Looking after protected species in Queensland
A brief guide for commercial fishers
Looking after protected species in Queensland A brief guide for commercial fishers PR11–4986
Photograph acknowledgements (cover) Grey nurse shark courtsey of DERM, all others DEEDI
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011.
Except as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or any other means be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or be broadcast or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information.
Enquiries about reproduction, including downloading or printing the web version, should be directed to [email protected] or telephone 13 25 23 (Queensland residents) or +61 7 3404 6999. Contents
How can commercial fishers look after protected species? 1
Crocodiles (freshwater and saltwater) 4
Dolphins 5
Dugongs 7
False water rat 8
Fish (freshwater) 9
Fish (marine) 12
Platypus 14
Sawfish 15
Seabirds 17
Seahorses, pipefish and pipehorses 20
Sea snakes 21
Sharks 23
Great white sharks 23 Grey nurse sharks 23 Long and short fin mako sharks and porbeagle sharks 24 Speartooth sharks 24 Whale sharks 24
Turtles (freshwater) 26
Turtles (marine) 27
Whales 30
More information 32
Contacts 32 Looking after protected species in Queensland
iii
How can commercial fishers look after protected species?
Queensland commercial fishers already show their commitment to sustainable management and world’s best practice in a range of ways, including collaborating with researchers in the design of bycatch reduction devices and turtle excluder devices, and establishing regional codes of practice. Operators can do their part by familiarising themselves with the best practice information provided in this document and ensuring that they accurately report interactions so that the status of protected species can be better understood.
Status of protected species
Protected species is a term broadly used to describe any species that has some level of protection under international, Commonwealth or state law.
International
At the international level, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) compiles the Red List, considered by many experts as the most comprehensive guide to the global conservation status of animal and plant species. Species can be listed as:
• e x t i n c t • extinct in the wild • critically endangered • endangered • vulnerable • near threatened • least concern • data deficient • not evaluated. Commonwealth
In Australia, species are given protection under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Species may be listed under the EPBC Act as threatened fauna and assigned a category below. In addition, the EPBC Act automatically lists other species when changes to international legislation are made. For example, automatic listing of species occurs when changes are made to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species or the Convention on Migratory Species lists.
Species that are listed as threatened are divided into the following categories:
• e x t i n c t • extinct in the wild • critically endangered • endangered • vulnerable • conservation dependent. Looking after protected species in Queensland
1 2 Looking after protected species in Queensland (e.g. depth and habitat), what condition it is in, its size and its sex. its and size its in, is it condition what habitat), and depth (e.g. found is animal the where in interested are Researchers better. the provide, you information more The You should indicate: (DERM). Management Resource and Environment of Department the to dolphins and whales dead), or injured (if dugongs with interactions report immediately to required also You are logbook. (SOCI) Interest Conservation of Species your in interactions all of details provide to required are you Legally, Iprovide? should information What you: where interaction any report You should something? should I report When survival. of chance abetter have and professionals by appropriately treated are animals ensure help can animals stranded or injured of Reporting manner. a sustainable in conducted are fisheries Queensland that agencies other to demonstrate and habitat critical identify populations, the of status the determine managers and researchers help can fishers commercial by species protected of strandings and interactions sightings, of reporting The legislation. Queensland and Commonwealth under species protected with interactions report to required legally are Fishers Reporting take). no or take limited (i.e. species regulated as interest conservation of species list also may legislation fisheries Queensland the Queensland, In Queensland species as protected. lists 1983 Regulation Park Marine Reef Barrier Great the Area, Heritage World Reef Barrier Great the In as: listed be also can Species east ear • • ulnerable • ndangered • xtinct • • hales • • • etails hether • he • • nd nd • • nintentionally • d w t fi fi unharmed) released u l n e r a r v e e a w a
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How will the information be used?
Some operators may be concerned that more accurate and comprehensive reporting will be interpreted as showing a rise in the level of interaction. This is not the case. The Queensland Government understands that more reported interactions do not necessarily indicate more actual interactions, particularly when reporting has been quite low in the past. As the SOCI logbook program continues over time, it will provide a clearer indication of actual trends in interactions and allow Fisheries Queensland—part of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI)— to promote ‘clean and green’ fishing operations.
What happens if I don’t report interactions?
If you fail to report an interaction through your SOCI logbook or to DERM, you can be fined under both Commonwealth and state legislation. If operators don’t accurately report the number of interactions, it is difficult for Fisheries Queensland to continue to demonstrate to external stakeholders and conservation agencies that current fishing operations in Queensland are conducted in a transparent and sustainable manner.
Report an interaction Record all interactions with protected species in your SOCI logbook. You must also report interactions with dugongs (if injured or dead), whales and dolphins in state waters to DERM on 1300 130 372. To report an injured or stranded animal, call DERM on 1300 130 372.
General handling practices
• Try to minimise the stress on animals by releasing them as quickly and gently as possible. • Always consider your safety and the safety of the crew when handling protected species. • Remove as much fishing gear as possible from any entangled animals before releasing. • Hooks should be removed where possible. Where this isn’t practical or safe, try to cut the line as close to the hook as possible. Be aware that wire traces can create abrasions and infections on the side of animals. • Have tools such as pliers, wire cutters, de-hookers and line cutters on hand, which will help you release any animals you may accidentally catch. Looking after protected species in Queensland
3 4 Looking after protected species in Queensland Practical tips Practical trawl and line net, Pot, to prone interactions methods Fishing in Australia. ( Freshwater ( in numbers. decline in a significant resulting skin, their for hunted were crocodiles 1970s, the Until status: Queensland (saltwater) species migratory listed and saltwater) and (freshwater Commonwealth status: saltwater) IUCN status: saltwater) and (freshwater Crocodiles Crocodylus porosus hen • oth • on’t • e • void • ever • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting assistance. further for 372 130 1300 on DERM call occurs, interaction an If prohibited. is crocodiles of handling Act, Conservation Nature the Under unprovoked. humans attack to known been have hand, other the on crocodiles, Saltwater provoked. if bite will but aggressive not generally are crocodiles Freshwater interaction. any during fishers to threat safety to inhabit. known they’re areas in fish unwanted or offal April). and September (between season boats. and people approach may and vicinity the in be still may Crocodiles marks. slide aboat. of pools. deep overhanging branches or logs on stand not Do edge. water’s the B D B A N W
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IUCN status: vulnerable to least concern1 • Cooperate with researchers who are investigating the use of sonic pingers to Commonwealth status: deter dolphins, which may assist in reducing Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa interactions in the future. chinensis)—listed migratory species • Try to minimise the amount of bycatch and offal discarded as this can attract dolphins to Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)—listed the area. migratory species • Entangled dolphins should be brought slowly Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella to the side of the boat to remove the fishing attenuata)—listed migratory species gear from the animal. Do this either by un- Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)—listed looping the rope from its fins or by using migratory species line cutters. When untangling gear, support the dolphin’s head above the water at the Queensland status: side of the boat using rope placed under the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin—rare body between the top (dorsal) fin and the flippers. If the dolphin is small enough, it may Irrawaddy dolphin—rare be appropriate to bring it aboard to remove fishing gear. Never hang the dolphin up by Dolphins tend to live long lives. They give birth the tail. to one live young and invest significant time and • Never get in the water to attempt to untangle a energy raising it. Queensland is home to a large dolphin. Sharks may be attracted to the scene number of dolphins, including the Indo-Pacific and you will be in danger. humpback dolphin and the Irrawaddy dolphin, which are of particular conservation interest. Reporting All dolphins are protected. Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. You must also report any interaction with Fishing methods prone to interactions a dolphin in state waters to DERM on 1300 130 372. Line, pot, trawl and net
Practical tips
• Use the appropriate amount of float line on crab pots for the conditions (e.g. tidal range and run). This will reduce the possibility of entanglements and will also help ensure gear isn’t lost. • Check pots and nets regularly to ensure that there are no entanglements. • Consider the time at which nets are set. For example, it has been suggested that setting nets at night can help reduce interactions.
1 See Appendix 1 in Looking after protected species in Queensland: A comprehensive guide for commercial
fishers for species-specific details. Looking after protected species in Queensland
5 6 Looking after protected species in Queensland ( I Spinner dolphin ( Indo-Pacific Dolphins Orcaella brevirostris (Orcaella dolphin rrawaddy Sousa chinensisSousa
humpback ) Stenella longirostris
dolphin
) ) Dugongs
IUCN status: vulnerable • e B aware that dugongs can only survive underwater for a very short period (a couple Commonwealth status: listed marine species and of minutes at the most). If you’re handling a listed migratory species dugong, make sure that it has access to the surface to breathe. Queensland status: vulnerable • Release it from the apparatus as quickly as possible to reduce stress. Dugongs (Dugong dugon)—often referred to • Continue to monitor the dugong after as sea cows—are slow-moving, air-breathing releasing it for any signs of injury or other marine mammals that feed mainly on seagrass in problems. protected inshore areas. Australia has one of the • f I you have problems releasing the animal last significant dugong populations in the world. or need further advice, contact DERM on 1300 130 372. Fishing methods prone to interactions
Pot and net Reporting Record all interactions in your SOCI Practical tips logbook. You must also report any injured or dead dugongs in state waters to DERM on • Avoid areas where dugongs are known to 1300 130 372. aggregate (e.g. around seagrass beds in sheltered inshore areas). • Avoid fishing areas at certain times (e.g. when dugongs are migrating onto and off seagrass banks with the tide). • e B aware of and adhere to rules designed to protect dugongs, such as dugong go-slow areas and Dugong Protection Areas. • Always keep an eye out for dugongs in the water. They are generally quite visible because of their need to surface regularly. • Dugongs can become entangled with crab pot lines. To avoid entanglements, weigh your float lines and use the appropriate length rope for Dugong (Dugong dugon)—photograph courtesy of DERM the tidal conditions. This will also help avoid loss of crab pots. • Know the features of different types of nets that can minimise the chance of dugongs becoming entangled. For example, shorter, taut nets pose lower risk than longer, slack nets. • Slowly pull the animal toward the side of the boat where it can be released more easily and safely. • e B aware that the large size of dugongs can sometimes pose a safety threat to operators. In addition, females can become quite aggressive if they perceive a threat to their calf. Dugong and calf—photograph courtesy of Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park Authority Looking after protected species in Queensland
7 8 Looking after protected species in Queensland Practical tips Practical trapping freshwater and Pot to prone interactions methods Fishing foxes. and pigs feral dingoes, from attack to susceptible also are They modification. habitat related and development urban by affected are rats water False state. the of part southern the to restricted mostly is and lagoons and wetlands coastal in found be can It waters. shallow in worms and shellfish crabs, small on feeds and forests mangrove with associated closely is It feet. rear its on webbing no has but rat water true the to related is that mammal nocturnal ( rat water false The status: Queensland Commonwealth status: IUCN status: rat water False e • elease • heck • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting minimum swimming will be required. be will minimum swimming where bank amangrove on or water shallow in them release possible, Where encountered. trapped. not are rats water Queensland.southern in forests mangrove in night at forage to tends it that particular in species, the of R C B
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IUCN status: not listed Fishing methods prone to interactions
Commonwealth status: vulnerable to Freshwater trapping endangered2 Practical tips Queensland status: vulnerable to endangered and regulated under the Fisheries (Freshwater) • Some of the freshwater fish species are 3 Management Plan 1999 restricted to certain areas and therefore may be avoided. In addition, some are thought to A number of fish species are protected only occur on private property, so the chance because of concerns about their declining of interaction is very low. numbers or naturally low abundance. Some • Where possible, avoid areas where Murray species, such as the Elizabeth Springs goby cod and Mary River cod are found. These (Chlamydogobius micropterus), red-finned blue include deeper areas of the river and near eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis), Edgbaston large woody debris. goby (Chlamydogobius squamingenus) and the • Check traps regularly to ensure that any Flinders Ranges gudgeon (Mogurnda clivicola) protected species are not caught. are only known to inhabit a small number of • Gently return the fish to the water as quickly freshwater springs. as possible, using the following techniques: Other species such as the oxleyan pygmy − Always use wet hands or a wet cloth when perch (Nannoperca oxleyana), honey blue eye handling fish to avoid damaging the fish’s (Pseudomugil mellis), Murray cod (Maccullochella sensitive mucous layer. peelii peelii), Lake Eacham rainbowfish − Use a knotless landing net for bigger fish. (Melanotaenia eachamensis), Mary River cod − Avoid lifting larger fish from the water. (Maccullochella peelii mariensis) and lungfish − Avoid placing fish on hot dry surfaces. (Neoceratodus forsteri) are only found in very − If entangled in fishing gear or debris, ensure specific habitats or in one or two catchments. this is fully removed before releasing the fish. The only commercial fishers likely to encounter − If you do need to lift a fish out of the water, any of these species are eel trappers. No other support it under the belly with both arms. commercial fisheries are currently permitted to operate in freshwater areas. Reporting Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook.
2 See Appendix 1 in Looking after protected species in Queensland: A comprehensive guide for commercial fishers for species-specific details.
3 As above Looking after protected species in Queensland
9 10 Looking after protected species in Queensland photograph courtesy of Gunther Schmida of Gunther courtesy photograph Flinders Ranges gudgeon ( gudgeon Ranges Flinders Schmida of Gunther courtesy photograph ( goby Springs Elizabeth Schmida of Gunther courtesy photograph ( goby Edgbaston (Guyu wujalwujalensis cod River Bloomfield (freshwater) Fish Chlamydogobius squamingenus Chlamydogobius Chlamydogobius micropterus Mogurnda clivicola ) )— )— )— —photograph courtesy of Gunther Schmida of Gunther courtesy —photograph Lake Eacham rainbowfish ( rainbowfish Eacham Lake Schmida Gunther of courtesy ( eye blue Honey photograph courtesy of Gunther Schmida of Gunther courtesy photograph ( cod River Mary Schmida Gunther of ( Lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri Maccullochella peelii mariensis Maccullochella Pseudomugil mellis Pseudomugil Melanotaenia eachamensis )—photograph courtesy courtesy )—photograph )—photograph )—photograph )— ) Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii)—photograph Spiny crayfish (Euastacus sp.) courtesy of Gunther Schmida
Oxleyan pygmy perch (Nannoperca oxleyana)— photograph courtesy of Gunther Schmida
Red-finned blue eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis)— photograph courtesy of Gunther Schmida
River blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus) Looking after protected species in Queensland
11 12 Looking after protected species in Queensland legislation status: Queensland Commonwealth status: concern least ( groper Queensland concern ( rockcod Potato endangered Reporting trawl and net Line, to prone interactions methods Fishing species. protected caught incidentally of survival the ensure to techniques release practice best in engage fishers that important is it and species, marine on impact asignificant have may operations fishing Commercial concerns. sustainability recognised are there which for species fish marine of anumber are There ee Appendix 1 in 1in Appendix ee 4 tips Practical logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Barramundi cod ( cod Barramundi IUCN status: (marine) Fish Humphead Maori wrasse ( wrasse Maori Humphead vulnerable f void • void • se • • lways • f •
fisheries Queensland: A comprehensive guide for commercial S this is fully removed before releasing the fish. the releasing before removed fully is this layer. mucous sensitive fish’s the damaging avoid to fish handling possible. as quickly as water the to I A A U A I
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13 14 Looking after protected species in Queensland Practical tips Practical trapping Freshwater to prone interactions methods Fishing permitted to operate in freshwater areas. freshwater in operate to permitted currently are fisheries commercial other No trappers. eel are species this encounter to likely fishers commercial only The Queensland. of coast east the on streams and creeks freshwater inhabit to known are They species. a protected remain but Act, Conservation Nature Queensland the under concern’ ‘least as listed currently ( Platypus status: Queensland Commonwealth status: IUCN status: Platypus ollow • uickly • heck • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting venomous spurs on their hind legs. hind their on spurs venomous have they as care with platypus male Handle vet. local your or 372 130 1300 on DERM contact injured, is animal the If animal. the on stress of amount the minimise to platypus released. be can platypus access to surface. the includes This platypus. trapping to prevent apparatus Q C F
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courtesy ofcourtesy DERM (Ornithorhynchus anatinus Platypus )—photograph )—photograph Sawfish
IUCN status: all critically endangered5 − Sawfish can be quite dangerous. Do not stand to the side of the saw (rostrum) even if Commonwealth status: you believe the animal is secured firmly. Dwarf sawfish (Pristis clavata)—vulnerable − Handle sawfish in an appropriate way, depending on their size. For example, Freshwater sawfish (Pristis microdon)—vulnerable smaller juveniles (60–150 cm) can be Green sawfish (Pristis zijron)—vulnerable brought aboard a vessel and untangled. Narrow sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata)–not For sub-adults (150–350 cm) and adults listed (350–700 cm), it is best to beach the sawfish on the shore to release it. A second Queensland status: all regulated (no take) under person can make handling easier and safer, the Fisheries Regulation 2008 particularly with larger sawfish. − If bringing a sawfish onto the beach, try Sawfish can be identified by their unique ‘saw’, to minimise the time it’s out of the water which can easily become entangled in fishing and keep it wet to reduce the stress and gear. All species of sawfish are relatively low discomfort of the animal. in abundance. Most species are found across − When moving or lifting sawfish, place a Queensland; however, the freshwater sawfish is slipknot around the rostrum. Two people can more prolific in the Gulf of Carpentaria compared move the animal—one holding the rope and to the east coast. the other holding the tail. − Before attempting to untangle the sawfish, All sawfish are now protected in Queensland. ensure it is secured for safety. − Untangle the tail and mid-section before Fishing methods prone to interactions tackling the rostrum. − Try using a net hook, sharp blade, cement Line, net and trawl trail or the back of a knife to untangle the meshes. Sometimes the net will need to be Practical tips cut due to extent of entanglement. − The first dorsal fin can be bent over and body • e B aware that you may encounter sawfish in weight applied to pacify the animal (similar the Gulf of Carpentaria (in marine and some to turning a shark on its back) so that it can freshwater areas), where they are often found be disentangled and released. This can be on the bottom of turbid rivers and inshore done on board a vessel or on shore. When areas. Pay particular attention during the trying to untangle an adolescent sawfish wet season (February to April) when peak next to a boat, lever the rostrum over the interactions with freshwater sawfish are gunnel and apply downward pressure. A known to occur. second person can assist with untangling. • Avoid setting nets in areas and at times where − Make an effort to swim and revive the sawfish are known to occur. sawfish before releasing it to enhance its • Regularly check nets to minimise sawfish chance of survival. mortality if entanglements occur. − It is vitally important that any individual • Take part in research projects that aim to captured on the east coast be returned better understand interactions with sawfish unharmed so that there can be some chance so that impacts can be avoided or minimised. for recovery. • Learn how to handle sawfish to maximise their − Take care when releasing sawfish to avoid chance of survival: situations that increase the risk of crocodile 5 International trade on all sawfish species is banned attack. under the Convention on international trade in
endangered species of wild fauna and flora. Looking after protected species in Queensland
15 16 Looking after protected species in Queensland Narrow sawfish ( sawfish Narrow ( sawfish Green ( sawfish Freshwater ( sawfish Dwarf Sawfish Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting Pristis clavata Pristis Pristis zijron Pristis Anoxypristis cuspidata Anoxypristis Pristis microdon Pristis )—photograph courtesy of Cairns Marine, Australia Marine, of Cairns courtesy )—photograph )—photograph courtesy of Stirling Peverell, DEEDI Peverell, Stirling of courtesy )—photograph )—photograph courtesy of Stirling Peverell, DEEDI Peverell, Stirling of courtesy )—photograph )—photograph courtesy of Stirling Peverell, DEEDI Peverell, Stirling of courtesy )—photograph Seabirds
IUCN status: least concern to endangered6 • Try to minimise the amount of offal or bycatch that is discarded around the boat. Food on the Commonwealth status: vulnerable to endangered surface attracts birds to the area, increasing and listed marine species7 the chance of interactions. Try to discard offal and bycatch at times when fishing gear 8 Queensland status: vulnerable to endangered isn’t being set or hauled. Also try to discard bycatch all at once to reduce the chance of Seabird is a general term used to describe any hooking or entanglement. species of bird that spends a substantial part of • For line fishers, try using thawed bait that its life foraging and/or breeding in the marine doesn’t float to the surface as much as frozen environment. Examples include gulls, pelicans, bait. Also consider using an underwater terns, petrels, shearwaters, cormorants, setting chute (sometimes made out of PVC) gannets and boobies. Over 30 Australian that forces the bait under the water to safe seabird species are listed as threatened under depths. Weighing down the line can also help. the EPBC Act, although not all of these are found • Line fishers may consider using tori poles or in Queensland waters. bird scaring lines. The pole is essentially a rope with streamers that hang down to the Fishing methods prone to interactions water where waves and wind cause them to flap above the bait, scaring birds off. This Pot, net, line and trawl provides sufficient time for the bait to sink to a depth out of reach. Practical tips • Check lines, nets and pots regularly for entanglements. • Don’t feed seabirds. Birds that become • Use wildlife-friendly fishing practices and used to human activities can develop bad technology where practicable. Barbless, habits and become a nuisance. This often uncoated hooks and non-braided wire can makes them more susceptible to negative help minimise impacts on seabirds. interactions. Large fish frames and bones can • Boat strike is a common cause of injury. Take also do internal damage to some seabirds. care and keep an eye out for seabirds when • Remove hooks from fish that are discarded operating vessels—seabirds and other wildlife so that birds do not accidentally ingest tackle may be nesting or resting, disabled or unable when feeding. to get out of the way in time. • Keep bait, catch and fishing gear stored • f I a seabird is hooked or entangled, pull it in appropriately. Birds are not as attracted if gently but quickly. food is not visible. Cover nets when they are • Cover the seabird’s head with a towel to not in use. subdue it and to minimise stress. • Secure the animal to ensure your safety and that of the bird. The best way to hold a bird is to fold its wings back into resting position and hold it between your legs. Keep hold of the bird’s beak to ensure it cannot bite. Also keep a light hold around the neck, which should follow the movement of the head. Talons can be dangerous, so ensure that the feet of all species are well contained. 6 See Appendix 1 in Looking after protected species in • For safety, always wear gloves (light cotton Queensland: A comprehensive guide for commercial fishers for species-specific details. gloves for smaller species, or leather or plastic 7 As above gloves for larger species) and glasses when
8 As above handling seabirds. Looking after protected species in Queensland
17 18 Looking after protected species in Queensland Seabirds ou’re • elease • eleasing • • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting space. dark and confined warm, aquiet, in kept be should birds injured assistance, for waiting While 822. 758 0418 on Queensland Rescue Waterbird from help seek or 372 130 1300 on DERM contact further, it hurting without If and time over down break not does tackle Such ingested. or attached hooks) and line (e.g. Don’t body. the around it hold you while stand to bird the allowing and shore or deck the on it placing by symmetrically working are wings and legs both that check released, is bird the before and recovery After recover. to it allow to atowel in wrapped place, awarm in bird the keep is, it If hypothermia. or exhaustion from suffering or shock in isn’t Before in. tangled be may bird the that net or line any away Cut internal. is hook the if or joints in embedded are hooks if tackle remove to try Don’t animal. the to done harm reduce to removal before hook the off barb the cut to need may You attached. superficially Carefully
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Terns Storm petrel Looking after protected species in Queensland
19 20 Looking after protected species in Queensland Practical tips Practical net and Trawl to prone interactions methods Fishing ( pipehorse Duncker’s of harvest incidental The syngnathids. as to referred collectively often are pipehorses and pipefish Seahorses, 1999 Plan Management Trawl) Coast (East Fisheries the under number) (by regulated pipefish pallid status: Queensland Commonwealth status: IUCN status: pipehorses and pipefish Seahorses, interactions that occur with pipehorses. with occur that interactions of number the to compared rare, quite be to thought generally are pipefish and seahorses with Commonwealth Interactions legislation. under granted approval an by permitted is ( Solegnathus dunckeri Solegnathus hardwickii pecies ossible, • • ware • focus is on avoiding areas they inhabit. they areas avoiding on is focus the therefore, species, these For species. handling careful whether uncertain is It waters. deeper from up brought when barotrauma to susceptible also are They apparatus. fishing in time of periods long survive to unlikely are All of syngnathids. characteristics ecological and habitat preferred the investigating are Where seagrass. and wharfs jetties, sponges, fans, sea reefs, rocky including prefer, to thought are syngnathids that habitats certain Be
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i
a n nd
catch permitted by approval in trawl fishery trawl in approval by permitted catch ( pipefish Pallid Duncker’s pipehorse ( Duncker’s pipehorse incidental catch permitted by approval in trawl fishery trawl in approval by permitted catch incidental ossible s • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting returned to the water quickly. water the to returned if survival of chance abetter have may and exterior atough quite have species Some water. the to them returning when further any males of area brood the or tail snout, fins, their damage to not taken be should Care body. their of structure rigid normally the of because captured when dead appear It
i
p Solegnathus hardwickii Solegnathus
t hat Solegnathus dunckeri
s ome
s yngnathids )—incidental )—incidental )—
m ay
Sea snakes
IUCN status: not listed Practical tips
Commonwealth status: listed marine species • Certain species of sea snake are found in shallow water (less than 15 m). Fishing in Queensland status: not listed deeper areas will reduce the number of interactions. Sea snakes are taken incidentally while trawling • Consider using bycatch reduction devices or in inshore waters that are fished for banana square mesh cod ends to reduce the number prawns (Gladstone to Cairns) and for tiger of sea snakes caught incidentally. Also try to and endeavour prawns (north of Mackay). reduce the weight in the net to increase the The most commonly caught sea snakes in survivability of trapped sea snakes. these fisheries include the elegant sea snake • Consider shorter shot times to help reduce (Hydrophis elegans), olive-headed sea snake the mortality of sea snakes, which can (Disteira major), spectacled sea snake (Disteira only survive underwater for an average of kingii) and the horned sea snake (Acalyptophis 30 minutes. peronii). Like all reptiles, sea snakes are air- • Take extreme care when handling sea snakes. breathers and must surface regularly to breathe. Treat all sea snakes with your safety and the All sea snakes are venomous, varying from safety of other crew members in mind. weakly venomous to potentially fatal. • Try to be gentle when handling sea snakes as they can be easily injured if roughly treated. Fishing methods prone to interactions • f I the sea snake is active, carefully throw it over the side, either by picking it up by the tail Trawl or using a piece of dowel or a broomstick. • f I the sea snake is inactive, place it in a box, cover it with a see-through lid or mesh and leave it to recover. It is unlikely that the snake will recover if it is still inactive after an hour.
Reporting Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. Looking after protected species in Queensland
21 22 Looking after protected species in Queensland courtesy of the Fisheries Observer Program, DEEDI Program, Observer Fisheries the of courtesy Olive-headed DEEDI Program, Observer Fisheries the of courtesy ( snake sea Elegant snakes Sea
sea
snake Hydrophis elegans Hydrophis
( Disteira major )—photograph )—photograph )—photograph )—photograph courtesy of the Fisheries Observer Program, DEEDI Program, Observer Fisheries the of courtesy ( snake sea Spectacled Horned sea snake ( snake sea Horned courtesy of the Fisheries Observer Program, DEEDI Program, Observer Fisheries the of courtesy Acalyptophis peronii Acalyptophis Disteira kingii )—photograph )—photograph )—photograph )—photograph Sharks
Sharks have long life spans, mature late in life and give birth to only a few live young, making Reporting them particularly vulnerable to overfishing. Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook.
A number of species have now been listed as If you catch or find a dead grey nurse shark, protected due to concerns for their long-term retain the body and call DERM on 1300 130 372. survival in the wild. These include the great Take photos where possible to help studies on white, grey nurse, long and short fin mako, monitoring numbers and migration along the porbeagle, speartooth and whale sharks. east coast. If you encounter a dead speartooth shark, Fishing methods prone to interactions please contact DEEDI on 13 25 23 so that the specimen can be recorded and better Line and net information can be gained on the biology and distribution of this species. Practical tips
• e B able to identify these species and Great white sharks know where you may encounter them. (Carcharodon carcharias) Refer to the shark identification guide at www.fisheries.qld.gov.au IUCN status: vulnerable • Use lighter filament nets and larger meshed nets to reduce entanglements and to lower the Commonwealth status: vulnerable and listed number of juveniles captured. migratory species • Check apparatus regularly to ensure entangled sharks have an increased chance of survival. Queensland status: regulated (no take) under the • Consider using barbless and/or circle hooks to Fisheries Regulation 20089 reduce the likelihood of hooking a shark. • f I you hook a shark and it is still alive, don’t Practical tips try to bring it aboard. Try to release the shark while it is still in the water. Remember that • Great white sharks have been protected in some sharks need to have water moving Commonwealth waters since 1997. across their gills constantly to survive • They may be more prevalent in the cooler • Try to release the animal as quickly as months in Queensland, and are thought to possible and unharmed. Try to remove all follow humpback whales north on their annual fishing gear from the shark with line cutters migration. and/or de-hookers. If the shark is hooked deep in its gut, try to cut the line as close to Grey nurse sharks the hook as safely as you can. (Carcharinus taurus) • Roll the shark on its back to immobilise it if it needs to be disentangled from a net or line. • Pay particular attention to wire traces, as IUCN status: vulnerable these can cause abrasion and infection if left Commonwealth status: critically endangered to swing loose along the side of the shark. (east coast population) • e B conscious of the safety of the crew when handling sharks.
9 Under section 65 of the Fisheries Regulation 2008, the take, possession or sale of regulated fish is prohibited. Section 65 does not apply to shark
fishing contractors. Looking after protected species in Queensland
23 24 Looking after protected species in Queensland 10 2008 Regulation Fisheries status: Queensland Commonwealth status: IUCN status: ( sharks Speartooth logbook. SOCI your in recorded be to need now species these with Interactions 2010. January in Act EPBC the under species migratory as listed were sharks porbeagle and Mako status: Queensland Commonwealth status: IUCN status: and porbeagle sharks nasus (Lamna ( mako fin sharks and short Long tips Practical 2008 Regulation Fisheries the under take) (no status: Queensland Sharks now • f • Isurus oxyrinchus Isurus nder section 65 of the Fisheries Regulation 2008, 2008, Regulation Fisheries the of 65 section nder U contractors. fishing shark to apply not does 65 Section prohibited. is fish regulated of sale or possession take, the migration. during areas aggregation outside found be also can sharks nurse grey the that mind in nurse grey protect to fishing to closed are areas K species. this monitoring are they as 372 130 1300 on DERM call immediately and body the retain I
you
where catch sharks endangered vulnerable
or
aggregation
from
find regulated (no take) under the under take) (no regulated regulated and endangered not listed not
incidental a critically endangered critically species migratory listed
dead and Isuruspaucus and Glyphis glyphis Glyphis
areas
grey
capture.
nurse are—these
shark,
Keep
) 10 )
)
Practical tips Practical Queensland status: Queensland species migratory Commonwealth status: IUCN status: ( sharks Whale tips Practical peartooth • e • now • n • closer than 30 m to the animal. the mto 30 than closer any go should boat no addition, In to. adhered be should 8knots of speed amaximum where sharks, whale individual around established contact DEEDI on 13 25 on 23. DEEDI contact handling, or biology shark speartooth on details more For them. handling when taken be should care particular so handling, to S number of interactions. Periods channels. river main off running tributaries of mouths the at and turbid, more is water sharks B species. the on research undertaking is which 13 25 on 23, DEEDI contact Gulf, the in shark aspeartooth be may think you something catch you If teeth. triangular have sharks bull and sharks) nurse grey to spear-like have sharks Speartooth Carpentaria. of Gulf the in habitats similar share and similar very look Both sharks. bull and sharks speartooth K A
aware exclusive
how
may
of
vulnerable that
teeth high to
sharks increase
contact tell
interactions
flow
Rhinocodon typus Rhinocodon on
not listed not the
appear the
vulnerable and listed listed and vulnerable
may
difference on zone
bottom
the
also
of to with
run-out
250 be
influence
jaw
between speartooth
less
m
(similar
should tide
resilient
) the
when
be
Sharks
Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Speartooth shark (Glyphis glyphis)—photographs courtesy of Stirling Peverell, DEEDI
Grey nurse shark (Carcharinus taurus)—photograph courtesy of Carley Bansemer
Short fin mako shark (Isurus paucus)—photograph courtesy of Paul Rogers, SARDI Whale shark (Rhinocodon typus) Looking after protected species in Queensland
25 26 Looking after protected species in Queensland Freshwater trapping Freshwater to prone interactions methods Fishing freshwater areas. in operate to permitted currently are fisheries commercial other No collectors. broodstock or trappers eel are species these of any encounter to likely fishers commercial only The Queensland. in protected are turtle freshwater of species Three ( turtle River Mary vulnerable Fitzroy River turtle ( turtle River Fitzroy IUCN status: (freshwater) Turtles Gulf snapping turtle ( turtle snapping Gulf vulnerable ( turtle River Mary listed not ( turtle snapping Gulf listed not Fitzroy River turtle ( turtle River Fitzroy status: Queensland ( turtle River Mary endangered Gulf snapping turtle ( turtle snapping Gulf vulnerable ( turtle River Fitzroy Commonwealth status: Elusor macrurus Elusor macrurus Elusor macrurus Rheodytes leukops Rheodytes Rheodytes leukops Rheodytes Rheodytes leukops Rheodytes Elseya lavarackorum Elseya lavarackorum Elseya lavarackorum )—endangered )—endangered )—endangered )— )— )—
)— )— )—
Practical tips Practical Fitzroy River turtle ( turtle River Fitzroy heck • ollow • reshwater • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting turtles can be released. be can turtles C be also must end cod the of tail he − he − − a have must pocket) its than (other rap − a of made be must trap the of frame he − a is trap around of size maximum he − is trap eel an of size maximum he − turtles: trapping to prevent apparatus F access to the surface to breathe. to surface the to access have they ensure to taken be should care and F authority holder. authority the of name full and number authority the 0.6 m. of aheight 1 mand of diameter T T T T rigid material. rigid 2 m × 0.6 m × 0.6 m when set. mwhen m×0.6 2 m×0.6 to surface air. to surface access animals to trapped allow surface the so attached T A A t dimensions must be attached to each trap. each to attached be must dimensions dimensions. its of each in 22 mm least at be must trap the on mesh rigid Any 25 mm. least at of size mesh
float
that
trap
the regulations
of
at
and
net
at
to least turtles
least a
Rheodytes leukops Rheodytes regularly trap
float
part
should 150 mm regarding float
or
of
buoy
to
must the
be ensure
in
cod
of
setting
handled each be )
adequate
end marked
any
of
of floats
its
trapped gently
fishing
with
size
at
Turtles (marine)
IUCN status: Fishing methods prone to interactions Flatback turtle (Natator depressus)—data deficient Pot, net, trawl and line Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)—endangered Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)— Practical tips critically endangered Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)— • Reduce your speed, avoid known areas of critically endangered aggregation and keep a lookout in known Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)—endangered turtle areas. • Adhere to go-slow zones to minimise boat Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)— strike. Pay more attention during breeding vulnerable season (generally summer). Excessive noise and bright lights can deter turtles from Commonwealth status: breeding. Flatback turtle (Natator depressus)—vulnerable, listed marine species and listed migratory species Crab fishers Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)—vulnerable, listed • Excess slack line in the water can increase marine species and listed migratory species the chance of entangling a turtle. Use the appropriate amount of float line for Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)— the conditions (e.g. tide). This will also vulnerable, listed marine species and listed help ensure gear isn’t lost. Spanner crab migratory species operators can use trot lines to reduce the Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)— amount of rope in the water. endangered, listed marine species and listed • Weight pot lines to reduce the amount of line migratory species floating at the surface of the water column Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)—endangered, where turtles can become entangled. listed marine species and listed migratory species • Check pots regularly to ensure that turtles aren’t entangled. Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)— • Lost or discarded pots can continue to trap endangered, listed marine species and listed turtles. Ensure your pots are well attached migratory species and the rope is in good condition to minimise Queensland status: pot loss. • Consider gear modification such as sacrificial Flatback turtle (Natator depressus)—vulnerable panels or corrodible pins to avoid turtles Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)—vulnerable being trapped in pots. Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)— Net fishers vulnerable • Consider using loose lead lines as they are Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)— known to reduce the amount of bycatch. endangered • Set nets below the surface to decrease the Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)—endangered likelihood of interactions by reducing the Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)— amount of gear at the surface. endangered • Use lighter nets as these may reduce interactions by allowing turtles to escape Australia has some of the largest marine turtle more easily. nesting areas in the Indo-Pacific region and has • Follow attendance rules and check nets the only nesting populations of the flatback frequently for entanglements. turtle. Looking after protected species in Queensland
27 28 Looking after protected species in Queensland Turtles (marine)Turtles Line fishers Trawl fishers dhere • ll • e • onsider • onsider • turtle populations: turtle marine on trawling of impact the minimise to Association) Industry Seafood Queensland capture of marine turtles to easier are hooks Barbless fisheries. line some in turtles of capture incidental the reduce to known been have hooks circle example, C baits. squid to attracted are but baits mackerel avoid C programs research in articipate − monitoring programs research in articipate − marked or tagged on information orward − pply resuscitation procedures where − of areas in minutes 90 than less to tows imit − 2–3 nautical within trawling from efrain − A devices. excluder turtle effective with fitted be must scallops and prawns take to licensed are A areas. those in steps these follow to important more it making nets, offshore with B the turtle. the the incidental capture of turtles in trawl nets. trawl in turtles of capture incidental the P A water as soon as possible. as soon as water the to turtles live return and appropriate reduction devices. reduction bycatch for designs different investigating 13 25 on 23. DEEDI to turtles numbers. turtle high season. nesting the during beaches nesting turtle major of miles P F L R
remove
aware otter
to
trawlers
using using
that
the and
Code of fishing ethics for the the for ethics fishing of Code more
also
different different
operating
inflict interactions
types bait. (available from the the from (available
less
in
Some Queensland
damage of
may
gear.
turtles
occur
For on
that
should follow these simple procedures: simple these follow should operators entangled, or hooked is aturtle If Handling urtles • ssess • f • arry • f • Record all interactions in your SOCI logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting the boat is stationary. is boat the while water the into first head it release again, vigorous becomes turtle the When recover. to hours 24 to up for board on remain to need may turtle The out. drying it avoid to shell its over towel awet with shade the in turtle the keep and slightly, tail its raise and boat the on turtle the secure aturtle, resuscitate To alive. still is turtle the that indicates this for check to eyes its touch drowned, partly or exhausted but alive still is aturtle if check To comatose. be just often may but dead, T your (but shell the of back and front the by turtle the Lift vessel. the around it move to required be A turtle. the kill can line—this attached board on aturtle drag ever Don’t net. landing or net adip using aboard them bring turtles, smaller For water. the in is it while turtle the untangle to prepared Be level. water to close not is boat the of side the if particularly aboard, I and/or C assistance. and advice further for 372 130 1300 on DERM I
it you
eyelid is
never body
equipment
a can’t by
de-hookers can the large
its
reflexes.
to the
size release be
flippers
avoid turtle,
resuscitated. sides).
of
such
the
being If on the
don’t
or, they
Keep
turtle—two board. as
turtle
if
hit
pliers, it’s are try
the
They by
to hooked, safely, responsive,
animal the bring
line
may people
flippers.
call cutters
it
by appear close
the
may
to
Turtles (marine)
Flatback turtle (Natator depessus) Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys oliracea) Looking after protected species in Queensland
29 30 Looking after protected species in Queensland 13 12 11 tips Practical net and pot Line, to prone interactions methods Fishing protected. are whales All chance of interactions. agreater is there that means This Queensland. in significantly increased have particular in numbers whale humpback 1980, in Australia in hunting whale on ban the Since it. raising energy and time significant invest and young live one to birth give They lives. long live to tend Whales status: Queensland species migratory listed and species marine listed endangered, Commonwealth status: IUCN status: Whales se • f • eep • heck • eight • ee Appendix 1 in 1in Appendix ee
S s above As fishers Queensland: A comprehensive guide for commercial s above As within 100 m. 100 within is awhale while props the engage not Do you. to come whales the let and neutral in engines the put and put stay or them, from away course astraight steer slowly either vessel, I you may see. K entanglements. no are there C entangled. become can whales where floating W lost. isn’t gear ensure help also will and entanglements of possibility the reduce will This run). and range tidal (e.g. conditions the for pots crab U
whales
the
a for
pots
safe pot
appropriate at species-specific
data deficient to endangered to deficient data approach
the
lines
and distance
surface 12 Looking after protectedLooking after species in
nets
rare to vulnerable rare to
reduce within
vulnerable to vulnerable
amount
regularly (100
of
details.
the
m)
100 the
of
water from
to amount m
float
of ensure
any
column 13 your
line
whales of 11
that on
line
f • n • ooperate • onsider • onsider • void • ever • f • 1300 130 372. 130 1300 on DERM to waters state in awhale with interaction any report also You must logbook. SOCI your in interactions all Record Reporting animal until trained agency staff arrive. staff agency trained until animal the with stay possible, if and, 372 130 1300 on DERM Call whales. large handle to boat. Remove the fishing gear from the animal animal the from gear fishing the Remove boat. the of side the to slowly brought be should animal the then safely, situation the handle I I future. the in interactions reducing in assist may which whales, deter to pingers sonic of use the investigating C interactions. reduce help can night at nets setting that suggested been has it example, C entangled. become they should through break to whales allow to lines pot and nets in link’) a ‘weak C water. the below and above sounds by affected are and hearing sensitive extremely have They whales. A vessel. your to arisk pose may This threatened. being are calves their feel they if aggressive become and calves their of protective very be can whales Female calf. N further advice, call DERM on 1300 130 372. 130 1300 on DERM call advice, further I gear. fishing more in tangled or injured isn’t it ensure to it observe to continue released, is animal the Once either
you you
the
can’t have making event come by
un-looping the having
with
encountered handle
between of
time
loud
entanglement,
researchers
sections
at
the disturbing
which it
a
or
animal female
a
by
of
small
nets
using who lighter
noises do
or whale
are
whale
require are not
line
line set.
try and near
cutters. and
(i.e.
For
her
can
Whales
Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Pilot whale (Globicephala spp.)
Brydes whale (Balaenoptera edeni) Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)
False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Strap toothed whale (Mesoplodon layardii)
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Looking after protected species in Queensland
31 32 Looking after protected species in Queensland Tel: (02)Tel: 6274 1111 Water, and Communities Environment, Population of Sustainability, Department Commonwealth 13Tel: 25 23 Economic Development and Innovation of Employment, of the Department Queensland—part Fisheries 372 130 1300 Tel: and Management of Resource Environment Department Queensland Contacts www.fisheries.qld.gov.au at guide identification shark the to Refer Environment, Water, Population and Communities website at www.environment.gov.au the Download species protected Identifying Visit populations. turtle marine on trawling of impact the minimise to Association) Industry Seafood the to Adhere 13 25 on 23 DEEDI handling and care seabird Queensland: in species protected after Looking the of acopy For www.fisheries.qld.gov.au Download www.oceanwatch.org.au publication Oceanwatch the Download www.fisheries.qld.gov.au at fishers Download techniques Handling a comprehensive guide for commercial fishers download information, detailed more For information More
the
Infofish A guide to releasing sawfish: Gulf of Carpentaria inshore and offshore set net fishery fishery net set offshore and inshore Carpentaria of Gulf sawfish: releasing to A guide protectedLooking after species in Queensland: a comprehensive guide for commercial
Code of fishing ethics for the capture of marine turtles turtles marine of capture the for ethics fishing of Code Protected marine species identification guide
website
.
at
www.info-fish.net Circle of dependence: protected species handling manual Looking after protectedLooking after species in Queensland: ww ww ww at www.fisheries.qld.gov.au at w.environment.gov.au w.fisheries.qld.gov.au w.derm.qld.gov.au from the Department of Sustainability, Sustainability, of Department the from
(available from the Queensland Queensland the from (available
DVD, call call DVD, at at at at
Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation 13 25 23 www.deedi.qld.gov.au PR11–4986