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A Study of Lower Shire Valley and Adjacent Highlands

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A Study of Lower Shire Valley and Adjacent Highlands I dBclriro this thesia to be entirely my ovm composition. .<h^ eri- .,'.3. Tiorgan. \ n1 ?Aa?OHS i:i •? p-.vrxon^ri::!? 01^' A?aiCA A study oA the lower Shire Valley and adjacent hi^hla.ids PRKFACE Thr; follov/inr; iitudy in ih^ r-suit of r-s‘-aroh in ihe oouthern portionsof th^ Shirt Valley of the Hyasaland Protectorate and of Portuguese riist Africa during a visit to .'ifrica b-tv/eeii April I8th and November 15th, 1951.This sponsoredbytheUniversityoffilasgowandunder- v/ork was ta):en in company with I.tr.T. Price of the Departnc-nt of African Studies, Much of the information could not .have been obtained without I.br. Price's knov/ledge of the Ilyanja 1 and Sena languages, and the expedition itself, involving travel from Capetovm to Uairobi would hardly have been possible without his experiences of African travel and conditions. This thesis therefore owes much to his assist- anoe and guidance in th- field. Acknowle'.gem-nt is 'u^- to the kindness and assistance of the British and Portuguese civil authorities in .tfrica, of the of.ioers of the Hyasaland Agrioultural, Survey and Geological D-luirtn-'its and of the many frie-.ds in Ilyasa- land and Portug-uese hast .Ifrioa. Sources of mi'iterinl include the auth.or's ov/n field The Shire near Chiromo — looking south work, various sci- ntific pap-'-rs by ./or ers in the service of th-‘ hyasaland Government, Gov-rnment papers, historical Bc.ounts including some secondary matter where original ac ounts were not availablestiitistioa.! information, maps and aerial photographs listed in Appendices 3 and C. Morgan, Department of Geography, Glasgov/. 8th January, 1953. ..-.3J 1 C't/J’TJvRS I. IlfTHODDCTICN. II. 3-,T''L — the lev-1 of development. III. AGHICULTUHE - the means of development. IV. PriYoICAL RESlURCES - th‘ basis and limits of development. y. OTHER op DEv:;Lcrir;:T. VI. T:a: seeds op coLoiri.ii D'cr loh .eht, 1858 - eg - - missionary and trader. VII. BUILDIirC- TrE COLONIAL PAT'^EHIT, 18Rg - ig2g - - plantation, sternwheeler and z-ailway. VIII. TIE lEff FORM OP DE’/ELOPMENT, igSO TO THE PRESENT DAY - the attempt to improve peasant agriculture. IX. FUTURE DEVELOPIENT - p-ii age of government planning. 1.1 1. I. INTHODUC TI Oir. In di3cus.-3ing tm evolution of British colonial Africa oncan point to a change in gov^riimental outlook follovrlng 1918 which paralleled the emergence of the oomnonv/ealth ideal in place of that of empire.Th‘ Devonohire V/hite Paiier of 1923 claimed t.iat Kenya was primarily an African territory in which native interests must heparamount, whereas hitherto the colony had been r-garded as an excellent lield for white colonisation.In 1930 the Passfield V/hite ' Paper stated t.,at dominion statusv?ao the ultinuite goal for the c’olonies if and ’. hen the native com;,unity couldpartic­ ipate in the business of Sblf-govcrnra --nt. ;a though the advance along the road to democratic rovernra-nt has been fairly rapid in V-st Vifrica, particularly in the Gold Coast, in last and Centi-al Vifric;,outside the "white colony" of Southern Phodesia comparatively lifele has be-.n cone.The problem of attaining sS4f goveiMing status has be-_n made more difficult not m-rely by tii^ pr-=s -noe of a body of white settlers and by tiie influence of the views of th~government of the Union of South Id ’rica, but by tl.e le.ck of economic advance amongst t)n- native c opies, I'ithout economic develon — ment it is irajiossible for a pv0..1e to 3upi5ort tiie educational and administrative institutions n-c-ssary to satisfy the conditions embodied in the lassfi-Id aeijort.Accordingly, the problem of deVeloiiment of r saiu::oes- and of rn thoda of production and with it the at t;•'id nt pe stion of raising standards/ I 2, stuuflj-.rcls o*' living i:u.y Ij; t 1: n to b n p-'in-.ry consider­ ation in any . olioy of r .iaing the iaat and O’entral Vo-rioan t rritori-a from th ir yr g-nt colonial atatua. 7he issues upon v/hich ti.- call for dfv-loynr,nt is based have been ezt-nded oi,aje 19t5 by tiie need to incr ase th dollar earning caj.^city of the st-rlin,; area, by .e d-Tiiind of many Africans that t ir sta..dard of living should be raised and, comyl- in .t-.ry to tnis, by tht;.reat of ooianunisn as an att,r,ictive alternative to the ideology of dest.rn furope amongst the y-.asL.nt a-o; le.s of the' world, ?ogeth;r -..ith th-senewfactorsha;i comea contraction in the area of the British hmpire, making it possible toaonc-nti’ate more attention on the affairs of the african colonies. It Wiis in ord r to study the possibilities for develon- m at a.nd -tii. jneims which hav- hit'^ep-to be-n - mployed by both imaigrant and native that th- author in1 company with ujr. Krice visited the Lower Shire Valley of hyasaland and gooam- . bique and tne adjh.ceut highlands 1 ;twe• n tile months of llay and Ilovember 1951. In til- tiin- available it'vas manifestly impossible to attempt th ourvey of a whole colony, much I'SS that of hast or G-nitral Africa.-icoordingly, whilst bearing in mind tiiat conditions and t-c;ini ues vary consider- ubly from place to place, it ; was n- o. ssary to r-strict work to a r cion of sufficient sine for thtim- available and ouffici ntly repress nta.tive to , ;ive an insigiit into the broad problems of developiiient tiire giiout fritnin's ^■ditral and hast -African territories. T!i':- st'id.y iuid-:rt:-.' : is tii-r-fore a sample/ 4 J '..'J 3. 32 HLimple or th-. African -nvironm nt, a r-gional otudy which V Dor cs 5a(aomoSif°j S\' as Jfian Brimhta has r-m rked ia the V crown of K-.Of-raphical r^seurcli . The ar-a includes the southern tip of Ifyaaa- TANGANYIKA V / H wi eu land and a amall ])ortion of the Morrianbalacirconacripgao BELGIAN Of Portugu-ae last Africa (figure 1). CONGO It lies wholly A witiiin th- basin of the laabesi,*.';ie sc-ne of so much of \ iv4V^ Livings tone'3 work, whicj}! .-rovides iraluahle nat'rial for 13 c. compui'ison with th oonlitions of a c-ntury ago.The Lower 3hire Yall-y consists of a d-w p trench approximately 100 wilw.i Ion,',; by Ip .mil-,3 wide asiidst .mainly crystalline northern RHODESIA aigiil..iids , a tr-;ic;i './..orie proportions owe more to tectonic activityofTertiarytimesthantofluviatile 0 Lusaka action. Its refpioiial limit.3 are ..inariily c.-fin-d by both physical and numaji •l-m-r.its. fv>rry',ciwre alon • the n- meter e;:o-pting at th-; riv-;r's th-ris a sharp change in yra orknick-point 1 betwe n the vall-y floor and the st^-p ed,;-;ofthehiglilands. This edy-, of varying altitude, FIGURE 1 is ■ broken only by tii b narrow trenches of tributary str-.ams SOUTH-EAST AFRICA and contains little if iuiy settlen-nt. thus provi.'.ing a gap MAIN DRAINAGE in the di.;:tribution of popiaation b- tw COURSES e-'u contriisting MARSH higlil^nd and lowl --:dgroupings. frontier In t]i- south tfei-e is no dividing line b-tween the; valleys of the Shire and lacibesi AREA WITHIN SHEET on th; firm .ground lines of FIG.2 of eith-r bardc, althou,::h the desc-nt of the Shire itself io broken by the Pin. ’.a Hapids just above the oPrAoria oonflu,;;noe with the .wiwe .iv/e SCALE OF MILES lich, b- ing for ■ o Johannesburg '■ \ %ourtn(^o marques O so 100 ISO 300 I most of the year a distributary of the lamb-si, i'lax'ko the north-rn limit of lainbssi alluviiun. Tile surroiuidin,-; iiiglUands/ • .a..i L 4. hiohlunds conf;i:!tiii» of <-;reat riain/; up to th-; ioolat'id p'^aks of Cliolo (5304'), Ghiperoni (6739') and SHIRE VALLEY I llorrumbala (3927') in th‘. ^aat, and'to the more subdued » main drainage of I.iurukunyaina (2034'), I'alawe (3190') and Lulwe FIGURE 2 h- i.;hta (2588') in the west (figure 2).Of these approximately 2000 S'l-aremiles have h‘:^.n included within the scope of the survey to provide contrast within th- stvidy itself and to illustrate both plateau and lowland conditions, PLATE i.e. valley shelf and flood plain systems of agriculture in Central Africa.Thus one ig pres-nted with two regions comparison of which will s-rve to bring out tn-- factors behind development and the problems of ef.f.cting the changes necessary to increase producti'/ity. Their combined area 2094 contains -xam;)l-.s of almost all the physical and cultural problems inhibiting dev-lopm-nt in the British territories of "plateau Africa", Th-y form a cross-s .'ction of colonial structureininter-tropicalconditions,inwhichrhe Rtlicf »hown by form linti at approKlmottly500 fctt p probl .-ms of dual society both with and without the plantat- vertical Interval. Heights In «««t above ion agricultt •list may be studied, in v/hich th;^ difiictaties above mean sco level. due to changing river levels and greatly fluctuating rain- m Marih C Dry season 19481 fall are most markedin w’lich on-jpart may produce a surplus miles of food whilst another may suffer from famine within the Self-same.
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