The Mahdist State
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Sudan, Imperialism, and the Mahdi's Holy
bria_29_3:Layout 1 3/14/2014 6:41 PM Page 6 bria_29_3:Layout 1 3/14/2014 6:41 PM Page 7 the rebels. Enraged mobs rioted in the Believing these victories proved city and killed about 50 Europeans. that Allah had blessed the jihad, huge SUDAN, IMPERIALISM, The French withdrew their fleet, but numbers of fighters from Arab tribes the British opened fire on Alexandria swarmed to the Mahdi. They joined AND THE MAHDI’SHOLYWAR and leveled many buildings. Later in his cause of liberating Sudan and DURING THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, EUROPEAN POWERS SCRAMBLED TO DIVIDE UP the year, Britain sent 25,000 troops to bringing Islam to the entire world. AFRICA. IN SUDAN, HOWEVER, A MUSLIM RELIGIOUS FIGURE KNOWN AS THE MAHDI Egypt and easily defeated the rebel The worried Egyptian khedive and LED A SUCCESSFUL JIHAD (HOLY WAR) THAT FOR A TIME DROVE OUT THE BRITISH Egyptian army. Britain then returned British government decided to send AND EGYPTIANS. the government to the khedive, who Charles Gordon, the former governor- In the late 1800s, many European Ali established Sudan’s colonial now was little more than a British general of Sudan, to Khartoum. His nations tried to stake out pieces of capital at Khartoum, where the White puppet. Thus began the British occu- mission was to organize the evacua- Africa to colonize. In what is known and Blue Nile rivers join to form the pation of Egypt. tion of all Egyptian soldiers and gov- as the “scramble for Africa,” coun- main Nile River, which flows north to While these dramatic events were ernment personnel from Sudan. -
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding A
Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 7, Issue 1 and Multireligious Understanding February, 2020 Pages: 68-80 A Study and Evaluation of the Opinions of Seyyid Abul-Fazl Burqe’i 1 2 3 Fereydun Mohammadi-Fam ; keyvan Ehsani ; Seyyid Majid Nabavi 6666666666666 1 Ph.D Graduate of Kalami Religions,University of Religions and Denominations, Iran 2 Quran and Hadith Sciences Department, Arak University, Iran 3Ph.D Student Quran and Hadith Arak University, Iran Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i1.1289 Abstract Sayyid Abul-Fadl Burge’i is one of the Shiite clerics who was born in 1287 and died in 1372. His life has two phases, in the first stage, until the age of 45, there are seen less materials written by him against the Shia, but in the second stage, after about 45, he has expressed very harsh things against the Shia. In this article, the views of Burge’i are evaluated. He denied this Shiite belief that God Himself has appointed the Imam and introduced him to people by the Prophet (peace be upon him). According to Qur'anic reasons and traditions, his opinions are incorrect. He rejected recourse (Tavassul), intercession (Shifa’at), and pilgrimage (ziyarat), but there are many verses and reasons to prove them which are mentioned in the present article. He wrote a book titles “Scientific Studies on the Hadiths about Mahdi” and in it rejected the hadiths this is while the Prophet (peace be upon him) has said that the one who denies Mahdi has denied me. -
Pre-Colonial Kingdoms and the Coup-Civil War Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pre-Colonial Kingdoms and the Coup-Civil War Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa Jack Paine∗ December 15, 2014 Abstract Rulers of weakly institutionalized states constantly fear coup attempts. The risk of coups may lead rulers to exclude certain ethnic groups from power|despite creat- ing incentives for excluded groups to rebel against the government. But under what conditions do leaders perceive strong threats? Focusing on post-independence Sub- Saharan Africa, this paper argues that leaders of countries containing one or multiple large pre-colonial kingdoms (PCKs) perceived greater hazards from members of other ethnic groups. A formal model examines conditions under which (1) a coup-civil war nexus will arise and (2) a strategic ruler will pursue ethnic exclusion. Empirically, PCK groups undermined possibilities for developing strong inter-ethnic institutional ties, which undermined commitment ability after independence. Statistical evidence at the country and ethnic group level, alongside case evidence, shows PCKs are an im- portant explanation for ethnic exclusion, coups, and civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Cold War era. ∗Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, [email protected] 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Modeling the Tradeoff Between Ethnic Inclusion and Exclusion 6 2.1 Setup . .6 2.2 Model Analysis . .9 3 How Pre-Colonial Kingdoms Caused Weak Institutions and a Coup-Civil War Nexus 15 3.1 How PCK Groups Caused Regional Schisms and Undermined Inter-Ethnic Institutions . 15 3.2 Empirical Examples of PCKs Causing Weak Institutions and Political Violence . 20 3.3 Hypotheses . 22 4 Case Selection and Data 25 4.1 Case Selection . -
IMES ALUMNI NEWSLETTER Issue 7, Summer 2016 7, Summer Issue
IMES ALUMNI NEWSLETTER Issue 7, Summer 2016 7, Summer Issue Minaret at the Bou Inania Madrasa, Fes. © Andrew Meehan From the Head of IMES Dr Andrew Marsham Welcome to the 7th issue of the IMES Alumni Newsletter, in which we con- gratulate the most recent graduates from the department. We wish all of you the very best for the future. It is also a great pleasure to welcome a new colleague to the department. Pro- fessor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila is the new Iraq Chair in Arabic and Islamic Studies, joining us from his former role at the University of Helsinki. Professor Hämeen-Anttila has a very distinguished record as a scholar and teacher of the languages and cultures of the Middle East and we very much look forward to working with him here in Edinburgh. There is a little more about Professor Hämeen-Anttila in staff news, on page 6. Also inside, news from Ramallah, London, New York, Geneva and Kuwait by IMES students past and present, legal reform in Morocco as observed by one of our Visiting Scholars, and a new collection of translated short stories about Khartoum, in which two IMES PhD students were closely involved. As usual, there is also news of some recent and forthcoming seminars, events, projects and competitions in the department and another instal- ment of IMES history by “al-Mu’arrikh”. Very many thanks to Hester Gartrell, who has again taken on the role of assistant editor. As the incoming Head of Department, I have taken over the editorship from my colleague, Dr Tony Gorman. -
Curriculum Vitae (CV) Law and Jurisprudence Quranic & Hadith
Curriculum Vitae (CV) Personal Information:atar Date of Birth Gender Name Surname Nationality Marital Status Male Female Mohammad akhavan 1958.04.09 Iranian married Telephone Fax Email Home Office Mobile +98-3155548676 +98-3155912755 +98-9132611037 [email protected] Educational Background: (last one first) Received Academic Degree Field of Specialization Name of Institution City Country Date Rank Bachelor Law and Hoze Elmieh Qom Iran - Jurisprudence Master Thesis Theology & Islamic Qom University Qom Iran 1992 6030 science Phd Quranic & Hadith Qom University Qom Iran 2002 6030 science Master Thesis: Kant's Ethics and Islamic Ethics Ph. D. Dissertation: History of islam in quran Administrative Positions: Date Job Title Place of Work Name of Institution From To Islamic kashan 2007 2012 Kashan Unviesity education's head of department Islamic kashan 2016 Kashan Unviesity education's head of department Master and Doctorate Theses Supervision: No Students Full Name MS / Ph. Title D. 1 Moslem Vaziri MS The study of the fields and factors of political education from the viewpoint of Imam Ali 2 Masoume Noroozi MS Imam Ali and the intellectual opposition 3 Monir Sadat Modarres MS Educational works of the province from the perspective of Amiralmomenin 4 Mostafa dadashi MS Obstacles to Imam Ali's rule 5 Akram Ahmadian Ahmad abadi MS Historical tales from the viewpoint of Imam Ali 6 Mahboobe sadat Fatemi nia MS Satan in the eyes of Imam Al 7 Maryam Fareghi MS The basic rights of man and his principles from the point of view of Amir al-Momenin -
Ethnic Violence in Africa: Destructive Legacies of Pre-Colonial States
Ethnic Violence in Africa: Destructive Legacies of Pre-Colonial States Jack Paine* June 14, 2017 Abstract Despite endemic ethnic violence in post-colonial Africa, minimal research has analyzed historical causes of regional variance in civil wars and military coups. This paper argues that ethnic differences gained heightened political salience in countries with an ethnic group organized as a pre-colonial state (PCS). Combining this insight with a model on post-colonial rulers’ tradeoff between coups and civil wars implies PCS groups and other groups in their country should more frequently participate in ethnic violence. Regression evidence using original data on pre-colonial African states demonstrates that ethnic groups in countries with at least one PCS group have participated in either ethnic civil wars or coups more frequently than ethnic groups in other countries, with the modal type of violence for different groups mediated by how pre-colonial statehood affected ethnopolitical inclusion. Before 1989, 34 of 35 ethnic groups that participated in major civil wars belonged to countries with a PCS group. Keywords: African politics, Civil war, Coup d’etat, Ethnic politics, Historical statehood *Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Rochester, [email protected]. The author thanks Leo Arriola, Kyle Beardsley, Ernesto dal Bo, Mark Dincecco, Thad Dunning, Erica Frantz, Anderson Frey, Bethany Lacina, Alex Lee, Peter Lorentzen, Robert Powell, Philip Roessler, Erin Troland, Tore Wig, and seminar participants at UC Berkeley, University of Rochester, WGAPE 2015 hosted at the University of Washington, SPSA 2016, and WPSA 2017. Political violence such as civil wars and military coups has plagued Sub-Saharan Africa (henceforth, “Africa”) since independence, causing millions of battle deaths and contributing substantially to the region’s poor overall economic performance. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the-deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI* ESCHATOLOGY AS POLITICS, ESCHATOLOGY AS THEORY: MODERN SUNNI ARAB MAHDISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Timothy R. Furnish, M.A.R. The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Jane Hathaway, Adviser Professor Sam Meier viser Professor Joseph Zeidan " Department of Histdry UMI Number: 3011060 UMI UMI Microform 3011060 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. -
The Islamic State (IS) and the Sudanese “Mahdiyyah”: a Comparative Analysis of Two Failed Apocalyptic Jihadist States
International Journal of Political Science (IJPS) Volume 4, Issue 1, 2018, PP 28-42 ISSN 2454-9452 http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-9452.0401004 www.arcjournals.org The Islamic State (IS) and the Sudanese “Mahdiyyah”: A Comparative Analysis of Two Failed Apocalyptic Jihadist States Dr. Anthony Celso* Professor, Department of Security Studies and Criminal Justice at Angelo State University in San, Angelo Texas, USA *Corresponding Author: Dr. Anthony Celso, Professor, Department of Security Studies and Criminal Justice at Angelo State University in San, Angelo Texas, USA Abstract : This essay’s compares two millenarian jihadist state movements (the 21st century Islamic State and the 19th century Sudanese Mahdiyyah) and the security challenges they posed to the international order. It does so in three parts. First, it provides an overview of the apocalyptic component in Sunni Islam that guided these movements. Second, it assesses their leadership and ideology. Finally, it compares the defeat of the Mahdist state with the Islamic State’s caliphate’s collapse. Keyw ords: Jihad, Prophecy, Apocalyptic, Sectarianism and Terror 1. INTRODUCTION The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) June 2014 formation of a transnational caliphate was an extraordinary development. Driven by a sectarian and apocalyptic ideology ISI‟s Iraqi-Syrian jihadist state presented significant regional and global security challenges. Badly damaged by Post 2006 US counter terror operations and a Sunni tribal uprising against ISI predecessor Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI),the Islamic State of Iraq made a remarkable resurgence. After the 2011 US military withdraw, a Shia dominated government in Baghdad pursued polices repressing the Sunni minority. -
Brief Bibliographic Guide in Medieval Islamic Philosophy and Theology
BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY (2010-2011) Thérèse-Anne Druart The Catholic University of America I cannot thank enough all the scholars who kindly sent me information and, in particular, those who provided me with a copy of their publications or photocopies of tables of contents of collective works. Collective Works or Collections of Articles Albertus Magnus und der Ursprung der Universitätsidee. Die Begegnung der Wissenschaftskulturen im 13. Jahrhundert und die Entdeckung des Konzepts der Bildung durch Wissenschaft, ed. by Ludger Honnefelder. Berlin: Berlin University Press, 2011, 560 pp., ISBN 9783862800070. Angeli: Ebraismo, Cristianesimo, Islam, ed. by Giorgio Agamben & Emanuele Coccia. Vicenza: Neri Pozza, 2012 pp., ISBN 978885400648 [Islamic section ed. by Olga Lizzini & Samuela Pagani, pp. 1453-2012]. Christlicher Norden-Muslimischer Süden. Ansprüche und Wirklichkeiten von Christen, Juden und Muslimen auf der Iberischen Halbinsel im Hoch-und Spätmittelalter, ed. by Matthias M. Tischler & Alexander Fidora (Erudiri Sapientia 7). Munster: Aschendorff, 2011, 789 pp., ISBN 9783402104279. Classical Foundations of Islamic Educational Thought: A Compendium of parallel English- Arabic texts, ed. by Bradley J. Cook with Fathi H. Malkawi (Islamic Translation Series). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, xviii-307+241 (Arabic) pp., ISBN 978-0-8425-2763-7. De las Pasiones en la Filosofía Medieval. Actas del X Congreso Latinoamericano de Filosofía Medieval, ed. by Giannina Burlando B. Santiago. Chile: Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Instituto de Filosofía & Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 2009, 459 pp., ISBN 9789563198515. Expertus sum. L’expérience par les sens dans la philosophie naturelle médiévale. Actes du colloque international de Pont-à-Mousson (5-7 février 2009), ed. -
The Mahdi's Legal Opinion As an Instrument of Reform
CHAPTER 4 The Mahdi’s Legal Opinion as an Instrument of Reform Issues in Divorce, Inheritance, False Accusation of Unlawful Intercourse and Homicide Aharon Layish Introduction1 Muhammad Ahmad b. ʿAbdallah (1844–85) headed, as a self-proclaimed Mahdi, a millenarian, revival and reformist movement in Islam in the late nineteenth century, strongly inspired by Salafi ideas and Sufi traditions that formed the social and intellectual background of his formative period.2 The Mahdi’s vision was to restore the theocracy of the Prophet Muhammad and the “Righteous Caliphs” in Sudan. He claimed legitimacy on the grounds of being a successor to Muhammad, his ability to communicate with him, and his infal- libility and moral authority. The Mahdi nominated successors to the orthodox caliphs, governors, military commanders and judges (qadis). Adherents to the Mahdiyya had to take a pledge of allegiance (bayʿa) entailing a commitment to 1 This paper is part of a comprehensive study entitled “Revival of Islamic Law in the Late 19th- Century Sudan: The Mahdi’s Legal Methodology and Its Application” (in progress) based on the Mahdi’s documents. I am most grateful to the late Prof. P.M. Holt who graciously placed his personal collection of the Mahdi’s documents at my disposal during my sabbatical stay in Oxford in 1993. I am indebted to Ruud Peters of the University of Amsterdam for allowing me to consult in manuscript form chapters on Islamic family law (see bibl.). Gaby Warburg has initiated me into Sudanese studies and was very helpful in various ways for which he deserves my sincere thanks. -
Egyptian Rule in the Sudan
SOME SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TURKO - EGYPTIAN RULE IN THE SUDAN GABRIEL R. WARBURG Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Su- dan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad `Ali, the Ottoman Vali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Ismacil, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al- Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really ar- bitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high officials and army officers serving in the Sudan were of Ottoman rather than Egyptian origin. Last- ly, though Arabic made considerable headway during the second half of the century in daily administrative usage, the senior officers and off~ cials continued to communicate in Turkish, since their superior- the Khedive - was a Turk and Turkish was the language of the ruling elite. Hence, when the Mahdist revolt errupted in June 1881, its main enemy were the Turks who had oppressed the Sudanese and had - according to the Mahdi - corrupted Islam. a. European Historical and other Writings on N~ neteenth-Century Sudan Until the second half of the twentieth century western views both on Turkish rule in the Sudan as well as on the Mahdiyya, were largely based on the writings of European trades, explorers and soldiers of for- tune. -
Mahdism and Islamism in Sudan Author(S): Gabriel Warburg Reviewed Work(S): Source: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol
Mahdism and Islamism in Sudan Author(s): Gabriel Warburg Reviewed work(s): Source: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2 (May, 1995), pp. 219-236 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/176093 . Accessed: 19/11/2012 19:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Middle East Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.82.207 on Mon, 19 Nov 2012 19:55:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Middle East Stud. 27 (1995), 219-236. Printed in the United States of America Gabriel Warburg MAHDISM AND ISLAMISM IN SUDAN On 30 June 1989, a military coup overthrew the democratically elected government of al-Sadiq al-Mahdi in Sudan and replaced it with a fundamentalist Muslim dictatorship headed by Colonel CUmarHasan al-Bashir and adhering to the radical Islamic ideology of the National Islamic Front (NIF), under the leadership of Dr. Hasan al-Turabi. Since June 1881 when Muhammad Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah declared that he was the expected mahdi, the religious-political scene of Sudan had been largely dominated by Mahdists and Khatmiyya adherents.