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DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.210519

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A new species of Pteronisculus from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Luoping, Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic relationships of early actinopterygian fishes

Table of Contents

1. Occurrences of Pteronisculus 2. Comparisons of pterygial formula 3. Taxa and principal sources of data Advanced4. Supplementary figure online publication 5. Character list 6. References to supplementary information

1 1. Occurrences of Pteronisculus White, 1933, according to the published literature Species Occurrence Age References Pteronisculus cicatrosus Northwest Early Triassic White (1933), Lehman Madagascar (1952), Uyeno (1978) P. macropterus Northwest Early Triassic White (1933), Lehman Madagascar (1952) P. arambourgi Northwest Early Triassic Lehman (1952) Madagascar P. broughi Northwest Early Triassic Lehman (1952) Madagascar P. gyrolepidoides Spitsbergen Early Triassic Stensiö (1921), Véran (Svalbard) (1988) P. arcticus Greenland Early Triassic Stensiö (1932), Nielsen (1936, 1942) AdvancedP. stensioi Greenlandonline Early Triassicpublication Nielsen (1942) P. gunnari Greenland Early Triassic Nielsen (1942) P. magnus Greenland Early Triassic Nielsen (1942) P. aldingeri Greenland Early Triassic Nielsen (1942) P. nevadanus Nevada (USA) Early Triassic Romano et al. (2019) P. nielseni Yunnan (China) Middle Triassic Xu et al. (2014) P. changae Yunnan (China) Middle Triassic This study

2. Comparisons of pterygial formula in selected species of Pteronisculus Species D P A T P. arctica 33–35 14 30 55–59 P. stensioi 41–43 20 35 63 P. aldingeri ~40 16–18 37 ~65 P. nielseni 36–38 14 29–30 60–61 P. changae 53 15 44 83

3. Taxa and principal sources of data Taxon Source Guiyu oneiros (out group) Zhu et al., 2009; Qiao and Zhu, 2010 Acipenser brevirostrum Nieuwenhuys, 1982; Hilton et al., 2011 Aesopichthys erinaceus Poplin and Lund, 2000 Amia calva Grande and Bemis, 1998; Sallan, 2014 Asialepidotus shingyiensis Su, 1959; Xu and Ma, 2017 Amphicentrum granulosum Traquair, 1875; Bradley-Dyne, 1939 Atractosteus spatula Grande, 2010 Australosomus kochi Nielsen, 1949 Beagiascus pulcherrimus Mickle et al., 2009 Beishanichthys brevicaudalis Xu and Gao, 2011 Birgeria groenlandica Nielsen, 1949 AdvancedBirgeria stensioi onlineAldinger, 1931; Romano publication and Brinkmann, 2009 Bobasatrania groenlandica Stensiö, 1932 Boreosomus piveteaui Nielsen, 1942 Caturus furcatus Patterson, 1975; Lambers, 1994; Grande and Bemis, 1998 Cheirolepis canadensis Arratia and Cloutier, 1996; Arratia, 2009 Cheirolepis schultzei Cloutier and Arratia, 2004 Cheirolepis trailli Pearson and Westoll, 1979; Giles et al., 2015a

Chondrosteus acipenseroides Hilton and Forey 2011; Hilton et al., 2011 Cosmoptychius striatus Schaeffer, 1971; Coates, 1999 Cyranorhis bergeraci Lund et al., 1997 Discoserra pectinodon Lund, 2000; Hurley et al., 2007 Donnrosenia schaefferi Long et al., 2008 Dorsetichthys bechei Patterson, 1968, 1973, 1975; Grande and Bemis, 1998 Ebenaqua ritchei Campbell and Le Duy Phuoc, 1983 Elops hawaiensis Forey, 1973 Erpetoichthys calabaricus Claeson et al., 2007; Claeson and Hagadorn, 2008 Evenkia eunoptera Berg, 1942; Selezneva, 1985; Sytchevskaya, 1999 Fouldenia ischiptera Sallan and Coates, 2013 Fukangichthys longidorsalis Xu et al., 2014a Howqualepis rostridens Long, 1988; Choo, 2009 Ionoscopus cyprinoides Grande and Bemis, 1998; Maisey, 1999 Kalops monophyrum Poplin and Lund, 2000 Kentuckia deani Rayner, 1951; Giles and Friedman, 2014 Balfour and Parker, 1882; Rayner, 1937; Mathiesen and Lepisosteus osseus Popper, 1987; Grande, 2010 Louwoichthys pusillus Xu, 2020 Luganoia lepidosteoides Bürgin, 1992 Jain and Robinson, 1963; Wenz, 1967; Patterson, 1975; Macrosemimimus lennieri Schröder et al., 2012 3

Macrosemius rostratus Bartram, 1977 Melanecta anneae Coates, 1998 Mesopoma planti Coates, 1999 Mimipiscis bartrami Gardiner, 1984; Choo, 2011 Mimipiscis toombsi Gardiner, 1984; Choo, 2011; Giles and Friedman, 2014 Moythomasia lineata Jessen, 1968; Choo 2015 Moythomasia nitida Jessen, 1968; Choo 2015 Moythomasia durgaringa Gardiner, 1984; Long and Trinajstic, 2010; Choo 2015 Obaichthys decoratus Grande, 2010 Ophiopsiella attenuata Wagner, 1863; Bartram, 1975; Lane and Ebert, 2015 Osorioichthys marginis Taverne, 1997 Polyodon spathula Walbaum, 1792; Grande and Bemis, 1991 Allis, 1922; Jollie, 1984; Bjerring, 1991; Bartsch and Polypterus bichir Advanced onlineGemballa, 1992; Ba publicationrtsch et al., 1997; Grande, 2010 Propterus elongatus Bartram, 1977 Pteronisculus changae sp. nov. This study Pteronisculus cicatrosus Lehman, 1952 Pteronisculus magnus Nielsen, 1942 Pteronisculus nielseni Xu et al., 2014b Pteronisculus stensioi Nielsen 1942; Coates, 1998 Raynerius splendens Giles et al., 2015b Saurichthys madagascariensis Kogan et al., 2016 Saurichthys ornatus Stensiö, 1925; Mutter et al., 2008 Saurichthys sp. Stensiö, 1925; Minikh, 1981 Semionotus elegans Olsen and McCune, 1991 Styracopterus fulcratus Sallan and Coates, 2013 Teffichthys madagascariensis Piveteau, 1934; Marramà et al., 2017 Venusichthys comptus Xu and Zhao, 2016 Watsonulus eugnathoides Olsen, 1984; Grande and Bemis, 1998 Woodichthys bearsdeni Coates, 1998 Yelangichthys macrocephalus Wu et al., 2013

4. Supplementary figure

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Fig. 1S Strict consensus of 12 most parsimonious trees with character states supporting the nodes and terminal taxa

5. Character list Characters 1–275 are taken from Argyriou et al. (2018), which in turn is modified from Giles et al. (2017; see for character notes and provenance). Changes in coding and the source of additional characters (Chas. 276–282) are noted in the description. The states of 18 characters (Chas. 1, 2, 28, 37, 94, 99, 127, 128, 135, 140, 147, 150, 176, 208, 230, 234, 238, and 250) are constant throughout the selected taxa and are not included when performing this phylogenetic analysis. Ordered multistate characters (91, 93, 155, 177, 251 and 260) are indicated with an asterisk (*). General 1. Large dermal plates (Forey, 1980; Gardiner, 1984; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Friedman and Brazeau; 2010; Davis et al., 2012; Brazeau and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Advanced2. Sensory lines online publication (Brazeau, 2009; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 preserved as open grooves 1 pass through canals Dermal skull 3. Premaxilla as distinct ossification (Hurley et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Typically, the premaxilla is a short, paired or median bone that contributes to the orbital margin anterior to the maxilla. The coding for Australosomus kochi is revised to ‘?’) 0 present 1 absent 4. Premaxillae, contact at midline (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Taverne, 1997; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Zhu et al., 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 5. Premaxilla fused at midline (Xu et al., 2012, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Coded as inapplicable in taxa lacking any ossification in the position typically occupied by the premaxilla (e.g. Acipenser and Cyranorhis) and where the premaxilla appears fused with the rostral (e.g. Bobasatrania, Styracopterus and Luganoia)) 0 absent 1 present 6. Premaxilla (Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Coded as inapplicable in taxa lacking any ossification in the position typically occupied by the premaxilla (e.g. Acipenser and Cyranorhis) and in taxa where the premaxillae do not contact at the midline. The coding for Watsonulus eugnathoides is revised to ‘1’)

0 reaches or extends past anterior margin of orbit 1 confined to region anterior to orbit 7. Premaxilla contributes to orbital margin (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Pteronisculus stensioi is revised to ‘?’) 0 absent 1 present 8. Teeth on premaxillae (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004, Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Pteronisculus stensioi is revised to ‘?’) 0 present 1 absent Advanced9. Mobile premaxilla online publication (Arratia, 1999; Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Hurley et al., 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 10. Olfactory nerve pierces premaxilla (Grande, 2010; Xu et al., 2015; Xu and Shen, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Watsonulus eugnathoides and Macrosemius rostratus are revised to ‘0’) 0 absent 1 present 11. Nasal process of premaxilla (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Gardiner et al., 1996, 2005; Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Hurley et al., 2007; Grande, 2010; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Shen, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 short 2 long, reaches skull roof 12. Infraorbital sensory canal on premaxilla (Modified from Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Amia is revised to ‘1’) 0 present 1 absent 13. Postrostrals (element[s] immediately anterior to frontals but not in contact with premaxillae) (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Taverne, 1997; Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent

14. Number of median dermal bone in the snout region (Modified from Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 two or more 1 single or lost 15. Median rostal (Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Amia is revised to ‘1’) 0 plate-like 1 tube-like or V-shaped 16. Pores for rostral organ (Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Advanced17. Nasal bone as single consolidated online ossification (i.e. bone(s) publication carrying supraorbital canal between premaxilla and anterior margin of frontals) (Taverne, 1997; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 18. Contact of nasals on midline (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Watsonulus eugnathoides is revised to ‘1’, and that for Boreosomus piveteaui is revised to ‘0’) 0 separated by dermal bones 1 contacting or separated by gap unfilled by bone 19. Nasal contributes to orbital margin (Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 20. Both nostrils accommodated within single ossification (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 21. Mesial margin of (anterior) nasal (Lund et al., 1995; Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Ahlberg et al., 2000; Lund, 2000; Poplin and Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Daeschler et al., 2006; Long et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2006, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 not notched 1 notched 22. Posterior nostril in complete communication with orbital fenestra (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Venusichthys is revised to ‘1’)

0 absent 1 present 23. Posterior nostril – contribution to margin by premaxillae (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 24. Anterior junction between supraorbital and infraorbital canal (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 between external nares 2 anterior to external nares 25. Tectals (sensu Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996, not counting the posterior tectal of Jarvik) (Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and AdvancedSchultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001 online, 2006, 2009, 2013; Lund publicationand Poplin, 2002; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Swartz, 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 26. Dermal intracranial joint (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Daeschler et al., 2006; Long et al., 2006; Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Choo, 2011; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 27. Pineal foramen (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Taverne, 1997; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Brazeau, 2009; Swartz, 2009; Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 28. Pineal eminence (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Can only be coded in taxa that lack a pineal foramen) 0 absent 1 present 29. Shape of parietals (sarcopterygian postparietals) (Dietze, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Amia is revised to ‘0’) 0 rectangular, with long axis parallel to midline 1 quadrate

30. Relative lengths of frontals and parietals (sarcopterygian parietals and postparietals) (Lund et al., 1995; Taverne, 1997; Dietze, 2000; Lund, 2000; Poplin and Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Zhu et al., 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 frontal shorter than parietal 1 frontal approximately equal to parietal 2 frontal longer than parietal 31. Frontals broad posteriorly and tapering anteriorly (Arratia 1999; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 32. Anterior pit line (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Watsonulus Advancedand Caturus are revised to ‘1’) online publication 0 absent 1 present 33. Otic canal extends through parietals (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 34. Posterior junction between supraorbital and infraorbital canals (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The supraorbital canal may terminate in the frontal/parietal, or it may become confluent with the infraorbital canal. The exact position of this junction is highly variable, and typically occurs in the region of the frontal, dermosphenotic, dermopterotic) 0 absent 1 present 35. Anterior branch of infraorbital sensory canal (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 36. Tabular (Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Caturus, Discoserra and Luganoia are revised to ‘1’) 0 present 1 absent 37. Tabular pit line (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 38. Number of bones carrying otic portion of lateral line canal between dermosphenotic and posterior edge of skull roof

(Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Hurley et al., 2007; Choo, 2011; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Pteronisculus stensioi and Boreosomus are revised to ‘0’) 0 at least two (i.e. intertemporal and supratemporal) 1 one (i.e. dermopterotic) 39. Intertemporal – relative length (Taverne, 1997; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Coded as inapplicable in taxa with a dermopterotic. The coding for Pteronisculus stensioi is revised to ‘0’, and that for Boreosomus is revised to ‘1’) 0 shorter than supratemporal 1 of similar length to supratemporal 2 longer than supratemporal 40. Intertemporal – contact with supratemporal anterior to that between frontal and parietal (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. AdvancedCoded as inapplicable in taxa withonline a dermopterotic. The codingpublications for Boreosomus piveteaui and Pteronisculus stensioi are revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 41. Intertemporal contacts nasal (Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Coded as inapplicable in taxa with a dermopterotic. The codings for Pteronisculus stensioi and Boreosomus piveteaui are revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 42. Supratemporal – narrow anterolateral flange forming ventral margin of spiracular opening (Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Coded as inapplicable in taxa with a dermopterotic) 0 absent 1 present 43. Parietal fused to dermopterotic (Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Coded as inapplicable in taxa with a separate intertemporal and supertemporal, and in taxa lacking these bones entirely) 0 absent 1 present 44. Bone carrying otic portion of lateral line canal extends past posterior margin of parietals (Lu et al., 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 45. Number of paired extrascapulars (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Coates, 1998; Lund, 2000; Poplin and Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Zhu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et

al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 one pair 1 two pairs 2 three or more pairs 46. Extrascapular reaches lateral edge of skull roof (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 47. Single median extrascapular (Dietze, 2000; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Zhu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Boreosomus piveteaui, Macrosemimimus lennieri and Watsonulus eugnathoides are revised to ‘1’) 0 present Advanced1 absent online publication 48. Extrascapulae contact each other at midline (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. It is inapplicable for taxa that possess a median extrascapular, as it is logically impossible for the lateral extrascapulae to meet in the midline. The coding for Macrosemimimus lennieri is revised to ‘0’) 0 absent 1 present 49. Medially-directed branch of sensory canal in extrascapulae (Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 50. Extratemporal (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Daeschler et al., 2006; Long et al., 2006; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 51. Antorbital bone (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Lund et al., 2000; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Hurley et al., 2007; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 52. Tube-like canal bearing anterior arm of antorbital (Grande, 2010; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Shen, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 53. Infraorbitals (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Gardiner et al., 2005; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a;

Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 one 1 two 2 more than two 54. Anterior expansion of lacrimal (Taverne, 1997; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 55. Notch in anterior margin of jugal (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Advanced56. Suborbitals (non-canal bearing online ossifications separating publicationjugal and maxilla) (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Personal examination indicates that a single suborbital is present in Australosomus kochi, and thus the coding for this taxon is revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 one 2 two 3 three or more 57. Multiple rami of infraorbital canal in jugal (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 58. Dermosphenotic with distinct posterior ramus (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1998; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Zhu et al., 2006, 2009; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2015; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 59. Dermosphenotic – contact with frontals blocked by intertemporal or dermopterotic (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Caturus and Luganoia are revised to ‘0’, and that of Pteronisculus stensioi is revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 60. Supraorbital (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent

1 one or two 2 three or more 61. Anterior-most infraorbital anterior to orbit (i.e. does not contribute to orbital margin) (Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Macrosemius and Propterus are revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 62. Three or more lachrymals (Grande, 2010; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 63. Circumorbital ring (Wiley, 1976; Lopez-Arbarello, 2010; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) Advanced0 supraorbitals do not contact infraorbitals online at the anterior rim publication of the orbit 1 supraorbitals contact infraorbitals, closing the orbit 64. Jugal canal (Patterson, 1982; Lauder and Liem, 1983; Gardiner, 1984; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Brazeau, 2009; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Choo, 2011; Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 65. Dermohyal (Patterson, 1982; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Coates, 1998; Dietze, 2000; Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Gardiner et al., 2005; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 66. Head of dermohyal projects above dorsal margin of operculum (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Aesopichthys erinaceus is revised to ‘0’) 0 absent 1 present 67. Relationships of dermohyal with hyomandibular (Coates, 1999; Gardiner et al., 2005; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 fused to hyomandibular 1 separate from hyomandibular 68. Complete enclosure of spiracle by bones bearing otic and infraorbital canals (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent

1 present Jaws and palate 69. Maxilla (Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Pteronisculus stensioi is revised from ‘?’ to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 70. Expanded dorsal lamina of maxilla (Lund et al., 1995; Lund, 2000; Poplin and Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Aesopichthys erinaceus is revised to ‘1’) 0 absent Advanced1 present online publication 71. Contribution by maxilla to posterior margin of cheek (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Australosomus kochi and Aesopichthys erinaceus are revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 72. Sensory canal/pit line associated with maxilla (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 73. Teeth on maxilla (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 74. Mobile maxilla in cheek (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Gardiner et al., 1996, 2005; Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Semionotus elegans is revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 75. Peg-like anterior process of maxilla (Grande, 2010; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 76. Posterior maxillary notch (Grande and Bemis, 1998; Xu and Wu, 2012; Arratia, 2013; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent

1 present 77. Supramaxilla (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Gardiner et al., 1996, 2005; Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Shen, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 one 2 two 78. Course of mandibular canal (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Boreosomus piveteaui is revised to ‘1’) 0 traces ventral margin of jaw along entire length 1 arches dorsally in anterior half of jaw 79. Mandibular canal reaches anterior margin of mandible Advanced(Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson online et al., 2018; Argyriou et al.,publication 2018) 0 present 1 absent 80. Mandibular canal (Patterson, 1982; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Coates, 1998; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Caturus furcatus is revised to ‘1’) 0 primarily carried by infradentaries 1 primarily carried by dentary 81. Relative length of dentary (Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu et al., 2001, 2009; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 long (constitutes most of the length of the lower jaw) 1 short (constitutes less than half of jaw length) 82. Teeth on dentary (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004, Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 83. Dentary with conspicuously reflexed distal tip (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 84. Enlarged series of parasymphysial teeth on dentary (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present

85. Facet for parasymphysial tooth-whorl on anterior dentary (Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 86. Teeth of outer dental arcade (Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 several rows of disorganized teeth 1 two rows, with large teeth lingually and small teeth labially 2 single row of teeth 87. Jaw margins overlain by lateral lamina (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. In Styracopterus, Fouldenia and Amphicentrum, a lateral lamina of bone obscures the maxillary dentition (Sallan and Coates, 2013)) 0 absent 1 present Advanced88. Acrodin caps on teeth online publication (Patterson, 1982; Gardiner, 1984; Maisey, 1986; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Poplin and Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Gardiner et al., 2005; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 89. Plicidentine (Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman 2007; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 90. Ossification of mentomeckelian region (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Grande, 2010; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Amia is revised to ‘0’. The codings for Macrosemius rostratus and Semionotus elegans are revised to 1) 0 present 1 absent 91. Number of infradentaries* (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 more than two 1 two (angular and surangular) 2 one (angular only) 92. Coronoids (sensu stricto, excluding parasymphysial tooth whorl or anterior coronoid) (Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present

1 absent 93. Number of coronoids* (Ahlberg and Clack, 1998; Daeschler et al., 2006; Long et al., 2006; Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 five 1 four or more 2 three 3 two 4 one 94. Posterior coronoid (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Daeschler et al., 2006; Long et al., 2006; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 morphologically similar to anterior coronoids 1 expanded Advanced95. Coronoid process of lower jawonline publication (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Venusichthys is revised to 1) 0 absent 1 present 96. Coronoid process contributed to by (Modified from Gardiner et al., 2005; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 prearticular only 1 surangular only 2 dentary plus postdentary bones 3 angular only 97. Leptolepid notch (Arratia, 2013; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 98. Symplectic involvement in jaw joint (Grande and Bemis, 1998; Grande, 2010; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 99. Retroarticular process (Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 100. Palatal bite (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 101. Palatal articulation with basipterygoid process

(Modified from Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character is expanded from previous formulations, which only considered whether a basipterygoid fenestra was absent or present. Where a basipterygoid process is absent, the dorsal margin of the palate may be flat, or the metapterygoid may bear a distinct notch) 0 articulation not obvious 1 via basipterygoid fenestra 2 via metapterygoid process/notch 102. Palatoquadrate ossifications (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 comineralized 1 separate ossification centers 103. Lateral process of ectopterygoid (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) Advanced0 absent online publication 1 present 104. Palatoquadrate symphysis (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character captures whether the palatoquadrates contact at the midline) 0 absent 1 present 105. Dorsal margin of palate (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 high posterior extension 1 flat dorsal margin 106. Metapterygoid posterior to quadrate (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Boreosomus piveteaui is revised from ‘1’ to ‘0’) 0 absent 1 present 107. Number of dermopalatines (Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 multiple 1 single 108. Prearticular (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Boreosomus piveteaui is revised from 1 to ?) 0 present 1 absent 109. Vomers (Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Wu, 2012; Arratia, 2013; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 paired 1 single

110. Vomer sutured to parasphenoid (Hurley et al., 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Operculogular system 111. Accessory operculum (Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 112. Operculum (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Advanced113. Operculum – relative size online publication (Modified from Lund et al., 1995; Lund, 2000; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The codings for Aesopichthys erinaceus, Beagiascus pulcherrimus and Pteronisculus stensioi are revised to ‘0’) 0 at least twice as high as suboperculum 1 subequal 2 smaller than suboperculum 114. Subopercle (Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 115. Anterodorsal process of suboperculum (Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 116. Anteroventral process of suboperculum (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 117. Number of cheek bones bearing pre-opercular canal posterior to jugal (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 one 1 multiple 2 series of small ossicles 118. Preoperculum orientation (Modified from Gardiner et al., 2005; Swartz, 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Australosomus kochi is revised to ‘0’)

0 prounounced dorsal limb 1 vertical 2 pronounced ventral limb 119. Junction between preopercular and more anterior cheek bones (Modified from Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 infraorbitals (including jugal) or suborbitals suture with or abut preopercular 1 infraorbitals (including jugals) and suborbitals broadly overlap preopercular 120. Posterior border of preopeculum notched ventrally (Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 121. Interopercle (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Olsen and McCune, 1991; Gardiner et al., 1996, 2005; Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Hurley et al., 2007; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; AdvancedXu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017;online Wilson et al., 2018; Argyrioupublication et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 122. Branchiostegal rays – dorsal-most in series (Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 of similar depth to adjacent branchiostegal ray 1 deeper than adjacent branchiostegal ray 123. Lateral gulars (Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 124. Length of lateral gular (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Taverne, 1997; Lund and Poplin, 1997; Coates, 1999; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Brazeau, 2009; Xu and Gao, 2011; Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 extending most of the length of the lower jaw 1 restricted to the anterior third of the lower jaw (no longer than the width of three branchiostegals) 125. Median gular (Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Coates, 1999; Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 126. Relative length of median gular (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 much shorter than jaw length

1 more than half of law length Braincase 127. Fenestra ventrolateralis (Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 128. Palatal opening surrounded by premaxilla, maxilla, dermopalatine and vomer (choana) (Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Character can only be coded in taxa which possess all of these bones) 0 absent 1 present 129. Internasal cavity (Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Daeschler et al., 2006; AdvancedLong et al., 2006; Friedman, 2007; online Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Gilespublication et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 130. Interorbital septum (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Brazeau, 2009; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 broad 1 narrow 131. Optic foramen (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 dorsally positioned 1 ventrally positioned (i.e. abuts parasphenoid) 132. Pronounced median anterior crista on dorsal surface of braincase (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 133. Expanded anterior dorsal fontanelle (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 134. Endoskeletal intracranial joint (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Zhu et al., 2001, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Daeschler et al., 2006; Long et al., 2006; Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Davis et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 135. Eye stalk or unfinished area for similar structure (Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007;

Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 136. Roof of posterior myodome perforated by palatine branch of facial nerve (VII) (Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 137. Foramen for abducens nerve (VI) dorsally positioned (level with optic foramen (II)) (Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 138. Anterodorsal myodome (Coates, 1999; Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) Advanced0 paired online publication 1 single 2 absent 139. Posterior myodome (Modified from Coates, 1999; Xu et al., 2014a. Wiley, 1976; Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 paired 2 median 140. Basicranial fenestra (Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu et al., 2001, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 141. Spiracle (Modified from Patterson, 1982; Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Gardiner et al., 2005; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. Taxa that lack a groove on the lateral commissure are coded as inapplicable for this character) 0 open 1 partial closure or spiracular bar 2 complete enclosure in canal 142. Basipterygoid process (Gardiner et al., 2005; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 143. Basipterygoid process with vertically oriented component (Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and

Yu, 2002; Zhu and Ahlberg, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 144. Dermal component to basipterygoid process (Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 145. Hyoid facet (Gardiner et al., 1996, 2005; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2015) 0 directed posteroventrally 1 horizontal 146. Fossa bridgei Advanced(Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 147. Posttemporal fossae (Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent online 1 present 148. Vestibular fontanelle (Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Davis et al., 2012; Brazeau and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017;publication Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 149. Ventral cranial fissure and vestibular fontanelle (Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 separated by bridge of bone 1 confluent 150. Accessory fenestration in otic capsule (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 151. Otoccipital fissure (Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b) 0 absent 1 present 152. Median projection overhanging posterior part of posterior dorsal fontanelle (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present

153. Median projection overhanging anterior part of posterior dorsal fontanelle (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 154. Craniospinal process (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 155. Dorsal aorta* (Coates and Sequeira, 1998, 2001a, b; Coates, 1999; Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 open in groove 1 canal notched posteriorly 2 completely enclosed in canal Advanced156. Dorsal aorta pierced by canal/s for exit of the second epibranchial arteries (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 157. Dorsal aorta pierced by canal/s for exit of the first epibranchial arteries (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent online 1 present 158. Bifurcation of dorsal aorta (Coates and Sequeira, 1998, 2001a, b; Coates, 1999; Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilsonpublication et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 posterior to occiput 1 anterior to occiput 159. Bifurcation of dorsal aorta into lateral dorsal aortae (Coates, 1999; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character is coded as inapplicable in taxa that lack a canal for the dorsal aorta) 0 open 1 enclosed in canal 2 below parasphenoid 160. Parasphenoid with multifid anterior margin (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 161. Braincase ossifications differentiated (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 162. Basisphenoid (Wiley, 1976; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018)

0 present 1 absent or very reduced 163. Opisthotic-pterotic relationship (Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 opisthotic larger than pterotic 1 opisthotic and pterotic equal in size 164. Epioccipital (Hurley et al., 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 present 1 absent 165. Forward extension of the exoccipital around the vagus nerve (Olsen and McCune, 1991; Gardiner et al., 1996; Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Hurley et al., 2007; AdvancedLopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 absent 1 present 166. Sphenotic with small dermal component (Grande, 2010; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Arratia, 2013; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017;online Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 absent 1 present 167. Pterotic publication (Gardiner et al., 1996; Grande and Bemis, 1998; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Shen, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 present 1 absent 168. Opisthotic bone (Wiley, 1976; Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Hurley et al., 2007; Grande 2010; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 present 1 absent 169. Intercalar (Olsen, 1994; Gardiner et al., 1996; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Shen, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 present 1 absent 170. Occipital region ossification pattern (Argyriou et al., 2018. This character applies only to taxa with separate braincase ossifications)

0 basioccipital and exoccipitals as separate ossifications 1 comineralized 171. Supraoccipital bone (Grande, 2010; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 absent 1 present 172. Membranous outgrowth of intercalar (Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. This character can only be coded when separate braincase ossifications can be identified) 0 absent 1 present 173. Post-temporal fossa Advanced(Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 174. Sub-temporal fossa (Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer,online 1989; Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present publication 175. Dilatator fossa (Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1999; Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 176. Parasphenoid (Gardiner, 1984; Brazeau, 2009; Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 177. Parasphenoid* (Coates, 1999; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Gardiner et al., 2005; Friedman, 2007, Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 terminates at/anterior to ventral otic fissure 1 extends across ventral otic fissure 2 extends to basioccipital 3 extends past the occipital region, below the first 1–3 vertebrae 178. Ascending process of the parasphenoid

(Patterson, 1982; Coates, 1999; Dietze, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Gardiner et al., 2005; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Zhu et al., 2006, 2009, 2013; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2015b; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 179. Buccohypophyseal canal pierces parasphenoid (Giles et al., 2015b; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 180. Parasphenoid teeth (Arratia, 2013; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 small 1 large 2 absent Advanced181. Parasphenoid pierced by ascending common carotids (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 182. Parasphenoid pierced by internal carotid artery (Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., online2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 183. Parasphenoid pierced by efferent pseudobranchial artery (Gardiner et al., 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Wu, 2012;publication Xu et al., 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 184. Aortic notch in parasphenoid (Modified from Gardiner et al., 2005; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) Grande and Bemis (1998: fig. 404C) well illustrated an aortic notch in the parasphenoid of Caturus furcatus. As such, the coding for this taxon is revised to ‘1’) 0 absent 1 present 185. Parabasal canal (Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent Endocast 186. Anterolaterally divergent olfactory tracts (Coates, 1999; Giles and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present

187. Elongate olfactory tract(s) (Brazeau, 2009; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Brazeau and Friedman, 2014; Giles and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 188. Olfactory nerves carried in a single tract (Coates, 1999; Giles and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 189. Arrangement of olfactory nerve in orbital region (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 completely enclosed in endoskeletal olfactory canal Advanced1 traversing the orbit lateral to the interorbital septum, at times leaving a groove on the latter 190. Hypophyseal chamber (Coates, 1999; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 projects posteroventrally 1 projects ventrally or anteroventrally 191. Optic lobes online (Giles and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 narrower than cerebellum 1 same width or wider than cerebellum 192. Optic lobes publication (Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 smaller than telencephalon 1 larger than telencephalon 193. Optic tectum divided into bilateral halves (Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 194. Cerebellar corpus (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 195. Cerebellar corpus (Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 divided bilaterally 1 undivided 196. Position of cerebellar corpus (Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson

et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 enters fourth ventricle 1 arches above fourth ventricle 197. Cerebellar corpus with median anteriorly projecting portion (Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 198. Horizontal semicircular canal (Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 joins vestibular region dorsal to ampulla for the posterior semicircular canal 1 joins vestibular region level with ampulla for the posterior semicircular canal 199. Posterior semicircular canal Advanced(Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 enters cranial cavity separately 1 enters cranial cavity via horizontal canal 200. Junction between ampulla of posterior semicircular canal and cranial cavity (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 separated by short length of canal 1 confluent online 201. Crus commune of anterior and posterior semicircular canal (Giles and Friedman, 2014; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 dorsal to endocranial roof 1 ventral to endocranial roof publication 202. Lateral cranial canal (Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1999; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Gardiner et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2006, 2009, 2013; Giles and Friedman, 2014; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 203. Lateral cranial canal connects to cranial cavity anteriorly (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 204. Lateral cranial canal connects to lateral wall of braincase (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 205. Intramural diverticula opening in fossa bridgei (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Scales and histology

206. Enameloid on dermal bones and scales (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 207. Extensive pore-canal network (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 208. Enamel (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 single-layered 1 multi-layered 209. Enamel layers (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) Advanced0 applied directly to one another 1 separated by layers of dentine 210. Scales on body (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 211. Scales online (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Zhu et al., 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 micromeric 1 macromeric publication 212. Trunk squamation (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 complete coverage or more than six horizontal rows of scales 1 reduced coverage (six to two scale rows) 2 trunk mostly naked 213. Scales with peg and socket articulation (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 214. Peg on rhomboid scale (Patterson, 1982; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Dietze, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 narrow 1 broad 215. Anterodorsal process on scale (Patterson, 1982; Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia,

2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 216. Scales with well-developed pores on surface (Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 217. Small scales below dorsal fin (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 218. Fringing fulcra Advanced(Patterson, 1982; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1999; Dietze, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Watsonulus is revised from ‘?’ to ‘1’, and that for Australosomus kochi is revised from ‘1’ to ‘0’) 0 absent 1 present online Hyoid arch 219. Double headed hyomandibular (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Friedmanpublication and Brazeau, 2010; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 220. Perforate hyomandibula (Friedman, 2007; Zhu et al., 2009, 2013; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Xu and Gao, 2011; Brazeau and Friedman, 2014; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 221. Opercular process (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Kalops monophyrum is revised from ‘0’ to ‘?’) 0 absent 1 present 222. Ceratohyal (Gardiner et al., 2005; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 single ossification 1 two ossifications

223. Anterior ossification of ceratohyal (Modified from Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 no medial constriction 1 medial constriction (hourglass-shaped) 224. Anterior ceratohyal (Coates, 1999; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 no groove 1 groove for afferent hyoidean artery 225. Interhyal (Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 226. Symplectic Advanced(Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 227. Symplectic shape (Modified from Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018; Xu, 2019. The coding for Watsonulus is revised to ‘1’) online 0 tube/splint like 1 hourglass-shaped or hatchet-shaped 2 L-shaped 228. Position of symplectic publication (Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 posterior to the posterior margin of quadrate 1 medial to the posterior margin of quadrate 229. Basihyal (Davis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Gill skeleton 230. Gill arches (Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 largely restricted to area under braincase 1 extend far posterior to braincase 231. Number of ceratobranchials (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 five 1 four 232. Number of hypobranchials (Grande, 2010; Xu and Wu, 2012; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017;

Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 three 1 four 233. Uncinate processes on epibranchials (Coates, 1999; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. An uncinate process is a dorsally-directed extension on the epibranchial that articulates with the pharyngobranchial skeleton) 0 absent 1 present 234. Endoskeletal urohyal (Friedman, 2007; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present Advanced235. Urohyal formed as a tendon bone of the sternohyoideus muscle (Arratia, 2013; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 236. Presupracleithrum (Patterson, 1982; Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhuonline and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Lund and Poplin, 2002; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Gardiner et al., 2005; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent publication 1 present Dermal shoulder girdle 237. Number of presupracleithrum (Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Beagiascus pulcherrimus is revised to ‘0’) 0 single 1 multiple 238. Dorsal margin of cleithrum (Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 pointed 1 broad and rounded 239. Medial wing on cleithrum (Cavin and Suteethorn, 2006; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 240. Anocleithrum (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Lund et al., 1995; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Dietze, 2000; Poplin

and Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 bone developed as postcleithrum 1 bone developed as anocleithrum sensu stricto 2 bone absent 241. Clavicle (Coates, 1999; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present as a broad plate 1 much reduced or absent 242. Serrated organ (Arratia, 2013; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent Advanced1 present 243. Interclavicle (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent Paired fins online 244. Triradiate scapulocoracoid (Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Xu and Gao, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent publication 1 present 245. Perforate propterygium (Patterson, 1982; Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Rosen, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Brazeau, 2009; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Xu and Gao, 2011; Davis et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 246. Anterior rays embrace propterygium (Patterson, 1982; Gardiner, 1984; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 2 fused 247. Propterygium fused to first ray (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent

1 present 248. Pectoral fin endoskeleton (Taverne, 1997; Coates, 1999; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 extends far beyond body wall (fins lobate) 1 barely extends beyond body wall (fins not lobate) 249. Pectoral fin radials (Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 unjointed 1 jointed 250. Fin articulation (Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Friedman and Brazeau, 2010; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 monobasal Advanced1 polybasal 251. Pectoral fin-ray segmentation* (Coates, 1999; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Watsonulus is revised from ‘2’ to ‘1’, and that for Pteronisculus stensioi is revised from ‘0’ to ‘1’) 0 roughly even segmentation to fin base 1 proximal segments elongate withonline terminal segmentation 2 no significant segmentation on pectoral fin 3 terminal segments elongate with proximal segmentation 252. Pectoral fin (Zhu et al., 2001, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007;publication Brazeau, 2009; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 leaf-like 1 not leaf-like 253. Paired fin spines (Zhu et al., 2001, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Friedman, 2007; Brazeau, 2009; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 254. Pelvic fin insertion (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Coates, 1998, 1999; Lund, 2000; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Zhu et al., 2006, 2009; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 shorter than fin depth (short based) 1 longer than fin depth (long based) Median fins 255. Basal scutes on fins (Friedman, 2007; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent

1 present 256. Dorsal scutes anterior to dorsal fin (Lund, 2000; Poplin and Lund, 2000; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo; 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 few, limited to region immediately anterior to fin (basal fulcra only) 2 many, extending to posterior of skull roof (complete set of dorsal ridge scales) 257. Ventral scutes between hypochordal lobe of caudal fin and anal fin (Patterson, 1982; Taverne, 1997; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 258. Ventral scutes anterior to anal fin (Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; AdvancedGiles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 259. Dorsal fin(s) (Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013; Zhu and Yu, 2002; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Long et al., 2008;online Brazeau, 2009; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Davis et al., 2012; Giles et al., 2015b, 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 two 1 one 260. Relative positions of anal and (second) dorsal fin* publication (Poplin and Lund, 2000; Cloutier and Arratia, 2004; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 anal shifted anteriorly relative to dorsal 1 fins opposite one another 2 anal shifted posteriorly relative to dorsal 261. Median fins (except caudal fin) (Gardiner et al., 2005; Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014a, 2015; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Watsonulus is revised from ‘?’ to ‘1’, the coding for Ebenaqua ritchei is revised from ‘?’ to ‘0’, and that of Bobasatrania groenlandica is revised from ‘1’ to ‘0’) 0 rays more numerous than radials 1 rays and radials equal 262. Proximal and middle radials of dorsal fin (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 proximal and middle radials of similar size 1 proximal radials substantially enlarged 263. Posteriormost proximal radial of dorsal fin (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 enlarged plate

1 smaller than more anterior radials 264. Epichordal lobe of caudal fin (Patterson, 1982; Cloutier and Ahlberg, 1996; Coates, 1999; Schultze and Cumbaa, 2001; Zhu and Schultze, 2001; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Swartz, 2009; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 265. Fulcra along dorsal ridge of caudal fin (Patterson, 1982; Taverne, 1997; Gardiner and Schaeffer, 1989; Gardiner et al., 2005; Friedman and Blom, 2006; Long et al., 2008; Choo, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 266. Caudal fin geometry Advanced(Modified from Gardiner et al., 2005; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. A long chordal lobe is considered to be present when the notochord reaches the posterior margin of the caudal fin. The coding for Venusichthys is revised to ‘1’) 0 long chordal lobe 1 short chordal lobe 267. Posterior margin of caudal fin (Xu and Gao, 2011; Xu et al., 2014aonline; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Semionotus elegans is revised to ‘0’) 0 forked 1 unforked 268. Epineural processes publication (Argyriou et al., 2018. Most Paleozoic and early Mesozoic non-neopterygian actinopterygians and many teleosts bear strong posterolaterally expanding epineural processes on lateral surfaces of their neural arches) 0 absent 1 present 269. Diplospondyly in mid-caudal region (Arratia, 2013; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 270. Median neural spines in caudal region (Coates, 1999; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2014a; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 271. Uroneural (Pinna, 1996; Hurley et al., 2007; Xu and Wu, 2012, Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present

272. Division of hypurals into dorsal and ventral groups (Pinna, 1996, Xu and Wu, 2012, Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Zhao, 2016; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent 1 present 273. Number of caudal lepidotrichs borne per hypural (Grande and Bemis, 1998; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018. The coding for Semionotus elegans is revised to 0) 0 multiple 1 single Axial skeleton 274. Opistocoelous vertebrae (Wiley, 1976; Lopez-Arbarello, 2011; Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 absent Advanced1 present 275. Ossified ribs (Giles et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2018; Argyriou et al., 2018) 0 present 1 absent 276. Lacrimal contributing to oral margin (new character) online 0 absent 1 present 277. Teeth on lacrimal (new character) publication 0 present 1 absent 278. Antopercle inserting between dermohyal and opercle (new character) 0 absent 1 present 279. Supraorbital/antorbital contact (Xu, 2019) 0 absent 1 present 280. Sphenotic with a relatively large exposed dermal component nearly reaching the orbital margin (Xu, 2019) 0 absent 1 present 281. Inner orbital flange of dermosphenotic (Grande and Bemis, 1998; Brito and Alvardo-Ortega, 2013; Xu et al., 2014a; Xu and Shen, 2015; Sun et al., 2016; Ma and Xu, 2017; Xu and Ma, 2018) 0 smooth, without sensory canal 1 bearing sensory canal tube

282. Position of dermosphenotic (Xu, 2019) 0 dermosphenotic extending well below dermopterotic 1 dermosphenotic located at same horizontal level of dermopterotic

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