milestones. University of Massachusetts, May 13, 1904 (1917-2003), a prominent lawyer and presi- The University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) University of Delaware, Jan. 13, 1905 dent of the American Bar Association — chapter intended to throw a twofold party: Iowa State University, Oct. 23, 1911 and part of the clue for 58 down in the induction and retrospective. “We want the University of Florida, April 13, 1912 crossword puzzle on page 21. The chapter celebration to be a reflection of the past and University of Nevada, Reno, May 4, 1912 also has inducted many senior faculty and the future for our organization,” Angela Phi Kappa Phi Chapters Next to Turn 100 administrators, including C. Arthur Spires, chapter president and a master’s University of Rhode Island, April 25, 1913 Sandeen, the retired vice president for student in English at the school, explained North Dakota State University, May 15, 1913 student affairs. Last year, it initiated 287 in an email. “So we want to start by wel- Nebraska Wesleyan University, Nov. 13, 1913 new members, the largest induction for the coming new members, then hear from other chapter, according to Phi Kappa Phi’s elec- members who have been in the organiza- tronic database, which goes back to 1999. tion for a while, and let the two groups U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Other chapters that will join the centen- have the chance to get to know each other Circuit, and Edward C. Reed, Jr., U.S. nial club in the next few years: Auburn

Courtesy of Angela Spires,Courtesy University of Nevada,chapter Reno president and learn what the community is all about.” District Court, District of Nevada. University, Nov. 15, 1915; Kansas State David J. Silva, South Central Regional The chapter currently reaches out to its University, May 31, 1916; University of Representative for the Society, Vice Provost members in several ways. For instance, it Arizona, June 6, 1916; and Syracuse Uni- for Academic Affairs at University of Texas offers two $500 annual scholarships to versity, Oct. 7, 1916. n at Arlington, and secretary and treasurer at active members via an essay contest. And the Arlington chapter, was slated to give the chapter student vice presidents Colleen Caroline Cooper began keynote speech. UNR’s interim president Quantrell, a senior general studies major, working at Phi Kappa Phi as a and Phi Kappa Phi member Marc Johnson and James Dunn, a senior economics Chapter Relations Coordinator was scheduled to make some remarks. major, are working to form alliances with last June. She earned a The chapter began with 22 UNR pro- other campus honor societies and host an bachelor’s degree in political fessors as charter members at the 1912 Honor’s Day. communication and French installation. It has initiated numerous no- Aaron Benedetti, a senior English and from Louisiana State University. tables over the last 100 years including political science major who was inducted Cooper is the vice president of Charles E. Springer, Chief Justice of the into the UNR chapter in April, said in programming and former secretary for the Baton Supreme Court of the State of Nevada anticipation of the initiation that “I wanted Rouge, La., Delta Gamma alumnae group. Email (Ret.), and federal judges Procter Hug, to join Phi Kappa Phi because of the her at [email protected].

Summer 2012 31 Member Spotlight

My CRAFT: poetry and prose My subject: the human condition My calling: promoting the literary arts My honor society: Phi Kappa Phi Great minds think alike. RITA DOVE won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize in Poetry for her collection Thomas and Beulah. In 1993, at age 40, Dove became the youngest person and first African American to be appointed Poet Laureate of the United States. She was awarded a 2011 National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama, the highest honor given in the arts by the U.S. government. Dove currently serves as Commonwealth Professor of English at the University of Virginia. She was initiated into Phi Kappa Phi at Miami University in 1973.

Founded in 1897, Phi Kappa Phi is the oldest and most selective honor society for all academic disciplines. Its more than 100,000 active members include great minds in science and medicine, government and law and the military, education and business, along with sports, literature and the arts and just about every other field imaginable. Photo of Dunkle byPhoto Bruce Armstrong of Dunkle

Know of other great minds to feature in the phi kappa phi great minds campaign? send us your suggestions at www.phikappaphi.org/greatminds.

32 Summer 2012 Member News

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Davey James Chastang (University of Alabama) IX, the 1972 landmark legislation that prohibits Kimberly Lisanby‐Barber was one of about two dozen people to earn a sex discrimination in schools and colleges (Western Illinois University) 2012 RESPECT Award from the Alabama Depart- receiv­ing federal funding.” She wrote an influ- was named the Illinois ment of Mental Health and Office of Consumer ential 1974 report that provided the template 2012-13 Elementary School and Ex-Patient Relations for exemplary conduct for Title IX’s athletic requirements. Her subse- Principal of the Year by the toward the mentally ill. He is a mental health quent manual, Competitive Athletics: In Search Illinois Principals Associa- therapist and the team leader of an adult outpa- of Equal Opportunity, published by the-then tion (IPA), in affiliation with tient facility within the AltaPointe Health U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Horace Mann multiline in- Systems in Mobile that assists about 60 consum- Welfare, propelled progress for female college surance company for educators. She leads the ers in areas such as hygiene, etiquette, cooking, athletes. Dunkle also commissioned the 1991 Lincoln Elementary School in the Spring Valley gardening and computers. Consumers select the study, How Schools Shortchange Girls, and Community Consolidated District No. 99. In her winners, who are caregivers, whether profession- helped develop the 1980 Science and Technol- 15 years as principal, Lisanby-Barber has im- al or voluntary, and fellow consumers. ogy Equal Opportunities Act. She has more personated Abraham Lincoln and walked the than 100 publications to her credit and has tes- plank when not writing grants and coordinat- Harold E. Cheatham tified nine times before Congress. Other acco- ing pedagogic programs, according to a local (Clemson University former lades include the Hammer Award from Vice news story. The 30-year veteran in education chapter president) will be President Al Gore’s National Partnership for Re- also is the IPA legislative chair at the state level one of six to receive inventing Government and the Activist/Policy and has been appointed to the principals’ The Pennsylvania State Uni- Award from the Women Educators of the Amer- panel of the Illinois State Educator Preparation versity’s 2012 Distinguished ican Educational Research Association. and Licensure Board. The award comes with a Alumni Award, the school’s $1,000 honorarium. highest honor for an individ- Irene Haney (Boise State ual, early next month. He is Emeritus Dean of University) has been ap- Sam Massell (Georgia State the College of Health, Education, and Human pointed the executive direc- University) received the in- Development and Emeritus Professor of Coun- tor of the Fruitland, Idaho, augural Sam Massell Leader- seling and Education Leadership at Clemson office of Heart ‘n Home ship Award from the University. Cheatham has written widely on the Hospice & Palliative Care. Atlanta, Ga.-based Buck- psychosocial development of black college stu- She has worked in numer- head Business Association dents; multicultural counseling and theory; ous areas of nursing such as at its annual luncheon. and cultural pluralism. He earlier held teaching critical care and home health and has held Kasim Reed, Mayor of and administrative positions at Penn State, the many leadership positions. Atlanta, made the presentation to Massell, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and Case Western who was Atlanta mayor from 1970 to 1974. Reserve University. A Fulbright scholar, Nation- Michelle Lee Bruell Massell’s 22 years in politics also spanned al Board Certified Counselor, and former presi- Hofmann (California State eight years as president of what’s now the dent of the American College Personnel Associ- University, Northridge), an Atlanta City Council. Inducted into numerous ation, Cheatham earned a bachelor’s degree in adjunct instructor of jour- area halls of fame, Massell heads the Buckhead psychology from Penn State and advanced nalism at Los Angeles Pierce Coalition, an organization of Atlanta business degrees in counseling/higher education ad- College and a veteran re- and civic leaders. Earlier credits include 20 ministration from Colgate University (master’s) porter, was one of five merit years as a realtor and winning three “Out- and Case Western (doctoral). winners of “Stories Cam- standing Transaction of the Year” citations by paign,” a contest run by News University relevant state associations; and more than a Christine Derbins (Louisi- (NewsU), an e-learning project within the dozen years in the tourism business and ana State University), a Poynter Institute on journalism. More than 100 serving as president of the Travel Industry As- sophomore distance runner entrants wrote about how NewsU transformed sociation of Georgia. Massell additionally was pursing degrees in mathe- them; there were also one grand prize winner a board member of the Atlanta Committee for matics and mass communi- and one honorable mention. NewsU held an the Olympic Games and president of the Na- cations at Louisiana State earlier “Stories Campaign” in 2008. tional League of Cities. He currently sits on nu- University (LSU), was named merous civic and educational boards. the LSU Tiger Athletic Foun- Freeman A. Hrabowski, III dation 2012 Female Scholar-Athlete of the (University of Maryland, Bal­ Joseph Thiel (Montana Year. She also earned a Wally Pontiff, Jr., Aca- timore Campuses), presi- State University) was one demic Excellence Award from the school. dent of University of Mary- of seven Montana State land, Baltimore County, University seniors to win a Margaret Dunkle (Hood since 1992, made Time mag- 2012 Torlief Aasheim Com- College), lead research sci- azine’s “100 Most Influential munity Involvement Award, entist at the Department of People in the World” list for the university’s top honor Health Policy at George 2012 for “turning a humble commuter school for student service. The Washington University and into one of the nation’s leading sources of chemical engineering major is student founding director of the African Americans who get Ph.D.s in science regent on the Montana University System Photo of Dunkle byPhoto Bruce Armstrong of Dunkle Early Identification and and engineering.” He also was one of seven Board of Regents. He also has helped bring Intervention Collaborative visionaries from the public, private, and non- clean water to Kenyans as chair and project for Los Angeles County for children with dis- profit sectors lauded as a 2011 Top American leader of his school’s chapter of Engineers abilities and developmental delays, was one Leader by the Washington Post and the Without Borders. n of six innovators inducted into the Maryland Harvard Kennedy School of govern­ment; Women’s Hall of Fame by the Maryland Com- others included Gov. Chris Christie of New mission for Women. A press release cites her as Jersey and Sheila C. Bair, former chair of the For more Member News, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. “author, activist, and an unsung heroine of Title Federal Deposit Insurance Corpora­tion.

Summer 2012 33 x

In Memoriam

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

David D. Anderson (Michigan State University), 87, Phi chapter. Hasson conducted extensive research Jonathan Lawrence Olson won plaudits from literary practitioners and military at Navy laboratories, was active in many technical (University of Florida), 53, officials alike. This Distinguished Professor Emeritus societies, and published regularly in his field. Early knew how to program and en- at Michigan State University, from which he earned in his career, he worked at the National Advisory gineer all sorts of things. He a doctorate in English, was an authority on fellow Committee for Aeronautics, precursor to NASA, in served as a satellite communi- Ohio native and writer Sherwood Anderson (no re- experimental aerodynamics and space vehicles; cation technician in the Army lation), editor of numerous scholarly journals, and he also taught at other universities. Hasson earned from 1979 to 1987; then author of 37 books, hundreds of articles, plus degrees from The Johns Hopkins University (B.S. in worked 13 years as a software poems, a novel, and a collection of short stories. As mechanical engineering), Virginia Polytechnic In- engineer at the Harris Corporation, an internation- a result, the Swedish Academy invited him to nomi- stitute and State University (M.S. in aerospace en- al communications and information technology nate candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. gineering) and University of Maryland, College company; and moved to DRS Optronics, a supplier Other accolades: the Ohioana Career Award from Park (Ph.D. in materials science). He died at his of defense electronic systems, until 2007, before the Ohioana Library Association and honorary doc- home in Severna Park, Md., on Nov. 15, 2011. Sur- consulting and teaching part-time. He also was torates from Wittenberg University and his other vivors include his wife of 50 years, son and daugh- employed as a lead software systems engineer by alma mater, Bowling Green State University (bache- ter-in-law, two granddaughters, grandson, and the nonprofit MITRE Corporation, which provides lor’s in English and geology and master’s in another son. “He enjoyed being a member of Phi systems engineering, research and development, English). After graduating high school in 1942, he Kappa Phi for many years,” wrote his widow, Jean. and information technology to the federal govern- served in the Amphibious Forces of the Navy, par- ment. Olson earned degrees from Thomas Edison ticipated in the Anzio Landing, and earned a Silver Robert C. LaLance, Jr. (Middle Tennessee State State College (B.S. in electronic engineering tech- Star and five battle stars. When his torpedoed ship University), 72, spent some 35 years at Middle Ten- nology), Excelsior College (B.S. in computer infor- sunk, Anderson was bestowed a Purple Heart. He nessee State University, from which he earned a mation systems) and Webster University (M.S. in also served in the Army during the Korean War. In doctorate. LaLance was vice president for student computer science/distributed systems) and was his youth, Anderson played piccolo in a VFW boys’ affairs from 1975 until retirement in 1998. Earlier posthumously awarded a Ph.D. in business admin- band and earned badges to become an Eagle assignments included instructor and assistant pro- istration from Northcentral University. In his spare Scout. He spent most of his career at Michigan fessor in health, physical education and recreation; time, he enjoyed piloting planes; as a youth, he State in what’s now the Department of Writing, resident hall director; dean of men; and dean of was part of a Christian singing group and a state Rhetoric, and American Culture, retiring in the mid- students. He held numerous regional positions champion wrestler in high school and drama club 1990s after nearly four decades there. Anderson with the National Association of Student Personnel devotee. Olson died on Jan. 31, after an eight- was a Fulbright lecturer at University of Karachi, Administrators and won the organization’s award month battle with cancer, at his home in Palm Bay, Pakistan, early on. Preceded in death by his wife of for outstanding performance as a dean. Also re- Fla., surrounded by family. Survivors include his 53 years, brother, sister, and nephew, he passed ceiving degrees from West Virginia University wife of 32 years, son and daughter-in-law, daugh- away on Dec. 3, 2011. Survivors include a sister and (bachelor’s) and University of Tennessee (master’s), ter and son-in-law, four grandsons, and sister. many nieces and nephews. LaLance was affiliated with numerous educational and civic societies and was a ruling elder and choir Edward Paul Palmer (University of Utah), 85, Heyman Clarke Duecker (Uni- member of his Presbyterian church. He was an avid cherished physics, Mormonism and family. versity of Toledo), 82, put his tennis player, golfer, and fisherman; in his youth, he Earning undergraduate and doctoral degrees in expertise in chemistry to use in was an Eagle Scout and junior state archery champ. physics from University of Utah, he directed a numerous ways. He retired as LaLance died on Jan. 6, after a long battle with high velocity lab at Ramo-Wooldridge Corp. in Los vice president of research and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Survivors include his Angeles, Calif., and was a professor at his alma development for W. R. Grace, a wife, two daughters and sons-in-law, son and mater, a vice president at Utah Research and De- supplier of catalysts, engi- daughter-in-law, eight grandchildren, brother and velopment Corp., and a professor at Brigham neered and packaging materi- sister-and-law, and sister and brother-and-law. Young University before retiring in 1991. Palmer als, and specialty construction chemicals and build- married at the St. George Utah Temple of ing materials. Earlier he worked for RCA electronics, Linda Jones McCoy (Pittsburg The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Ford Motor Company, and what’s now the National State University charter The Utah native and Navy veteran, who served two Institute of Standards and Technology. Duecker member and former chapter years during World War II, died on Dec. 2, 2011. also was a professor at Indiana Wesleyan University, president), 70, devoted herself Survivors include his wife of 61 years, 11 children, which named him a distinguished alumnus. He to pedagogy. Earning degrees 51 grandchildren, and 43 great-grandchildren. earned degrees from what’s now Marian University from University of Kansas (bachelor’s), University of Toledo (master’s), and (bachelor’s in elementary edu- Matilda “Toni” Perry (University of Nevada, Las University of Maryland (doctoral). Preceded in cation and master’s and doc- Vegas) upheld the law and served her family. She death by three brothers and a grandson, he passed toral in education), she taught first grade in Law- was an attorney in the California State University away on Feb. 23. Survivors include his wife of 62 rence, Kan., and supervised teachers for her alma Office of General Counsel and then a deputy years, three sons and daughters-in-law, daughter mater. McCoy then accepted a position at Pitts- counsel for the County of Orange; later, in private and son-in-law, and two brothers and their families. burg State University College of Education, where practice, Perry specialized in public finance law she spent the bulk of her career, teaching elemen- and municipal bonds. She earned a bachelor’s Dennis Francis Hasson tary reading from 1976 until retirement in 2005. degree from University of Nevada, Las Vegas while (United States Naval Academy Former president of the Kansas Reading Associa- working full-time and raising her children; Perry founding chapter president), tion, McCoy authored several books and numer- received a law degree from University of Califor- 77, taught materials science at ous articles in such instruction. The Kansas native nia, Berkeley. She died on Nov. 24, 2011, at her the United States Naval also served as Sunday school superintendent at home in Huntington Beach, Calif. Survivors Academy from 1973 until re- her Methodist church. Preceded in death by her include her husband, four daughters, two sons, tirement in 2000. He served on sister, she passed away on Nov. 27, 2011; survivors 12 grandchildren, and 16 great-grandchildren. n numerous campus commit- include her husband, two daughters and sons-in- Shutterstock tees, won several commendations including the law, son and daughter-in-law, another son, two Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award, and other daughters, three grandchildren, and two For more obituaries, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012.

spearheaded the school’s petition for a Phi Kappa brothers and sisters-in-law. Cliff Hollis

34 Summer 2012 Poetic Pause Before They Made Engines

Charles, quiet down now and lift a finger from the corner of my eye where you held our past in place, where the gypsy dancer with her darkened breath couldn’t undo the lock of the leatherback journal we kept her in. Charles, sing me a cante of a heart soft as avocado, of Maria, who knew how to answer anything with the neat soles of her heels. Fill the cante with bike tires punctured on my toothy smile, with the silences behind what once were paintings in an empty museum. Charles, don’t sing of Maria’s waterfall skirt and how it quenched our thirst, of the balconies we thought to call home, don’t sing of the boy at the piano and the secrets he collected in an upturned cap, don’t sing of the amber bottle sweating in your briefcase. Most of all, Charles, don’t sing of the flamenco couple inside the motor of the car, who hum-tum-tummed, hum-tum-tum-tummed, until they invented steam.

By Karlanna Lewis What’s Lodged Within reighted with conflicting emotions, “Home,” the theme of Karlanna Lewis (Florida State University) earned an this edition, conjures up nostalgia and regret, the comfort of undergraduate degree in Russian and creative writing, return and the sorrow of displacement. Whether run to or with an honors thesis in poetry, from Florida State F University. Last August she published and illustrated fled from, home is inseparable from self, as the entrants examine. The winner and runner-up explore the interconnection of home her first book of poems, Cante de Gitanas con Nombres and identity in poems wildly divergent in form. de Luz / Songs of the Gypsies with Names of Light. Lewis Runner-up (William) Arnold Johnston, in “The Poet Takes a dances with a small Tallahassee company, Pas de Vie Good Look at Himself,” employs the Shakespearean sonnet to Ballet. Email her at [email protected]. evoke home not in any sentimental way but as a parental “net Sandra Meek (Colorado State University) is author of he’s caught / In.” Even the body’s home is a cage, as the speaker three books of poems: Nomadic Foundations (2002), Burn “In the mirror’s portrait … sees plated / On his face his mother’s (2005), and Biogeography (2008), winner of the Dorset stamp,” plus his father’s sense of duty. The speaker would “rather Prize from Tupelo Press. Her fourth, Road Scatter, will be / not remind himself of this.” But, writes Johnston (who won the published in September by Persea Books. She also edited summer 2009 poetry contest and who pairs with his wife on the the award-winning anthology, Deep Travel: Contemporary arts and entertainment column), “Genes, veins, sinews, bones American Poets Abroad (2007). Meek received a 2011 shine from the wall / In every glass.” creative writing fellowship in poetry from the National Winner Karlanna Lewis, in “Before They Made Engines,” Endowment for the Arts and has twice been Georgia Author of the Year. offers an often surreal whirl of language that riffs off the motif of She is a cofounding editor of Ninebark Press, director of the Georgia Poetry flamenco to summon literal and figurative impressions of previous Circuit, and Dana Professor of English, Rhetoric, and Writing at Berry College. dwellings. The passion and energy of that staccato music and em- phatic dance build momentum from Lewis’ dazzling syntax and Attention, poets: The poetry contest is open only to active cumulative movement (“a cante of a heart soft as avocado … Society members, published or unpublished. Submissions — one per [filled] with bike tires / punctured on my toothy smile”) and boil entrant per issue — should be up to 40 lines long and must reflect toward the poem’s final invention of steam. Lewis, who won the the theme of the edition. One original, previously unpublished poem fall 2011 poetry contest, recognizes that home is as much a mental is selected for the printed version. Runners-up may appear online. as a physical space, a construct noted in recollections of “balconies The fall theme is “Making the Grade.” Entry deadline is midnight, we / thought to call home.” June 3, only by email at [email protected]. For complete Both poets ultimately celebrate the kinship of language — our rules and details, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/poetry. collective home — and the individual voice. As Johnston ends, Shutterstock “Each word he writes is meant to set him free.” n For runner-up (William) Arnold Johnston’s poem, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/summer2012. — Sandra Meek, poetry editor

Summer 2012 35 And One More Thing … with Bob Zany Home on the Run By Bob Zany ome is where the heart is,” declared the scholar and naturalist Gaius Plinius Secundus way back in ‘Hancient Rome. With the initials GPS, he should know. I’ve spent most of my adult life on the road as a co- median, so for me, home is where the Do Not Disturb sign is. Speaking of which, I log more time in hotel rooms than New York City bedbugs. Not to be gross, but some bedbugs live up to 550 days without eating, beating those waifish celebrities, the Olsen twins, by three days by my estimates. That quotable Roman authority was better known as Pliny the Elder, which might sound like a rapper but rappers were orators back then. If he was right that home is where the heart is, my heart has traveled to six coun- tries, 45 states, Guam — and Cleveland. For any Ohioans offended by this, please know that Cleveland is a code word for Pittsburgh. I’ve also noticed that there isn’t much differ- ence between American and European hotels; both offer continental breakfast and maids who don’t speak English. I even performed on the Johnston Atoll: approximately one-square-mile of sand some 700 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii. Fantasy Island? Try island nightmare. Now a national wildlife refuge, it once housed an American military base for testing, of that 1940 Thomas stockpiling and disemboweling chemical, biological and nuclear Wolfe novel, You Can’t Go Home weapons. So immediately upon arrival for my weekend gig in the Again — to see if that’s right. The Bob’s Big Boy fast-food restau- early 1990s, I attended a mandatory class on gas masks. The in- rant we ate at after football games is now an Applebee’s. “There’s structor was kind enough to inform me, my wife and the other no place like the neighborhood,” Applebee’s asserts in its advertis- visitors that half of the island-ette was off-limits due to trade ing. Coincidentally, when I walked in, the hostess said, “There winds and the potential of accidental inhalation of plutonium goes the neighborhood.” My first real job was at United Rent-All dust. Unlike other experiences as a student, this was a course I for parties and events; it’s now a Kentucky Fried Chicken. For old didn’t sleep through. Even though this was pre-Survivor on TV, I time’s sake, I tried to rent a bucket of wings with a side of damage prayed to be the first one voted off the island atoll. But since my waiver. And my high school merged with the cross-town rival in permanent home is in Los Angeles, I kept the gas mask. the early 1980s. We were the Spartans and they were the Trojans, My primary home away from home is Las Vegas. I have racked and now the school nickname is the Bulldogs. Don’t ask me why up more than 725 nonconsecutive days there since I started making — it’s all Greek to me. a living telling jokes in 1985. Las Vegas and Los Angeles are a lot When tourists find out that I reside in Los Angeles, they usually alike, not only because just about everyone living in those cities say, “I’d love to live there.” My standard response is, “Me, too,” as claims to be from somewhere else but also because the odds in I head off to baggage claim. n both places favor the house. When I do get home to Los Angeles, I catch myself dialing nine Comedian Bob Zany’s “Zany Report” is featured weekly on my landline phone to make a call and walking across my neigh- on the nationally syndicated “Bob & Tom” radio show. He bor’s driveway to look for the ice machine. The Zany household performs and produces stand-up shows at clubs, concert includes my wife Erin, two dogs and five cats — so, in a way, I go venues, casinos, and resorts across the country. Zany from an episode of The Bachelor to Eight Is Enough. recently completed filming 23 Minutes to Sunrise, a thriller I grew up in West Covina, a Los Angeles suburb. It wasn’t a costarring Eric Roberts, scheduled for release later this very exciting town. On Saturday nights the guys and I cruised the year. Close but No Cigar, Jay Kanzler’s documentary about cul-de-sac. At age 19, I moved to Studio City, another Los Angeles Zany’s career, continues to play festivals nationwide suburb, but much closer to comedy clubs. Now, I live in the San after debuting in February 2011. Zany has made more than 800 national Fernando Valley as a happily married man who likes being within television appearances and for 17 years was associated with The Jerry Lewis driving distance of the entertainment industry but who prefers to Muscular Dystrophy Association Labor Day Telethon in front of and behind the be far removed from the craziness of show business. Yet to this camera. Go online to www. bobzany.com or www.facebook.com/bob.zany; day, I visit West Covina every now and again because of the title follow him on Twitter @bobzany; or email him at [email protected]. Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo

36 Summer 2012 Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo

Summer 2012 37 For complete details about the 42nd Phi Kappa Phi Convention, occurring Aug. 9-11, go online to Meet St.us in Louis www.PhiKappaPhi.org/Convention David W. Preston; copyright © St. Louis Convention & Visitors Commission Visitors & Convention © St. Louis copyright Preston; W. David