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Ecog-00931.Pdf Ecography ECOG-00931 Santos, M. J., Thorne, J. H. and Moritz, C. 2014. Synchronicity in elevation range shifts among small mammal and vegetation over the last century is stronger for omnivores. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.00931 Supplementary material 1 Appendix 1. Descriptions of the species traits of the small mammal species analyzed in this study: (a) – PanTHERIA database, (b) from 2 Moritz et al. (2008), predicted effect and trait values (BMR – Basal metabolic rate, NBM – neonatal body mass, NH – non hibernator, 3 FH – facultative hibernator, OH – obligatory hibernator). 4 Table A1.1. Description of species traits used for this analysis. Trait Description Metric Prediction Genus Genera to which each species e.g. Sorex, Microtus, etc. More related species would corresponds have more similar habitat preferences Home Range (a) Individual or social group home range km2 Smaller home ranges less likely to show synchronicity, time lag effect Terrestriality (a) Indicates if an individual is cursorial or 1 – cursorial, 2 – arboreal Arboreal species more likely arboreal to show synchronicity because they can move less across preferred vegetation Annual Rhythm (b) Indicates if a species undergoes or not Non hibernator, facultative Hibernators more likely to hibernation hibernator, obligatory show synchronicity because hibernator their life-cycle is extremely linked to habitat phenology Activity Cycle (b) Indicates if the species is diurnal, Diurnal, nocturnal, both Diurnal species more likely 1 nocturnal or both to show synchronicity because they may need more cover (a) Basal Metabolic Rate Indicates the metabolic rate for the mlO2 Higher metabolic rates more species expressed as volumetric unit of likely to show synchronicity oxygen because they need more energy Adult Mass (b) Body weight G Larger species are likely more mobile thus likely showing less synchronicity Max longevity (b) Number of months an individual Months Longer lived species are survives on average likely to show less synchronicity because it may take them longer to respond to changes in preferred vegetation type Diet (b) Dietary guild of a species Omnivore, herbivore, Specialists are more likely to granivore, insectivore show synchronicity because they are more tightly dependent on fewer food resources 5 2 6 Table A1.1 (cont.). Description of species traits used for this analysis. Trait Description Metric Predictions Higher number of litters will Litters per year (b) Number of litters per year Litters lead to synchronicity Longer gestation length will Gestation length (a) Number of days for gestation Days decrease likelihood of synchronicity Higher number of newborns Litter size (b) Number of newborns per litter Individuals will increase the likelihood of synchronicity Higher neonatal body mass Neonatal body mass (a) Body weight at birth G will increase the likelihood of synchronicity Higher number of youngs per Number of surviving newborns per Youngs per year (b) Individuals year will increase the year likelihood of synchronicity 7 8 The predictions are that species that have very tight ecological requirements with their preferred habitats, will have to move along 9 with them – synchronicity. This can be achieved by either high fertility or high mobility, and lower energy requirements for survival. 10 3 11 Table A1.2. Trait values used for this analysis. S. monticolus S. ornatus S. palustris O. beecheyi C. lateralis T. quadrimaculatus T. senex C. californicus P. boylii P. truei R. megalotis Genus Sorex Sorex Sorex Otospermophilus Callospermophilus Tamias Tamias Chaetodipus Peromyscus Peromyscus Reithrodontomys Home Range (a) 0.0017 -- 0.0023 0.0003 -- 0.0056 0.0100 -- 0.0028 0.0091 0.0010 Terrestriality (a) 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- -- -- 2 Annual Rhythm (b) NH NH NH OH OH FH FH NH NH NH NH Activity Cycle (b) both both both diurnal diurnal diurnal diurnal nocturnal nocturnal nocturnal nocturnal BMR (a) -- 52.28 -- 317.78 204.67 -- -- 21.45 54.28 44.05 22.50 Adult Mass (b) 4 4 15 700 250 80 80 25 24 30 10 Max longevity (b) 6 6 6 36 36 24 24 12 12 6 6 Diet (b) insectivore insectivore insectivore omnivore omnivore granivore granivore granivore granivore omnivore omnivore Litters/year (b) 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Gestation (a) -- -- 21 28.37 28.42 31.65 -- 25.16 23.3 32.37 23.5 Litter size (b) 6 5 6 6 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 NBM (a) -- 0.5 -- 9.29 6.09 -- -- 1.5 2.19 2.31 1.36 Youngs/year (b) 9 8 12 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 8 12 13 14 15 16 17 4 18 Table A1.2 (cont.). Trait values used for this analysis. S. trowbridgii U. beldingi T. alpinus T. speciosus D. heermanni N. cinerea N. macrotis P. maniculatus M. californicus M. longicaudus M. montanus Z. princeps Genus Sorex Urocitellus Tamias Tamias Dipodomys Neotoma Neotoma Peromyscus Microtus Microtus Microtus Zapus Home Range (a) -- -- -- 0.0100 -- 0.0300 -- 0.0020 0.0001 -- 0.0001 0.0019 Terrestriality (a) 1 1 2 2 1 -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- Annual Rhythm (b) NH OH FH FH NH NH NH NH NH NH NH OH Activity Cycle (b) both diurnal both diurnal nocturnal nocturnal nocturnal nocturnal both both both nocturnal BMR (a) -- 182.00 -- -- 73.17 168.59 -- 36.46 68.20 71.82 81.62 -- Adult Mass (b) 6 300 35 50 70 450 350 18 60 65 45 30 Max longevity (b) 6 36 24 24 36 36 36 6 6 6 6 24 Diet (b) insectivore herbivore granivore granivore granivore herbivore herbivore omnivore herbivore herbivore herbivore omnivore Litters/year (b) 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 4 3 4 1 Gestation (a) -- 26.19 -- -- 30.99 29.69 -- 26.68 21.18 -- 21.13 18.11 Litter size (b) 4 6 4 4 3 4 3 4 6 4 6 4 NBM (a) -- 6.86 -- -- 3.7 14.4 -- 1.73 3.28 -- 3.89 -- Youngs/year (b) 8 6 4 4 5 8 3 12 24 12 24 4 5 19 Appendix 2. Description of species habitat suitability index values. 20 Table A2.1. California Wildlife Habitat Relationships rankings for the mammal species in the analysis. Landcover legends in Figure 21 1. Species AGR AGS ASP BAR BOW BOP CRC CPC DFR EPN FEW JPN JUN LAC LPN LSG MCH MCP Sorex monticolus 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sorex ornatus 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 Sorex palustris 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.20 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sorex trowbridgii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 Otospermophilus beecheyi 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.33 0.60 0.62 0.59 0.54 0.35 0.52 0.00 0.52 0.36 0.00 0.36 0.36 0.56 0.55 Urocitellus beldingi 0.77 0.66 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.77 0.33 0.33 Callospermophilus lateralis 0.00 0.11 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.76 0.00 0.77 0.49 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.67 0.70 Tamias alpinus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tamias quadrimaculatus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.00 Tamias senex 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.36 0.36 0.20 0.00 0.45 0.65 0.00 0.65 0.31 0.00 0.49 0.32 0.30 0.30 Tamias speciosus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.33 Chaetodipus californicus 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.85 Dipodomys heermanni 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.53 Neotoma cinerea 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.66 0.00 0.83 0.78 0.00 0.66 0.33 0.58 0.66 Neotoma macrotis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.66 0.72 0.58 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.72 Peromyscus boylii 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.63 0.51 0.56 0.62 0.76 0.00 0.71 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.97 0.72 Peromyscus maniculatus 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.61 0.86 0.66 0.64 0.84 0.00 0.88 0.43 0.90 0.90 Peromyscus truei 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.72 0.77 Reithrodontomys megalotis 0.89 0.92 0.33 0.00 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.52 0.54 0.33 0.66 0.33 0.45 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.51 0.61 Microtus californicus 0.77 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 Microtus longicaudus 0.77 1.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.33 0.66 0.68 0.50 0.00 0.69 0.33 0.33 0.33 Microtus montanus 0.66 0.50 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.33 0.43 0.48 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.33 0.33 Zapus princeps 0.00 0.33 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 22 Table A2.1 (cont.).
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