DOCSLIB.ORG

Biomonitoring of Non-Persistent and Persistent Pesticides

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biomonitoring of Non-Persistent and Persistent Pesticides UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Biomonitoring Persistent and Non-persistent Chemicals in Human Breast Milk and Endocrine Disruption of Lactation Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8tq7w62z Author Weldon, Rosana Alysia Hernandez Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Biomonitoring Persistent and Non-persistent Chemicals in Human Breast Milk and Endocrine Disruption of Lactation By Rosana Alysia Hernandez Weldon A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Health Sciences in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Brenda Eskenazi, Co-Chair Professor Nina Holland, Co-Chair Professor S. Katharine Hammond Professor Alan Hubbard Fall 2010 Biomonitoring Persistent and Non-persistent Chemicals in Human Breast Milk and Endocrine Disruption of Lactation © 2010 by Rosana Alysia Hernandez Weldon Abstract Biomonitoring Persistent and Non-persistent Chemicals in Human Breast Milk and Endocrine Disruption of Lactation by Rosana Alysia Hernandez Weldon Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Health Sciences University of California, Berkeley Professor Brenda Eskenazi, Co-Chair Professor Nina Holland, Co-Chair Breastfeeding has numerous benefits to mother and child including improved maternal post-partum health, maternal/child bonding, and infant neurodevelopment and immune function. However, concern has been expressed about potential health risks posed to infants from environmental chemicals in human milk. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency to set pesticide tolerance levels in food that ensure the safety of sensitive sub-populations, particularly pregnant women and children. Maternal dietary and environmental exposures to organophosphate (OP), organochlorine (OC), carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may lead to measurable levels of these chemicals in breast milk and because some of these chemicals interfere with hormone regulation, a mother’s ability to lactate may be compromised by exposure. Lactational exposures to infants are of particular concern because infants’ metabolic, neurologic and other systems are developing leading children to be more susceptible to the hazards of pesticides than adults. Although persistent pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), have been biomonitored in human milk for decades, there are few studies measuring non-persistent pesticides in milk and no studies examining potential sources of non-persistent pesticides in milk. Using data and samples from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), another study on peripartum pesticide excretion, and a study of breast milk samples collected from San Francisco Bay Area women, this research aimed to: 1) to determine whether persistent organic pollutants measured in the blood of CHAMACOS participants are associated with shortened lactation duration; 2) to measure and compare the chemical concentrations of OPs, OCs, carbamates, pyrethroids, and PCBs in the milk of women residing in an rural area with those of women residing in an urban region; and 3) to investigate whether concentrations of two non-persistent pesticides highly detected in milk are correlated with concentrations measured in other biological samples and determine the potential predictors or sources of maternal exposure. Maternal concentrations of potentially endocrine disrupting chemicals measured in maternal serum were not associated with shortened lactation duration. Breast milk samples from 1 urban and agricultural populations contained all of the persistent chemicals measured and the non-persistent pesticides, chlorpyrifos and permethrin. Concentrations of these two non- persistent pesticides were positively, but not statistically significantly correlated with concentrations measured in the plasma and urine of the same women. Lastly, some dietary and household factors may be potential sources of exposure to the mothers studied. The proposed research will provide information on maternal exposure and lactational exposure of non- persistent and persistent pesticides and PCBs to our most sensitive population, infants. Understanding whether lactation is potentially disrupted and the extent of dietary exposures to infants will allow for informed policy decisions regarding the use of pesticides and for the design of effective interventions in order to ensure the safety of this food for infants. 2 Dedication This work is dedicated to: my incredibly supportive and understanding mother, father, husband and children. i Table of Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Dedication....................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................ii List of Figures................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Overview................................................................................................................................... 1 B. Background and Significance ................................................................................................... 2 1. Public Health Significance ................................................................................................ 2 2. Physiology of Lactation and Toxicokinetics of Selected Pesticides ................................. 3 3. Endocrine disruption.......................................................................................................... 4 4. Human Exposure to and Health Effects of Persistent Chemicals...................................... 5 a. Intake and Metabolism of DDT & DDE............................................................................ 6 b. Health Effects of DDT & DDE ......................................................................................... 6 5. Human Exposure to and Health Effects of Non-persistent pesticides............................... 7 a. Intake and Metabolism of Chlorpyrifos............................................................................. 7 b. Health Effects of Chlorpyrifos........................................................................................... 8 6. Exposure, Metabolism And Health Effects of Permethrin ................................................ 9 7. Biomonitoring: Measuring Chemicals in Biological Samples .......................................... 9 8. Summary.......................................................................................................................... 11 9. A Comment on Co-Author Contribution......................................................................... 11 C. References............................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2 Serum persistent organic pollutants and duration of lactation among Mexican-American women ......................................................................................................................................... 20 A. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................... 20 B. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 21 C. Materials and Methods............................................................................................................ 22 1. Study Population.............................................................................................................. 22 2. Procedure ......................................................................................................................... 22 3. Sample Collection and Laboratory Analyses .................................................................. 22 4. Endocrine Disruption Categories..................................................................................... 23 5. Statistical Methods.......................................................................................................... 23 D. Results..................................................................................................................................... 25 E. Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 27 F. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adsorption and Degradation of Three Pesticides in a Vineyard Soil and in an Organic Biomix
    environments Article Adsorption and Degradation of Three Pesticides in a Vineyard Soil and in an Organic Biomix Costantino Vischetti 1,*, Elga Monaci 1, Cristiano Casucci 1, Arianna De Bernardi 1 and Alessandra Cardinali 2 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy; e.monaci@staff.univpm.it (E.M.); c.casucci@staff.univpm.it (C.C.); [email protected] (A.D.B.) 2 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: c.vischetti@staff.univpm.it; Tel.: +39-071-2204264 Received: 5 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: A soil and an organic biomix (soil/vine branch/garden compost 20/40/40) were used in this lab experiment to evaluate adsorption and degradation parameters for three pesticides (chlorpyrifos, metalaxyl and cymoxanil) used in a vineyard. Adsorption in the biomix material was higher than in the soil for the three pesticides and chlorpyrifos was the most adsorbed pesticide. The role of the organic carbon is essential for enhancing the adsortion of the three pesticides, especially for the most apolar chlorpyrifos. Degradation was generally faster in the biomix material than in the soil although the process was slower in the case of chlorpyrifos if compared with the other two chemicals, due to a more toxic effect of this pesticide on soil microflora and a larger adsorption of this pesticide on the organic biomix that reduces its availability for dissipation.
    [Show full text]
  • Da UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR
    da UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES IN POSTMORTEM BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS RAQUEL HELENA CARVALHO SILVA RAPOSO Covilhã, 2009 I UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES IN POSTMORTEM BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS Dissertação apresentada à Universidade da Beira Interior para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Bioquímica RAQUEL HELENA CARVALHO SILVA RAPOSO Covilhã, 2009 II Trabalho elaborado sob a supervisão e orientação científica do Mestre Mário João Dias, Director do Serviço de Toxicolgia Forense da Delegação Sul do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e da Prof. Doutora María Eugenia Gallardo Alba, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior III TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... VI List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... VIII Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ X Abstract................................................................................................................................................... - 1 - Resumo ................................................................................................................................................... - 3 - Justification and Objectives
    [Show full text]
  • INCORPORATING LOW-DOSE EPIDEMIOLOGY DATA in a CHLORPYRIFOS RISK ASSESSMENT Julie E
    Dose-Response: An International Journal Volume 11 | Issue 2 Article 8 6-2013 INCORPORATING LOW-DOSE EPIDEMIOLOGY DATA IN A CHLORPYRIFOS RISK ASSESSMENT Julie E. Goodman Gradient, Cambridge, MA Robyn L. Prueitt Gradient, Cambridge, MA Lorenz R. Rhomberg Gradient, Cambridge, MA Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dose_response Recommended Citation Goodman, Julie E.; Prueitt, Robyn L.; and Rhomberg, Lorenz R. (2013) "INCORPORATING LOW-DOSE EPIDEMIOLOGY DATA IN A CHLORPYRIFOS RISK ASSESSMENT," Dose-Response: An International Journal: Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dose_response/vol11/iss2/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dose-Response: An International Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Goodman et al.: Low-Dose Epidemiology Data in a Chlorpyrifos Risk Assessment Dose-Response, 11:207–219, 2013 Formerly Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine Copyright © 2013 University of Massachusetts ISSN: 1559-3258 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.12-022.Goodman INCORPORATING LOW-DOSE EPIDEMIOLOGY DATA IN A CHLORPYRIFOS RISK ASSESSMENT Julie E. Goodman, Robyn L. Prueitt, and Lorenz R. Rhomberg ᮀ Gradient, Cambridge, MA ᮀ USEPA assessed whether epidemiology data suggest that fetal or early-life chlorpyrifos exposure causes neurodevelopmental effects and, if so, whether they occur at exposures below those causing the current most sensitive endpoint, 10% inhibition of blood acetyl- cholinesterase (AChE). We previously conducted a hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence analysis and found that a proposed causal association between chlorpyrifos exposure and neurodevelopmental effects in the absence of AChE inhibition does not have a substantial basis in existing animal or in vitro studies, and there is no plausible basis for invoking such effects in humans at their far lower exposure levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Mother/Child Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Distributions T ⁎ Natalia Bravoa, Joan O
    Environment International 134 (2020) 105264 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environment International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envint Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions T ⁎ Natalia Bravoa, Joan O. Grimalta, , Darja Mazejb, Janja Snoj Tratnikb,c, Dimosthenis Andreas Sarigiannisd, Milena Horvatb,c a Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain b Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia c International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia d Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 201, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Handling Editor: Adrian Covaci The present study reports one of the few cases in which organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticide Keywords: human exposure is evaluated in family contexts by the analysis of mother/child pair samples. Urinary con- Organophosphorus pesticides centrations of 6 organic metabolites of organophosphates and 2 pyrethroids were measured in mothers and their Pyrethroids 7-to 8-year-old children (n = 168) in a general population from the central area of Slovenia. The results were Human Biomonitoring adjusted for specific gravity and creatinine. Children The most abundant OP metabolite in children was 4-nitrophenol (PNP) (median 0.7 ng/ml) and in mothers Women (0.45 ng/ml), representing parathion exposure. 3-Phenoxibenzoic acid (3-PBA) (0.26 ng/ml), the general me- Child-mother pairs tabolite of pyrethroids, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) (0.16 ng/ml; chlorpyriphos) were the second most abundant compounds in children and mothers, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Planting Covers on Herbicide Persistence in Landscape Soils
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2775-2779 Geological Survey (USGS) have shown that 99% of the tested Effect of Planting Covers on urban streams contain at least one pesticide, with 70% con- Herbicide Persistence in Landscape taining five or more pesticides (3). The presence of pesticides at trace levels may cause short- or long-term impairments Soils to aquatic ecosystems, such as toxicity (insecticides) or phytotoxicity (herbicides) (4, 5). To protect water quality, ,² ² ³ regulations such as Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) J. GAN,* Y. ZHU, C. WILEN, are being developed for many surface waterbodies in the D. PITTENGER,§ AND D. CROWLEY² United States (6). Department of Environmental Sciences and Department of Source analysis and monitoring studies have shown that Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, movement of pesticides from residential areas is mainly Riverside, California 92521, and University of California associated with stormwater runoff (6-8). For instance, storm Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program and flow constitutes about 80% of the water discharged to the UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego, California 92123 Newport Bay in Orange County, CA (6). In the San Diego Creek, which serves as the main drainage channel to Newport Bay, the median diazinon (445 ng L-1) and chlorpyrifos (87 -1 Recent monitoring shows that the majority of urban ng L ) concentrations in storm flow are higher than or similar -1 streams in the United States are contaminated by pesticide to those in the base flow (200 ng L for diazinon and 111 ng L-1 for chlorpyrifos). Thus, the overwhelming majority of residues, and the contamination is mainly due to runoff the pesticide load in the San Diego Creek derives from storm from residential landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.MECHANISMS and STRATEGIES for PESTICIDE
    Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental ISSN: 0188-4999 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México ORTIZ-HERNÁNDEZ, Ma. Laura; SÁNCHEZ-SALINAS, Enrique; CASTREJÓN GODÍNEZ, María Luisa; DANTAN GONZÁLEZ, Edgar; POPOCA URSINO, Elida Carolina MECHANISMS AND STRATEGIES FOR PESTICIDE BIODEGRADATION: OPPORTUNITY FOR WASTE, SOILS AND WATER CLEANING Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, vol. 29, septiembre, 2013, pp. 85-104 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=37028958005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 29 (Número especial sobre plaguicidas) 85-104 Septiembre 2013 MECHANISMS AND STRATEGIES FOR PESTICIDE BIODEGRADATION: OPPORTUNITY FOR WASTE, SOILS AND WATER CLEANING Ma. Laura ORTIZ-HERNÁNDEZ1*, Enrique SÁNCHEZ-SALINAS1, María Luisa CASTREJÓN GODÍNEZ2, Edgar DANTAN GONZÁLEZ3 y Elida Carolina POPOCA URSINO3 1 Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos 2 Programa de Gestión Ambiental Universitario, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos 3 Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos * Autora responsable: [email protected] (Recibido julio 2013, aceptado agosto 2013) Key words: pesticide, biodegradation, biobeds, cells immobilization ABSTRACT Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended to prevent, destroy or con- trol any pest, and they are widely used mainly in agriculture, industry and the domestic sector. These compounds have been extensively used for decades and have significantly increased food production.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Measure for Pesticides to Reduce Contamination of Ground and Surface Water from Pesticides: 1
    Chapter 4B: Pesticide Management 4B: Pesticide Management Management Measure for Pesticides To reduce contamination of ground and surface water from pesticides: 1. Inventory pest problems, previous pest control measures, and cropping history. 2. Evaluate the soil and physical characteristics of the site including mixing, loading, and storage areas for potential leaching or runoff of pesticides. If leaching or runoff is found to occur, steps should be taken to prevent further contamination. Six general 3. Use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that principles guide safe pesticide apply pesticides only when an economic benefit to the producer management. will be achieved (i.e., applications based on economic thresholds) and apply pesticides efficiently and at times when runoff losses are least likely. 4. When pesticide applications are necessary and a choice of registered materials exists, consider the persistence, toxicity, runoff potential, and leaching potential of products in making a selection. 5. Periodically calibrate pesticide application equipment. 6. Use anti-backflow devices on the water supply hose, and other safe mixing and loading practices such as a solid pad for mixing and loading, and various new technologies for reducing mixing and loading risks. Management Measure for Pesticides: Description The goal of this management measure is to reduce contamination of ground and surface water from pesticides. The basic concept of the pesticide management measure is to foster effective and safe use of pesticides without causing degrada- tion to the environment. The most effective approach to reducing pesticide pollution of waters is, first, to release a lesser quantity of and/or less toxic Pesticide pesticides into the environment and, second, to use practices that minimize the management movement of pesticides to ground and surface water (Figure 4b-1).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Organic Pesticides
    Chapter 12 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Organic Pesticides Jesús Bernardino Velázquez-Fernández, Abril Bernardette Martínez-Rizo, Maricela Ramírez-Sandoval and Delia Domínguez-Ojeda Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46845 1. Introduction Pesticides can be used to control or to manage pest populations at a tolerable level. The suffix “-cide” literally means “kill”, therefore, the term pesticide refers to a chemical substance that kills pests. It is incorrect to assume that the term pesticide refers only to insecticides. Pesticides include many different types of products with different functions or target (Table 1). The pesticide designation is formed by combining the name of the pest (e.g., insect or mite) with the suffix “-cide” (1). Pesticides could be classified according to their toxicity, chemical group, environmental persistence, target organism, or other features. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 persistent organic chemicals are pesticides. Classes of organic pesticides (consisting of organic molecules) include organochlorine, organophosphate, organometallic, pyrethroids, and carbamates among others (2, 3). Most pesticides cause adverse effects when reaching organisms. The intensity of the toxic effect varies with time, dose, organism characteristics, environmental presence or pesticide characteristics. Their presence in environment determines the dose and time at which an organism is exposed and could represent a hazard for worldwide life due to their mobility. Hence, the persistence in the environment leads to a risk for life: the more persistent a pesticide is, the worse its environmental impact. Pesticide persistence in environment is caused by either their physico-chemical properties or the lack of organisms able to degrade them.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticide Mitigation Practices and Techniques
    Agronomy Technical Note XXX: Pesticide Mitigation Practices and Techniques Introduction 4. Field pesticide volatization/drift in This document is intended to be used as a air. supporting document to implement the 5. Determining the toxicological hazard NRCS Conservation Practice Standard (596) posed by the pesticide. Pesticide Risk Mitigation and in general 6. Characterizing risk by combining Integrated Pest Management (IPM) planning pesticide exposure and toxicity. where there is a need to mitigate for potential losses of pesticides that can may Pesticide hazard ratings refer to the WIN- pose offsite risks. PST soil and pesticide interaction ratings for: NOTE: If the identified hazards and risks 1. IARP (fish) – Soil Pesticide associated with the planned pesticides can Interactive Adsorbed Runoff be addressed through planned conservation Potential for Fish practices or system of conservation practices 2. ILP (fish) - Soil Pesticide Interactive then those pesticides do not apply to the Leaching Potential for Fish Conservation Practice Standard – Pesticide 3. ISRP (fish) - Soil Pesticide Risk Mitigation (596). Also, it is not Interactive Solution Runoff for Fish necessary to assess risk or hazard of 4. ILP (human) - Soil Pesticide pesticides that are used for seed treatment Interactive Leaching Potential for and/or banded with seed, or similar Humans pesticides, where the exposure of these 5. ISRP (human) - Soil Pesticide pesticides are very limited. Interactive Solution Runoff for Humans NRCS Pesticide Risk/Hazard Analysis Pesticide registrations and label use WIN-PST is the NRCS technical tool that to restrictions are both based on risk analysis assess pesticide hazard based on: and determining if the benefits of a proposed • Pesticide data pesticide use outweigh the potential risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Daily Intake and Risk Assessment of Organophosphorus Pesticides Based on Biomonitoring Data
    Food and Chemical Toxicology 123 (2019) 57–71 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox Review Estimation of daily intake and risk assessment of organophosphorus T pesticides based on biomonitoring data – The internal exposure approach Ioanna Katsikantamia,b, Claudio Colosioc, Athanasios Alegakisb, Manolis N. Tzatzarakisb, ∗ Elena Vakonakib, Apostolos K. Rizosa, Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannisd,e,f, Aristides M. Tsatsakisb, a Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece b Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece c Department of Occupational and Environmental Health of the University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, S. Paolo Hospital Unit, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy d Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece e HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (KEDEK), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece f Environmental Health Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study IUSS, Pavia, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Human exposure to pesticides can be estimated through different approaches. The approach adopted in this Biomonitoring study is based on internal dose measures. Studies published during 2001 and 2017 were collected from PubMed Dialkyl phosphates and Scopus databases, filtered and organized. The intake of parent compounds is estimated based on theurinary Estimated daily intake excretion of different OP metabolites applying a mathematical model previously used for similar purposes. Once Health effects defined an Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), risk assessment is performed through comparison with specific Organophosphorus pesticides guideline values and hazard index (HI) is calculated to assess cumulative health risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavior of Pesticides in Soils and Water 1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. SL 40 Behavior of Pesticides in Soils and Water 1 P.S.C. Rao and A.G. Hornsby2 During the past twenty years, concern has arisen applied, and to show how this information can be as to the presence of pesticides in the environment used, along with other factors, to select the proper and the threat they pose to wildlife and mankind. pesticide. Certainly, pesticides have improved longevity and the quality of life, chiefly in the area of public health. PATHWAYS OF PESTICIDE LOSS The use of pesticides also constitutes an important There are basically two ways properly-applied aspect of modern agriculture. Florida's temperate to pesticides may reach surface and ground waters- subtropical climate favors growth of many harmful through runoff and leaching. Runoff is the physical insects, weeds and diseases, thus making this state transport of pollutants over the ground surface by particularly dependent on pesticides for economical rainwater which does not penetrate the soil. Leaching crop management. is a process whereby pollutants are flushed through Unfortunately, pesticides are poisons and can be the soil by rain or irrigation water as it moves particularly dangerous when misused. Fish-kills, downward. In many areas of Florida, soils are sandy reproductive failure in birds, and acute illnesses in and permeable and leaching is likely to be a more people have all been attributed to exposure to or serious problem than runoff. We now have ingestion of pesticides - usually as a result of technology to help estimate the potential misapplication or careless disposal of unused contamination of water from a given pesticide.
    [Show full text]
  • AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application
    9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred
    [Show full text]