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: THE FIRST 12 MONTHS By Jonathan O’Callaghan Curiosity: The first 12 months

This mosaic of Curiosity, with in the background, was put together using 55 images taken by the Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) 2 Curiosity: The first 12 months Curiosity: the first 12 months In August 2012, the most ambitious robotic vehicle ever devised landed on Mars on a mission to probe the Red Planet for signs of past and present habitability. We spoke to the team’s deputy project scientist one year after about Curiosity’s accomplishments at that point, and what they hoped it would be doing in the years that followed Written by Jonathan O’Callaghan

On 6 August 2012 the world watched assessing Mars for signs of past for the MSL mission, told All About in awe as a rover the size of a car and present habitability. NASA was Space. “But a lot of this first year descended to the surface of Mars careful to only take baby steps in its involved [testing] of more and more under a rocket-powered contraption first 12 months, but in the following [of our] capabilities. We needed to and touched down. Almost a decade year Curiosity was pushed to the test things out on Mars before we in the making, the Mars Science limits as it explored its surroundings went crazy, but now we are a lot more Laboratory (MSL), better known and headed towards its ultimate confident in the rover.” as the Curiosity rover, has been a goal, Mount Sharp (a mountain also That’s not to belittle any of the massive success story for NASA. known as Aeolis Mons), which rises accomplishments of Curiosity Never before has such a large and 5.5 kilometres (3.4 miles) above the however. After only a few tentative complicated vehicle landed on floor of Crater and has layers of steps, the rover found evidence of a another world. sediments that may hold clues about watery past on Mars and returned In just 12 months after Curiosity the Red Planet’s history. stunning high-resolution images from went operational it made some “When you land you have this the surface. tentative steps towards achieving incredible burst of adrenaline,” Dr The first piece of evidence of Mars' its numerous goals, which include Joy Crisp, the deputy project scientist wet past that was discovered by Curiosity came from “conglomerate with rounded pebbles in it,” Dr Crisp explained. “When we looked at those pebbles and saw how rounded they were, that led the science team to be able to figure out how deep the had to have been and how fast it was flowing. They were able to determine that those rocks were deposited from a stream.” With groundbreaking discoveries like this already being made, we expect great things from Curiosity in its future as the team became more confident in its abilities. In the year after the rover landed, the MSL team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California made great strides in their operations to make sure they get the most out This was one of the first images Curiosity of the mission. “We try to come up returned from Mars on 6 August 2012, showing the rover’s shadow in the foreground and with better ways to do operations, so Mount Sharp towering in the background we’ve had to make changes along the way to make the whole operations 3 Curiosity: The first 12 months

A year on Mars

19 August 2012 First laser shot During its first two weeks Curiosity tests several of its instruments, including the firing of its ChemCam laser for the first time on 19 August 2012 on a rock called Coronation (or ).

6 August 2012 site Using the revolutionary Sky Crane mechanism, Curiosity successfully lands on Mars 2.4km (1.5mi) from the centre of its wide target area.

29 August 2012 Driving begins Curiosity begins its first drive on 29 August to an area called Glenelg about 400m (1,300ft) east of its landing site.

timeline go faster,” said Dr Crisp. “We started out working on Mars time [one is 37 minutes longer than an Earth day], taking about 16 or 17 hours preparing the rover’s commands for the next day, and we’ve gotten that down to 11 hours now, so we can work more normal hours.” Considering the complexity of the mission, it’s remarkable that things went so smoothly in the first 12 months, barring one mishap. “It’s performed well,” agreed Dr Crisp, “but we did have one hiccup where one side of the computer had an issue, so we had to switch to the other side, but overall everything has been functioning okay. It’s a very, very complicated beast and it takes a lot of The MSL team at NASA’s effort [for] everybody to understand Jet Propulsion Laboratory celebrate as Curiosity that complexity and be able to plan successfully lands on Mars what the rover should do each day.”

4 Curiosity: The first 12 months

4 April 2013 7 October 2012 8 February 2013 Curiosity goes quiet First scoop First hole drilled From 4 April to 1 May Curiosity operates autonomously on the due to Curiosity collects its first Curiosity uses its drill Mars being on the opposite side of the Sun scoop of at the end of its robotic from Earth, making communications difficult. at a location known as arm for the first time to be analysed on a patch of flat rock 19 September 2012 by the SAM (Sample called John Klein, First contact Analysis at Mars) and making a hole 2cm Curiosity uses the Mars Hand CheMin (Chemistry and (0.8in) deep. Lens Imager (MAHLI) and Alpha Mineralogy) instruments. Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) to touch and study a rock, named , for the first time.

5 June 2013 Journey to Mount Sharp NASA announces that Curiosity is getting ready to begin its year-long trip from Glenelg to the base of Mount Sharp, a journey of over 8km (5mi).

3 December 2012 27 September 2012 Water discovered Streambed found Evidence of water Images of what appears to molecules on Mars, in be an ancient streambed addition to sulphur and on Mars are returned by , is discovered Curiosity. NASA confirms the by Curiosity as it findings several months later. performs its first extensive soil analysis. To Mount Sharp

a wet past on Mars, Curiosity also “We needed to test things out on tested out its other instruments to ensure they were working normally Mars before we went crazy, but ahead of some planned hardcore science for the rover. “We’re looking now we’re a lot more confident for past environments that could have been suitable for ,” explained in the rover” Dr Crisp, “and liquid water is key for Dr Joy Crisp, MSL’s deputy project scientist life as we know it. So getting over to As mentioned earlier, the primary than rushing straight to Mount Sharp, lowest estimate of two years, “if it’s Yellowknife Bay [a Martian outcrop objective of Curiosity’s mission is NASA made the decision to explore anything like and in the Glenelg area] and drilling into to ascend Mount Sharp and study the flat plain of Gale Crater first, and this rover may last much longer sedimentary rock and discovering the mountain’s various sedimentary then take another look at Glenelg on than two Earth years,” which gives abundant , which has a layers. However, as Curiosity’s its way back, if possible. Curiosity plenty of time to study lot of bound water in it that can only projected landing site was within an “Looking at where we landed Mount Sharp. In fact, NASA extended form in the presence of liquid water, area 19 kilometres by 7 kilometres (12 from the orbiter images we realised the operational lifetime of the mission was a major find.” miles by 4 miles), NASA was unsure it would make sense to first go over indefinitely, giving the MSL team Not all of Curiosity’s instruments where exactly the rover would land. to Glenelg and check out these funding to continue driving the rover had returned data with such a Ultimately it touched down just a different rocks that we could see until it stops working, which could be high level of interest at that point, few kilometres from the centre of before heading over to Mount Sharp,” several decades from now. though, but of most importance this area, near a region of particular explained Dr Crisp. But while the Aside from observing pebbles in to Dr Crisp was ensuring that “the interest known as Glenelg. So, rather lifetime of the rover was set at a an ancient streambed, indicative of instruments were working well.” One

5 Curiosity: The first 12 months

Curiosity in numbers The facts and figures about NASA’s flagship

899kilograms An image of the Mass of the Curiosity rover descending to the Martian surface on 6 August 2012, taken by the Mars $2.5 billion Reconnaissance Orbiter Total cost of the Mars Science Five key Laboratory mission instruments ChemCam on Curiosity The Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) uses a small laser to vaporise rocks or 14 minutes soil up to 7m (23ft) away and Time it takes to send a command to Curiosity analyses the emitted spectrum of light to determine the target’s characteristics. SAM The instrument suite studies samples scooped up by Curiosity. The entire suite accounts for more than half of Curiosity’s science payload. 5510Number of years scientific instruments APXS Upper estimate of The Alpha Particle X-Ray Curiosity’s possible on board Spectrometer (APXS) is used operating lifetime Curiosity to measure the abundance of particular chemical elements in Curiosity is about 5 times rocks and soil. larger than its predecessors 5 Spirit and Opportunity Number of Martian days (sols), or 687 Earth days, the primary 668 mission lasted

6 Curiosity: The first 12 months

of the most important instruments our cameras on the surface. We can for the meteorological instrument on the Curiosity rover is SAM see from orbit that we might want to measure that. The steepness we (Sample Analysis at Mars), a suite of to stop a handful of times on our believe will also be okay, based on The goals instruments comprising over half of way to Mount Sharp but we don’t studying the 3D models we have from the rover’s scientific payload that can want to get bogged down unless our orbiter data. When we actually get Has Curiosity scoop up soil samples and analyse there’s something really amazing there and see the terrain up close our acomplished what them in an on-board laboratory. “We that we discover on the way. So [in 3D models will improve and we may sent the SAM instrument to look for the next 12 months] we’ll be doing a have to adjust our routes based on that it set out to do? organic compounds,” said Dr Crisp, lot of driving, and if you’ve seen the newer data as well as finding out how Did it demonstrate the “but we knew it was going to be like pictures of Mount Sharp with the much the rover slips on different kinds ability to land a large rover looking for a needle in a haystack. It’s layering it looks really fascinating. So of rock.” on Mars? not easy to find organic compounds I think that will be a magnetic pole So, with the most exciting part of Yes. The car-sized Curiosity rover preserved in ancient rocks even on for our team to psychologically want Curiosity’s mission yet to happen, Dr successfully landed in Gale Crater Earth, so we didn’t really expect to to keep going, because as we drive Crisp highlighted a “combination of by the foot of Mount Sharp. hit it on the first try.” SAM, however, the detail of what we can see in those new things” that would be of most was expected to be one of Curiosity’s hills is going to get more and more interest to both scientists and the Did it reach Mount Sharp? most valuable assets when it comes interesting,” she added. public alike in the coming year. “I’m Yes. On 11 September 2014 the to studying the sedimentary deposits While Curiosity’s predecessors hoping that we’re going to see some rover arrived at the foot of the mountain. It then proceeded to on Mount Sharp. Spirit and Opportunity (neither of new rock types and new landforms travel up and collect rock samples. With the first year behind them, which are currently operational) that tell us about other things that the MSL team were eager to really have travelled tens of kilometres on went on in the past on Mars,” she Did it discover new rock get the wheels rolling and make the surface, never before has a rover said. And with the public clamouring types on Mars? use of Curiosity as best they could. attempted to scale a mountain on for more astounding science and Yes. After drilling into sedimentary According to Dr Crisp, in the next Mars in the way Curiosity did. But, as incredible imagery from Curiosity, the rock and analysing the samples, the 12 months “we will be driving a Dr Crisp explained, the team believes rover’s mission could only get better rover discovered , a silica lot further than we’ve done so far, the rover will have no problems and better as the team becomes more mineral often occuring in volcanic heading towards Mount Sharp, so making its way to a higher altitude. confident in their operation of one of rocks, which wasn't thought to be present on Mars. we don’t know what exactly we’ll “The wind should not be a problem,” the greatest and most ambitious space encounter or what we’ll see from she said, “and it’ll be interesting exploration missions of all time. Did they determine the climate and geology of its landing area? Did it confirm ancient lakes? Yes. Over six years the rover, using Mastcam its Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), found that Mars has seasonal The camera on Curiosity is the Mast variations in its levels of , Camera, or Mastcam for short. It has higher in warmer weather and two camera systems mounted on a mast seeing a drop in colder periods. It extending up from the rover itself to take also found evidence in Gale Crater high-resolution images and video. to suggest that billions of years ago Mars was home to lakes. Did it determine the MAHLI habitability of the planet? The Yes. Curiosity discovered that at the end of Curiosity’s arm Mars' radiation levels were much can study objects of interest higher than previously thought, up close. This is also where the beyond NASA's limit for astronauts. drill is located to bore holes For humans to live on the planet, into the Martian surface. scientists would need to design habitats to accomodate the high radiation levels.

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