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The Role of Naval Forces in the Non-Military Maritime Domain

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The Role of Naval Forces in the Non-Military Maritime Domain World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 2010 The oler of naval forces in the non-military maritime domain Faleh M. Alfaleh World Maritime University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Alfaleh, Faleh M., "The or le of naval forces in the non-military maritime domain" (2010). World Maritime University Dissertations. 440. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/440 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmö, Sweden THE ROLE OF NAVAL FORCES IN THE NON-MILITARY MARITIME DOMAIN By AL-FALEH, FALEH ABDULRAHMAN M. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia A Dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In MARITIME AFFAIRS (MARITIME LAW AND POLICY) 2010 Copyright, AL-FALEH, FALEH, 2010. DECLARATION I certify that the material in this dissertation that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me. The contents of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University. AL-FALEH, FALEH ABDULRAHMAN M. 18th August, 2010 Supervised by: Dr. Proshanto K. Mukherjee Vice President (Research) Director of Doctoral Programs ITF Professor of Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection World Maritime University Assessor: Dr. Maximo Q. Mejia, Jr. Associate Professor World Maritime University Co- assessor: Capt. Ivan Valenzuela Bosne. Deputy Director of Maritime Safety and Operations General Directorate of the Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises to Almighty Allah, who enabled me to complete my dissertation well in time successfully. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my country, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for giving me this opportunity through the Royal Saudi Navy Forces (RSNF) to study Master in Maritime Law and Policy at the World Maritime University (WMU). I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my course lecturer and my dissertation supervisor Professor Proshanto K. Mukherjee, who helped me a lot and guided me throughout this dissertation. He was extremely patient, sometimes showing more faith than myself in the success of the dissertation. His influence and approachability have in many ways assisted in my progress to the completion of this dissertation work. I would like to pay my deep gratitude to my course professor and lecturer Associate Professor Dr. Maximo Q. Mejia, Jr. who despite having a busy schedule was so kind to give me time to discuss the progress of my research work, gave me many suggestions and valuable comments to overcome problems arising during the research work development. Without his support, encouragement, help and kindness, this achievement would have been far away. My gratitude also goes to English Language Supervisor Ms. Anne Pazaver for her remarkable advice, invaluable guidance, and constructive suggestions when it is come to the English language. I also appreciate the help and support from all persons who were directly or indirectly involved in my research work during the time of my study at the World Maritime University (WMU). I must also give a very special acknowledgment to my colleagues i.e. Rumaih Al-Dossary, Olayan Al-Olayan, Shafi Al-Rwaili, Khalid Al-Balla, Yasser Al-Nomair, Nazar Aziz, and Refaat Sabry for their support and encouragement during the time of my study. I also like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my family friend, Dr. Ibrahim Bin Ibrahim and his family for looking after my family while I was abroad. Also my deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to my neighbours Else and Gunnar Möller who my wife and I consider as our parents and grandparents to our children. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, sisters, brother, wife and children who remained a source of inspiration to complete my research work. iii ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: The Role of Naval Forces in the Non-Military Maritime Domain Degree: Master of Science This dissertation evaluates the role of naval forces in the non-military maritime domain by considering their general role in non-military operations along with their history and evolution. The protection of coastal interests is considered through an evaluation of the navy's enforcement role in matters including ‘hot pursuit’ leading to a comparison with coast guard operations allied to the differences between military and non-military operations. An examination is undertaken of the role of naval forces in maintaining state sovereignty in terms of the security and control of their maritime domain through consideration of matters including a coastal state's jurisdiction over the adjoining seas, Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and the continental shelf is. In addition, this dissertation considers the value of convoy protection in the context of the United State of America’s (USA) supply of convoys to Britain in the Atlantic before the US entered World War II and also examines ‘safe zones of transit’ in the Gulf of Aden. Naval forces role in non-military operations is also considered in the context of humanitarian concerns such as Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) along with their response to natural disasters, and issues of anti-smuggling, hydrography and salvage. This entails defining both the issues of maritime violence and security before considering examples such as the utilization of navies to combat terrorism including the current debate in relation to interdiction of ships. Finally, this dissertation undertakes a case study of the Saudi Arabian navy in terms of the way it has looked to combat smuggling and implement task force 151/152 to provide for convoy protection, sea mine disposal and other humanitarian operations including combating terrorism. This study, further, considers the example of the North Yemen blockade that disrupted Al-Houthi's resupply and to bring about greater protection through the provision of natural disaster humanitarian assistance. Key Words – Role of Naval Forces, Non-Military Operation, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Navy, Maritime Domain, Maritime Security, Piracy, Armed Robbery. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Object and Purpose 2 2. PROTECTION OF COASTAL STATE INTERESTS IN MARITIME ZONES 4 2.1 General background to Role of Navy in non-military operation 4 2.2 Comparison with Coast Guard Operations 7 2.3 Enforcement Role of Navy – 'Hot Pursuit' 9 2.4 Convoy protection 11 2.5 Humanitarian Role 15 2.6 Hydrography 19 2.7 Salvage 21 2.8 SAR 23 3. ROLE OF NAVY IN MARITIME SECURITY 27 3.1 Defining maritime violence and maritime security 27 3.2 Combating piracy 29 3.3 Combating armed robbery 35 3.4 Combating terrorism 39 3.5 Ship boarding under the SUA convention and interdiction at sea 44 3.6 Freedom of movement 50 v 4. CASE STUDY - ROLE OF SAUDI ARABIAN NAVY 53 4.1 The role of the Saudi navy in maintaining the sovereignty and security of Saudi Arabia 53 4.2 Anti-smuggling and piracy 57 4.3 Command Task Force and Convoy Protection 58 4.4 Combating Terrorism 60 4.5 Yemen blockade to disrupt Al-Houthi resupply 62 4.6 Natural disaster and humanitarian assistance 63 5. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 65 5.1 Conclusion 65 5.2 Recommandations 67 REFERENCES 70 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CTF Combined Task Force COTP Captain Of The Port C3 Command, Control, and Communications DHS Department of Homeland Security EC European Community EEZ Exclusive Economic Zones EU European Union FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FOC Flags Of Convenience GDP Gross Domestic Product HAS Homeland Security Act IHO International Hydrographic Organization IMO International Maritime Organization IRA Irish Republican Army ISPS International Ship & Port Facility Security Code JTF Joint Task Force MARSEC Maritime Security Committee MOD Ministry Of Defence MSPA Maritime Security Patrol Area MTSA Maritime Transportation Security Act NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEO Non-combatant Evacuation Operations PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization PSI Proliferation Security Initiative RAF Royal Air Force RCC Rescue Coordination Center RN United Kingdom Royal Navy RNLI Royal National Lifeboat Institution RSNF Royal Saudi Naval forces SAGMaS Stakeholder Advisory Group on Maritime Security SANG Saudi Arabian National Guard SAR Search And Rescue vii SNEP Saudi Naval Expansion Program SOLAS Safety Of Life At Sea SUA Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation TFG Transitional Federal Government UK United Kingdom UKHO United Kingdom Hydrographic Office UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNSC United Nations Security Council USA United State of America USS United State Ship USVs Unmanned Surface Vehicles WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction viii Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background To critically evaluate the role of naval forces in the non-military maritime domain, this dissertation will first look at the general role of the navy in non-military operations and discuss the history and evolution of the navy to set the purpose of this dissertation. World commerce has been facilitated by merchant shipping as it carries more than 90% of trade internationally. Additionally, continued growth of maritime trade in the last few decades has been attended by a corresponding increase in the threat of piracy. Therefore, although today’s navies have evolved to operate the latest and most advanced platforms to carry out a mainly war fighting role, they still play important non-military roles in the maritime domain to safeguard nations commercial interests.
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