DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial Assessment of Saccharum Species Hybrids and Wild Relatives in Eastern South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatial Assessment of Saccharum Species Hybrids and Wild Relatives in Eastern South Africa Spatial assessment of Saccharum species hybrids and wild relatives in eastern South Africa DM Komape orcid.org 0000-0003-3705-5438 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters in Environmental Sciences at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof SJ Siebert Co-supervisor: Dr DP Cilliers Co-supervisor: Prof J Van den Berg Graduation May 2019 24676748 ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids) belongs to the Andropogoneae in the Poaceae. The grass family is known to have provided the world’s most economically important crops. In assessing the risk of cultivating genetically modified (GM) grass crops in South Africa, gene flow studies have to be conducted prior to the approval or release of such crops into the environment as hybridisation may occur between crop plants and wild relatives if certain barriers to gene flow are crossed. The aim of the study was to conduct a spatial assessment of Saccharum and its relatives in eastern South Africa and to assess potential gene flow, which in turn will inform the way forward for risk assessments. Eleven Saccharum wild relative species were selected for analyses based on their presence in the sugar producing region of South Africa: four species in the Saccharinae and seven in the Sorghinae. Spatial, temporal and gene flow assessments of wild relatives were conducted: prevalence, spatial overlap, proximity, dispersal potential, flowering times, hybridisation potential and relatedness. Field surveys, herbarium distribution records and literature were used to assess these factors and to determine the gene flow likelihood. A total of 815 herbarium specimens were sourced from 11 suitable herbaria and they were supplemented by 34 observations during field visits to sugarcane cultivation areas. The presence of all target species was confirmed in sugarcane areas. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf and Miscanthidium capense (Nees) Mabb. scored the highest likelihood for prevalence, flowering time and spatial overlap with sugarcane. Although I. cylindrica and S. arundinaceum generally ranked the highest for spatial and temporal assessments, they were not important candidates for gene flow potential from sugarcane, since they were not considered as reproductively compatible due to their low scoring on the relatedness assessment. Cleistachne sorghoides Benth., Miscanthidium capense, Miscanthidium junceum (Stapf) Pilg.and Sarga versicolor (Andersson) Spangler scored higher as close relatives of sugarcane in the study area. Miscanthidium species ranked highest for gene flow potential and were the only target species that were flagged by this study as having a high likelihood for gene flow with sugarcane. This is supported by the more recent divergent age from sugarcane that falls within the period considered to be optimal for hybridisation within Saccharinae species. When considering the likelihood scores of all species, the regions with the highest likelihood for gene flow were associated with coastal and southern-inland KwaZulu-Natal. These areas should be avoided when cultivating GM sugarcane should it be approved in the future, or in-depth risk assessments should be conducted before release. This study recommends that future studies be done to assess pollen compatibility and viability for sugarcane and related species (Miscanthidium capense and M. junceum) as part of a risk assessment, as some gene flow barriers, such as proximity and flowering time, was shown to be crossed in this study. Keywords: Eastern South Africa; Gene flow likelihood; Genetically Modified (GM); Spatial assessment; Sugarcane; Taxonomy; Wild and weedy crop relatives i Acknowledgements I would firstly like to thank, Almighty God for blessing me with the opportunity, strength and wisdom to carry out this study. I would secondly like to thank the following people and institutions for their valuable contributions to my dissertation: ➢ My supervisors, Prof Stefan John Siebert, Prof Johnnie Van den Berg and Dr Dirk Petrus Cilliers for their continued support, guidance and efforts invested in this study. It has indeed been a great blessing to work with them and I learned a lot from them. ➢ My family for their continuous love, support and believing in me. ➢ Special appreciations to my beloved younger sister, Miss Mmaphuti Edith Komape for her hospitality, love and encouragements throughout this study. ➢ Mr Perfection Chauke and Miss Hlobby Khanyi for accompanying me to the study sites and assisting with data collection. ➢ Dr Dyfed Lloyd Evans and Miss Hlobby Khanyi for sharing their relatedness data. ➢ Dr Sandy Snyman for assisting with coordinating the project. ➢ Dr Benny Bytebier (NU), Dr Reeny Reddy (J), Dr Lize Joubert (BLFU), Mrs Magda Nel (PRU), Mrs Annemarie van Heerden (KMG), Mr Erich van Wyk and Mrs Aluoneswi Caroline Mashau (PRE) for allowing me to collect data in their herbaria. ➢ Ms Barbara Turpin (BNRH), Dr Mervyn Lötter (LYD) and Dr Madeleen Struwig (NH) for sending herbarium specimen electronically. ➢ Mrs Aluoneswi Caroline Mashau (PRE), for assistang me with identifications of grasses. ➢ South African Biosafety and South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI) for the financial support. ➢ FK Norway project and Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University for providing additional financial support. ➢ A.P Goossens herbarium (PUC) for logistics. ➢ North-West University botany writing group for the effective writing sessions. SOLI DEO GLORIA Behold, I will do a new thing; now it shall spring forth; shall you not know it? I will even make a way in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert. Isaiah 43:19 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..……….….….....i Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………….……..….….....ii Table of Contents………………………………………………………….……………………….….….....iii List of Figures………..………………………………………………………………………………………vi List of Tables…………...………………………………………………………………………………….…ix Chapter 1: Introduction………………….……………………….…………………………….………....1 1.1 Background………………………………………………………….…………………..……………….1 1.2 Motivation…………………………………………………………....……………………..…………….2 1.3 Aim and Objectives……………………………………………….…………………….……………….3 1.4 Dissertation Outline……………………………………………….………………………….….…….3 1.5 References……………………………………………………………………………..………….……..5 Chapter 2: Literature Study……………………………………………………………………...……….8 2.1 Biodiversity and its benefits.……………………………...…………………………………...……….8 2.2 Threats to biodiversity…………….…………………………………………………………………….8 2.2.1 Biological invasions…………………………………………………………………………..……..8 2.2.2 Urbanization………………………………………………………………………………….……...9 2.2.3 Agriculture………………………………………………………………………………….…..…….9 2.3 Saccharum taxonomy and origin……………………………………………………………………..10 2.4 Importance of Saccharum species…………………………………………………………………...11 2.5 Genetically Modified Crops……………………………………………………….…………………..11 2.6 Genetically Modified Saccharum……………………………………………………………………..12 2.7 Risk Assessment……………………………………………………………………………………….13 2.8 Risks to biodiversity…………….……………………………………………………………………...13 2.9 Risk analysis………………………………………………………………………………………...….14 2.10 References………………………………………..……………………………………………….….15 Chapter 3: Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………..…23 3.1 Criteria used to select target species……………………………………………….……………..…23 iii 3.2 General methodologies applied for assessing taxonomy, distribution and conducting spatial and gene flow assessments……………………………………………………………………………….23 3.2.1 Sourced herbarium specimens and field collections for herbarium voucher specimens of Saccharum wild relatives…………………………………………………………………….……….…...23 3.2.2 Phytogeography assessment of Saccharum wild relatives……………………….…….…….25 3.3 Analytical approaches applied for assessing the taxonomy and distribution of sugarcane and their wild relatives……………………………………………………………………………….…….……26 3.3.1 Scientific names and synonyms of Saccharum wild relatives……………………….….….…26 3.3.2 Morphologies of Saccharum wild relatives compared with Saccharum hybrids……..……..27 3.3.3 Distribution of Saccharum wild relatives in eastern South Africa……………………….……27 3.3.4 Habitats of Saccharum wild relatives in eastern South Africa…………………………...……27 3.4 Analytical approaches for assessing spatial and potential gene flow from Saccharum hybrids to their wild relatives…………………………………………………………………………………..…....…27 3.4.1 Relatedness of Saccharum wild relatives to Saccharum hybrids and one another…..…...28 3.4.2 Prevalence Saccharum wild relatives in Saccharum cultivation areas…………………......28 3.4.3 Spatial overlap of Saccharum wild relatives with Saccharum cultivation areas….……..….28 3.4.4 Proximity of Saccharum wild relatives to Saccharum hybrids in Saccharum cultivation areas…………………………………………………………………………………………..………….….29 3.4.5 Potential gene flow from Saccharum hybrids to their wild relatives…………….…….….…..29 3.4.6 Dispersal potential of Saccharum wild relatives across the study area…………...………..30 3.4.7 Flowering times of Saccharum hybrids and their wild relatives……………………...…….…30 3.4.8 Likelihood scores of factors analysed for spatial assessment and potential gene flow from Saccharum hybrids to their wild relatives……………………………………………….………….…....31 3.5 References……………………………………………………………………………….…….……….32 Chapter 4: Study Area…………………………………………………..……………………….……….37 4.1 Agricultural activities………………………………………………………………………….………..37 4.2 Commercial cultivation of sugarcane………………………………………………………………..37 4.3 Biomes, bioregions and conservation areas……………………………………..……….….…..…37 4.3.1. Biomes………………………………………………………………….……….……….………...37
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.)
    /4 ^'^ SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES ■ u AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 122 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES By Ernst Artschwager Formerly Senior Botanist and E. W. Brandes Formerly Head Pathologist Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK No. 122 The garden sugarcanes of Melanesia constitute the original base from which our present-day varieties of sugarcane derive. Varietal descriptions of the Melanesian garden canes and their derivatives are drawn from a living collection and are here placed on record. As background material and to promote fullest interest in use of this extensive store of germ plasm, what is known or what logically may be in- ferred concerning the history, value, and use of these varieties as a group and their interrelationships with other varietal groups in the genus is given. CONTENTS Page Page Origin, classification, and charac- Vegetative characters used in the teristics 1 description and classification Importance of Saccharum offici- of noble canes—Continued narum 3 Vegetative characters—Con. Colloquial names 3 Blade 56 Relative position of Saccharum Leaf sheath 57 officinarum in the genus 7 Auricles 59 Geographic origin and dispersal. 18 Ligule 61 Origin 18 Dewlaps 61 Dispersal 21 Midrib pubescence 64 Collecting expeditions, 1853- Evaluation of characters used_- 65 1951 28 Descriptions and taxonomic keys Vegetative characters used in the of the clones 81 description and classification Descriptions of the clones 83 of noble canes 45 New Guinea group 83 Materials and methods 45 New Caledonian group 160 Vegetative characters 48 Hawaiian group 180 v Internode 48 Miscellaneous noble group 198 Bud 52 Taxonomic keys 253 Leaf 56 Literature cited 260 Washington, D.
    [Show full text]
  • 3894-3899 Research Article Acute and Sub Acute Toxicological
    Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(8):3894-3899 ISSN : 0975-7384 Research Article CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Acute and sub acute toxicological assessment of the ethanolic root extract of Saccharum spontaneum Linn. (Poaceae) in male wistar albino rats M. Sathya and R. Kokilavani Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-29 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The present investigation was intended to evaluate the toxicity of the ethanolic root extract of a traditionally used plant Saccharum spontaneum Linn. The acute toxicity studies was done on male wistar albino rats which showed no clinical signs, no mortality of the rats even under higher dosages levels (50, 150, 300, 500, 1000, 2000mg/kg b.wt) indicating the high margin of safety of the plant extract. The sub acute toxicity study was done to find out the effective dosage of the plant in rats. The varying doses(100,200,300,400, and 500mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract were administered orally to different groups of male wistar strain of albino rats on daily basis and sacrificed after 28 days of administration. The administration of plant extract produced no significant change in organ weight and hamaetological parameters like hemoglobin, RBC, Hb, WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PCV, platelet, neutrophil and lymphocyte. The record of biochemical parameters like ACP, ALP, AST, ALT, LDH, and NAG in treatment groups of rats were non significant in comparison with control group of rats. The parameters remained within the normal range. Physical, hematological parameters as well as biochemical were unaltered throughout the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Distribution of Hemarthria Longiflora (JD Hooker)
    RESEARCH PAPER Biology Volume : 3 | Issue : 5 | May 2013 | ISSN - 2249-555X Notes on the distribution of Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus (Poaceae) in the Indian subcontinent KEYWORDS Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus, status, rediscovery, Maldah, distribution. Monoranjan Chowdhury A.P. Das Plant Taxonomy & Environmental Biology Lab., Plant Taxonomy & Environmental Biology Lab., University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India India ABSTRACT Collection of Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus from the wetland area of Maldah district of West Bengal. It is an extremely rare in occurrence recorded from the lower Gangetic plains of India. Only Three specimens so far were collected from Indian sub-continent. Introduction: ensis (Loureiro) W.D. Clayton, Cyperus difformis Linnaeus, The Genus Hemarthria R. Brown (Poaceae: Andropogon- Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxburgh) Palla, Digitaria ciliaris eae – Rottboelliinae) represented by fourteen species and (Retzuis) Koeler etc. The identity of Hemarthria longiflora col- distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of the lected from Maldah was confirmed through different litera- Old World and also introduced in America (Bixing and Phil- ture including Flora of China (Bixing and Phiilps, 2005), the lips, 2005). Species of this genus are aquatic or semi-aquatic Flora of British India (Hooker, 1897) and also by matching at i.e., concentrated around the wetlands in South East Asia. CAL. The present locality lays almost midway between Sylhet Detail investigation of literature revealed that five species of and Kharagpur. It is expected that proper survey during its Hemarthria R. Brown are reported to grow in different parts flowering period (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Grasses (Poaceae) in Hawai‘I: 2
    Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2009 –2010. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 110: 17 –22 (2011) Notes on grasses (Poaceae ) in Hawai‘i : 31. neil snoW (Hawaii Biological survey, Bishop museum, 1525 Bernice street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 96817-2704, Usa; email: [email protected] ) & G errit DaViDse (missouri Botanical Garden, P.o. Box 299, st. louis, missouri 63166-0299, Usa; email: [email protected] ) additional new records for the grass family (Poaceae) are reported for Hawai‘i, including five state records, three island records, one corrected island report, and one cultivated species showing signs of naturalization. We also point out minor oversights in need of cor - rection in the Flora of North America Vol. 25 regarding an illustration of the spikelet for Paspalum unispicatum . Herbarium acronyms follow thiers (2010). all cited specimens are housed at the Herbarium Pacificum (BisH) apart from one cited from the missouri Botanical Garden (mo) for Paspalum mandiocanum, and another from the University of Hawai‘i at mānoa (HaW) for Leptochloa dubia . Anthoxanthum odoratum l. New island record this perennial species, which is known by the common name vernalgrass, occurs natu - rally in southern europe but has become widespread elsewhere (allred & Barkworth 2007). of potential concern in Hawai‘i is the aggressive weedy tendency the species has shown along the coast of British columbia, canada, where it is said to be rapidly invad - ing moss-covered bedrock of coastal bluffs, evidently to the exclusion of native species (allred & Barkworth 2007). the species has been recorded previously on kaua‘i, moloka‘i, maui, and Hawai‘i (imada 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Grass Genera in Townsville
    Grass Genera in Townsville Nanette B. Hooker Photographs by Chris Gardiner SCHOOL OF MARINE and TROPICAL BIOLOGY JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY TOWNSVILLE QUEENSLAND James Cook University 2012 GRASSES OF THE TOWNSVILLE AREA Welcome to the grasses of the Townsville area. The genera covered in this treatment are those found in the lowland areas around Townsville as far north as Bluewater, south to Alligator Creek and west to the base of Hervey’s Range. Most of these genera will also be found in neighbouring areas although some genera not included may occur in specific habitats. The aim of this book is to provide a description of the grass genera as well as a list of species. The grasses belong to a very widespread and large family called the Poaceae. The original family name Gramineae is used in some publications, in Australia the preferred family name is Poaceae. It is one of the largest flowering plant families of the world, comprising more than 700 genera, and more than 10,000 species. In Australia there are over 1300 species including non-native grasses. In the Townsville area there are more than 220 grass species. The grasses have highly modified flowers arranged in a variety of ways. Because they are highly modified and specialized, there are also many new terms used to describe the various features. Hence there is a lot of terminology that chiefly applies to grasses, but some terms are used also in the sedge family. The basic unit of the grass inflorescence (The flowering part) is the spikelet. The spikelet consists of 1-2 basal glumes (bracts at the base) that subtend 1-many florets or flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2012 Number 1
    Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 December 2012 Number 1 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Fifth South- western Rare and Endangered Plant Conference Calochortiana, a new publication of the Utah Native Plant Society . 3 The Fifth Southwestern Rare and En- dangered Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 2009 . 3 Abstracts of presentations and posters not submitted for the proceedings . 4 Southwestern cienegas: Rare habitats for endangered wetland plants. Robert Sivinski . 17 A new look at ranking plant rarity for conservation purposes, with an em- phasis on the flora of the American Southwest. John R. Spence . 25 The contribution of Cedar Breaks Na- tional Monument to the conservation of vascular plant diversity in Utah. Walter Fertig and Douglas N. Rey- nolds . 35 Studying the seed bank dynamics of rare plants. Susan Meyer . 46 East meets west: Rare desert Alliums in Arizona. John L. Anderson . 56 Calochortus nuttallii (Sego lily), Spatial patterns of endemic plant spe- state flower of Utah. By Kaye cies of the Colorado Plateau. Crystal Thorne. Krause . 63 Continued on page 2 Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights Reserved. Utah Native Plant Society Utah Native Plant Society, PO Box 520041, Salt Lake Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights City, Utah, 84152-0041. www.unps.org Reserved. Calochortiana is a publication of the Utah Native Plant Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organi- Editor: Walter Fertig ([email protected]), zation dedicated to conserving and promoting steward- Editorial Committee: Walter Fertig, Mindy Wheeler, ship of our native plants. Leila Shultz, and Susan Meyer CONTENTS, continued Biogeography of rare plants of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharum X Officinarum) E De Um Parente Selvagem (S
    1 Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen Jayça Amate Marim Toledo Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2015 2 Jayça Amate Marim Toledo Bióloga Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Orientador: Prof. Dr. GIANCARLO CONDE XAVIER OLIVEIRA Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2015 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP Toledo, Jayça Amate Marim Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen / Jayça Amate Marim Toledo. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2015. 99 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. 1. Cana-de-açúcar 2. Fluxo gênico 3. Saccharum I. Título CDD 633.61 T649b “ Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais Jair (in memoriam) e Rita de Cassia. Ao meu irmão Franklin e ao meu noivo Lino Fernando. Sem vocês absolutamente nada seria possível. 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Durante esses dois anos de curso e pesquisa com o objetivo de adquirir o título de mestre em ciências pelo programa de genética e melhoramento de plantas da ESALQ, nunca havia deparado com situações tão desafiadoras como as passadas por esse período de tempo.
    [Show full text]
  • SORGHUM BIOCHEMISTRY: an INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE This Page Intentionally Left Blank SORGHUM BIOCHEMISTRY: an INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE
    SORGHUM BIOCHEMISTRY: AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE This page intentionally left blank SORGHUM BIOCHEMISTRY: AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE C.V. RATNAVATHI ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India J.V. PATIL College of Agriculture, Pune, Maharashtra, India U.D. CHAVAN Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India AMSTERDAM• BOSTON• HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK• OXFORD• PARIS• SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Copyright r 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharum Ravennae (L.) L
    TAXON: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): Italian sugarcane Synonym(s): Erianthus elephantinus Hook. f. plume grass Erianthus purpurascens Andersson ravenna grass Erianthus ravennae (L.) P. Beauv. Ripidium ravennae (L.) Trin. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 8 Feb 2018 WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Ornamental Grass, Naturalized, Dense Stands, Wind-Dispersed, Riparian Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems Creation Date: 8 Feb 2018 (Saccharum ravennae (L.) Page 1 of 17 L.) TAXON: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape
    Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape Ornamental grasses with their variety of form, may seem similar, grasses vary greatly, ranging from cool color, texture, and size add diversity and dimension to season to warm season grasses, from woody to herbaceous, a landscape. Not many other groups of plants can boast and from annuals to long-lived perennials. attractiveness during practically all seasons. The only time This variation has resulted in five recognized they could be considered not to contribute to the beauty of subfamilies within Poaceae. They are Arundinoideae, the landscape is the few weeks in the early spring between a unique mix of woody and herbaceous grass species; cutting back the old growth of the warm-season grasses Bambusoideae, the bamboos; Chloridoideae, warm- until the sprouting of new growth. From their emergence season herbaceous grasses; Panicoideae, also warm-season in the spring through winter, warm-season ornamental herbaceous grasses; and Pooideae, a cool-season subfamily. grasses add drama, grace, and motion to the landscape Their habitats also vary. Grasses are found across the unlike any other plants. globe, including in Antarctica. They have a strong presence One of the unique and desirable contributions in prairies, like those in the Great Plains, and savannas, like ornamental grasses make to the landscape is their sound. those in southern Africa. It is important to recognize these Anyone who has ever been in a pine forest on a windy day natural characteristics when using grasses for ornament, is aware of the ethereal music of wind against pine foliage. since they determine adaptability and management within The effect varies with the strength of the wind and the a landscape or region, as well as invasive potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Chromosome Composition of Sugarcane in Nobilization by Using Genomic in Situ Hybridization
    Yu et al. Molecular Cytogenetics (2018) 11:35 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13039-018-0387-z RESEARCH Open Access Characterization of chromosome composition of sugarcane in nobilization by using genomic in situ hybridization Fan Yu1, Ping Wang1, Xueting Li1, Yongji Huang1, Qinnan Wang2, Ling Luo1, Yanfen Jing3, Xinlong Liu3, Zuhu Deng1,4*, Jiayun Wu2, Yongqing Yang1, Rukai Chen1, Muqing Zhang4 and Liangnian Xu1* Abstract Background: Interspecific hybridization is an effective strategy for germplasm innovation in sugarcane. Nobilization refers to the breeding theory of development and utilization of wild germplasm. Saccharum spontaneum is the main donor of resistance and adaptive genes in the nobilization breeding process. Chromosome transfer in sugarcane is complicated; thus, research of different inheritance patterns can provide guidance for optimal sugarcane breeding. Results: Through chromosome counting and genomic in situ hybridization, we found that six clones with 80 chromosomes were typical S. officinarum and four other clones with more than 80 chromosomes were interspecific hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. These data support the classical view that S. officinarum is characterized by 2n = 80. In addition, genomic in situ hybridization showed that five F1 clones were products of a 2n + n transmission and one F1 clone was the product of an n + n transmission in clear pedigree noble hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Interestingly, Yacheng 75–408 and Yacheng 75–409 were the sibling lines of the F1 progeny from the same parents but with different genetic transmissions. Conclusions: This is the first clear evidence of Loethers, Crystallina, Luohanzhe, Vietnam Niuzhe, and Nanjian Guozhe were typical S.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Grasses (Poaceae) for the Flora of China, IV
    Notes on Grasses (Poaceae) for the Flora of China, IV Sylvia M. Phillips Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. [email protected] Chen Shouliang Herbarium, Jiangsu Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, 1 Qianghuhuocun, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China. [email protected] ABSTRACT. The following changes are made in the preparation of the grass family account for the Poaceae, necessary for the upcoming Flora of Chi- Flora of China. na. Kengia chinensis is lectotypi®ed on a specimen of K. hackelii, and hence becomes a synonym of the ERAGROSTIDEAE latter. Kengia gracilis is synonymized under K. mu- cronata. Isachne clarkei is lectotypi®ed. Isachne be- Kengia hackelii (Honda) Packer, Bot. Not. 113: neckei (also lectotypi®ed) and I. tenuis are placed 291. 1960. Basionym: Diplachne hackelii Hon- as synonyms of I. clarkei. Isachne albens var. hir- da, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: suta is lectotypi®ed and placed as a synonym under 112. 1930. Cleistogenes hackelii (Honda) Hon- I. sylvestris. Isachne semitalis is lectotypi®ed and da, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 437. 1936. TYPE: placed in synonymy of I. schmidtii. The distinctions Japan. Musashi Prov., Shirako, 1880, Matsu- between the closely related species I. kunthiana, I. mura 4 (holotype, TI). schmidtii, and I. repens are discussed. The new spe- Kengia chinensis (Maximowicz) Packer, Bot. Not. 113: cies Arundinella suniana, from Yunnan province 291. 1960. Basionym: Diplachne serotina var. chi- and related to A. setosa, is described. Arundinella nensis Maximowicz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes setosa var. esetosa is validated. The name Arundi- Moscou 54: 70.
    [Show full text]