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Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases: Ecological Research and Surveillance Development in New Zealand

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Vectors and vector borne diseases: Ecological research and surveillance development in New Zealand Risk Assessment A cross departmental research pool funded project June 2007 Graham Mackereth, Rachel Cane, Amy Snell-Wakefield, David Slaney, Dan Tompkins, Richard Jakob-Hoff, Peter Holder, Susan Cork, Katharine Owen, Allen Heath, Helen Brady, Joanne Thompson Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the support of staff from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Health, and the Department of Conservation. In particular, we would like to thank Matthew Stone (Investigation and Diagnostic Centres Directorate, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) and the Steering committee: Alison Roberts (Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health); Joanne Perry (Biosecurity Directorate, Department of Conservation); David Hayes (Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry), and Joseph O’Keefe (Investigation and Diagnostic Centres Directorate, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry). The authors would also like to acknowledge contributions by Maurice Alley, Massey University, and Sally Roberts, Auckland District Health Board. This project was funded by the Ministry for Research, Science and Technology, Cross Departmental Research Pool. Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 3 The assessment team ....................................................................................................................... 3 Vector tables...................................................................................................................................... 3 Agent tables....................................................................................................................................... 5 Results.................................................................................................................................................... 7 Mosquitoes......................................................................................................................................... 7 Research ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................... 7 Ticks and mites.................................................................................................................................. 8 Research ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................... 8 Other insects (flies, midges, sandflies, blackflies, fleas and lice)................................................. 9 Research ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................... 9 Viruses................................................................................................................................................ 9 Research ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................. 10 Haemoparasites............................................................................................................................... 10 Research ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................. 10 Nematodes ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Research and surveillance ......................................................................................................... 11 Discussion............................................................................................................................................ 13 Human health............................................................................................................................... 13 Economics ................................................................................................................................... 13 Environment ................................................................................................................................ 14 References............................................................................................................................................ 53 List of Tables Table 1. Vector risk assessment for mosquitoes.............................................................................. 15 Table 2. Vector risk assessment for ticks and mites ........................................................................ 19 Table 3. Vector risk assessment for other insects (Flies Midges, Sandflies, Blackflies, Fleas and Lice) ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Table 4. Arbovirus importance and priority....................................................................................... 32 Table 5. Haemoparasite importance and priority .............................................................................. 39 Table 6. Nematode importance and priority.......................................................................................48 Table 7. Summary table of medium risk and high risk vectors........................................................ 49 Table 8. Summary table of medium and high priority agents .......................................................... 50 Table 9. Importance of exotic vector borne diseases to New Zealand’s market access ............... 51 Introduction The purpose of this risk assessment was to inform a cross-departmental research pool (CDRP) project on the risks posed by vectors and vector borne diseases. The information was used to determine what laboratory capability, surveillance and research was needed for different vectors or disease agents. The project was sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) with the support of the Department of Conservation (DOC), Ministry of Health (MOH), Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Biosecurity New Zealand (BNZ) and Landcare Research, and was funded from the CDRP fund managed by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST). The aims of the project were to develop field and laboratory tools for use in surveillance for vectors or vector borne diseases and to develop research tools for understanding the ecology of selected vectors in New Zealand. This report presents a risk assessment for vectors and vector borne diseases. In making this assessment every effort has been made to heed the interests of each department and the expert opinion of people from each agency and discipline, representing economic, environmental, and health. The risk assessment team have identified risks and uncertainties associated with agents and vectors that in their view should be managed or researched. The outcome of this assessment is a fairly comprehensive table of vectors and vector borne agents relevant to New Zealand. The risks associated with a vector are considered separately from the importance of the agent. The dependence of the two is recognised in a combined priority rating (high, medium and low) for the agent. The primary purpose of the table is to inform the subsequent stages of the project by identifying for each important agent and vector, their associated surveillance needs, research needs and laboratory capability needs. The tables also act as a useful guide and quick reference when considering a specific agent or vector. The tables will be kept updated and any errors, omissions, or new information should be forwarded to [email protected]. 1 Methods The assessment team A risk assessment team comprised of representatives from a range of New Zealand agencies was assembled to tackle the assessment. Each team member and adviser contributed to the risk assessment according to their expertise or availability. Team members were: • Graham Mackereth, BNZ IDC Wallaceville, Team Manager • Peter Holder, BNZ IDC Lincoln • Susan Cork, BNZ IDC Wallaceville • Katie Owen, BNZ Wellington • Rachel Cane, NZ BioSecure • Amy Snell-Wakefield, NZ BioSecure • Dan Tompkins, Landcare Research • David Slaney, ESR • Helen Brady, ESR • Richard Jakob-Hoff, Auckland Zoological Park • Allen Heath, AgResearch • Joanne Thompson, Veterinary Consultant To develop and assess the risk of vectors and importance of agents,
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