Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems (2016) 417, 5 Knowledge & c J. Patoka et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2016 Management of DOI: 10.1051/kmae/2015038 Aquatic Ecosystems www.kmae-journal.org Journal fully supported by Onema Research paper Open Access Crayfish in Czech cultural space: the longest documented relationship between humans and crayfish in Europe J. Patoka1,, B. Kocánová2 and L. Kalous1 1 Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic 2 Centre for Classical Studies at the Institute of Philosophy, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Florenci 3, 110 00, Praha 1, Czech Republic Received October 1, 2015 – Revised November 13, 2015 – Accepted November 14, 2015 Abstract – The crayfish is an interesting element of cultural history in many regions where this animal plays an im- portant role through its exploitation by humans. The present study provides comprehensive insight into the relationship between humans and crayfish within the Central European regions of Bohemia and Moravia, collectively recognized as the Czech cultural space. The study combines data obtained from Czech and Latin historical literature; archival juristic documents and codes of law; old cooking and fishing journals, books, and textbooks; digitized materials available on the internet; and specialized and scientific publications. Human exploitation of crayfish within the evaluated region has been continuous from prehistory to the present and is thus the oldest in all of Europe. Important moments are displayed on timeline. Key-words: Freshwater invertebrate / exploitation / history / aquaculture / Czech Republic Résumé – L’écrevisse dans l’espace culturel tchèque : la relation la plus longue documentée entre les humains et les écrevisses en Europe. L’écrevisse est un élément intéressant de l’histoire culturelle dans de nombreuses régions où cet animal joue un rôle important grâce à son exploitation par les humains. La présente étude offre un aperçu com- plet de la relation entre les humains et les écrevisses dans les régions d’Europe centrale de Bohême et de Moravie, collectivement reconnues comme l’espace culturel tchèque. L’étude combine des données obtenues à partir de la litté- rature tchèque et historique latine ; de documents d’archives juridiques et de codes de la loi ; de vieux journaux, livres et manuels de cuisine et de pêche ; de documents numérisés disponibles sur l’Internet ; et de publications spécialisées et scientifiques. L’exploitation humaine des écrevisses dans la région étudiée a été continue depuis la préhistoire jus- qu’à aujourd’hui et est ainsi la plus ancienne de toute l’Europe. Les moments importants sont affichés sur un tableau chronologique. Mots-clés : Invertébrés d’eau douce / exploitation / histoire / aquaculture / République Tchèque 1 Introduction detailed information on ancient and even modern crayfish ex- ploitation put into context is usually not very accessible to bi- Crayfish species are commonly exploited and often impor- ologists and thus is mostly overlooked. To better understand tant cultural elements in all places where they occur and so the relationship between human society and crayfish, we have understanding the relationships between human societies and compiled zoogeographical, linguistic, archaeological, and his- crayfish would be relevant to better know the both societies torical evidence from prehistory to the present from Moravia and crayfish. and Bohemia within the Czech cultural space. The cultural history of crayfish is interesting both from historical-anthropological and ecological views. Interestingly, the multidisciplinary approach using historical data may help 2 Study area to clarify management problems and conflicts in conserva- tion biology (Clavero et al., 2015). Traditional relationship The evaluated inland region in Central Europe com- between humans and crayfish in Europe have been scarcely prises two historically well-defined territories: Bohemia in analyzed based on fragmented historical realia in just two pre- the west and Moravia in the east. The limits of the region vious studies (Swahn, 2004; Koutrakis et al., 2009). Although are broadly defined by a series of mountain systems, such the crayfish is a known and popular animal in many regions, as the Bohemian Forest, Ore Mountains, Sudetes, and West- ern Carpathians. The region has an Atlantic-continental type Corresponding author: [email protected] of moderate climate and is situated on the borders of three This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. J. Patoka et al.: Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. (2016) 417, 5 European watersheds: the North Sea (Elbe River), Baltic Sea of Bohemia and Moravia in these times as cadaver scavengers (Oder River), and Black Sea (Danube River) (Dvorak et al., and thus as inedible animals (as observed by Swahn, 2004,for 1997). The territory has been part of various historical political ancient Greece and other cultures). Probably biblical food pro- entities: the Duchy of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Bohemia, hibitions (Leviticus 11: 42) had a more decisive role on public the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, the Protec- perceptions concerning crayfish consumption, added to the bad torate of Bohemia and Moravia, Czechoslovakia again, and ‘fame’ as a scavenger. from 1993 to the present the Czech Republic (Pánek and Tuma, We found crayfish mentioned in Bohemian sources writ- 2009). ten in both Latin and Old Czech in the Middle Ages. The Two species of crayfish are indigenous to the stud- first written record about crayfish here dates back to the 12th ied territory: (i) Astacus astacus (L.) in both Bohemia and century, wherein the so-called Canon of Vyšehrad reports in Moravia; and (ii) Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank) in his Latin chronicle on the interruption of the Sázava River’s Bohemia (Elbe River basin). Three species of crayfish are non- flow, followed by a watermill standing still in the dry river. indigenous: (i) Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz imported in The abbot and his monks from the adjacent monastery under- 1890s from the eastern part of Europe (Eastern Galicia) in stood the river’s interruption to be a miracle from God and they order to replenish the declined native populations of A. as- collected large fish and crayfish from the dry riverbed (Cosm- tacus; (ii) North American Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque) Cont I, p. 234: “magnos pisces et cancros in sicco fundo col- which was first recorded in Europe in 1890 and subsequently legerunt”). Unfortunately, the Canon does not mention what has spread over the evaluated territory in about 1960; and was done with the collected animals. One nevertheless can (iii) North American Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) im- draw conclusions about the possible ways crayfish were used ported to the evaluated territory from Sweden in the 1980s from information in following written Bohemian sources. (Kozák and Policar, 2003;Petruseket al., 2006; Kouba et al., Crayfish are mentioned in works written by the group of 2014). scholars forming the so-called Claretus circle in the 1360s. These works were lexicographical and encyclopedic texts in- 3 Results tended as learning aids and compiled in verse. They were writ- ten primarily for the purpose of providing students with Czech Information about crayfish was obtained from Czech and terminology for subjects that were taught at university in Latin. Latin historical literature deposited in libraries and archives; Crayfish are mentioned here in three different contexts. archival juristic documents and codes of law; old cooking First, in two of Claretus’ works regarded as the oldest of and fishing journals, books, and textbooks; digitized materials this collection, we find crayfish in its astrological meaning – available on the website of the Institute of the Czech Language as the name of the Zodiac sign for the month from mid-June to of the Czech Academy of Sciences (in the Vokabulárwebový ˇ mid-July. In the Vocabularius, it is recorded in Latin as cancer (Web Dictionary section); card files of the Lexicon latinitatis and in Czech as “rakonow” (ClarVoc, line 296). This sign had medii aevi Bohemorum (Dictionary of Medieval Latin in the also been known as rak or rakaˇr in Czech since the mid-15th Czech Lands) available at the Centre for Classical Studies at century (Hvezd, fol. 22v; SlovKlem, fol. 35r; TrojK, fol. 97r). the Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of Sciences; The sign’s detailed characteristics are described in Claretus’ as well as specialized and scientific publications. text Astronomicus, a work about astronomy and astrological prognostication, in a part dedicated to stars and the charac- 3.1 Prehistoric use of crayfish: archaeological teristics of children born under a particular sign (ClarAstr, evidence lines 392−407). Crayfish also have been described in such Czech works as the dream book of Vavrinecˇ (Laurentius) of The earliest archaeological evidence of human crayfish Brezovᡠfrom the first half of the 15th century, which is itself consumption anywhere in the world was reported in the evalu- based on an Arabic source (VavAstrol, p. 15–16). Here, cray- ated region and dated to the Neolithic, 4774–4500 BCE. That fish is described as a cold, wet, and watery northern sign and species was identified as A. astacus based on characteristics people born under this sign are water-blooded (phlegmatic). of excavated dactyl fragments (Patoka et al., 2014a). This fact Second, we find crayfish mentioned in a medical con- is in accordance with the recent distribution of this species, text. The 14th century Latin text Medicaminarius describes the which is indigenous to this area (e.g. Holdich et al., 2009; preparation of a medicine made of crayfish gastroliths (in Latin Kouba et al., 2014).