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The Organisation of Electricity Supply in Tasmania

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The Organisation of Electricity Supply in Tasmania THE ORGANISATION OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN TASMANIA A dissertation presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Tasmania in partial fulfilment of requirements for the Degree of Master of Social Sciences (Admin.). by cYal" PETER READ, BSc. 1985. DECLARATION I, Peter Charles Read, hereby certify that this dissertation represents my own original work and that it contains no material which has been published or used by me and that it contains no copy of paraphrase of material previously written by another person or authority except where due acknowledged- ment is made. PETER READ CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Prelude 2 Beginnings 10 Technological Change and a Man of Vision 36 The Department reaches out: 1918-28 53 The Commission gains customers: the 1930's and 1940's 72 Power Development: 1945-75 90 An Essential Service 103 Conclusion 113 Bibliography 124 INTRODUCTION In Australia there is only one electricity supply authority that carries out all eight facets of public electricity supply throughout a whole state. Tasmania's Hydro- Electric Commission (H.E.C.) investigates, designs, arranges finance, constructs, generates, transmits, distributes and regulates. To the public the H.E.C. must look like a monolithic technological bureaucracy; purposeful, effective and reaching out into every corner of the state. To anyone under 30 this has always seemed the case. However, it is merely the present form of an industry that has changed and continues to change. There have been five phases in the organisation of electricity supply in Tasmania. The H.E.C. and its predecessor the Hydro-Electric Department (H.E.D.) have been involved in four of them and have modified their policies and organisation to fit the needs of the times. This dissertation traces the evolution of one of Australia's better ()1 known quangos, documents its unplanned emergence from a failed commercial venture and the fundamental events that shaped the organisation of electricity supply in Tasmania and eventually produced the H.E.C. The overriding conclusion is that technology has shaped the organisation. Not just the technology of electricity supply, but the supporting technologies, particularly communications and electro-metallurgy. There are, however, other influences; personal, economic, social and political, that have shaped various phases of the organisation's evolution and remain in its present structure. At the definative times there were men of vision; William Corin, John Butters, almost certainly Robert Cosgrove and Allan Knight. The built an organisation that has been a major force in the development of Tasmania. Tasmanian Year Book 1973, p.326, describes the H.E.C. "as an autonomous statutory authority, responsible almost entirely for the conduct of its own affairs. -- answerable to Parliament -- not directed or responsible to a Minister -- power exerted by Parliament is mainly financial -- it is not the Crown -- its servants are not civil servants and its property is not Crown property" i.e. a quasi-autonomous non-government organisation - quango. PRELUDE Innovation never comes automatically. There must always be reasons for change and precOnditions before it can occur. The main reason is need. If things are fairly satisfactory few will bother to spend the time and effort seeking improvement. It needs to be remembered, however, that 'satisfactory' is a relative term. There are three _ main pre-conditions; the availability of the technical solution, the people to implement it and the money to obtain and install the hardware. The introduction of electricity into Tasmania was no exception. The seeds of the need had been sown and matured else- where; in England in the first half of the 19th century when the growth of the factory system, the development of the railways and the introduction of public health measures allowed and fostered the industrial revolution and the growth of England's cities. 1801 and 1861 the population of Great Britain rose from 10,501,000 to 23,217,000 or 121% (2) and the country itself became the most important of trading nations and the leader' in the economic development of the world. Most of these people lived in the cities by 1851. Then between 1851 and 1871 the numbers of people employed in agriculture fell by 500,000 to 1,423,854 and the numbers employed in industry rose formidably. In coal mining from 193,111 to 315,398; in iron and steel from 95,350 to 191,291; in machinery making and ship building from 80,528 to 172,948 and in cotton textiles 414,998 to 505,715. ( 3) The cities and towns grew bigger. This created three needs; a cheap convenient source of artificial light for public places, factories and dwellings; a source of distributed power for machines and a source of motive power for the transport of people that was compatible with city streets and importantly, horses. To appreciate these needs one must envisage the world of the cities of mid 19th century England. Light was by candle or whale-oil lamps. Kerosene lamps were introduced in the 1860's as was town gas. These however were not incandescent mantles but the less brilliant wick type kerosene lamps and plain 'fan-tail' flame gas lights. Transport was by foot or by horse within the cities and by coach or railway between cities. There was no real source of distributed power. Machines were powered by windmills or water-wheels, factories by steam engines with overhead belt drive to individual machines. Many small machines were human powered by treadle or later pedals. Most of these were ineffective, expensive and inconvenient. One need only think of traction-engines, extremely slow, very heavy and seldom more than a few horse-power, and of the mounds of manure, flies and early rising associated with (4) the use of horses for city transport. The technical solutions evolved over ninety years between 1800 and 1890. They took three separate but inter- connected paths; electric batteries, electric light and electric generators/dynamos/motors. In 1800 Alessandro Volta learnt that the chemical action of moisture and two different metals, such as copper and iron, produced electricity. He built the first battery, then called the voltaic pile, of stacked copper and zinc plates separated by paper or cloth moistened with a salt solution. These were the first sources of steady electric current. ( 5) The first moderately efficient battery, the Daniell cell, dates from 1836 and the first dry cell from 1866. (6) It was the development of a vital service, fast communication in the form of the electric telegraph, however, that encouraged the development of all three aspects of electricity. This was the first commercially successful use of electricity and led to the manufacture of electrical components and the first significant group of electrical technicians, telegraphists. In 1820 Hans Oersted in Denmark found that an electric current can produce a magnetic field that will turn a compass needle. (7)This led both to the electric telegraph and the electric motor and generator. In 1825 William Sturgeon invented the -3 electromagnet and in 1837 William Cooke and Charles Whealstone in England patented an electromagnetic telegraph. About the same time Samuel Morse in the U.S. also developed a practical electromagnetic telegraph and soon afterwards a relay device plus a procedure - the Morse Code, that (8) enabled messages to be sent over any desired distance. By 1851 there were fifty telegraph companies in the U.S.A. and in 1866 the first successful trans-atlantic cable was (9) laid. In 1872 Australia was linked to London and by (10) 1877 all Australian capital cities were connected. Thus from the 1850's there was a profitable industry that soon spread world-wide and demanded the development of improved electrical equipment and the training of large numbers of competent electrical technicians. In 1821 Michael Faraday built an apparatus that (11) demonstrated the principle of the electric motor and in 1835 Thomas Davenport, an American blacksmith made and patented a rudimentary but workable electric motor. The first electric motor of commercial significance was demon- strated in 1873 in Vienna by Zenobe Gramme. This incorporated a ring armature, which enormously improved the efficiency of early electric generators. He had discovered that if a large 'dynamo' (the early name for generator), were electrically connected to a smaller one and the larger one rotated, the smaller one would revolve (12) also and act as an electric motor. Conrad Cooke recognised that this made direct-current (D.C.) electricity generation practicable as it gave a uniform current and made and introduced such a generator in England, using it to power a searchlight on the clocktower of the House of (13) Commons about 1873. This contained an arc lamp as single carbon arc lamps had by then been in use for some years after having been discovered by Humphrey Davy in 1800. Arc lamps, however, had one major drawback. Only one could be struck, i.e. lit from a single source of current. This sufficed for searchlights, theatre arc lights and lighthouses but a major drawback in domestic and public lighting. In 1877, however, Jablochkoff, a Russian engineer developed a "candle of two carbons placed side by -4 side and separated by and enveloped in an isolating and fusible substance. "(14) This allowed several lights of different sizes to be lit from a single generator and indeed fifty lights were used when the shops of the Louvre in Paris were so lit. By 1879 trials of numerous generation plus (15) lighting systems were being made in London. These worked, but not very reliably and perhaps more importantly "could only compete in economy with gas, in large open spaces where a light of about 6000 candle power might be wanted.
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