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The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information THE COLLINS CLASS SUBMARINE STORY STEEL, SPIES AND SPIN A unique and outstanding military and industrial achievement, the Collins class submarine project was also plagued with difficulties and mired in politics. Its story is one of heroes and villains, grand passions, intrigue, lies, spies and backstabbing. It is as well a story of enormous commitment and resolve to achieve what many thought impossible. The building of these submarines was Australia’s largest, most expensive and most controversial military project. From initiation in the 1981–82 budget to the delivery of the last submarine in 2003, the total cost was in excess of six billion dollars. Over 130 key players were interviewed for this book, and the Australian Defence Department allowed access to its classified archives and the Australian Navy archives. Vividly illustrated with photographs from the collections of the Royal Australian Navy and ASC Pty Ltd, The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin is a riveting and accessibly written chronicle of a grand-scale quest for excellence. Peter Yule is a Research Fellow of the History Department of the University of Melbourne. Derek Woolner is a Visiting Fellow of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information THE COLLINS CLASS SUBMARINE STORY STEEL, SPIES AND SPIN PETER YULE DEREK WOOLNER © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107627765 © Peter Yule and Derek Woolner 2008 This publication is copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2008 Reprinted 2012, 2014 Printed in Australia by Ligare A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library A Cataloguing-in-Publication entry is available from the catalogue of the National Library of Australia at www.nla.gov.au ISBN 978-1-107-62776-5 Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information CONTENTS List of key people vii List of acronyms xv Introduction xvii PART 1: YOU CAN’T BUILD SUBMARINES IN AUSTRALIA 1 1. ‘The one class of vessel that it is impossible to build in Australia’: Australia’s early submarines 3 2. Australia’s Oberon class submarines 11 3. The submarine weapons update program and the origins of the new submarine project 20 4. The new submarine project 30 5. ‘We can’t build submarines, go away’: Eglo Engineering and the submarine project 37 6. The acts of the apostles 44 7. ‘But how will you judge them?’: the tender evaluation process 1984–85 58 8. Spies, leaks and sackings: from tender evaluation to project definition study 76 9. The project definition study 1985–86 89 10. Debating the laws of physics: picking winners 1987 101 PART 2: THE HONEYMOON YEARS 1987–92 117 11. ‘Keen as mustard to do a good job’: setting to work 1987–89 119 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information vi CONTENTS 12. Designing the Collins class 130 13. Building submarines 142 14. The automated integrated vision 152 15. Steel, sonars and tiles: early technological support for the submarines 166 16. ‘On time and on budget’ 181 PART 3: ‘A STRANGE SENSE OF UNEASE’ 1993–98 191 17. End of the honeymoon 193 18. The trials of Collins 205 19. ‘They were problems we didn’t expect’ 221 20. The role of Defence Science: noise and diesels 235 21. ‘A patch on this and chewing gum on that’: the combat system 1993–97 244 PART 4: RESOLUTION 255 22. ‘Hardly a day went by without the project getting a hammering in the press’: the project in crisis 1997–98 257 23. ‘Bayoneting the wounded’: the McIntosh-Prescott report 274 24. ‘That villain Briggs’ and the submarine ‘get-well’ program 287 25. ‘Inside the American tent’: the saga of the replacement combat system 299 26. ‘We’ll do it and get rid of the buggers’: Kockums, ASC and Electric Boat 310 27. ‘We would find that challenging’: comparison and retrospect 319 Notes 330 Index 349 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information LIST OF KEY PEOPLE Note: date/s of interviews with the authors are indicated in square brackets following the names listed below. Carl Johan Åberg, Swedish Minister for Foreign Trade mid-1980s [10 November 2006] Marcos Alfonso (Commander RAN), submariner; engineer HMAS Collins [2 August 2006] Eoin Asker (Commodore RAN), submariner; fourth Project Director 1997–2000 [14 June 2006] Paul Armarego, lawyer for SMCT [16 May 2006] Jack Atkinson, General Manager Design and Engineering, ASC [31 March 2006] Tony Ayers, Secretary, Department of Defence 1988–98 John Bannon, Premier of South Australia 1982–92 [11 July 2006] Paul Barratt, Secretary, Department of Defence 1998–99 [10 April 2006] John Batten (Commander RAN), project office; developed Australian industry involvement policy and contract management system for project [2 March 2006] Kim Beazley, Minister for Defence 1984–90 [28 February 2006] Allan Behm, Defence policy analyst [20 April 2006] Bo Benell, General Counsel, Kockums [21 November 2006] Fred Bennett, Chief of Capital Procurement, Department of Defence 1984–88 [8 March 2007] Jim Berger, executive, CBI and ASC Doug Bews, Production Manager, ASC Kurt Blixt (Major General, Swedish army), Assistant Under-Secretary for Procurement, Swedish Ministry for Defence [14 November 2006] vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-62776-5 - The Collins Class Submarine Story: Steel, Spies and Spin Peter Yule and Derek Woolner Frontmatter More information viii LIST OF KEY PEOPLE Richard Brabin-Smith, Chief Defence Scientist [16 February 2006] Peter Briggs (Rear Admiral RAN), submariner; submarine policy maker; head of SMCT [7 March 2006; 18 July 2006] Par˚ Bunke, executive, Kockums; Deputy Managing Director, ASC 1990–93 [18 November 2006] John Butler (Rear Admiral USN), led American assistance to the project [1 February 2006] John Button, Minister for Industry 1983–93 [25 October 2005] Doug Callow, Senior Engineer, ASC [31 March 2006] Rick Canham (Captain RAN), submariner; led project team in Sweden Roine Carlsson, Swedish Minister for Defence mid-1980s [14 November 2006] Laurie Carmichael, Australian Metal Workers Union, ACTU Tony Carter (Captain RAN), Project Support Manager Don Chalmers (Vice Admiral RAN), Chief of Navy 1997–99 [17 May 2006] Graeme Ching, executive, CBI and ASC Goran¨ Christensson, engineer, Kockums and ASC Bob Clark, Operational Software Manager, SWSC, project and DMO [6 October 2006] Peter Clarke (Rear Admiral RAN), ex-RN submariner; Project Manager [18 May 2006] Peter Climas, technical officer, DSTO Janice Cocking, scientist, DSTO Colin Cooper, ex-RN submariner; engineer; Combat System Project Manager [18 April 2007] Orm Cooper (Captain RAN), director of major procurement projects in the early 1980s [30 March 2006] Tim Cox (Commodore RAN), Director General
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