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Blackwood-A-Handbook-For-Growers BLACKWOOD A Handbook for Growers and Users lan Nicholas and lan Brown Forest Research Bulletin No. 225 "-) forest (research Forest Research Rotorua, New Zealand 2002 DISCLAIMER In producing this Bulletin reasonable care has been taken to ensure that all statements represent the best information available. Howeve~ the contents of this publication are not intended to be a substitute for specific specialist advice on any matter and should not be relied on for that purpose. NEW ZEALAND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIMITED and its employees shall not be liable on any ground for any loss, damage, or liability incurred as a direct or indirect result of any reliance by any person upon information contained or opinions expressed in this work. To obtain further copies of this publication, or for information about Forest Research publications, please contact: Pub I ications Officer Forest Research telephone: +64 7 343 5899 Private Bag 3020 facsimile: +64 7 343 5379 Rotorua e-mail: [email protected] New Zealand website: www.forestresearch.co.nz National Library of New Zealand Cataloguing-In-Publication Data Nicholas, lan, 1953- Biackwood: A handbook for growers and users I lan Nicholas and lan Brown. (Forest research bulletin (Rotorua, N.Z.) ; No. 225) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Acacia melanoxylon-New Zealand. I. Brown, lan (lan Douglas) 11. Title. Ill. Series. 634.9737480993-dc 21 ISSN 1174-5096 © Copyright New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited 2002 All rights reserved. Unless permitted by contract or law, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or copied in any form or by any means without the express permission of the NEW ZEALAND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIMITED. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 IChapter One Species recognition, history and habitat 3 lChapter Two Timber properties, market and resource 11 IChapter Three Site requirements and land use 17 IChapter Four Agroforestry 21 IChapter Five Seed, genetics and clonal propagation 25 IChapter Six Seedling production, establishment and nutrition 29 IChapter Seven Forest health 33 IChapter Eight Management options 39 IChapter Nine Growth habit and malformation 47 IChapter Ten Pruning and thinning 55 IChapter Eleven Growth model, yields, suggested regime 67 IChapter Twelve Economic analyses 75 IChapter Thirteen I Utilisation 79 IChapter Fourteen! Summary 83 IChapter Fifteen References and other information sources 87 Glossary of terms 95 DEDICATION This Handbook is dedicated to the memory of the late Norval Gibson Smith, who founded AMIGO. Norval was also founding chairman, inaugural secretary, and treasurer. Without his vision and input, th is Handbook would not have been realised. Australian Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), commonly Although Blackwood is likely to have no more than a called Tasmanian blackwood, is a species native to minor role in forestry, we believe there is a strong case Australia. lt is internationally renowned for its timber for growing this species in New Zealand. qualities. Since Blackwood's introducti on to New • Its superb timber is likely to remain in strong demand Zealand in the 19'h century both its potential and both locally and internationally. lt makes an ideal problems have become apparent. Interest from the New substitute for native timbers, such as rimu, which will Zealand Forest Service (NZFS) in the late 1970s and become less accessible from native forests, until early 1980s was followed by increased planting by plantation material is available over time. To private growers, and new research initiatives by Forest international consumers increasingly concerned over Research. AMIGO (Acacia melanoxylon Interest Group rainforest destruction, New Zealand-sourced Organisation), an action group of the New Zealand blackwood can be clearly labelled as plantation­ Farm Forestry Association, has been the main agent in grown and sustainably produced. bringing together growers and researchers. • If diversity is the first principle in an investment Blackwood has received mixed press among tree portfolio, blackwood may help to reduce the growers, with both successes and failures. We now potential risks associated with reliance on a single know that it is highly influenced by site, and responsive tree species. to silvicultural treatment that bears no resemblance to • The site requirements of blackwood ensure a place in radiata pine management. Both research data and the forest and farm plantations. lt is ideally suited to experience of farm foresters over the years have gullies and lower valley slopes - sites on farms which generated considerable knowledge, especially with are commonly either neglected or unproductive, and regard to the silvicultural management of blackwood. where extraction costs will exclude radiata pine. A small but steady market for blackwood timber has Blackwood grow well in scrub, and could therefore developed in New Zealand. provide resources and work in areas that are economically disadvantaged, isolated or where The aim of this manual, a joint venture between complete denudation to establish pine may put a AMIGO, Forest Research and MAF, is to assemble the planting site at risk of erosion. With its extensive root latest knowledge on the growing and processing of systems blackwood have a role in soil stabilisation blackwood. We refer to overseas sources where useful, and in riparian planting. but in presenting the New Zealand experience the manual has a local flavour. Blackwood trees are aesthetically appealing, and in association with other species can form a visual oasis in The text is intended to give practical guidance to what might otherwise be a monocultural desert. growers or potential growers. This is underpinned by a description of the species designed to give an understanding of its growth and behaviour. Photo: 15 year old b/ackwood stand near Whangarei AHIQO AMIGO (Acacia melanoxylon Interest Group Organisation) is an action group within the New Zealand Farm Forestry Association. Founded by the late Norval Gibson Smith in 1989, it has the objective of bringing together tree growers and forest researchers in an information- sharing network. Its aims are: • To share research findings (both Forest Research and private) with blackwood growers. • To develop improved genetic stock for planting. • To encourage the adoption of the best silvicultural techniques. • To cooperate in a marketing strategy. AMIGO publish regular newsletters, run seminars, and hold field days. Currently it has over 200 members. AMIGO can be contacted through the national office of the NZ Farm Forestry Association (see web links in Chapter 15). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This handbook has been funded by the MAF Sustainable Farming Fund, supplemented with financial contributions from Forest Research and AMIGO as well as significant in-kind contributions from AMIGO members. The handbook could not have been achieved without the support of AMIGO and its parent body, The New Zealand Farm Forestry Association. The authors would also like to thank the following: • The Foundation for Research, Science and Technology for supporting the earlier research efforts that provided the foundation for the research data behind the handbook. Also the members of the Farm Forestry Association, and Forest Companies who have provided trial sites and access to their stands for data collection. • We would also like to acknowledge the following who have reviewed chapters pertaining to their expertise: Forest Research (Greg Steward, Errol Hay, Toni Withers, Margaret Dick, Clive Appleton, Russell McKinley, John Turner, Tony Shelbourne, Charlie Low, Warwick Brown); Australia (Andy Warner, Chris Beadle, Sue Jennings , Suzette Searle, Don Britton); AMIGO (Eric Williams, Piers Maclaren, Ham Gifford, John Fairweather, Norval Gibson Smith), MAF (John Vaney); AgResearch, (lan Power, Martin Hawke). • Special mention must be made of the significant contribution to the Agroforestry chapter by lan Power from Agresearch, Clive Appleton for his drafting of the health chapter and to Pascall Berrill for his growth modelling work. John Cawston of Forest and Woodloot Ltd also made a significant contribution to the economics chapter. • In particular we would like to thank two people: Norval Gibson Smith, without whom this book would not have been published; and Ham Gifford, formerly of Forest Research, whose comments on the text reflect many years of meticulous field research. • The expertise and patience of Margaret Richardson in editing the text, John Smith in scanning photos and Teresa McConchie for graphical flair. The excellent photographs by Jonathan Barran are most appreciated. • We would also like to acknowledge Kings Fourth Generation Woodworking Company for the use of their laminated bench top photos. 2 Chapter One: SPECIES RECOGNITION, HISTORY and HABITAT RECOGNITION Figure 1 {above): Blackwood foliage. Left: adult foliage (phyllode). Centre: two examples of the transition stage There are probably over 1000 species of Acacia in Australia showing both juvenile and adult foliage. - including some that are yet to be identified. They show Right: juvenile foliage striking variations in size, structure, and adaptation to site. Blackwood is unusual among the acacias in that it is adapted to moist rather than dry sites. Blackwood and A. bakeri, a subtropical species, are the largest of them. A distinctive characteristic of blackwood foliage is that the juvenile form is of a feathery "wattle" type, but changes quickly to a mature leathery " leaf" (F ig 1). Botanically
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