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Virtual Birding: Extending Birdwatching to Review Acoustic Recordings

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Virtual Birding: Extending Birdwatching to Review Acoustic Recordings Virtual Birding: Extending Birdwatching to Review Acoustic Recordings Mark Cottman-Fields BInfTech (Queensland University of Technology) A thesis by monograph in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human-Computer Interaction 2017 Principal Supervisor Professor Paul Roe Associate Supervisor Professor Margot Brereton Ecoacoustics Research Group Computer-Human Interaction Discipline Electrical Engineering and Computer Science School Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia To those who love the dawn chorus i Keywords Human-Computer Interaction; Acoustic Sensing; Birdwatching; Birding; Birdwatchers; Birders; Field Research; Exploratory Prototype; Citizen Science; Acoustic Analysis; Interviews; User-centred Design; Website Interface; Audio Recording Review; Ecoacoustics; Serious Leisure; Expert Community; Human Computation; Domain Expertise; Collaborative Extension; Environmental Sound; Terrestrial Sensing; Research in the Wild ii Abstract Observations made by birders have been integral to avian research and conservation efforts for decades. However, broader sources of data about avian activity are needed, to improve the information available for environmental management. Technology advances have seen acoustic monitoring emerge as a new way to study birds. The ever-increasing raw data from acoustic sensors requires processing, to extract information about bird activity. This is a difficult analysis problem, as there are just under 900 bird species in Australia and most have multiple distinct, yet variable, calls. There is an opportunity to extend birding activities to include collection and review of recorded audio. Currently, no acoustic analysis interfaces are available to enable collaboration between ecologists and experienced birders. Effective interfaces require an understanding of the culture and practices of birders, along with how birders can apply their experience to the review of recorded audio. The aim of this research was to extend birding to enable experienced birders to effectively analyse recordings of terrestrial environmental sound. This was investigated through three questions: 1) What are the backgrounds of Australian birders and how do they make use of recorded audio? 2) How might birders incorporate acoustic monitoring into their local birding activities? 3) What computer interfaces support birders to effectively identify birdcalls from long duration, terrestrial acoustic monitoring data? The research methodology was framed around User-centred design and Reflective Agile Iterative Design. The five qualitative research activities used interviews, field studies, exploratory prototype websites, and questionnaires. The results showed that participants invested energy into observing birds at favourite local areas and that their identification skills were region-specific. Many birders were eager to find uncommon birds on bird walks, and in recorded audio from places and times of day that were otherwise difficult to access. Acoustic recordings offered opportunities to enhance birdcall identification skills and find birds that may otherwise be undetected. Birders could apply their acoustic identification knowledge to recorded audio, to identify a range of birdcalls with moderate accuracy, with the aid of spectrogram images: time-frequency-amplitude visualisations of recorded audio. This thesis contributed website interface designs based on birding practices, to enable experienced birders to apply knowledge and skills that are not available elsewhere. These results indicate that integrating scientific acoustic monitoring endeavours into Australian birders’ practices can provide expanded and reliable information for avian research and conservation efforts. iii Table of Contents Keywords ....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... viii Publications .................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ................................................................................................................xii Definitions ................................................................................................................... xiii Statement of Original Authorship .................................................................................. xv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 17 Background ............................................................................................................. 17 Context and Research Problem .............................................................................. 20 Research Question ................................................................................................. 23 Research Design and Methods ............................................................................... 23 Contribution and Significance ................................................................................ 27 Thesis Outline ......................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................... 29 Monitoring the Environment using Acoustics ........................................................ 30 Birding .................................................................................................................... 38 Crowd Sourcing, Human Computation, and Citizen Science .................................. 49 Citizen Science Projects .......................................................................................... 57 User-centred Design ............................................................................................... 68 Summary ................................................................................................................ 74 Chapter 3: Research Design ..................................................................................... 75 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 75 Research Methods .................................................................................................. 79 Data Collection and Analysis .................................................................................. 83 Participants and Ethics ........................................................................................... 88 Prototype Computer Interfaces for Acoustic Analysis ........................................... 92 Timeline ................................................................................................................ 102 Summary .............................................................................................................. 104 Chapter 4: Study 1 – Australian Birders’ Backgrounds and Use of Recorded Audio .. 105 Overview............................................................................................................... 105 Design and Method .............................................................................................. 107 iv Categories ............................................................................................................ 110 Themes ................................................................................................................. 119 Summary .............................................................................................................. 123 Chapter 5: Study 2 – Augmenting Birding Activities to Integrate Acoustic Sensing .... 125 Overview .............................................................................................................. 125 Design and Method .............................................................................................. 127 Findings ................................................................................................................ 132 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 141 Summary .............................................................................................................. 144 Chapter 6: Study 3 – Identifying Birdcalls in Recorded Audio ................................... 147 Overview .............................................................................................................. 147 Design and Method .............................................................................................. 148 Results .................................................................................................................. 153 Discussion ............................................................................................................
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