International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER

QUALITY IN AREA BY

WQI METHOD

Arthika B, Maheswari K

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, , Tamilnadu 2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, St.Joseph’s institute of technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu

Abstract

Dumping of solid wastes in water bodies causes contamination and it creates severe impact on deterioration of Groundwater. Groundwater is the major source of drinking and it can be used for domestic use as well as public use. Our study focuses on the deterioration of Groundwater Quality due to dumping of solid wastes in Pallavaram area. The study area has been chosen around the and 11 sampling locations were taken. The present study was undertaken to characterize the physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Hardness (H), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Each parameter was compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO).

Keywords: Groundwater, WQI, Solid waste

I. INTRODUCTION

Dumping of solid wastes in water bodies causes contamination and it creates severe impact on deterioration of Groundwater. Groundwater is the major source of drinking and it can be used for domestic use as well as public use.Water Quality Index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policymakers. It is an important parameter for the assessment and management of ground water. A Water Quality Index is a numeric expression used to transform large number of variables data into a single number as index, at different times and in different places, which represents the water quality level and to translate this information into a single value defining the period of time and spatial unit involved and to be easily understood by managers.. The index is based on the attainment of water quality objectives. Quality objectives are for safe limits, set by the ministry in areas of human areas, to protect the most sensitive water uses of water resources. Water index defines a systematic way of interpretation and measurements of water quality naturally or desirables. The index of water quality into five categories: excellent, good, fair, borderline, and poor.

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II SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The water quality of groundwater in this area has deteriorated mainly due to extensive solid waste dumpsite seriously affected due to the combined effect of industrialization and urbanization. Awareness should be done to reduce contamination. The following objectives were made to assess the Groundwater, such as

1. To collect groundwater samples from the given location. 2. The water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride and turbidity will be analysed to compute WQI by using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method.

III .STUDY AREA The study area Pallavaram Township is an industrial area located in Chennai Metropolitan city, . The geographic location of the area is between 80°07’30” to 80°10’56” East longitude and 12°57’13” to 12°58’56” North latitude. Sewage and dumping of garbage which has adversely affected the quality of the groundwater. The study area is 13 km away from the . A large number of tannery industries are located for about two kilometres length on both sides of the road. The area has lot of large scale and small scale tanning industries. Chrome tanning is the popular method practiced in this area. The area has Periya eri (big tank), once a sprawling water body covering about 189 acres, now shrunken into to small patch and used as storage for effluents from leather industry, sewage and dumping of garbage which has adversely affected the quality of the groundwater. Unpleasant smell prevails in the locality surrounding this area due to the heavy loads of industrial effluents. The climatic condition is hot during summer (March to June) and cold during winter season (November to January). The area receives rainfall from both south-west (June to September) and northeast monsoon (October to December) and the area enjoys a tropical climate. The climate of the area is with low humidity and high temperature, and the temperature is around 18ºC - 25ºC during winter and during summer has a maximum of 35ºC - 42ºC and is generally hot. Temperature starts rising towards the end of February. Geologically the study area is covered by crystalline rocks of Archaean age consisting of Charnockite formation.

Figure 3.1 Study Area

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IV METHODOLOGY AND TESTING

4.1.1 Sampling Water quality data sampling was carried out during January (post–monsoon) by using GPS survey. The groundwater samples were collected from the 11locations around the Pallavaram Lake and analyzed for 7 physicochemical parameters. The parameters pH, Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total alkalinity, Total hardness, Chloride and Turbidity were analyzed in the laboratory as per the standard procedure of APHA. The latitude and longitude values of the selected sampling locations are given in Table 4.1. The collected samples were preserved by adding appropriate reagents in laboratory to determine the water quality analysis. These samples were analysed for different parameters as shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.1 Groundwater sampling locations

Sample No. Latitude Longitude 1 12.9583073 80.1492741 2 12.9578492 80.1491611 3 12.9568787 80.148605

4 12.9568228 80.1485637 5 12.9556351 80.1495339 6 12.9557095 80.1495086

7 12.9544199 80.1497375 8 12.9529012 80.1528075 9 12.9559785 80.152007

10 12.9588424 80.1495706 11 12.9656428 80.1623456

Table 4.2 Analytical methods adopted for physicochemical analysis

Sl. No Analysis Method/instrument 1 pH pH meter 2 Electrical conductivity (EC) Conductivity meter

3 Total dissolved solid(TDS) Computation

4 Turbidity Turbidity meter

5 Total hardness Titration method

6 Chloride Titration method

7 Alkalinity Titration method

4.1.2 WQI Calculation

For computing WQI three steps are followed. In the first step, each of the11 parameters has been assigned a weight (wi) according to its relative importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes (Table 4.2).

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The maximum weight of 5 has been assigned to the parameter chloride due to its major importance in water quality assessment. Other in the second step, the relative weight (Wi) is computed from the following equation

W= ∑ Where, Wi is the relative weight, wi is the weight of each parameter and n is the number of parameters. Calculated relative weight (Wi) values of each parameter are also given in Table 3. In the third step, a quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration in each water sample by its respective standard according to the guidelines laid down in the BIS and the result multiplied by 100. qi = (Ci / Si) x 10 For computing the WQI, the SI is first determined for each chemical parameter, which is then used to determine the WQI as per the following equation

SI = Wi . qi

WQI = ∑ S I

SI is the sub index of i parameter; qi is the rating based on concentration of I Parameter and n is the number of parameters. The computed WQI values are classified into five types, “excellent water” to “water, unsuitable for drinking”. 4.1.3 Water Quality Analysis The chemical analyses of the groundwater and percent compliance with the Normal statistics of water quality parameters of 11 groundwater samples are presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Normal statistics of water quality parameters of groundwater samples

Parameters Min Max AM SD CV

pH 6.5 8.5 7.12 0.2 2.8

Ec 130 1750 1477 737 49.89

TDS 500 2000 964.8 474 49.12

Chloride 250 1000 243.6 275 112.8

Turbidity NTU=5 NTU=10 51.8 2.15 79.62

Hardness 300 600 139 65.08 46.82

Alkalinity 200 600 2.7 38.42 74.16

All units except pH and Electrical conductivity are in mg/l, Min-Minimum, Max- Maximum, AM Arithmetic mean, SD-Standard deviation, CV-Coefficient variation

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Table 4.4 Relative weight of chemical parameters.

Parameters Indian Weight (wi) Relative Standards weight(Wi)

pH 6.5-8.5 4 0.181818

EC 1750 3 0.1363636

TDS 500-2000 4 0.181818

Chloride 250-1000 5 0.227272

Turbidity NTU=5 3 0.1363636

Hardness 300-600 3 0.1363636

Alkalinity 200-600 3 0.1363636

∑ =22 ∑ =1.000

Table 4.5 Physiochemical parameters of Postmonsoon season

Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 Average

Ph 7.44 6.99 6.97 6.94 6.95 6.85 7.23 7.41 7.21 7.26 7.08 7.12

EC 350 1810 1580 1410 1980 3150 1420 1500 800 750 1500 1477

TDS 227.5 1176 1027 916.5 1287 2047 923 975 572 487.5 975 964.8

Chloride 65.67 248.5 230.7 177.5 223.6 1052.5 149.1 193.4 104.7 63.9 170.4 243.6

Alkalinity 40 35 25 50 45 160 65 60 40 30 20 51.8

Hardness 103 105 210 285 190 145 120 130 65 80 100 139

Turbidity 1.2 1.3 0.4 5.3 0.3 4.2 2.5 1.2 2.4 4.7 6.7 2.7

4.1.4 Drinking water Parameter Standards and Specifications

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): The pH value of water indicates whether the water is acidic or alkaline. It controls by carbon-dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate equilibrium. The combination of CO2 with water form carbonic acid, which affects the pH of the water. Drinking water with a pH range 6.5 to 8.5 is generally satisfactory. If the pH is not within the prescribed, it damages mucous membrane present in eyes, nose, mouth, abdomen, anus etc. The pH value of water samples in the study area is within the safe limit in post monsoon ranged from 6.85 to 7.44 characterized by neutral

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to slightly alkaline.

Electrical Conductivity (EC): Electrical conductivity is a measure of water capacity to convey electric current. It is used to estimate the amount of dissolved solids. It increases as the amount of dissolved mineral (ions) increases. The most desirable limit of EC in drinking water is prescribed as 1500 μScm−1 and permissible limit 3000 μScm−1. In the study area, the value of conductivity inpostmonsoon 1810 to 3150 μScm−1. Higher EC in the study area indicates the enrichment of salts in the groundwater. Wells located near dumpsite and their waste disposal sites showed higher EC values, which indicate that the contamination is due to the improper waste disposal.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Based on the TDS content allowed for drinking water, all the groundwater of the study area exceeds the desirable limit of 500 mg/l and up to 2000 mg/l is maximum permissible limit. In the study area the TDS value in post monsoon 227.5 to 2047 mg/l, indicating that most of the groundwater samples exceed the desirable limit. Generally, the higher TDS decrease palatability and causes gastrointestinal irritation in the human beings. It has also laxative effect, especially upon transits. But, the prolonged intake of water with the higher TDS can cause kidney stones, which are widely reported from different parts of the country.

Total Hardness (TH): Hardness is an important criterion in determining the suitability of water samples for domestic and industrial purposes as it involved in making the water hard. Total hardness was found in post monsoon 65 to 190 mg/l water is not safe for drinking purpose. The classification of groundwater samples based on hardness revealed that most of the samples belong to hard to very hard category. High levels of hardness may affected water supply system, excessive soap consumption, calcification of arteries and cause urinary concentrations, diseases of kidney of bladder and stomach disorders.

Chloride (Cl-): In the study area, the concentration of Cl-in post monsoon was between 65.67 mg/l to 1052.5mg/l. A limit of 250 mg/L chloride has been recommended as desirable limit and 1000 mg/L as the permissible limit for drinking water. High concentration of Cl- may be injurious to some people suffering from diseases of the heart and kidney, taste, indigestion, corrosion and palatability are affected.

Alkalinity: The groundwater of the study area exceeds the desirable limit of 200 mg/l and up to 600 mg/l is maximum permissible limit. In the study area the TDS value in post monsoon 227.5 to 160 mg/l, Alkalinity in water is preferable to acidity; with all the pollutant sources of industry and transportation, acid rain is on the rise, and high water alkalinity acts as a buffer to neutralize excess acidity. Recognizing the relationship between water, alkalinity and our ecosystem can help us better understand the delicate balance of our environment.

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Turbidity: The most desirable limit of EC in drinking water is prescribed as NTU=5 and permissible limit NTU=10. In the study area the turbidity value in post monsoon 2.5 to 5.4 indicating that most of the groundwater samples exceed the desirable limit. High turbidity indicated high risk to disease causing microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacterial and carriers of variety of materials such as pesticides, heavy metals. The suspended particles absorb heat from the sunlight, making turbid waters become warmer, and so reducing the concentration of oxygen in the water.

7.5

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.1

7

6.9

6.8

6.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 4.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)

3500

3000

2500 1000

500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 4.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

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250 0

200 0

150 0

100 0

50 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 4.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Chloride 1200

1000

800

400

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Figure 4.4 Chloride (Cl-)

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18 0

16 0

14 0

12 0

4 0

2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 4.5 Alkalinity

T.Hardness 300

250

10 0

50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 4.6 Total Hardness (TH)

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Turbidity 8

7

6

3

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 4.7 Turbidity

4.1.5 Water Quality Index

WQI is computed to reduce the large amount of water quality data to a single numerical value. WQI reflects the composite influence of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water. Water quality index was computed by to determine the suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes. The WQI of the water collected during post-monsoon season has been computed and given in the Table 4.7

Table 4.6 WQI range and its corresponding water type

Range <50 50- 100- 200- >300 100 200 300

Type Excellent Good Poor Very Unsuitable poor

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Table 4.7 WQI for post-monsoon

Sample WQI Quality of water NO

1 41 Excellent

2 102 Poor-Water

3 93 Good-water

4 99 Good-water

5 106 Poor-Water

6 234 Very Poor-Water

7 85 Good-water

8 90 Good-water

9 62 Good-water

10 60 Good-water

11 99 Good-water

V.CONCLUSIONS

Groundwater samples of bore wells (BW), open wells (OW), and Hand Pumps (HP), collected from different locations in pallavaram in , Tamil Nadu was analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The ground water samples were studied during post-monsoon (February 2018) seasons from 11 different places. The present study was undertaken to characterize the physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Hardness (H), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Each parameter was compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated and it reflected that 63.64% of the samples were of good quality in post monsoon, 27.27% of samples were poor quality and 9.09% of samples were of very poor quality

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REFERENCE

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