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Pyridoxine Responsive Sideroblastic Anemia in a Boy with Mitral Valve Prolapse

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Pyridoxine Responsive Sideroblastic Anemia in a Boy with Mitral Valve Prolapse Korean Journal of Pediatrics Vol. 49, No. 11, 2006 □ Case Report □ 1) Pyridoxine responsive sideroblastic anemia in a boy with mitral valve prolapse June Seung Sung, M.D., Ki Hwan Kim, M.D., Dong Gyun Han, M.D. Mi Jeong Kim, M.D., Young Kook Cho, M.D., Hae Yul Chung, M.D. Hee Jo Baek, M.D., Jae Sook Ma, M.D., Hoon Kook, M.D. and Tai Ju Hwang, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, Hwasun Chonnam National University Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea Sideroblastic anemia is a rare, heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hyperferremia, microcytic hypochromic anemia, and bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia with the presence of numerous ringed sideroblasts. We describe herewith the case of a rare coincidence of sideroblastic anemia and mitral valve prolapse with resultant regurgitation in a 2-year-old boy. In addition to the inherent propensity for the development of cardiac dysfunction in sideroblastic anemia due to trans- fusion-associated myocardial iron overload and chronic anemia, a coincidence of MVP will further increase the likelihood of the morbidity or mortality of th patient. in thispatient.Afterresponseto pyridoxine, the patient remains in good condition with stable hemoglobin levels. (Korean J Pediatr 2006;49:1223-1226) Key Words : Sideroblastic anemia, Pyridoxine, Mitral valve prolapse Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a multifactorial valvular Introduction abnormality that can be caused by histological abnorma- lities of valvular tissue, geometric disparities between the Sideroblastic anemia is a rare, heterogeneous group of left ventricle and mitral valve, or various connective tissue disorders characterized by hyperferremia, microcytic hypo- disorders3). The reported incidence of mitral valve prolapse chromic anemia, and bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia (MVP) of 5% in the pediatric population probably should with the presence of numerous ringed sideroblasts. The be an overestimate. This condition occurs in older children condition can be divided into hereditary and acquired types, and adolescents (it is more common in adults) and has a which are both relatively rare in children1).Thecauseof female preponderance (male-female ratio of 1:2)4). this disorder is not yet clear. However, a decrease in the We describe herewith a boy with severe pyridoxine- activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the responsive sideroblastic anemia with MVP. As these com- rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis, has been impli- bination has not been reported in the literature, we might cated by some investigators. As both pyridoxine-responsive suggestthatthiscaserepresentsanextremelyrarecoin- and non-responsive patients with this disorder have been cidence of both diseases. The association of MVP in a pa- reported, a complicated system for the activation and inac- tient who has a chronic anemia and requires transfusions tivation of ALA-S should exist, thus suggesting that the will further increase the risk of developing cardiac dys- decrease of ALA-S activity may not always be attributable function in the future. to a single cause2). Case Report 접수 : 2006년 8월 16일, 승인 : 2006년 9월 13일 책임저자 : 국 훈, 화순 전남대학교 의과대학 소아과학교실 A 25-month-old boy was referred to our hospital in Correspondence : Hoon Kookng, M.D. Tel : 061)379-7693 Fax : 061)379-7697 September, 2003 for the evaluation of severe anemia. He E-mail : [email protected] - 1223 - June Seung Sung, et al. : Pyridoxine responsive sideroblastic anemia in a boy with mitral valve prolapse was pale and weak. Physical examination showed severe Two-dimensional echocardiography showed the prolapse of pallor, chest retractions, and hepatosplenomegaly. The late the mitral valve leaflet superior to the plane of the mitral systolic murmur without midsystolic click was audible at valve. Moderate degree of mitral regurgitation (MR) was the apex. The family history was negative for anemia and demonstrated by color flow mapping (Fig. 3). After 30 consanguinity. The hemogram showed hemoglobin 1.5 g/dL; months, he continues to have a MVP with moderate MR. hematocrit 5.5%; mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 55.5 fL; Regular evaluation of his cardiac status by ECG and echo- mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 15.2 pg; and reticulocytes cardiography has been done every six months. The anti- 0.7%. Serum iron was 308.5 µg/dL and the total iron binding biotic prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis was recom- capacity was 312 µg/dL. Serum ferritin, bilirubin, lead levels mended. were all within the normal ranges. Direct and indirect Coombs' test were negative. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was normal. Examination of the peripheral blood smear re- vealed microcytic hypochromic anemia with marked poiki- locytosis, elliptocytosis and moderate anisocytosis (Fig. 1). A bone marrow aspiration smear revealed relatively eryth- roid hyperplasia, and iron staining showed distinct ringed sideroblasts in 30% of erythroids (Fig. 2). After slow and fractionated red cell transfusions, his symptoms relieved. Administration of oral pyridoxine hydrochloride (100 mg/day) resulted in the stable hemoglobin level over 8.0 g/dL, with the hematocrit over 25 %. He remains well on continued pyridoxine medication for 32 months. The hemo- gram showed hemoglobin 8.3 g/dL; hematocrit 28.8%; MCV 65.4 fL; MCH 18.9 pg; and reticulocytes 0.47%. There was no evidence of family history, or secondary causes, such as underlying diseases or drug therapy that might be associa- ted with sideroblastic anemia. Molecular diagnosis was not warranted. Fig. 2. Perls Prussian blue staining of a bone marrow aspi- rates shows many ringed sideroblasts having numerous posi- Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a normal sinus rhythm. tive granules (Wright's Giemsa×1000). Fig. 1. Peripheral blood smear shows a microcytic hypochromic Fig. 3. Echocardiographic image of parasternal long-axis view anemia with marked poikilocytosis, and moderate anisocytosis shows a posterior mitral leaflet bowing backward and pro- (Wright's Giemsa×400). lapsing into left atrium during systole (arrow). - 1224 - Korean J Pediatr : 제 49 권 제 11 호 2006년 hemoglobin level over the next several months. The main- Discussion tenance dose of pyridoxine is that which holds the hemo- globin level at a steady state. More recently, combination The sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of of erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor disorders whose two distinctive features are ringed sider- (G-CSF) has been effective in the treatment of acquired oblasts in the bone marrow (abnormal erythroblasts with sideroblastic anemia. Successful allogeneic stem cell trans- excessive iron accumulation in the mitochondria) and plantation has been reported in cases of inherited forms of impaired hembiosynthesis5, 6). Most commonly, the sidero- sideroblastic anemia12). blastic anemias are classified as hereditary or acquired MVP is encountered in association with congenital (eg. conditions. The acquired sideroblastic anemias are far more atrial septal defect, Ebstein anomaly) or acquired heart commonthanthehereditaryvarieties. The second common diseases, such as, papillary muscle dysfunction (eg, ische- subgroup,refractoryanemiawithringedsideroblasts,isan mia, myocarditis), cardiac trauma, or rheumatic endocardi- extremely rare subset of the myelodysplastic syndromes tis. MVP has a well-recognized association with heritable (MDS) in children7). connective tissue disorders including Marfan syndrome, The exact mechanism by which disturbed heme meta- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pse- bolism produces sideroblastic anemias remains elusive. udoxanthoma elasticum5).TheincreasedprevalenceofMVP However, some investigators have revealed a decrease in hasbeenrecognizedinpatientswithautoimmunedisorders the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), (eg, systemic lupus erythematous, Grave's disease, Behçet's the rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis8). disease)13), muscle disorders (eg, Duchenne muscular dys- Sideroblastic anemias tend to have hemoglobin levels trophy, mucopolysaccharidoses, myotonic dystrophy, fragile usually ranging from 4 to 10 g/dL. Patients have the usual Xsyndrome)14, 15), or miscellaneous disorders (eg, Wolff- symptoms of anemia including fatigue, dizziness and dec- Parkinson-White syndrome, von Willebrand disease, sickle reased tolerance to physical activity. The history should cell anemia, β-thalassemia)16, 17). include detailed questions concerning possible toxin or drug In Korea, three cases of pyridoxine-nonresponsive here- exposures, as these conditions are reversible9). A thorough ditary sideroblastic anemia have been described10, 18, 19).Koh family history looking for anemia, particularly in male rela- et al.9) described a case of pyridoxine responsive acquired tives, is important as there are X-linked or autosomal re- sideroblastic anemia in a 19-year old boy. There has been cessive forms of sideroblastic anemia. no report of pyridoxine responsive sideroblastic anemia in Clinical manifestation from iron overload is hepatosp- Korean children. Moreover, we describe the case of rare lenomegaly, elevated liver function test, skin pigmentation, coincidence of sideroblastic anemia and mitral valve prolapse diabetes, and cardiac arrhythmia, an important cause of with resultant regurgitation. morbidity and mortality10). No pathognomonic physical find- Heart failure would be the main cause of morbidity and ing exists for sideroblastic anemia. mortality for this patient. In addition to mitral regurgitation The
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