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Spring 6-12-2013 Sustainability issues regarding as a renewable feedstock for fuels and materials Claudia Daza ECN

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Recommended Citation Claudia Daza, "Sustainability issues regarding bamboo as a renewable feedstock for fuels and materials" in "BioEnergy IV: Innovations in Biomass Conversion for Heat, Power, Fuels and Chemicals", Manuel Garcia-Perez,Washington State University, USA Dietrich Meier, Thünen Institute of Research, Germany Raffaella Ocone, Heriot-Watt nivU ersity, United Kingdom Paul de Wild, Biomass & Energy Efficiency, ECN, The eN therlands Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2013). http://dc.engconfintl.org/bioenergy_iv/ 34

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Claudia Daza M.

BioEnergy IV – Otranto – Italy June 12- 2013

www.ecn.nl Sustainability Sustainable Biomass

Sustainability Themes •Greenhouse gas emissions •Competition with food and local applications •Biodiversity •Environment •Prosperity •Social well-being.

CriteriaIndicators Bamboo:

An alternative sustainable feedstock for the biobased economy Why bamboo?

• +36 Million Hectares • Millions of tons could be harvested sustainably each year • Opportunities for sustainable development

Source: Inbar. Why bamboo? • Fast growing – 10-40 Ton/Ha-year

• Regenerates itself after it has been responsibly cared for and harvested No replanting

• Excellent reforesting crop – Low consumption of fertilizers (GHG) – Easy propagationno seeds – Water table preservation – Biodiversity preservation

• CO2 sump

• Opportunities for rural development

– Product diversification Photo: Avellaneda J. Current Uses

Plant section Current use

Culm Finished products: housing, flooring furniture, paper, Major global supplier of . products: China Leaves Left in the field as fertilizer, and/or collected for animal feed. Branches Low value applications, low market (chopsticks) Roots Food

Contribution of world bamboo resources by continent

28% Asia Africa America 7% 65% 7 Source: FAO BAMBUSA VULGARIS VAR. VULGARIS SCHRADER EX WENDLAND

Source: G.H. Gutierrez, 2009. Lignocellulosic feedstock

Feedstock Bamboo Cane Wheat Wood culm Bagasse straw HHV (dry) MJ/kg 17-20 18-20 16-19 17-20 Logistics Density kg/m3 500-700 150-200 160-300 200-500 Cost Yield Ton/Ha-year 20-40 7-10 6-12 10-20 Overall composition (dwt %) Cellulose 40-60 35 38 50 Hemicellulose 20-30 25 36 23 Lignin 20-40 20 16 22 Others** 2-10 20 10 5

** Ash, resins, etc.

Yields and composition depend on: specie and age of the plant, plant section, cultivation site and harvesting season. 9 Biobased: Chemicals+ Materials+ Energy Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Solid Fuel in Power Plants Coal & biomass

Primary biorefinery Paper & Secondary biorefinery cellulosic materials Ethanol Butanol Fermentation Lactic acid ... (Enzymatic) hydrolysis Cellulose Furfural Lignocellulosic Chemical HMF biomass conversion Fractionation Hemicellulose … (organosolv)

Phenolics Lignin Thermochemical Fuel additives depolymerisaton ...

Electricity Filler, CHP adhesives, Heat ...

Fibers Fertilizer 10 Bamboo Project: Jan 2011-April 2013

Torrefied Pellets for Sustainable Biomass Export from Colombia

Assessing the whole chain of bamboo cultivation & collection via torrefaction upgrading to application as biofuel

11 Bamboo as a biomass import chain

Assessment of: • technical suitability • sustainability • economical feasibility for: • Co-firing torrefied Colombian bamboo pellets in NL

The SBI scheme aims to give an impulse to the promotion of the sustainability of the biomass import chains for biobased energy and chemical applications/transport/electricity/heating and chemicals/materials Looking for certification

The Dutch technical agreement (NTA8080) describes the requirements for sustainably produced biomass for energy applications (power, heat & cold and transportation fuels). Biomass includes solid as well as liquid and gaseous biofuels. The NTA 8080 is intended to be applied at organizations that wish to sustainably: • Produce, • Convert, • Trade; or • Use biomass for energy generation or as transporting fuel.

• Currently being revised and extended to bio-based products Biomass chain assessment

Security of supply Technical specifications Sustainability criteria Torrefaction for upgrading biomass

• Process parameters – Temperature: 200-300 °C – Absence of oxygen

Torrefaction Pelletisation

Tenacious and fibrous Friable and less fibrous Bulk density = 650-800 kg/m3 LHV = 9 - 12 MJ/kg LHV = 18 - 24 MJ/kg Bulk energy density = 12 - 19 GJ/m3 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Biodegradable Preserved Heterogeneous Homogeneous Case study: Guadua angustifolia

• Woody bamboo species native to Latin America. • Fast growing: 30 m in 6 months 20-40 Ton/ha-year

Londono Guadua a. development stages

Residues

Maturity stage vs time

Young Mature Overmature Dry

Guadua

New shot New angustifolia

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Year

Major components Celullose Lignin Hemicellulose

17 End Use Biorefining Construction Fuel Sustainability certification

Sustainability FSC NTA8O8O criteria included

Biodiversity Yes Yes GHG No Yes Environment Yes Yes Social Yes Yes 18 1 MJ of Electricity: Coal vs. Bamboo

100

90 88 % GHG emission reduction 80

70 NTA8080 = 70%

60

% 50

40 Electricity, medium voltage, production NL, at grid/NL S 30 Electricity by torrefied bamboo from 20

10 Accounting methodology follows:

EC recommendations for solid biomass

Default values/processes/references

Carbon stock is not included 19 What if carbon stock is included?

Living stands Below ground biomas: (soil organic carbon,Total roots )

CO2 t ha-1 600

500

400

1 - Living culms

300 t ha t

2 Culms harvested CO 200 Dry culms

Below ground biomass 100

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Year When carbon stock is included: CO2 storage

Estimated GHG emissions:

Reduction: 300 % vs. 88%

Harmonize methodologies

Measure, monitor and demonstrate

J.C. Camargo Conclusions

• Bamboo has the potential to be a highly sustainable biomass source for the biobased economy species, location and practices dependent.

– Fuels – Chemicals – Materials

• Sustainability certification is possible

• Regulatory framework in producing countries

• Research and Development – New “traditional” biomass chain – Multidisciplinary approach Thank you for your attention

This work forms part of the project: “Torrefied bamboo pellets for sustainable biomass import from Colombia”. Financial support by NL Agency under the subsidy scheme Sustainable Biomass Import. Partners in the project were: Imperial College of London (UK), Technological University of de Pereira (Co), Colombian Bamboo Society (Co).

For more information, please contact:

Claudia M. Daza Montaño Researcher Biomass & Energy Efficiency

T +31 88 515 41 96 Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE PETTEN F +31 88 515 84 88 P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG PETTEN The Netherlands 23 [email protected] www.ecn.nl

Fuente: Amezquita et al. 2011 DIFERENCS BETWEEN GUADUA/BAMBÚ VS.

GUADUA/ BAMBOO WOOD / 1.It is Not auto- reproducible. 1. It is autoreproducible. 2. Solid stalk and 2. Culm or stalk is hollow, not segmented. cylindrical & segmented 3. Has bark and aged cells 3. No bark or central heart. The form the hardened heart of hardest part is the area of the the tree which is in the periphery and is in the outer. center. 4. No cambium tissue and 4.Has cambium tissue does not increase culm in and stalk increases diameter with age. in diameter with age. Residues vs Bioenergy crop

Residues Residues Bioenergy Comments from from crop

Yield per ha + ++ +++ Forest explotaition needs permit

Current ++ + -- Existing area covered/ Species potential Future ++ ++ +++ Suitable area Potential Cost ++ ++ + Main production/management cost are allocated to main product Small holders ++ + + Nucleos forestales

GHG + + +++ Use of residues account for emissions emissions from the collection pointDoes not reduction include carbon stock 27 Alternative Species Selection

1. Guadua angustifolia Kunth (500 - 1.600 masl) 2. Guadua amplexifolia Presl. (0 - 800 masl) 3. Chusquea subulata Clark (2.200 – 2.800 masl) 4. Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris (0 – 1.500 masl) 5. Dendrocalamus strictus (0 - 800 masl)

Selection Criteria a) Culm size. b) Productivity c) Climate and soil conditions

(Londono et al 2011) Above ground biomass

Leaves, Leaves, Branches, Branches, 9,9 4,1 15,7 22,8

Culm, Culm, 74,4 73,1

G. angustifolia1 B. vulgaris1

Leaves, Leaves, 22,1 6,7 Branches, Culm, 28,3 57,8

Culm, Branches, 65,0 59,9

G. amplexifolia1 D. strictus1 (Camargo et al 2011) Logistics

Bamboo density is superior to other biomass

(600 kg/m3 vs. 200-300 kg/m3)Transport €/Ton

Options:

• Flattened culms/chips/pellets • Shipping • Local pre-treatment

30 Life Cycle Assessment SimaPro Software + CML method (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden (CML)

Impact category Definition Unit Abiotic depletion Depletion of non-living natural resources, including energy resources kg Sb[1] eq.

Global warming Contribution of a substance to the greenhouse effect kg CO2 eq. Ozone layer depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer as a result of anthropogenic kg CFC[2]-11 eq. emissions Human toxicity Impacts of toxic substances present in the environment on human health kg 1,4-DCB[3] eq.

Fresh water aquatic Impacts of toxic substances on freshwater aquatic ecosystems kg 1,4-DCB eq. ecotoxicity Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Impacts of toxic substances on marine aquatic ecosystems kg 1,4-DCB eq.

Terrestrial ecotoxicity Impacts of toxic substances on terrestrial ecosystems kg 1,4-DCB eq.

Photochemical oxidation Capacity of volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide to produce kg C2H4 eq. photo-oxidants such as ozone

Acidification Impacts of acidifying pollutants (mainly SO2, NOx and NHx), through kg SO2 eq. emissions to the air, on the natural and man-made environment, human health and natural resources 3- Eutrophication Impacts of eutrofying substances (nutrients), through emissions to air, kg PO4 eq. water and soil, on the natural and man-made environment, and natural resources 31

[1] Sb = antimony [2] CFC = Chlorofluorocarbons [3] DCB=Dichlorobenzene Impact distribution

100.

90.

80. 70. Transport 60.

50. Transport, transoceanic freight 40. ship/OCE S Transport, combination truck, diesel 30. powered/US 20. Torrefied bamboo pellets from plantation at plant 10.

0.

Fertilizers

32 Biomass production: FSC Certification

• FSC standard for Guadua

– Colombian national interpretation for

guadua bamboo forest

– 1st in the world Now used in Asia

• Some forest of “Guadua angustifolia

Kunth” are FSC certified  Small holders

• Access to international market. Torrefaction Torwash Tested biomass: bamboo

• TORWASH Combining torrefaction with a washing step in order to recover certain minerals from biomass in order to use it as a non-fossil fertiliser (Hydrothemal Torrefaction)

Proximate &ultimate (% mass, dry fuel) Raw Torwashed (wet torrefaction) ash @ 815°C 6,3 4,5 Ash composition (mg/kg fuel, dry fuel) K 23029 510 -98% Cl 568 120 -79%

34 Fuel Analyses

HHV Guadua angustifolia 21500 21000 20500 20000

19500 KJ/Kg 19000 18500 18000 17500 Guadua Raw Torwashed Torrefied 240oC Torrefied 255 oC Torrefied 270 oC Ash (815 oC) 8 7 6 5

% 4 3 2 1 0 Raw Torwashed Torrefied Torrefied 255 Torrefied35 270 240oC oC oC Grindability

90

Bamboe 5yr - Untreated 80 Bamboe 5yr - Torrefied 240°C Bamboe 5yr - Torrefied 255°C Bamboe 5yr - Torrefied 270°C 70 Bamboe 5yr - Torwashed Willow - Untreated Willow - Torrefied 260°C 60 AU bituminous coal

50

40

30

Power consumption (kWe/MWth) consumption Power 20

10

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Average particle size (mm) 36 Janssen, A. Bamboo Pellets

1400 1400 Pilot - Untreated Batch - Untreated Pilot - Torrefied at 245°C Batch - Torrefied at 240°C 1300 1300 Pilot - Torrefied at 255°C Batch - Torrefied at 255°C Pilot - Torrefied at 265°C

1200 Batch - Torrefied at 270°C 1200

)

3

) 3 1100 1100

1000 1000

Density (kg/mDensity 900 Density (kg/mDensity 900 800 800 700 700 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

Very rough estimates of the achieved densities were ± 1250 kg/m3 (pellet) and ± 610 kg/m3 (bulk). 37 Alternative potential species

HHV bamboo species Bamboo species 16000 Ash (815 oC) 14000 8 6.9 12000 7 6 5.6 10000 4.9 5

8000 3.8 % GJ/m3 4 2.7 6000 3 4000 2 1 2000 0 0 G. angustifolia G. amplexifolia B. strictus B. vulgaris Chusquea G. angustifolia G. amplexifolia B. strictus B. vulgaris Chusquea Subulata Subulata

Bamboo species Bamboo species Nitrogen Chlorine 0.14 1.50 0.12 0.11 1.2 0.12 0.10 0.09 1.00 0.8 0.8 0.08

% 0.7 0.6 % 0.06 0.04 0.50 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 G. angustifolia G. B. strictus B. vulgaris Chusquea G. angustifolia G. B. strictus B. vulgaris Chusquea38 amplexifolia Subulata amplexifolia Subulata Fuel properties

Fuel Russian Coal Wood Guadua angustifolia Moisture 10.4 7.1 16.4 Proximate analysis (% mass, dry fuel basis) Untreated Treated 245°C

Ash @ 815°C 8 1.44 4.7

Volatile matter 32 80 77 Treated 255°C Treated 265°C HHV (KJ/kg) 27800 20093 18676

Ultimate analysis (% mass, dry fuel basis) Fraction of elements removed by Torwash 100% 90% C 68 50.25 46.5 80% H 4 6.13 5.9 70% N 0.87 0.37 0.33 60% 50% S 0.35 0.026 0.09 40% O by diff. 11.6 44.2 43 30% Ash composition (mg/kg fuel, dry basis) 20% 10% Na (± 7) 405 191 3.4 0% Si (± 90) 34841 1331 13492 Si Na K Cl S Cr Cu Zn Others* S 3500 260 868 K (± 20) 2390 984 10539 Cl(± 20) 100 253 1362 39 Combustion tests

0.30 0.0014

0.25 0.0012

0.0010 Untreated bamboo 5.1 (0.09 - 0.20 0.125μm) Torr 5.1 270 (0.09 - 0.125μm) 0.0008 0.15 Colombian coal (0.09- 0.125μm) Blend 80/20 coal/torr bamboo 0.0006 5.1

0.10 Fouling factor Wood Depositionpropensity 0.0004 Cynara

0.05 torwashed bamboo 5.1 (0.09 - 0.0002 0.125μm)

0.00 Colombian coal 80/20 torwashed 0.0000 air Colombian/torr bamboo (fine 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 air 0.09 - 0.125) Ash fed (gr, cumulative) Fryda et al • Similar to wood 40 Torrefaction Torwash Tested biomass: bamboo

• TORWASH Combining torrefaction with a washing step in order to recover certain minerals from biomass in order to use it as a non-fossil fertiliser (Hydrothemal Torrefaction)

Proximate &ultimate (% mass, dry fuel) Raw Torwashed (wet torrefaction) ash @ 815°C 6,3 4,5 Ash composition (mg/kg fuel, dry fuel) K 23029 510 -98% Cl 568 120 -79%

41 ECN 50 kg/h torrefaction pilot plant (Since February 2008) Torrefaction tests at ECN

feeding torrefaction pelletization 1-10 tons of test batches

untreated Bamboo - Guadua Bamboo - Guadua Bamboo - Guadua Bamboo - Guadua treated @ 245°C treated @ 255°C treated @ 265°C Combustion

• Combustion simulator (LCS) – Combustion characteristics – Slagging and fouling – Emissions (NOx, SOx, Dioxins)

• Fuel and Ash characterisation

• Main result: Similar to wood