Volume 13, 1 April 2000 A Subject and Author Index of Dissertations and Theses Including Abstracts

Health Physical Education and Recreation

Exercise and Sport Sciences

Microform Publications Bulletin

Microform Publications of Human Movement Studies INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SPORT AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON Eugene, Oregon Microform Publications—University of Oregon

PUBLISHER:

Microform Publications of Human Movement Studies International Institute for Sport and Human Performance 1243 University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1243 , USA

ISSN 1526-1956

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M I C R O F O R M P U B L I C A T I O N S

HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, RECREATION, AND EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES

GENERAL INFORMATION clude a broad range of exercise physiology, Microform Publications of Human Movement biomechanics, and sport medicine topics cover- Studies is a component of the International ing research, clinical, and lay publications. Institute for Sport and Human Performance at the University of Oregon. Since its inception in BULLETIN 13, 1 1949, Microform Publications has been providing This publication is the first issue of Bulletin 13. a service to the academic community worldwide. The bulletin represents microfiche published in Its focus is on the dissemination of graduate April 2000. In the past, bulletins were published research of national and international signifi- every 5 years, except for Bulletin 7, which covers cance. In addition, Microform Publications two and a half years. Beginning with Bulletin 8, provides access to scholarly books, journals, and there are two issues (nos 1 and 2) per annual meeting proceedings now out of print. bulletin. Each issue includes a section of theses and dissertation titles and abstracts, as well as a The collection of Microform Publications, which section of keywords. Bulletin 13, 2 will be contains more than 9,000 titles, covers fifty years published in October 2000. of graduate research in full text in the subject areas of health, physical education, recreation, PRICE AND CATALOGING exercise and sport sciences, sport history, and The price of each title in this bulletin is indicated sport-related issues in the humanities and social in parentheses at the end of the title listing. The sciences, and dance. The theses and dissertations price includes the library catalog card for the are compiled primarily from universities in the title. All titles have proper catalog headings, United States and Canada. However, the contri- including both Dewey Decimal and Library of butions from other English-speaking countries Congress classification numbers, as well as have been increasing during the recent years. subject headings chosen from the Library of Congress Subject Headings. HOW TO FIND US The collection of full-text documents on fiche is MICROFORM ORDER PLANS indexed in bulletins such as this one. The collec- The following three order plans are available for tion is accessible with help of a search engine on purchasing microfiche: Microform Publications’ homepage on the Internet (http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/ 1. STANDING ORDER SUBSCRIBER PLAN ~micropub/). In addition, twice a year, the index The institution is automatically sent newly is forwarded to Sport Information Resource published titles at the time they are announced Centre (SIRC) of Canada, the world's most semiannually, and the institution is billed at a 40 authoritative sports information service. The new percent discounted rate. An additional 10 titles are incorporated in SPORTDiscus, a CD- percent discount is given if payment is made ROM database, and in SPORTDiscus Detective, a within sixty days of initial billing. The current SIRC Internet access service. In addition to the semiannual subscription for a Standing Order collection of Microform Publications, both in- Subscriber consists of 220 microfiche priced at $3.00 per microfiche for a total cost of $660 every six months.

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2. INCOMPLETE SUBJECT SERIES PLAN 3. INDIVIDUAL TITLE PLAN This category has been arranged for the sub- The Individual Title Plan is suggested if an scribers who wish to purchase a subject series of institution or individual prefers to make special microfiche. For example: Physical Education selections. The costs are according to the list Series only. Prices for subscribers of this plan price ($5.00 per fiche). Individual title orders are $4.00 per microfiche. Under this plan the totaling $500 or more will receive a 10 percent institution is billed at a 20 percent discount rate. discount if payment is made within sixty days Subscriber orders totaling $500 or more will of initial billing. receive a 10 percent discount if payment is made within sixty days of initial billing.

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Volume Discounted Price of Microform Titles to-Date

OCTOBER 1949 - APRIL 2000

Volume 1 (Oct 1949 - Mar 1965) Volume 8 (Apr 1995 - Oct 1995) 1125 Books 5107 Fiche $10,214.00 VolumePrice 262 Books 440 Fiche $1,320.00 Volume Price HE 1–77 77 Books 385 Fiche $770.00 Subject Series HE 539–552 15 Books 27 Fiche $108.00 Subject Series PE 1–657 657 Books 3239 Fiche $6,478.00 Subject Series PE 3504–3580 77 Books 136 Fiche $544.00 Subject Series PH 1–136 136 Books 429 Fiche $858.00 Subject Series PH 1370–1449 80 Books 110 Fiche $440.00 Subject Series PSY 1–196 196 Books 740 Fiche $1,480.00 Subject Series PSY 1763–1836 74 Books 141 Fiche $564.00 Subject Series RC 1–59 59 Books 314 Fiche $628.00 Subject Series RC 478–493 16 Books 26 Fiche $104.00 Subject Series

Volume 2 (Oct 1966 - Apr 1972) Volume 9 (Apr 1996 - Oct 1996) 1284 Books 4951 Fiche $9,902.00 Volume Price 258 Books 440 Fiche $1,320.00 Volume Price HE 78–147 70 Books 271 Fiche $542.00 Subject Series HE 553–571 19 Books 26 Fiche $104.00 Subject Series PE 658–1332 673 Books 2724 Fiche $5,448.00 Subject Series PE 3581–3681 101 Books 177 Fiche $708.00 Subject Series PH 137–346 207 Books 681 Fiche $1,362.00 Subject Series PH 1450–1515 66 Books 97 Fiche $388.00 Subject Series PSY 197–467 280 Books 1024 Fiche $2,048.00 Subject Series PSY 1837–1903 67 Books 128 Fiche $512.00 Subject Series RC 60–114 54 Books 251 Fiche $502.00 Subject Series RC 494–498 5 Books 12 Fiche $48.00 Subject Series

Volume 3 (Oct 1972 - Apr 1977) Volume 10 (Apr 1997 - Oct 1997) 1108 Books 2151 Fiche $6,453.00 Volume Price 264 Books 440 Fiche $1,320.00 Volume Price HE 148–228 81 Books 168 Fiche $672.00 Subject Series HE 572–600 29 Books 48 Fiche $192.00 Subject Series PE 1333–1827 495 Books 1050 Fiche $4,200.00 Subject Series PE 3682–3784 103 Books 167 Fiche $668.00 Subject Series PH 347–514 168 Books 257 Fiche $1,028.00 Subject Series PH 1516–1565 50 Books 77 Fiche $308.00 Subject Series PSY 477–770 294 Books 520 Fiche $2,080.00 Subject Series PSY 1904–1972 69 Books 120 Fiche $480.00 Subject Series RC 115–184 70 Books 156 Fiche $624.00 Subject Series RC 499–511 13 Books 28 Fiche $112.00 Subject Series

Volume 4 (Oct 1977 - Apr 1982) Volume 11 (Apr 1998 - Oct 1998) 1120 Books 2141 Fiche $6,423.00 Volume Price 280 Books 440 Fiche $1,320.00 Volume Price HE 229–308 80 Books 166 Fiche $664.00 Subject Series HE 601–624 23 Books 39 Fiche $156.00 Subject Series PE 1828–2384 557 Books 1107 Fiche $4,428.00 Subject Series PE 3785–3892 107 Books 157 Fiche $628.00 Subject Series PH 515–680 166 Books 267 Fiche $1,068.00 Subject Series PH 1566–1631 66 Books 95 Fiche $380.00 Subject Series PSY 771–1001 231 Books 412 Fiche $1,648.00 Subject Series PSY 1973–2044 72 Books 122 Fiche $488.00 Subject Series RC 185–270 86 Books 189 Fiche $756.00 Subject Series RC 512–523 12 Books 27 Fiche $108.00 Subject Series

Volume 5 (Oct 1982 - Apr 1987) Volume 12 (Apr 1999 - Oct 1999) 1224 Books 2186 Fiche $6,558.00 Volume Price 276 Books 440 Fiche $1,320.00 Volume Price 5HE 309–407 99 Books 193 Fiche $772.00 Subject Series HE 625–650 26 Books 39 Fiche $156.00 Subject Series 5PE 2385–2924 540 Books 1008 Fiche $4,032.00 Subject Series 1PE 3893–4023 131 Books 209 Fiche $836.00 Subject Series PH 681–935 255 Books 383 Fiche $1,532.00 Subject Series PH 1632–1678 47 Books 59 Fiche $236.00 Subject Series PSY 1002–1238 237 Books 413 Fiche $1,652.00 Subject Series PSY 2045–2105 60 Books 108 Fiche $432.00 Subject Series RC 271–363 93 Books 189 Fiche $756.00 Subject Series RC 524–535 12 Books 25 Fiche $100.00 Subject Series Volume 6 (Oct 1987 - Apr 1992) Volume 13 No. 1 (April 2000) 1181 Books 2200 Fiche $6,600.00 Volume Price 125 Books 220 Fiche $660.00 Volume Price HE 408–498 91 Books 173 Fiche $692.00 Subject Series HE 651–663 13 Books 21 Fiche $84.00 Subject Series PE 2925–3310 386 Books 758 Fiche $3,032.00 Subject Series PE 4024–4094 71 Books 124 Fiche $496.00 Subject Series PH 936–1211 276 Books 464 Fiche $1,856.00 Subject Series PH 1679–1695 17 Books 26 Fiche $104.00 Subject Series PSY 1239–1584 346 Books 635 Fiche $2,540.00 Subject Series PSY 2106–2126 21 Books 42 Fiche $168.00 Subject Series RC 364–445 82 Books 170 Fiche $680.00 Subject Series RC 536–539 3 Books 7 Fiche $28.00 Subject Series Volume 7 (Oct 1992 - Oct 1994) 599 Books 1100 Fiche $3,300.00 Volume Price Key HE 499–538 39 Books 75 Fiche $300.00 Subject Series HE Health Education PE 3311–3503 192 Books 367 Fiche $1,468.00 Subject Series PE Physical Education PH 1212–1369 158 Books 250 Fiche $1,000.00 Subject Series PH Physiology and Exercise Epidemiology PSY 1585–1762 178 Books 340 Fiche $1,360.00 Subject Series PSY Psychology RC 446–477 32 Books 68 Fiche $272.00 Subject Series RC Recreation and Leisure

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STANDING ORDER SUBSCRIBERS

Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX Longwood College, Farmville, VA Appalachian State University, Boone, NC McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN Auburn University, Auburn, AL Montana State University, Bozeman, MT Ball State University, Muncie, IN Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ Barry University, Miami Shores, FL Northeastern University, Boston, MA Blackwell North America Inc, Blackwood, NJ Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH Northwestern State University of Louisiana, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT Natchitoches, LA California Polytech State University, San Luis Obispo, CA Ohio State University, Columbus, OH California State Polytech, Pomona, CA Ohio University, Athens, OH California State University, Chico, CA Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR California State University, Fullerton, CA Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA California State University, Sacramento, CA Plymouth State College, Plymouth, NH Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO Portland State University, Portland, OR College of New Jersey, Trenton, NJ San Diego State University, San Diego, CA Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AUSTRALIA San Jose State University, San Jose, CA Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, GERMANY Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA East Carolina University, Greenville, NC Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, MO Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, TX Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD Sport Information Resource Centre, Gloucester, ON, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA CANADA Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA Springfield College, Springfield, MA Glenville State College, Glenville, WV State University of New York, Brockport, NY Hardin Simmons University, Abilene, TX State University of New York, Cortland, NY Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Indiana University, Bloomington, IN Texas A&M University, Commerce, TX Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX Kent State University, Kent, OH Truman State University, Kirksville, MO Korea Sport Science Institute, Seoul, KOREA Unifacmanu Trading Co. Ltd., Taipei, TAIWAN, R.O.C.

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Université de Laval, Quebec, QC, CANADA University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, CANADA University of Oregon, Eugene, OR Université de Quebec, Montreal, QC, CANADA University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CANADA University of South Australia, Underdale, SA, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ AUSTRALIA University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CANADA University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL University of Texas, Austin, TX University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT University of Toledo, Toledo, OH University of Florida, Gainesville, FL University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT University of Georgia, Athens, GA University of Western Ontario, London, ON, CANADA University of Idaho, Moscow, ID University of Windsor Windsor, ON, CANADA University of Illinois, Urbana, IL University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Victoria University of Technology, Footscray,VIC, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY AUSTRALIA University of Maryland, College Park, MD Washington State University, Pullman, WA University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Wayne State College, Wayne, NE University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Wayne State University, Detroit, MI University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE West Chester University, West Chester, PA University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, CANADA Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC York University, North York, ON, CANADA University of North Texas, Denton, TX

vii Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Contents

Part I: Titles and Abstracts ...... 1–41

Physical Education ...... 1 Administration ...... 1 Coaching and Training ...... 4 Growth and Development ...... 5 History and Philosophy ...... 5 Measurement and Evaluation...... 8 Pedagogy ...... 10 Sociology and Cultural Anthropology ...... 12 Sports Marketing...... 12 Dance ...... 14 Biomechanics ...... 15 Sports Medicine ...... 16 Physiology and Exercise Epidemiology ...... 23 Health and Health Education ...... 29 Recreation and Leisure ...... 33 Psychology ...... 34 Motor Learning and Control ...... 37 Social Psychology ...... 39

Part II: ...... 42

Methods and Statistics ...... 43

Keywords ...... 44

Index ...... 56

Additional Items Available from Microform Publications ...... 57

Order Form ...... 59

viii Microform Publications—University of Oregon

PART I: TITLES AND ABSTRACTS

The abstracts are reproduced as provided by the authors in their dissertations. They were not edited for uniformity of style.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, National Basketball Association, Women’s National Basketball Association, and Women’s Profes- ADMINISTRATION sional Softball League. Statistics were computed to determine the nature and prevalence of sport psychology Chester, Deon D. University presidential involvement in service provision. Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma was intercollegiate athletics, 1999. M.A., Ball State University (John employed to determine the level of association between the Reno). (23pp 1f $4.00) PE 4061 qualifications of the sport psychology service provider and the organization’s perceived benefits, service satisfaction, The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical and satisfaction with the service provider. Results indi- perspective of presidential involvement in intercollegiate cated that there was no relationship between the qualifica- athletics in order to assess the governance of college sports. tions of the sport psychology service provider and the While many groups and individuals have called for perceived benefits and/or satisfaction expressed by presidents to clean up the past and present abuses in organizations. Results are discussed relative to the hiring athletics, presidents, as a group, have been slow to practices of professional sport organizations and the respond. In order to provide an assessment of the topic, a methods utilized to evaluate the sport psychology services non-exhaustive search was conducted and relevant provided. literature reviewed. The paper discusses the evolution and role of the president in college sports by providing a brief Galloway, Shayne P. The use of assessment by wilderness review of the literature into the history of intercollegiate orientation programs: efforts to improve college student reten- athletics and characteristics of the president’s position in tion, 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Douglas H. Knapp). athletics. A chronology of past reform measures is also (63pp 1f $4.00) PE 4094 provided. The paper provides an interpretation and analysis that draws on themes presented in the literature Student attrition and retention place significant demands and identifies weaknesses in research on the topic. The on the resources of colleges and universities in the United literature draws implications and recommendations for States. Many schools attempt to reduce the financial and further investigation into the past, present, and future of human costs associated with student attrition by imple- presidential involvement in the governance of intercolle- menting and supporting student orientation programs giate athletics. A discussion of these items is included. The (O’Keefe, 1989). A growing number of schools utilize author concludes that presidential control of intercollegiate wilderness orientation programs to improve student athletics is not fully realized. Additionally, many of the retention (Gass, 1984). Research on such orientation issues and problems concerning the governance of athletics programs indicates a positive impact on the retention of have continued to persist over time. college students (Gass, 1990). Two research questions were posed in this study. What types of assessment methods are Dunlap, Erik M. An assessment of the nature and prevalence of utilized by wilderness orientation programs to determine sport psychology service provision in professional sports, 1999. the level of program success in terms of increased reten- M.A., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (John M. tion? What are the descriptive characteristics of wilderness Silva). (157pp 2f $8.00) PE 4081 orientation programs which assess program performance, and those which do not? Fifty-seven directors of wilder- The present study investigated the prevalence and nature ness orientation programs for incoming college students of the sport psychology services being provided at the completed and returned a mail survey designed to solicit professional level of sport. A detailed survey was sent to descriptive data on program descriptors and assessment 150 professional teams to determine the credentials, type of methodology in social and academic domains, and service, training experience of the individual providing behavioral indicators related to retention of college sport psychology services, and the criteria utilized by students. Data were entered into the Statistical Package for management to employ this individual. Teams participat- Social Sciences and descriptive statistics were calculated. ing in the study included the National Football League, Ranked program goals reflect a bimodal emphasis in

1 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

wilderness orientation between social and academic goals ment plan can help prevent injuries, lower accident rates, with positive peer group development, having fun, and reduce insurance costs, prepare against litigation, provide enhancing student self-esteem/self confidence scoring a healthier environment, and decrease negative publicity. highest across all goals. The informal nature of assessment Present strategies employed by USCS were reviewed, risk in wilderness orientation programs identified in previous reviews were performed on athletic facilities by a safety research continues; however, more formal methods used committee, and a self-assessment audit was taken by the by some programs are identified. Program administrative USCS athletic staff to determine where improvements location, program outdoor activity, group size, and needed to be made in order to provide a safer environment program are all described. Wilderness orientation pro- for athletes, staff, and fans. From the lists of hazards, risks, grams operate in differing administrative environments and concerns compiled from the risk reviews, self-assess- with various functions, yet most adopt a common set of ment audit, and discussions with athletic personnel, a outdoor-based activities and routines. Wilderness orienta- USCS Athletic Department Safety Manual was developed. tion professionals may enhance their assessment efforts by This manual contains all guidelines and policies concern- developing assessment techniques that yield pre/post ing risk management for the department. program measures of student development. Mehaffey, Chip A. Factors Indiana high school athletic Martyak, Christina M. Descriptive study of state statute directors consider when hiring a boys’ varsity basketball coach, regulation of athlete agents, 2000. M.A., Ball State University 1999. M.A., Ball State University (Jerry Rushton). (35pp 1f (Thomas Morrison). (78pp 1f $4.00) PE 4066 $4.00) PE 4065

The purpose of this research was to examine how athlete An Indiana high school boys’ varsity basketball coaching agents are regulated in the United States. The research position is a highly sought after job that requires much of determined that athlete agents are regulated by state the coach. The coach must be a role model, teacher, father statute, and these state statutes are not uniform among the figure, and an ambassador for the school in the commu- states. Twenty-seven states have enacted statutes that nity. Winning games is also an important component of the govern athlete agents while twenty-three states have not position. The steps to becoming a head boys’ basketball deemed it necessary to control this profession. To deter- coach at an Indiana high school can be difficult to gauge. mine which states have athlete agent statutes, the statutes While having well placed connections cannot hurt a of all fifty states were researched. Following this research, potential candidate, there must certainly be some uniform the five major requirements of athlete agents were ex- qualities that high school athletic directors look for when tracted from the statutes and compared among the hiring a basketball coach. A study that will help determine different states. These requirements included: registration, these key factors can be of much significance both to bonding, contracts, record keeping, and advertising. In potential employers and employees. The purpose of this addition to researching statutes, case law was examined to study is: 1. to determine the factors Indiana high school determine if there were any court decisions which set out athletic directors feel most important when hiring a head laws or guidelines as to the practice of athlete agents. boys’ basketball coach; 2. to provide assistance to those Finally, the criminal penalties for violating an athlete agent persons seeking a head boys’ basketball coaching position statute were examined to determine what the possible in the state of Indiana by showing what high school penalties are that might be imposed. Law review articles, athletic directors generally deem are the most important magazine articles, newspaper articles, and internet cites qualities that they look for when hiring a head boys’ were also explored to find any instances in which athlete basketball coach. 3. to aid high school athletic directors by agents have violated state laws. The research determined providing information to them as to what their peers feel that there is no uniform method in the regulation of athlete are the most important qualities to look for from a list of agents. Every statute that has been enacted is different. To candidates. The results of this study will provide useful effectively regulate the profession of athlete agents, a information to prospective head boys’ basketball coaches at uniform standard was recommended—whether that be the high school level. The prospective coach will be more uniformity among state statutes, or federal legislation. knowledgeable of the evaluation process used by athletic directors when hiring basketball coaches. Athletic directors Matheny, Tami Evaluating and implementing risk management will also benefit as this study will provide them with strategies for the University of South Carolina Athletics factors that their peers around the state of Indiana deem Department, 1999. M.A., University of North Carolina, the most important to consider before hiring a head coach. Chapel Hill (John Billings). (93pp 1f $4.00) PE 4047 The Indiana High School Athletic Association has divided up the high schools in the state into four different classes This thesis is an evaluation of the presence of risk manage- based on enrollment. Each class contains approximately 96 ment strategies in the University of South Carolina, schools. Thirty schools from each class will be randomly Spartanburg, Athletic Department. Risk management is a selected. The instrument will be a rank order questionnaire concern to all athletic programs. Having a risk manage- that is designed to determine the factors high school

2 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

athletic directors find most important when hiring a head Instead it was the local councils that were left to balance boys’ basketball coach in the state of Indiana. Listed factors the arguments from the opposing stakeholders in an issue will be rated on a scale from one to twelve with one being of land development. Stakeholder management was the most important factor considered. Additional com- considered to be of use to developers if done prior to the ments will be encouraged. A cover letter explaining the submission of their application. purpose and benefits of the study will accompany the survey. All data will be evaluated by adding the numbers Spengler, John O. Assumption of risk in sport activities: an that are given to each factor and dividing by the number of analysis of contributing factors to legal outcomes in reported returned surveys. The lowest number, on average, will cases, 1999. Ph.D., Indiana University (Lynn Jamieson). determine the most important factors. Any consistently (136pp 2f $8.00) PE 4093 recurring comments will also be considered for evaluation. The problem of the study was to investigate the influence Mosher, Michael Ian. Stakeholder management of golf course of selected case variables on the outcome of assumption of development in the Lower Mainland [British Columbia], 1998. risk in reported legal cases involving sports. The sub M.A., University of British Columbia (W. Robert Morford). problems of the study were: (a) to determine the relation- (179pp 2f $8.00) PE 4089 ship of the study variables to the outcome of a legal case on the issue of assumption of risk; and (b) to determine In the years 1988-1991, municipal governments in the whether study variables influence the probability that a Lower Mainland dealt with numerous applications from plaintiff will be held to have assumed the risk of an activity golf course developers seeking to capitalize on the popu- in a legal case. The sample consisted of reported judicial larity of the game and a projected shortage of golf courses decisions involving assumption of risk and a sport activity. to meet the increased demand for courses to play on. The study variables were age, gender, legal status, jurisdic- However, it soon became apparent to those same develop- tion, court level, state defensive scheme, assumption of risk ers that getting approval for a golf course development type, supervision, defendant type, risk/skill differential, was a much more involved process than merely having cause of the injury, severity of the injury, participation, access to land and the finances to develop the golf course. type of facility, warning and sport category. An analysis of Applications before Lower Mainland municipal councils at these variables was conducted using descriptive statistics the time were to collide with the interests of individuals and logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that and groups other than golfers and their benefactor devel- defendants prevailed (plaintiff assumed the risk of injury) opers. These oppositional groups contested each other in slightly more than 60% of the cases. Additionally, through the formal political reviews process. The purpose defendants prevailed in nearly every category of the of this study was threefold. The first objective was to independent variable. Two variables were significant identify key stakeholders in the unfolding golf boom and predictors of outcome in the logistic regression model: the determine which were most salient. Having determined type of defendant, and the severity of injury suffered by the most important stakeholders to the process, the next the plaintiff. Conversely, two variables had the weakest goal was to determine their stake in the golf course measure of association with the outcome: warnings, and development situation. Finally, the third goal of the study plaintiff’s gender. Results demonstrated the viability of was to examine the process concerning the level of logistic regression analysis in sport negligence research stakeholder management which took place. Successful involving assumption of risk. stakeholder management is dependent upon the ability of organizations to manage their relationships with their Yam, Richard H. M. Understanding the experiences of physical stakeholder groups in an action-oriented manner (Free- education department chairpersons: a phenomenological man, 1984). By doing so, organizations are attempting to interviewing study, 1999. D.P.E., Springfield College create compatibility between organizational priorities and (William Considine). (313pp 4f $16.00) PE 4055 stakeholder interests. This increases the probability of the organizations’ success and survival. Three of the original Using a phenomenological interviewing format, the stakeholder groups proposed (developers, local govern- perceptions, feelings and attitudes of 15 chairpersons ment and environmental and wildlife groups) and one regarding their experiences were examined. While recon- stakeholder not originally identified (the agricultural structing their experiences as chairpersons, participants community) were confirmed as the most salient stake- highlighted a number of historical events such as the holder groups. Three stakeholders originally identified merger of men’s and women’s departments, the separation were shown to be less important in the process including of physical education and athletics, the elimination of the related businesses, area residents, and golfers. Stakeholder basic instruction program, and the fragmentation, or crisis management was not evident through the golf course within, and/or name change of department. Most partici- development process. Developers were viewed as the pants were either chairpersons at the time or became individuals responsible to control the stakeholder manage- chairpersons as a direct result of these particular events. ment process, although little evidence of this was found. Chairpersons identified their leadership, middle adminis-

3 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

trator, and servicing roles as well as different administra- Studies are carried out using trajectory data acquired from tive styles. They also expressed both negative and positive human pitchers and, in a more controlled environment, feelings toward their jobs. The connection between with a pitching machine. In all, 58 pitch trajectories from personal experiences, professional experiences, and the human pitchers and 20 pitching machine pitches with spin responsibilities as chairperson within the historical and information are analyzed. In the pitching machine trials, current contexts of the department was established in the four markers on the ball are tracked over the first 4 ft study. (1.22m) and the center of mass of the ball is tracked over the last 13 ft (3.96m) of flight. The estimated lift coefficients Zeck, Jason C. Sportsmanship regulations in Division I are compared to previous measured lift coefficients of intramural sports programs, 2000. M.A., Ball State University Sikorsky (Alaways & Lightfoot, 1998) and Watts & Ferrer (Ron Davis). (58pp 1f $4.00) PE 4058 (1987) and show that significant differences exist in the lift coefficients of two- and four-seam curve balls at lower The purpose of the study was to determine the current use values of spin parameter, S. As S increases, the two- and of sportsmanship regulations by Division I intramural four-seam lift coefficients merge, becoming statistically sports programs and the perceived effectiveness of such insignificant. The estimated drag coefficients are compared regulations by intramural sports administrators. Subjects to drag coefficients of smooth spheres and golf-balls and consisted of intramural sports directors, associate intramu- show that these data sets bound the drag-coefficient of the ral sports directors, assistant intramural sports directors, baseball. Finally, it is shown that asymmetries of the ball intramural sports coordinators, and graduate assistants. associated with the knuckleball can influence the trajectory The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A self- of the more common curve and fastball. constructed survey was designed to assess the current use of sportsmanship regulations by Division I intramural Gottschall, Lori L. Training patterns and illness during a men’s sports programs and the perceived effectiveness of such collegiate basketball season, 1999. M.S., University of Wiscon- regulations by intramural sports administrators. The sin, La Crosse (Carl Foster). (41pp 1f $4.00) PE 4043 survey was administered using the inQsit program developed at Ball State University. An on-line electronic This study was designed to follow training patterns and survey was posted on the National Intramural Recreation the incidence of injury and illness in members of the 1998- Sports Association (NIRSA) list-serve. Data were collected 99 University of Wisconsin-La Crosse men’s basketball concerning four research questions. Results indicated that team during a competitive playing season. Additionally, a 81% of intramural sports programs use some form of Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and a heart rate (HR) sportsmanship regulation. The most common form (78%) based method of monitoring training intensity were used was a sportsmanship rating system. The individuals compared. Adult male athletes (18-23 years) participated in responsible for managing the regulations were primarily the study (N=14). The relationships among illnesses/ student employees consisting of officials (98%) and injuries, training load (weekly average), training monotony supervisors (83%). Ninety-eight percent of intramural (daily mean/standard deviation), and training strain (load sports administrators viewed their regulations to be either x monotony) were determined. The HR scores were somewhat effective or effective. Finally, 76% of intramural summated into 5 training zones and converted into points. sports administrators perceived poor sportsmanship to be They were then compared to the points generated from the a minor problem. session RPE method. It was observed that a high percent- age of illness/injury occurred during the first 2 weeks of the basketball season, possibly due to high values of both COACHING AND TRAINING training load and strain at this time. The HR method for monitoring training load paralleled the RPE method of Alaways, LeRoy W. Aerodynamics of the curve-ball: an recording exercise training intensities. These results investigation of the effects of angular velocity on baseball suggest that the use of the RPE and HR method are both trajectories, 1998. Ph.D., University of California, Davis valid and useful tools to monitor exercise training inten- (Mont Hubbard). (139pp 2f $8.00) PE 4035 sity, not only in individual sports, but also in team sports (e.g., basketball). In this dissertation the aerodynamic force and initial conditions of pitched baseballs are estimated from high- Hansen, David E. “Fair play everyday”: a sportsmanship speed video data. Fifteen parameters are estimated training program for high school coaches, 1999. Ph.D., Univer- including the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and the sity of Idaho (Sharon K. Stoll). (190pp 2f $8.00) PE 4042 angular velocity vector using a parameter estimation technique that minimizes the residual error between This study questions whether high school coaches, the measured and estimated trajectories of markers on the individuals most closely responsible for the level of ball’s surface and the center of mass of pitched baseballs. sportsmanship, can learn to understand and apply the concepts of fair play to daily coaching practices. The

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purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT cognitive sportsmanship training program, based on stated concepts of a high school activities association sportsman- Pulito, Brenda Boys’ and girls’ throwing development: a ship manual, on selected coaches, as evidenced on a pencil comparison of two cohorts twenty years apart, 2000. M.Ed., and paper instrument. Subjects for the study were 420 Bowling Green State University (Mary Ann Robertson). coaches (male=317, female=103) employed in state associa- (93pp 1f $4.00) PE 4060 tion member schools. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: Treatment A (Fair Play Everyday Overarm throwing has been studied across the lifespan video), Treatment B (NFHS video, Be A Sport), or Control using both longitudinal and cross-sectional research Group. A 2 [gender: male, female] x 3 [treatment: Sports- designs. What has not been addressed in the literature are manship Training Program video, NFHS video, control] x 4 cohort differences in the overarm throw, specifically cohort [school size: A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4] factorial ANOVA was used differences in developmental levels of throwing. This study to examine the main effects and interactions effects in this addressed cohort differences in two groups of seventh stratified randomized group experimental design. Fisher’s graders to learn if gender differences in throwing have Protected LSD Procedures were used to determine which changed over the last 20 years, possibly due to the effects means were significantly different at the p<.05 level. With of Title IX. Halverson, Roberton, and Langendorfer (1982) the ANOVA there was a significant difference with the reported throwing developmental levels and velocity main effects of treatment, (F[2, 396]=5.679, p<.004) and scores for seventh grade children (n=39) in 1979. The school size (F[3, 396]=4.874, p<.002). There was no signifi- current study replicates the Halverson et al. study as cant difference for gender or any interactions. Fisher’s LSD exactly as possible. A sample of volunteers was recruited Procedures found the two treatment groups significantly from a school of comparable socioeconomic status to the higher than the control group. Treatment A scored higher previous study. Fifty seventh graders were videotaped but not significantly higher than Treatment B group. The from the side view at 120Hz and from the rear view at results of this study indicate that the video treatment 60Hz. The average velocity scores for the boys were 76.1 coaches scored higher than the control group coaches. The feet/sec (SD=15.9) and 53.5 feet/sec (SD=7.5) for girls. In Fair Play Everyday coaches scored the highest of all three 1979 the boys were throwing with an average velocity of study groups, though not significantly higher than 77.6 feet/sec (SD=10.1) and the girls were throwing with Treatment B coaches. Fisher’s LSD Procedures found that an average velocity of 55.9 (SD=11.3). A 2 x 2 factorial the three smaller school sizes scored significantly higher ANOVA (cohort x gender) was performed on the velocity than the largest sized schools. The largest school classifica- scores of both cohorts. A priori alpha was set at .05. A tion scored significantly lower than the other three school significant main effect was found for gender (p=0.015), but classifications. The next smallest school classification no significant main effect was found for cohort or the scored highest of all school classifications, though not interaction of cohort and gender (p>0.05). The movement significantly higher than the next larger and smallest profiles, as assessed through Chi-Square Tests of Homoge- school size classifications. The implications of this study neity, were similar within gender for both cohorts, with no indicate that cognitive moral training does seem to be significant differences (p>.05). Reported time in throwing effective in improving cognitive reasoning about sports- practice was not significantly different between the cohorts manship concepts in a sportsmanship manual. (p>.05). Yet, most of the 1999 children perceived throwing as an appropriate activity both for girls and boys. Gender Kerbs, Brooke Effects of same-day strength training on shooting differences in the overarm throw have not changed skills of female collegiate basketball players, 2000. M.S., significantly over the last 20 years. More research needs to Brigham Young University (Philip E. Allsen). (52pp 1f be done before this continuing gender gap can be ex- $4.00) PE 4069 plained.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of same-day strength training on basketball shooting skills of HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY female collegiate basketball players. The speed spot shooting test and free throws were used as performance Allen, Melissa S. The roles of popular entertainment dance measurements. These tests were administered on two no during The Great Depression, 2000. M.A., Brigham Young lift days (NLD) and two lift days (LD) approximately eight University (Cathy Black). (57pp 1f $4.00) PE 4080 hours after a morning lifting routine. A dependent t-test showed no significant differences for the mean scores for This thesis analyzes the popular entertainment forms of free throw shooting or speed spot shooting when compar- The Great Depression. It focuses specifically on the forms ing the NLD and the LD. These data suggest that collegiate of marathon dance and social dance, with emphasis on the female basketball players may strength train on game days Lindy Hop. It also discusses the impact of the popular with no significant effect on their shooting performance. Hollywood musicals during the 1930s. This analysis

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juxtaposes these specific entertainment forms and then had fought against integrated baseball. The first organiza- signifies their roles and effects in relation to the general tion to confront the reality of black players was the short- population, the similar purposes they served, and the lived National Association of Base Ball Players, a govern- relationship between the economic peril of the times and ing body which sought to regulate the conduct of its their popularity. The procedures include reading and amateur members. At its 1867 annual convention, the viewing primary and secondary sources related to the time Association voted to officially exclude “any club which period being studied. This study found by studying may be composed of one or more colored persons,” detailed information on social dance, marathon dance, because, according to one commentator, the delegates dance musicals on film, and The Great Depression itself, wished to “keep out of the convention the discussion of that these entertainment forms all served similar functions any subject having a political bearing.” Although the for the society of the Depression. These forms of entertain- NABBP collapsed in the face of the increasing ment were extremely popular and had so many partici- professionalization of the sport in the early 1870s, its pants that they became a type of necessity for the people. successors, most notably the National League (founded in This study also concludes that these entertainment forms 1876), followed its example and excluded African-Ameri- were a means of hope for a better life. Perhaps the most can players. The NL did not commit its ban to paper but significant role was that the three entertainment forms relied on an informal “gentleman’s agreement” which provided a mode of escape to their weary Depression served to prohibit black men from the league until 1947, participants. This thesis compiles data on social dance, when Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. marathon dance, and dance in Hollywood musicals, and maintains that through them dance had a vast effect on the Braun, Amanda Twenty-five years of women’s varsity society of The Great Depression. intercollegiate basketball at Duke University, 1999. M.A., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Barbara Armitage, Maria T. Historical overview of the National Bickford). (76pp 1f $4.00) PE 4048 Baseball Library, 1996. M.L.S., Kent State University (William A. Caynon, Jr.). (86pp 1f $4.00) PE 4032 This thesis explores the initiation and development of women’s varsity intercollegiate basketball at Duke Univer- Baseball is considered by many to be the American sity. The years of interest in this study are primarily 1975 to pastime, and certainly it is a major cultural icon. It has 2000. Also of interest are the years just prior to varsity survived wars, scandals, and strikes, rising and falling in intercollegiate status, 1971 to 1975. Information was popularity over a span of more than a hundred years. The gathered from Duke Sports Information files and archives, National Baseball Library and Archives is unique, repre- Duke Women’s Physical Education archives, scrapbooks, senting the world’s largest collection of knowledge and the school newspaper, and personal interviews with people artifacts of the sport. It is visited by hundreds of thousands involved with the Duke women’s basketball team. The of different people each year, ranging from curious ten- study is divided into five sections. The first section is year-olds to baseball writers, filmmakers and novelists. comprised of the years leading up to the initiation of Duke They are provided with information that many times could women’s basketball varsity status. The second section be found nowhere else. The tremendous growth and covers the first two seasons of Duke women’s varsity success of this library, as outlined in its history, as well as intercollegiate basketball competition. The third and fourth its problems, might serve as a model for other museum sections detail the years from 1977 to 1992, when Debbie libraries or archives. And, since there was no comprehen- Leonard was head coach. The fifth section details the years sive account of the development of this very special from 1992 to the upcoming 1999-2000 season, years of institution, it was important that one be compiled. This tremendous transition and progress under head coach Gail paper represents a start in the documentation of its past. Goestenkors.

Bond, Gregory Whipped curs and real men: race, manliness, Fidler, Merrie A. The development and decline of the All- and the segregation of organized baseball in the late nineteenth American Girls Baseball League, 1943-1954, 1976. M.S., century, 1999. M.A., University of Wisconsin, Madison University of Massachusetts (Guy M. Lewis). (385pp 4f (Paul Boyer). (146pp 2f $8.00) PE 4026 $16.00) PE 4037

The racial problems that convulsed baseball in the mid- The All-American Girls Baseball League (AAGBBL) was 1880s were not new ones. Black Americans had partici- first established as the All-American Girls Softball League pated in the national pastime since before the Civil War, and the rules utilized were modified softball rules. The and had, from the beginning, attempted to play with and league employed softball’s underhand pitching exclusively against the best competition available, both black and until 1946, when sidearm pitching was allowed. In 1948, white. Early on, though, some white players had objected full overhand pitching was instituted and this change to the presence of African-Americans on the diamond, and signaled a change in the league game from softball to baseball. The only difference between the AAGBBL game

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and the major league baseball game at this point was a baseball is more than just a sport, and the athlete more difference in pitching and basepath distances, and a slight than just a position player. The Black Sox Scandal, then, difference in ball size. Since the AAGBBL employed major has forced fans to not only look at their relationship with league baseball rules to govern its games, the game it the players, but at the entire structure of beliefs and played after 1947 can be considered to have been as truly expectations they have about baseball. “baseball” as little league or high school or college “base- ball.” In 1954, the differences in ball size and pitching Kammer, David J. A matter of timing: Babe Ruth and the distance between the AAGBBL and major league baseball heroic image in the golden age of baseball, 1975. M.A., City were eradicated, and only a five foot difference in the University of New York (Leonard Kriegel). (65pp 1f $4.00) basepath distance remained. Thus, although the league PE 4039 started as a softball league, after 1948 it truly became a baseball league. Not all women softball players could play How did Babe Ruth become the symbol of baseball? How AAGBBL, but those who could played it well. did he evolve, as in the recollection of Red Sox outfielder Harry Hopper, from a “nineteen year-old kid” into Joyce, Allen E. The Atlanta Black Crackers, 1975. M.A., “something pretty close to a god”? The answer ranges from Emory University (J. Harvey Young). (217pp 3f $12.00) PE the concrete, like lifetime baseball statistics, to the cultural 4036 forces that occasionally transform a mortal into a folk hero. His performance on the field and membership on the New Their ballpark is gone now, torn down to make way for a York Yankees, the coincidental timing of his ascent in discount department store. Few outside the black checkers major league baseball with the mood of the nation, the games and barber shops remember they existed. Yet for growth of the press and its influence on the American thirty years, from 1919 to 1949, the Black Crackers repre- mind, and a deeply-rooted popular need to canonize one of sented Atlanta in the world of black baseball. Through its own, are all factors explaining the rise of Ruth. interviews with more than thirty players, managers, umpires, sportswriters, and fans, and through research in Lewis, Guy M. The American intercollegiate football spectacle, Atlanta’s black newspapers, I have reconstructed the 1869-1917, 1964. Ph.D., University of Maryland (Marvin H. history of the team. It is the story of how men in the local Eyler). (321pp 4f $16.00) PE 4051 black community gave athletes a chance to play, and fans a chance to see black baseball. It is the story of the conditions Between 1869 and 1875, football became an acceptable under which they lived, traveled, and played. It is also the game for gentlemen, as students at several prominent story of their feelings about segregation, of the part they Eastern colleges organized teams and engaged in intercol- believe they played in the eventual integration of baseball, legiate contests. During the early period, the pursuit of and of the important effect this integration had on Ameri- victory was not a serious business. Participants were more can racial attitudes. interested in the associated social activity than they were in the scores of the games. Winning assumed an important Kahane, Ivan Touching all the bases: an examination of the role in the conduct of intercollegiate football after members 1919 Black Sox scandal through baseball fiction, 1990. M.A., of the Intercollegiate Football Association decided to San Francisco State University (Eric Solomon). (46pp 1f declare a champion at the conclusion of each season’s play. $4.00) PE 4031 Managers approached the preparation of teams with a new seriousness. Yale’s Association destroyed the tradition of This study investigates the baseball player, the baseball complete student control in the conduct of football when it fan, and how the World Series debacle of 1919 disclosed a employed Walter Camp to direct the program. Graduates fundamental conflict in their relationship. It discusses a of other institutions followed Yale’s example and gained discrepancy between what the athlete does on the field, control of the association at their institutions. The major how he perceives himself, and the spectator’s interpreta- problem confronting all associations was the development tion of the athletes and their actions. The Black Sox Scandal of an adequate plan to finance the program. When student caused spectators to question a ballplayer’s mistakes, the subscriptions and alumni gifts failed to meet expanding integrity of all his efforts, and the fan’s theretofore naive costs, managers, in search of gate receipts, moved the adoration. From this conflict came the question of responsi- contests to New York City. The new location exposed the bility; for, underlying the fan’s perception of the baseball sport to forces that changed the simple contests into great player is the belief that he who plays owes something to spectacles. New York’s “Nouveau Riche” placed the those who pay, and that what is owed is more than just Thanksgiving Day game on the social calendar and the performance on the field. Autographs and a tip of the cap press reported, in equal volume, activities of the “fashion- are among the minimal expectations the fan has from the able set” and the play of the game. The New York-staged player. But there is also the deeply felt idea that the player spectacles received so much attention that successful should feel privileged to play the game and respect participation in them became a standard measure of an baseball as more than just a job. In many fans’ minds, institution’s prestige. With encouragement and support

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from presidents, faculty members, and graduates, a Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel conspicuous number of teams played their first intercolle- Hill (UNC-CH). Information was collected from local giate contest during the 1888-95 period. Associations hired newspapers, university archives, and personal interviews professional coaches and, due to financial necessity, with family, friends and colleagues. From 1938 until his transferred games from the campus to a large city in their death in 1970, Jamerson was a professor, coach, and area. … In 1905, the rules reform issue and the question of department chair at UNC-CH. Whether his classroom was the nature of the relationship between athletics and the in the school, the pool, or the community, his dedicated college reached a climax. Conditions forced many presi- service helped the Department of Physical Education dents to assume a position in regard to the sport. In an establish a reputation for excellence. Jamerson’s innovative attempt to satisfy extreme factions, they allowed the sport leadership helped the university to solve problems to continue, with the promise that the faculty would presented by its swelling size and encouraged and enabled regulate the activity. Formation of the Intercollegiate further growth. As the ”Father” of swimming in North Athletic Association of the United States enabled long Carolina, his legacy continues in the Koury Natatorium to disfranchised coaches to exert a profound influence on the this day. adoption of playing rules legislation. Faculty control failed to thwart the growth of the spectacle. Few administrators Turesky, David S. A world almost apart: baseball and American were willing to resist alumni demands for victorious life in the twenties, 1972. B.A., Amherst College (Allen teams. The development of successful teams required Guttman). (203pp 3f $12.00) PE 4044 additional revenue. Therefore, athletic associations expanded the seating capacities of their facilities. Yale and During the 1920s, the United States was undergoing rapid Princeton followed Harvard’s example and constructed economic and social changes. That such massive upheavals huge concrete stadiums. Consideration for the customer’s were ignored was a result not of the popularity of baseball demand for “suspense-filled” and “action packed” games or any other sport or any other form of popular entertain- prompted coaches to institute additional changes in the ment. Rather, so-called “bread and butter” issues, perhaps rules. By 1917, football was a game with spectator appeal combined with what I have called the unfortunate legacies and the production of spectacles was a recognized function of Populism and Prohibitionism, led to the abdication of of higher education. popular political power and to the disappearance of a responsive government. When a people ignore anything, Pustz, Matthew J. Baseball follows the flag: America and its they find a new object or new objects for their attention. national pastime during the World Wars, 1990. B.A., Knox Baseball was paradigmatic of just such objects. That College (Rodney O. Davis). (221pp 3f $12.00) PE 4030 baseball had a long tradition in American life; that it had become organized and institutionalized on various levels, The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship finally commercialized nation-wide, made it all the more between America and baseball during World War I and prominent to Americans of the Twenties. The central World War II. Like Steven Riess, (author of Touching Base: question is not “why baseball rather than football or Professional Baseball and American Culture in the Progressive boxing?” but “why baseball rather than politics and Era [1980]) this study will be looking at baseball’s myths, protest?” realities, and symbols through the baseball establishment itself: baseball journals (primarily The Sporting News and Baseball Magazine), baseball executives, and baseball MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION players. First, it examines the mechanisms of baseball’s relationship with America in general, thereby setting up a Greenhalgh, Heidi A. Cross-validation of a quarter-mile walk framework to utilize later. Then, it analyzes the workings test for college males and females, 2000. M.S., Brigham Young of baseball during both wars. Finally, through examples University (James D. George). (64pp 1f $4.00) PE 4079 developed in the second part of the paper, it explains the meaning and importance of baseball to America during the This study evaluated whether the Kline et al. (1987) or the World Wars. Dolgener, Hensley, Marsh, & Fjelstul (1994) regression

model would most accurately predict VO2max in 37 college- Saylors, Marta M. The personal and professional contributions age men and women when a quarter-mile walk was of Dr. Richard Elmer Jamerson to the Department of Physical performed at a brisk, self selected pace. Quarter-mile walk Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, times were multiplied by four to get one-mile walk 1997. M.A., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Ron equivalents and inserted into the two equations with all Hyatt). (129pp 2f $8.00) PE 4062 other variables remaining constant. All subjects were administered a quarter-mile and one-mile walk test, as well The purpose of this study is to chronicle, in the form of a as a maximal graded exercise test. The two walk tests were historical biography, the contributions made by Dr. performed on an indoor track previously measured with a Richard Elmer Jamerson to the Department of Physical measurement wheel (Rolotape, Inc., Spokane, WA). Each

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participant was instructed to walk at a brisk, self-selected sion equation developed in this study accurately estimates pace over a designated marked lane division line. In body fat percentage in young men using simple, inexpen- addition to the above two tests, each subject completed a sive measures. maximal GXT on a motor-driven, calibrated treadmill (Model 24-72, Quinton, Inc., Bothell, WA). Expired minute Parsons, Lori S. Psychometric evaluation of the Running volumes were quantified using a Ventilation Measurement Addiction Scale, 1998. M.S., Springfield College (Tina Manos Module (VMM series, Alpha Technologies, Bellingham, and Christa Winter). (201pp 3f $12.00) PE 4056

WA), and CO2 and O2 values were analyzed using a previously calibrated mass spectrometer (Model 1100, The investigation was designed to evaluate the psychomet- Marquette Inc . St. Louis, MO). An on-line computer rics of the Running Addiction Scale (RAS) by Rudy and system (Consentius Inc., Sandy, UT) computed the VO2 Estok (1989). The sample consisted of 269 runners recruited and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) every 15 seconds. from various settings and a subset of 70 runners who Comparisons for the quarter-mile and one-mile data were indicated that they had run races longer than half-mara- then made between the observed VO2max and the VO2max thons. All runners received a packet consisting of the RAS, predicted from the equations of Kline et al (1987) and the Trait Anxiety scale (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Dolgener et al. (1994). The Kline et al. (1987) equation Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), and questions regarding running provided an accurate estimate of observed VO2max values habits and self-rated addiction. Internal consistency of the with mean residuals ranging from -0.36 to +1.59 RAS, which contributed both to construct validity and to ml·kg-1·min-1 and correlations ranging from .81 to .84. The reliability, was assessed by examining item-total correla- percentage of predicted and observed VO2max values within tion and Cronbach’s alpha. All but one item correlated ±4.5 ml·kg-1·min-1 ranged from 67.6% to 75.7%. The with the total score of the RAS. Cronbach’s alpha of the Dolgener et al. (1994) prediction equation underpredicted RAS was .72. Significant relationships were found between observed VO2max values, with mean residuals ranging from scores on the RAS and scores on the Trait-Anxiety scale for -5.67 to -6.83 ml·kg-1·min-1 and correlations ranging from all runners (r=.25, p<.05) and long-distance runners (r=.50,

.84 to .85. The percentage of predicted and observed VO2max p<.05). Significant relationships (p<.05) were found values within ±4.5 ml·kg-1·min-1 ranged from 18.9% to between scores on the RAS and scores on specific-running- 43.2%. The results suggest that the quarter-mile walk habits questions, and self-rated addiction for all runners predicts VO2max with essentially the same accuracy as the and long-distance runners. Test-retest reliability, using a one-mile data. two week interval (n=45), was r=.81, p<.05. The study provided support for the validity and reliability of the Greenwell, Scott D. Estimating body fat percentage using RAS. simple measures: a multivariate study of 150 men, 1998. M.S., Brigham Young University (Larry A. Tucker). (80pp 1f Yee, Alice J. Validation of the Bod Pod: method for estimating $4.00) PE 4029 percent body fat in an elderly population, 1999. M.A., San Francisco State University (Marialice Kern). (44pp 1f $4.00) The purpose of this research was to a develop a prediction PE 4028 equation to accurately estimate the body fat percentage of college age men, using simple measurements that can be This is a validation study that analyzed two methods of taken without the need of expensive equipment, or special body composition; one, the criterion method, hydrostatic skills. Subjects were 154 male college students, age 18 to 26 weighing (HW), and the other, the Bod Pod (BP), both of years. Four subjects were identified as outliers and were which were tested on an elderly population of males and removed from the analysis. The majority of the subjects, females (ages 70-79) for the purpose of validating the BP. 92%, were white; mean age of the subjects was 22 years, The possible complications of bone loss and dehydration average body fat percentage was 13.9%, and the mean BMI that accompany aging are the reasons for choosing the 4- was 23.8. Subjects were assessed for lifestyle variables component equation as the criterion equation, using HW to using a questionnaire, and body circumferences were determine body density (Db). Db was not found to be assessed using a cloth tape. Body fat percentage was significantly different between HW and BP (p=0.46 males measured using hydrostatic weighing. The final model and p=0.90 females). Pearson’s correlation coefficients included 7 variables: waist circumference, hip (quadratic) yielded the following when compared to 4-component circumference, body weight, and four self-reported equation: variables (fitness level, excess body weight, time spent 4Cmales and females n=58 4Cmales n=30 4Cfemales n=28 engaged in aerobic exercise each week, and the number of 4CBP 0.97 0.93 0.98 3C 0.91 0.88 0.85 bowls of cereal eaten per week). This equation had a SEE of boneHW 3C 0.99 0.99 0.99 2.66%, a PRESS SEE of 2.82%, and accounted for 80% of the TBWHW 3C 0.89 0.81 0.81 variance in the criterion, body fat percentage. The regres- boneBP 3CTBWBP 0.97 0.94 0.98

2CHW 0.91 0.89 0.85

2CBP 0.88 0.79 0.81

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Pearson’s r decreased from high to moderate in some cases special education classroom aides. Formal data gathered with the separation of the sexes (decrease in n). A two by from observations by the special education teacher, special eight ANOVA revealed significant differences between the education classroom aides, and peer tutors, and analyzed main effects of methods/equations (4CHW, 4CBP, 3CboneHW, by the dance teacher/researcher, indicated positive

3CTBWHW, 3CboneBP, 3CTBWBP, 2CHW and 2CBP p<0.000) and sex changes in the behaviors studied, though in varying (p<0.000), but not the interaction (p<0.182). A Newman- degrees. In addition to results established by survey tools, Kuels post-hoc test revealed that there were significant parents and the teacher/researcher observed positive, differences between 4C and 3CboneHW (p<0.0002), and 4C measurable outcomes that supported the original purpose and 3CboneBP (p<0.002) for males only. Significant differ- of the study. The research subjects benefited from the ences were found with the females between 2C and 3C modern dance experience in many ways not addressed by models (p=0.03). The results indicated that the BP is a valid the survey tools. Most noteworthy are that their daily instrument for elderly individuals, especially females. The classroom tasks were reinforced, their ability to perform line plot contrasting the 4C against 2CHW and 2CBP reveals a physical tasks was improved, they were given opportuni- linear distribution of the sample population with both the ties to socialize and be socially accepted outside the special 2C equations slightly overestimating percent body fat, education classroom, and they were given positive praise. especially the BP at the lower end of the spectrum. Mul- The researcher recommends that further research be done tiple regression analysis was performed via cross valida- over a longer period of time, but not to exceed four years tion through random sampling of one-half of the sample (the traditional length of the high school experience), to population. Three equations were generated. The depen- establish a pattern of improvement of classroom skills and dent variables (those generated by the BP) were used to affective behaviors in students with multi-disabilities. predict the independent variable, the 4C percent body fats. The first equation generated was an all-encompassing Patterson, Debra L. Distant interactions and their effects on equation for both sexes, the second used only the data of children’s physical activity levels during fitness instruction, the males, and the third was for the females. A two by two 2000. Ph.D., Oregon State University (Hans van der Mars). ANOVA revealed no significance between the newly (78pp 1f $4.00) PE 4088 generated equations and the 4C equation (p=0.7, p=0.4, and p=0.3 for both sexes, males, and females respectively). Evidence exists that links a sedentary lifestyle with the emergence of chronic diseases during adulthood. Reports indicate that many children and adolescents already have PEDAGOGY risk factors for chronic diseases, and the prevalence of obesity among children is at an all time high. There are Orton, Joyce Modern dance in the high school: a tool for concerns that children may not be active enough for enhancing daily classroom skills and affective behavior in five current or future health benefits. It is imperative that students with multi-disabilities, 1999. M.A., Brigham Young elementary physical education teachers provide effective University (Sara Lee Gibb). (194pp 2f $8.00) PE 4068 instruction during health-related fitness instruction, since physical activity patterns are believed to be established The purpose of this study was to evaluate progress made during childhood. A central dimension of teachers’ by five mainstreamed multi-disabled students in the areas instruction involves active monitoring of students’ of daily classroom procedures and affective behavior, performance and conduct. This study sought to determine through the use of improvisation and movement explora- a functional relationship between distant interactions (a tion experiences. The study involved two beginning-level component of active monitoring) by physical education modern dance classes at Union High School in Roosevelt, teachers and elementary students’ moderate to vigorous Utah, during the 1997 fall semester. Instruments used to physical activity (MVPA) levels during fitness instruction. measure and evaluate the multi-disabled students’ Distant interactions were defined as teachers’ verbal progress were adapted from Adapted Physical Education and prompts, encouragement, and feedback provided to Recreation by Claudine Sherrill. Five female high school students located on opposite ends of the gym from where students with multi-disabilities were used as research the teacher is located. Five classes (grades 3-5) and two subjects in the study group. Two students were placed in elementary physical education teachers were observed for one beginning dance class, while three students were this study. A reversal design using two treatments, close placed in another beginning dance class. Each multi- interaction (C-IA) and distant interaction (D-IA) over disabled student was paired with a peer tutor (a student of multiple phases was implemented. A modified System for the same age group without a disability) for the purpose of Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) and “live” modeling desired instructional goals and behaviors. The momentary time sampling was used to measure students’ students with multi-disabilities participated in the modem MVPA during fitness instruction. Teachers’ interactions dance class along with the regular education students and were coded using SOFIT’s teacher behavior categories. peer tutors. Data was gathered from observational instru- Fidelity of treatment was assessed. Students’ mean MVPA ments by the peer tutors, the special education teacher, and levels and teacher interaction behavior data were graphed

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and analyzed visually. Inter-observer agreement checks Context, Content, Change, and Support all need to be were completed for all groups across all conditions. The considered by those who wish to design in-service training results indicated that the use of distant interaction in- to meet the needs of teachers. While analysis of data from creased the MVPA levels for the students farthest from the the focus groups revealed specific information that could teacher, while the close students maintained their levels. be used in the design of future EPEC in-service training, Findings build further the empirical base of teachers’ active general suggestions for each of the four main topics can monitoring behavior and point to the importance of also be made. The Context of training does contribute to teachers distributing their attention to all areas of the teachers’ attitudes toward and receptivity to the training. gymnasium during fitness instruction. That is, teachers Content of training is critical to teachers’ preparation for need to be aware of the benefits of using distant interac- implementation, with multiple forms of delivery and tions as part of their active supervision efforts to increase/ professionalism in presentation appreciated. Though sustain students’ MVPA during fitness instruction, as part Change is difficult for some, teachers were able to describe of the process aimed at shaping physical activity behavior their needs in order to change. Support after training, from in youth. many sources and particularly from peers, is very impor- tant to teachers. Rowe, Patricia I. Perceptions of physical education teachers about the design and implementation of in-service training—a Timken, Gay L. The effects of case methods on pre[-]service case study, 2000. Ph.D., Michigan State University (John physical education teachers’ value orientations, 2000. Ph.D., Haubenstricker). (299pp 4f $16.00) PE 4053 Oregon State University (Hans van der Mars). (150pp 2f $8.00) PE 4086 The Michigan Governor’s Council on Physical Fitness, Health, and Sport initiated Michigan’s Exemplary Physical Pre-service teachers’ beliefs and values develop due to Education Curriculum Project (EPEC) in 1994 “to enable their long “apprenticeship of observation” (Lortie, 1975) those responsible for physical education in Michigan to and often filter their teacher education experiences create exemplary programs. This requires developing and (Feiman-Nemser & Buchman, 1986; Pajares, 1992). Case disseminating materials and procedures that result in the methods may be one curricular tool by which to instill youth of Michigan obtaining the necessary fitness levels, change in pre-service teachers’ beliefs and values. This motor skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be fit for life” study investigated the effects of case methods on pre- (EPEC, 1997). EPEC teacher in-service training provides an service physical education (PETE) teachers’ value orienta- essential bridge from EPEC curricula to implementation, to tions. Ten PETE students were interviewed, and completed the achievement of positive change in school programs and the Value Orientation Inventory-2 (VOI-2) four times over student outcomes. EPEC physical education lessons for one academic year. Following a baseline phase, students grades K-2 have been available, since the 1997-98 school were grouped (n=5 per group) according to orientation year, to teachers who participate in two days of in-service priority. Intervention consisted of reading and discussing training. As of June 1999, 466 teachers representing 40% of eight cases in physical education, focused in one value the school districts in Michigan, have attended teacher in orientation (disciplinary mastery or social responsibility). service training sessions. With the availability of EPEC Results indicated that case methods have differential lesson materials for grades 3-5, 6-8, and 9-12, teachers from effects on PETE students’ value orientations. VOI-2 and additional school districts will seek EPEC teacher in-service interview group data suggested an orientation priority training. The purpose of this case study was to use shift toward the case theme; individual data gives a clearer teachers’perspectives of their EPEC in-service training picture as to the effects of case methods. PETE students’ experience to provide feedback for the design of future value orientations changed in the direction of the case EPEC in-service training to meet the needs of physical focus at differing rates, and not all students completely education teachers. Eleven of the fifty-five teachers who shifted their value orientation toward the case theme. experienced EPEC K-2 teacher in-service training at three Inconsistencies existed between VOI-2 and interview data targeted locations during 1998-99 agreed to share their for some PETE students. Student interview statements perspectives on four topics related to the training: Context, were focused more on concepts of disciplinary mastery, Content, Change, and Support. These teachers attended which is likely due to prior experiences in sport and one focus group held in their geographic area approxi- physical education. mately two months after they attended EPEC in-service training. Each focus group session was audio-taped and transcribed for analysis. The data were used to describe perceptions of teachers that could be used to design future EPEC in-service training. Teachers proved to be a rich source of information about EPEC teacher in-service training. Analysis of the data showed that issues of

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SOCIOLOGY AND CULTURAL An information board (process tracing methodology) was ANTHROPOLOGY used to describe the skier decision process. Twenty-nine downhill snow skiers were instructed to select a destina- tion ski resort for travel. Data was triangulated from four Iaia, Jim Baseball and Italian-Americans: how baseball helped sources: ski resort attribute rankings, informant informa- Italian-Americans assimilate into mainstream America, 1998. tion board interaction, justification interview, and demo- M.A.H., Beaver College (R. Wertime). (39pp 1f $4.00) PE graphic information. Analysis followed a qualitative 4025 methodology developed by Miles and Huberman (1994). Results indicated five skier decision maps categorized into Baseball was tolerated for the most part by the parents of two families: set decision map family, and no set decision the “old country,” only after homework and chores were map family. The set decision map family behavior was done. Most Italian parents didn’t want their children exhibited by 82.76% (n=24) of the informants and was the “playing” a kid’s game. They knew how difficult it was to dominant decision map family. Informants formed a series earn a living in their adopted country, because of prejudice of alternating search and elimination sets. Set formation and discrimination in employment, housing, and social was a ski resort alternative reduction process. Elimination acceptance. Ensuring that their kids got a good education sets often took the form of a flurry, which is a series of or learned a valuable skill that would secure an acceptable search and multiple alternative elimination behavior. job for their future was deemed to be a better use of time. Important attributes were examined early, and less The American-born children of Italian immigrants had a important attributes were examined later in the decision very different view of baseball and embraced it with a process. An inverse relationship existed between the passion. Harry “Gags” Lasorda, a Norristown native, number of attributes examined and the number of alterna- describes a discussion between his father and his brother tives remaining under consideration. Fewer attributes were Tommy, who would go on to pitch for the Brooklyn examined early, while more attributes were examined later Dodgers and manage the Los Angeles Dodgers. “My father in the decision process. Informants used multiple decision came from Italy… all he knew was work and school, get an strategies: noncompensatory and compensatory. Noncom- education and go to work… all he knew about baseball pensatory strategies were attribute focused and were used was DiMaggio… My brother said, ‘I’m going away to play early in the decision process. Compensatory strategies ball.’ He said, ‘What, are you crazy?’ Tommy said, ‘But Joe were alternative focused and were used later in the DiMaggio plays it.’ ‘Oh yeah, that kind of ball, alright.’ “ decision process. Seidenman, Roger S. The hero’s hero, 1989. B.A., Brown Bolton, Robyn M. A study of the implications of the 1994 University (Bruce A. Rosenberg). (169pp 2f $8.00) PE 4033 Major League Baseball players’ strike and an analysis of the marketing strategies used by Major League Baseball and four The baseball hero is a part of American culture. America’s teams in response to the strike, 1998. B.S., Miami University bond with baseball, more than with any other sport, makes (Thomas Speh). (69pp 1f $4.00) PE 4052 it a source of national figures. Baseball is a symbol of the country. Described as the national pastime, it incorporates On August 12, 1994, Major League baseball players went fundamental American ideals. The game’s structure allows on strike, putting an end to the 1994 baseball season and the player to achieve both independently and for the good canceling the World Series. The events that caused the of the team. In no other sport is the connection between strike began almost a year earlier, but the effects of the individual freedom and responsibility to a larger group strike continued to manifest themselves into the 1998 played out as clearly as it is in baseball. All baseball heroes, season. This thesis will detail the events that caused the in some way, manifest the successful negotiation of this strike and discuss the results of the work stoppage. It will contrast inherent in American life. This negotiation is most examine Major League Baseball’s response to the negative often illustrated by a hero’s play guiding his team to a attitudes customers developed, and the creation of a championship. national advertising campaign designed to re-ignite the affection that fans once held for the “national past time.” Individual teams suffered the financial consequences of the SPORTS MARKETING strike and took action to lure fans back into the stands. Although some strategies were adopted by every team, Aukers, Steven M. The development of a decision process map: some teams used creative methods to emphasize baseball’s application to the snow ski market, 1999. Ph.D., Indiana new fan friendly image. The purpose of this thesis is to University (Barbara A. Hawkins and Barbara A. Masberg). explore and analyze the marketing actions taken by Major (285pp 3f $12.00) PE 4092 League Baseball and four individual teams. Examinations of the major components of marketing strategy, product, place, price, promotion, and public relations, the external

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environment surrounding the sport, and the internal is designed to make the sport appealing on television, and environment that defines it, were used to analyze the emphasis is placed on head-to-head competition. The data effectiveness of the marketing strategy. The teams’ actions suggest that participants’ attitudes toward the new were more effective and more appropriate than Major mainstream status of snowboarding are somewhat League Baseball’s; the teams understood their customers, ambivalent. Though participants’ behavior often reflected why they held certain attitudes and opinions, and what anti-corporate sentiment, the same snowboarders relied they expected and wanted from the team. The teams did a upon sponsorships and sought these arrangements. In lot of things right in trying to appeal to fans after the strike; addition, while snowboarders were vocal about their some overlooked several key areas. Major League Baseball misgivings about the effects of corporate involvement in is caught in the past, its actions demonstrate a pompous the sport, they did not refuse to participate. It appeared attitude that, since the sport has such a grand history and a that, while there is resistance to the commercialization of storied place in America, it will always remain the national snowboarding, it is unlikely to be effective. The types of pastime. Major League Baseball is oblivious to the fact that resistance being employed are more likely to aid corpora- the world has changed, that people and fans have changed, tions in their co-optation attempts than to challenge the but that the game, or at least the image of the game, has new organizational structure of the sport. not. Baseball is out of touch with the fans and therefore did not provide the apology that fans wanted most. As a result, Lee, Seonbok Investigating the Japanese sports travel market: a once loyal fans felt betrayed and forgotten, casual fans lost comparison of golf and ski travelers, 1999. M.S., Purdue any reason to go to the ballpark, and today’s youth, University (David B. Klenosky). (105pp 2f $8.00) PE 4040 tomorrow’s ticket buyers, turned to other, more popular, professional sports. Travelling to experience sports activities is becoming a common form of tourism. Very little research, however, Crissey, Joy C. Corporate co-optation of sport: the case of has been conducted in the sport tourism area; and even less snowboarding, 1999. M.A., Colorado State University has been done to examine travel involving specific sports (Patricia Atchison). (114pp 2f $8.00) PE 4067 such as golf and skiing. Japanese outbound tourists represent an important sector of this growing sport tourism This study examined the effects of corporate sponsorship market. The economic impact of this market is so immense on the sport of snowboarding. Once a prime example of that many countries are aggressively promoting their alternative sport, snowboarding is now one of the most destinations to Japanese travelers. The purpose of this popular winter sports in the United States. Data were study was to investigate the Japanese sports travel market gathered using two research methods: a content analysis of by comparing ski and golf travelers in terms of their socio- advertisements in snowboarding magazines over a 12 year demographics, travel-related characteristics, benefit period, and a participant observation conducted at a sought, travel philosophy, and vacation activity participa- snowboarding competition. The study explored the tion. Secondary data from the 1995 Pleasure Travel Market following questions: (1) How evident is the presence of Survey for Japan were used for the study. The study corporate sponsors within snowboarding, and has this findings revealed several important differences between changed over time? (2) How do corporate sponsors gain the ski and golf traveler groups. These differences hold entry into the world of snowboarding, and what strategies useful implications for future research and for destination do they use to convey images of authenticity? (3) How has marketers seeking to attract visitors from these two the commercialization process affected snowboarding with important travel segments. regard to how the sport is organized, and who controls this organization? (4) How has corporate involvement affected Lindman, Natalie T. Market segmentation to establish the presentation of the sport by the participants them- priorities for physical activity: use of qualitative methods, 1999. selves? The author found that snowboarding is indeed M.S., Brigham Young University (Brad L. Neiger). (91pp 1f undergoing commodification and becoming a commercial $4.00) PE 4078 sport. Corporate sponsorships are prevalent, and corporate influence has increased over the past decade. Companies While the benefits of physical activity are well docu- gain entry to the sport by offering sponsorships at both the mented, actual physical activity levels across the United individual and the event level, and by purchasing advertis- States are relatively low. One contributing factor is the lack ing space in print media. Snowboarding participants are of systematic segmentation efforts that target appropriate increasingly dependent on the financial support provided population segments. The purpose of this study was to by corporate sponsors and this arrangement has allowed identify the most appropriate population segment for corporate investors to organize the sport according to their physical activity programming in Utah. A three-round own preferences. The data show that snowboarding, Delphi survey was conducted among 48 physical activity traditionally loosely organized and relatively non-competi- professionals in the state. The Delphi instrument consisted tive, now looks more like mainstream sports. Organization of seven demographic variables composed of 32 items. All

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items were ranked using two criteria: justifiable, which difficulties and establishing precedents, baseball included an assessment of the least active population sportscasting matured into popular entertainment. By 1934, segment, the segment most susceptible to health problems radio, with fan support and advertising, proved it could related to physical inactivity, and the total number of provide popular entertainment while also increasing the people affected; and probable, which was defined as the profits of big league club owners. The importance of likelihood that the identified segment would increase its baseball sportscasting was also evident in other sports, level of physical activity. Analysis involved the use of especially intercollegiate football and professional boxing. mean score ranks and confidence intervals (95%). A By 1934, the struggle to gain support for sportscasting was nominal group procedure was also conducted among solved largely by the development of broadcast rights and seven physical education curriculum directors, represent- broadcast fees. The precedents set from 1921 to 1934 ing 61 percent of all students enrolled in public schools ushered in a new age of professional and intercollegiate statewide. Results of qualitative methods revealed that sports. children from middle income families should be targeted in school settings. Though Delphi results were inconclusive between children and adolescents, the nominal group DANCE procedure identified children as the appropriate popula- tion segment. Judd, Jonidell L. A study of the factors that influence body Sadowsky, Mitchell Investigation into the relationship between image of female advanced dance students in selected Utah high the amount of revenue a minor league team makes and the size of schools, 1999. M.A., Brigham Young University (Sara Lee the market in which it is located, 2000. M.S., Ball State Gibb). (151pp 2f $8.00) PE 4073 University (David Person). (42pp 1f $4.00) PE 4064 This study sought to examine factors that influence the The purpose of this project was to determine if there was a body image of female students of advanced dance classes relationship between the amount of revenue a minor and/or performing companies in selected Utah high league team makes and the size of the target market in schools. A questionnaire was designed to identify the which the team is located. A secondary purpose of this present body image of the students and to determine what study was to determine the efficacy of the inQsit program, had influenced the shaping of that image. There were an Internet-based testing program developed at Ball State twenty-four questions on the survey. The students’ dance University, as a means of gathering and analyzing data. educator at each high school administered the question- Only minor league baseball teams that could be reached naire. The analysis of the data, as well as information via e-mail addresses were involved in this study. Subjects gleaned from interrelated questions, revealed that dance (n=149) were e-mailed a cover letter with an embedded students were, generally speaking, at least somewhat URL which took them to the inQsit web site. While a satisfied with their body images; comments that boys make higher return rate was anticipated using this electronic about girls, and the students comparing themselves to TV/ media, the 11% participation rate should give an accurate movie stars, affected their body images; and dancers’ picture of minor league baseball teams, the amount of perceptions about various dance-related situations (such as revenue they earned in a year, the types of revenue they auditions) were influenced by their body size. Research earned in a year, and the size of the market in which they needs to be done in other dance settings, with a more are located. However, based on the information collected refined questionnaire, to determine if the findings are truly from the minor league teams, the sample size was not large representational. enough to produce statistically significant results, although some trends were identified, suggesting that target market Markgraf, Amy Periodization as a conditioning model for a size may have a positive effect on minor league baseball collegiate modern dance company, 1999. M.A., Brigham Young revenue. University (Sara Lee Gibb). (133pp 2f $8.00) PE 4070

Smith, Lowell D. Baseless fears: professional baseball’s wary The purpose of this study was to create a systemized relationship with radio, 1921-1934, 1995. M.A., University of training program for a typical collegiate modern dance Nebraska (Benjamin G. Rader). (91pp 1f $4.00) PE 4041 company. This was accomplished by utilizing concepts and methods of training known as periodization. This training In the 1920s and early 1930s, the emergence of radio or conditioning program was an attempt to organize a sportscasting encountered hostility from club owners, performer’s year with a planned and progressive training newspapers, and telegraph companies. Professional model in preparation for performances throughout the baseball owners feared that broadcasting games would year. Three main phases, with smaller cycles of training result in declining gate receipts and profits. Despite their within, dominate the year. These include a preparation apprehension, radio increased interest, attendance and phase, a performance phase, and a recovery phase. Each of profits for club owners. After overcoming early technical these phases was repeated throughout the year. Three

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diverse works of choreography were used as representa- BIOMECHANICS tive of the various qualitative dances that may be per- formed in a modern dance concert. Training was progres- sive and built upon what was prescribed previously by Chen, Shing-Jye Effects of arch support on changes in arch varying the intensity and volume of the work. The work height, vertical ground reaction force and center of pressure takes place in the form of weight training, and in the under different foot positions while loading and demonstrated by rehearsal process itself. Each of these physical components contact bone-on-bone forces, 2000. M.S., University of Oregon of fitness was essential to prepare the body for the power (Krystyna Gielo-Perczak). (95pp 1f $4.00) PE 4077 required in optimum performance. Time was also allowed for the performance to recover between the smaller and This study investigated the mechanics of the interaction of larger phases of conditioning. Dance is a complex art form the medial longitudinal arch, and arch support in barefoot and an athletic event. It is difficult to find a balance (BF) and arch supported (AS) conditions. The purpose of between the physical and artistic elements required by this study was to determine the relationship among arch individual dances. This yearly periodization model of height (AH), vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), and conditioning was created in an attempt to organize a center of pressure (COP, x & y) under loading, while the collegiate modern dance company’s schedule, to satisfy foot was re-positioned to stimulate specific triggering both the artistic and physical needs that dances require. points in the arch. Additionally, the results of bone-on- The intensity/volume relationship was key in structuring bone forces were demonstrated by a 2D working model. the scheduling of the year and ensuring a progressive and The influence of arch support was central to this research. continual improvement, which, in turn, leads to optimal Results showed that BF was more dynamic and had a performance. This relationship was found to correlate with greater degree of shift in COPx and changes in AH. The the traditional rehearsal process. This model works when it Working Model 2D demonstrated greater internal bone-on- is implemented during the rehearsal process throughout bone contact forces in the AS condition. The data suggest the year with the supplemental exercise prescribed. that impeding the arch can cause it to generate greater internal force that is sustained for longer periods. Raucher, Laura B. Perceived versus actual body images of dancers and non-dancers, 2000. M.S., University of Oregon Dutto, Darren J. Leg spring model related to muscle activation, (Steven Chatfield). (77pp 1f $4.00) PE 4084 force, and kinematic patterns during endurance running to voluntary exhaustion, 1999. Ph.D., Oregon State University Since the 1960s, there has been a trend for ultra-lean (Gerald A. Smith). (198pp 3f $12.00) PE 4034 women in society. Unfortunately, this ultra-thin aesthetic has endangered women’s health and is an unrealistic goal Altered stride rate has been consistently observed during for most women (Vincent, 1989). Dancers emerge as one of running to fatigue. One mechanism for shifting stride rate the most vulnerable segments of the overall population. is a change in leg stiffness, as described by the spring mass The purpose of this study was to investigate and assess model. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not vertical stiffness (k ) changed with differences in body dissatisfaction between collegiate vert female non-dancers, modern dancers, and ballet dancers. exhaustion, and whether kinematics or muscle activity Data included subjective and objective assessments of body were related to any observed changes. Fifteen trained morphology. There were no statistically significant runners performed a run to volitional exhaustion at a constant speed, roughly corresponding to 80% of their VO differences in body dissatisfaction between the ballet 2 dancers, modern dancers, and non-dancers. Descriptive peak. Vertical ground reaction forces were recorded every analyses revealed that eighty percent of the thirty-five five minutes using an instrumented treadmill. From the force data, temporal characteristics, k and k were subjects were dissatisfied with their physiques, with vert leg dissatisfaction occurring more often in dancers (83%) than calculated for about 40 stances. Muscle activity was in non-dancers (67%). The dancers preferred to see a determined for five right limb muscles: vastus medialis thinner ballet physique than a modern dance physique, (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocne- indicating that dancers accept the ultra-lean physiques mius (G), and tibialis anterior (TA). From the EMG required for elite ballet dancers, an acceptance that could recordings, EMG and muscle activation times were potentially propagate. determined for about 10 stance periods. Ankle, knee, and thigh angles were determined for about 10 stance periods from the same sample period as the EMG, and angular range of motion was calculated. Results from individual single factor ANOVA analyses indicate either increased or

decreased kvert for fourteen of the fifteen subjects over the test run (p<0.01). Changes in vertical stiffness agree well with changes in stride rate (r=0.85), confirming continued spring-like behavior of the leg with exhaustion. From

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hierarchical regression analyses, ankle, knee, and thigh was to identify factors that contribute to jumping perfor- range of motion were found to relate to kvert for many mance, and to examine how the contribution of these subjects, with between 10 and 99% of the variability in kvert factors changes with the manipulation of the jumping explained by all three variables. Muscle activity of the VM, conditions (i.e., platform heights in DVJ). Once significant VL, and G muscles was found to explain between 3 and predictors are identified, it might be possible to focus 98% of the variability in vertical stiffness across all 15 training on these factors in order to improve a given subjects. Interesting individual observations can be made individual’s jumping performance. A total of 20 male from the kinematic and EMG data, but no patterns across subjects with various kinds of training background were subjects emerge relating to changes in kvert. tested in several physical tasks: 1 repetition maximum (RM) parallel squat; 30m sprint; depth vertical jump. Their Murlasits, Zsolt The association between variables obtained mean (±SD) physical characteristics were: age=22±2.8 using velocity- and load-regulated squats, 2000. M.S., Univer- years; height=180±7 cm; weight=83.1±15.2 kg; percent body sity of Memphis (Andrew C. Fry). (23pp 1f $4.00) PE 4074 fat=12.1±6%. Subjects performed DVJ from seven platform heights, ranging 0-90 cm, in order to determine their This investigation sought to identify the relationship optimal depth jump height (i.e., the platform height from between assorted variables generated for squatting which they performed the best). After this procedure they exercises performed at multiple velocities and loads, and were divided into two groups: 1. subjects with optimal for the vertical jump. Additionally, the relationship height ≤20 cm; 2. subjects with optimal height ≥30 cm. A between explosive strength deficit (ESD) and jumping multiple-discriminant analysis determined that body performance was examined. Fifteen healthy young men weight (BW), relative strength and sprint time accounted who had previous experience with the squat lift, but were for 60 % of the explained variance, and that the two groups diverse in training status, served as subjects. Significant were not significantly discriminated (Wilks’ λ =0.916, df=3, correlations were detected between peak squatting p=0.716). A multiple regression analysis was performed for F=1.43m·sec-1 and F=0.2m·sec-1 (r=0.601) restricted vertical each of the depth jump conditions (i. e., varying platform jump (RVJ) (r=0.707) and step vertical jump (SVJ) (r=0.751) heights), to determine the contributing effects of the three heights. Moreover, peak movement velocity, with free factors. It was found that sprint performance accounted for weights at 30% lRM, correlated highly with the following most of the explained variance (28-39.5%), while BW and variables: fast-speed squatting force (r=0.803), fast-speed relative strength were not always significant predictors. It squatting power (r=0.808), both RVJ (r=0.758) and SVJ was concluded that in this population there is no difference (r=0.776), and inversely with ESD (r=-0.707). ESD also between people with either high or low maximal DVJ showed significant inverse relationships with RVJ (r=- height, if we compare their strength, speed and BW. 0.603) and SVJ (r=-0.611) heights. Therefore, movement Furthermore, these results indicate that sprint speed is an velocity at light load (30% lRM) shows similarities with important factor in depth jump ability; therefore, speed high-speed strength, which is a critical factor in power training may be necessary to improve performance in production, a variable critical to many athletic activities. depth jump, as well as in other types of explosive exercises. According to this investigation, ESD may be a valuable means to assess speed-strength abilities. In addition, load SPORTS MEDICINE spectrum testing and velocity-spectrum testing appear to provide analogous information about performance. However, the load-spectrum test is a simpler and more Blodgett, Andrew D. Effects of carbohydrate supplementation convenient method, which may match the characteristics of on immune function with long endurance running and cycling, athletic activities better than velocity spectrum approaches. 1998. M.S., Appalachian State University (Dru A. Henson). (90pp 1f $4.00) PE 4083 Vaczi, Mark Contributing variables to depth jump performance, 2000. M.S., University of Memphis (Andrew C. Fry). (62pp A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study was 1f $4.00) PE 4072 designed to determine the influence of 6% carbohydrate versus placebo beverage ingestion on lymphocyte prolif- β Plyometric training (conditioning exercises that utilize the eration, interleukin-1 production, and stress hormone stretch-reflex and the elastic properties of the muscle) is a responses to 2.5 hours of high-intensity running versus cycling at 75% VO . The 10 triathletes who participated popular training approach among athletes, and the optimal 2max height used for depth vertical jumping is a critical factor in the study served as their own controls, each completing related to its effectiveness. This study had two purposes. four exercise tests. During the four sessions, subjects ran on The first one was to identify variables that contribute to the treadmills or cycled using their own bicycles on electro- optimal platform height in the depth vertical jump (DVJ). magnetically braked tripod trainers. Triathletes reported to With this procedure, based on some physical characteris- the laboratory in a 12 hour fasted and rested condition. tics, it was thought to be possible to discriminate between After subjects rested for 10-15 minutes, a blood sample was people with different jumping ability. The second purpose taken from each. Following the withdrawal of blood,

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athletes consumed 12 ml/kg body mass of a 6% carbohy- variance with the resulting equation: Kyphosis (degrees) drate or placebo beverage. Half an hour after arriving, the =22.919+0.627 x body fat (%)+0.852 x HTLOST athletes began exercising, ingesting 4 ml/kg carbohydrate (cm)+2.881E-03 x TOTALCAL (mg) (r2 x r=0.215; or placebo every 15 minutes of the 2.5 hour exercise SEE=7.72). Relationships (p<0.05) were found between: session. Immediately after exercise, another blood sample height and weight, height at age 30 (HT30), grip strength was taken, followed by a 1.5 hour recovery period, at the (GRIP) (r=0.30, 0.89, 0.31, respectively); height loss since end of which blood was drawn again. Two additional age 30 (HTLOST) and age (r=0.50); weight and occupa- blood samples were drawn from subjects at 3 hours and 6 tional history (OCCUHIST), GRIP, body fat (r=0.28, 0.47, hours post-exercise, for a total of 5 blood samples. During 0.79, respectively); OCCUHIST and GRIP, back extensor the first 1.5 hours of recovery, subjects drank 8 ml/kg/h of strength (BES) (r=0.28, 0.35, respectively); GRIP and BES carbohydrate or placebo, and then 4 ml/kg/h during the (r=0.45); body fat and kyphosis (r=0.26); current leisure last 4.5 hours of recovery. Except for carbohydrate concen- activity (LEISURE) and dietary calcium (DIETCAL), tration, the two fluids were identical in sodium and activity history (ACTHIST), current household activity potassium concentration, and pH. Carbohydrate versus (HOUSE) (r=0.26, 0.42, 0.27, respectively); DIETCAL and placebo ingestion resulted in elevated plasma glucose, ACTHIST (r=0.32); ACTHIST and current sport activity decreased cortisol response, attenuation of immediate post- (SPORT) (r=0.37); HOUSE and BES (r=0.28); GRIP and age, exercise lymphocytosis, and an attenuation of T-cell HTLOST (r=-0.38, -0.39, respectively); BES and age, reduction during recovery. Exercise mode had no effect on HTLOST (r=-0.30, -0.36, respectively). It is recommended these parameters. No condition or mode effects were that women maintain a normal weight range so that they observed for Con A- or PHA-induced lymphocyte prolif- avoid both the bone loss associated with too little body fat eration. However, significant mode effects were observed and the spinal degenerative changes associated with too for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1β production by much body fat. monocytes over time, with production highest immediately post-exercise in the placebo running test session. No Feland, Jeffrey B. A comparison of different durations of static condition effects were found with LPS-induced IL-1β stretch of the hamstring muscle group in an elderly population, production. Data revealed that ingesting a 6% carbohy- 1999. Ph.D., Brigham Young University (J. William Myrer). drate beverage before, during, and throughout recovery (103pp 2f $8.00) PE 4063 from the 2.5 hours of cycling or running exercise signifi- cantly affected plasma glucose and cortisol concentrations To date, no reports have examined the variable of time in and blood lymphocyte numbers, while mode of exercise optimizing stretching protocols for the elderly. The affected the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1β. purpose of this study was to determine which of three durations of stretches would produce and maintain the Eagan, Marianne S. Kyphosis in active and sedentary post- greatest flexibility gains in the hamstring muscle group in menopausal women, 1999. M.S., Purdue University (Darlene an elderly population. Sixty-two subjects, with a mean age Sedlock). (142pp 2f $8.00) PE 4038 of 84.7 years and exhibiting tight hamstrings, were randomly assigned to one of four groups and completed a This study examined the relationship between self- physical activity questionnaire. Group 1, control group, reported activity level (sedentary, active), activity type performed no stretching. Groups 2 through 4 were (land, water), muscle strength, and kyphosis in 61 post- passively stretched, using a straight-leg-raise technique, menopausal women aged 60-78 years. Measurements five times per week for six weeks for 15, 30, and 60 included: kyphosis (Debreuner kyphometer), body seconds, respectively. All stretches were repeated four composition (skinfolds), back extensor strength (tensiom- times with a 10-second rest between stretches. All subjects eter), grip strength (Jamar dynamometer), calcium intake were measured once a week for six weeks for knee (Athena 10-Part Calcium Questionnaire), lifetime activity extension restriction, with the femur held at 90° of hip level (Historical Leisure Activity Questionnaire), lifetime flexion in order to determine hamstring flexibility. All occupation activity (Recent and Historical Occupational subjects were then measured for knee extension restriction Activities Questionnaire), and current activity level and once a week for four more weeks to determine the lasting type of activity (Modified Baecke Questionnaire for Older effect of the stretching treatment. Data were analyzed Adults). No significant differences in the means were using a growth curve model in SAS (vers. 6.12) MIXED found for any of the measured variables when subjects Procedure to appropriately account for within subject were divided into sedentary (n=18), land (n=29), and water repeated measures. Data analysis revealed that activity (n=14) groups, exercisers (n=43), and non-exercisers (n=18), levels were significantly related to flexibility, and that a 60- or between the top and bottom tertiles of lifetime active second stretch was significantly better than a 15- or 30- (n=20), and inactive (n=20) women. In a step-wise multiple second stretch. However, both 15- and 30-second stretches regression analysis body fat was the single best predictor were significantly better than no stretching. Post hoc of kyphosis (p<0.04), accounting for 6.9% of the total analysis revealed that the 15- and 30-second treatment

17 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

groups had returned to pre-test measurement values after group. Although no significant differences were found four weeks of not stretching, but that the 60-second between the groups, individual differences suggest the treatment group was still significantly more flexible than at utility of sEMG visual biofeedback. pre-test. The results of this study suggest that a static stretch held for 60 seconds will improve flexibility signifi- Johnson, Jill E. Nutritional intakes of older adults embarking on cantly better than 15 or 30 seconds in an elderly popula- a strength-training program, 1999. M.Ed., Western Washing- tion. Due to age-related physiological changes that take ton University (Lorraine R. Brilla). (143pp 2f $8.00) PE 4050 place in muscle and connective tissue, longer duration stretches may be more beneficial in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to describe the diets of a group of older adults who were embarking on a strength- Ferraro, Joseph A. A comparative study of injuries in Division training program. Fifty-six older adult individuals (age 57- I and Division III men’s lacrosse, 1999. M.S., Springfield 83) participated by completing three-day diet records, College (Charles Redmond). (134pp 2f $8.00) PE 4054 which were analyzed with Nutritionist IV software (Silverton, OR). Average intakes were determined for The study was conducted to compare the rate, type, energy (kcal), macronutrients (amounts and percentages of location, mechanism, year of injured athlete, time of intake), and various vitamins and minerals. Diets were occurrence, and time loss due to injury across NCAA analyzed to determine if subjects are meeting the current Division I and Division III men’s lacrosse programs. RDAs for nutrients. The findings of this research support Athletic trainers from 18 institutions participated in the previous research, which reports a poor general nutritional investigation, providing records of 256 injuries. Data were status in older adults. Low energy intake (kcals) and diets analyzed using a two-way chi square analysis comparing with elevated fat intakes (>25% of caloric intake) were the Divisions. Division I student athletes experienced a common among the subjects. Only 52% of subjects, 35% of significant (p<.05) proportion of overuse injuries when men and 64% of women, met the RDA for energy. Twenty- compared to Division III athletes. Significantly (p<.05) three percent of subjects, 26% and 21% of men and women more Division III first year athletes were injured when respectively, met the recommended intake for fat. Vitamins compared to Division I athletes. The proportion of Division and minerals found to be of particular concern, due to the I second-year athletes who were injured was significant small numbers of subjects meeting the RDA, include (p<.05) compared to that of Division III athletes. Location, vitamin D (23%),vitamin E (34%), folate (30%), vitamin B- type, time loss due to injury, and time of occurrence for the 12 (50%), calcium (45%), magnesium (54%}, zinc (9%), and injuries showed no significant differences across Division I copper (5%). Also, no significant differences between pre- and Division III. and post-training nutritional status (p>0.05) were found in the sub-group, which completed diet records both before Hillenmayer, Dawn M. The effect of surface electromyography and after embarking on a strength-training program. It visual biofeedback on the ability to minimize mid-trapezius does not appear that beginning a strength-training pro- muscle activity during an arm flexion task in females, 1999. gram leads to improved nutritional status. Overall, it M.S., California State University, Long Beach (Jill A. appears that older adults who are beginning a strength- Crussemeyer). (67pp 1f $4.00) PE 4059 training program are not currently meeting the RDAs for many nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of surface EMG visual biofeedback with verbal instructions Kamadulski, Mary J. A methodological comparison: Bod Pod to on the ability to minimize activity in the mid-trapezius hydrostatic weighing in older adults, 1999. M.A., San Fran- muscle during an arm flexion task in females. Thirty cisco State University (Marialice Kern). (59pp 1f $4.00) PE female volunteers (18-39 years old) participated in the 4027 study. Upon completion of a pre-test, determining mid- trapezius muscle activity, participants who qualified for The Bod Pod (BP), a new method of measuring body the study were randomly assigned to one of three groups: composition, was compared to the standard method, verbal instructions with visual biofeedback (VIB), verbal hydrostatic underwater weighing (HW), in three groups of instructions with no visual biofeedback (VINB), or a aging adults: men (Men), and women either on hormone control group. After the biofeedback treatment session, the replacement therapy (Whrt), or not on hormone replace- mid-trapezius muscle activity was again measured (post- ment therapy (W). In addition, the two compartment test). A 3 (type of treatment) x 1 (ability to minimize mid- model (2C) of body composition assessment was compared trapezius muscle activity) ANOVA was computed. No to the four compartment model (4C). All measures were significant difference was found between the groups. A compared against the 4CHW which was considered the Dunn’s test was computed to determine significance within highest standard of measure. Another comparison deter- the groups between the pre-test and post-test measure- mined difference between the BP plethysmograph (BPP) ments. A statistical significance was found within the VIB and helium dilution (He) measures of functional residual capacity (FRC), and tidal volume (TV). Healthy active

18 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

older adults, 65-80 years of age (n=70), were recruited from The purpose of this study was to estimate the lumbar San Francisco. Body Density (Db) (from the BP and HW), spinal loads at L4-L5 level during a golf swing using bone density (via a Lunar densitometer), and total body musculoskeletal modeling techniques. This study also water (via deuterium tracer) were measured to assess the examined the activation patterns of individual lower trunk compartment models. The 3x2x2 ANOVA analyzed muscles during a golf swing using surface electromyo- variance between groups, compartments and methods. As graphic (EMG) techniques. Data were collected from five expected, the Men had significantly lower body fat (%BF) college golfers (average handicap=0.8, SD=1.1). Four S- than both Whrt and W by 8.9% (p≤0.0001). No significant VHS camcorders and two force plates were used to obtain difference in %BF was obtained between the Whrt and W the 3-D kinetics and kinematics of the lower trunk. The group (p≤0.0001). Body density was significantly different EMG-assisted and MG assisted optimization models were between methods (p≤0.96). Percent body fat using the two used to estimate lower trunk muscle forces. The major compartment model (2C) was 3.7% lower than with the findings of this study were that (a) the compressive load four compartment model (4C) (p≤0.0001). The Bod Pod increased steadily after the end of back swing (EB) and demonstrated higher %BF estimates than the HW, by 1.5% reached its maximum of 605% body weight during the (p≤0.0001). The only significant interaction occurred acceleration phase, and the mean peak compressive load of between compartments (2C and 4C) and methods (BP and 4,300 N was recorded near the instant of the ball/driver

HW) (p<0.0002). When compared to the 4CHW, the 2CBP impact; (b) the mean antero-posterior (A/P) shear load significantly underestimated %BF by 0.5% (p≤0.0001 ) and increased gradually after EB and reached its peak (882 N) ≤ the 2CHW underestimated %BF by 2.6% (p 0.0001). The 2C at around the middle of follow-through (MF); (c) the mean model failed to account for the variance in bone mineral medio-lateral (M/L) shear load was mostly acting toward density (BMD) and TBW typical of older adults. However, the right during the take away phase and the direction was for our population the 2CBP gave results closer to the reversed sometime during the early downswing and reference 4CHW than did the 2CHW. reached its peak (-252 N) around MF; and (d) the timing and pattern of the lumbar spinal forces obtained in this Lehmkuhl, Larissa A. Reproducibility of the reduction in study are very different from the corresponding forces ambulatory blood pressure post-exercise in borderline hyperten- reported in the literature. The results demonstrate that the sive adults, 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Janet P. L4-L5 motion segment is subjected to considerable com- Wallace). (198pp 3f $12.00) PE 4091 pressive, A/P shear, and M/L shear loads during a golf swing. The repetitive changing direction of the shear load Reproducibility was determined by evaluating four during a golf swing may cause the fatigue fracture of pars randomized 24-h AmBP monitoring sessions in 20 interarticularis. The results also suggest that a golf swing unmedicated borderline hypertensive adults (142.5/ with reduced back swing and follow-through may alleviate 91.8±13.5/7.6 mm Hg; systolic/diastolic BP; M±SD). Two the risk of back injury. This alternative swing pattern limits 24-h AmBP monitoring sessions were following a 50-min the range of motion of the trunk and, consequently, walk at 50% VO2max, and two 24-h AmBP monitoring reduces passive tensions of the lower trunk muscles and sessions were on days without exercise. Average 24-h BP lumbar spinal loads.

(BPave), 24-h BP load (BPload), and area under the BP curve

(BParea) for systolic and diastolic BP were calculated. BPave Lundberg, Jennifer L. Effects of ingesting protein with various and BPload were separated into daytime (06:00-22:00h) and forms of carbohydrate following resistance exercise on substrate nighttime (22:00-06:00h) values. A simple main effects two- availability and markers of catabolism, 2000. M.S., University way ANOVA showed that there were no significant of Memphis (Richard Kreider). (68pp 1f $4.00) PE 4071 differences between repeat AmBP for the control sessions. ± ± However, daytime systolic BPave (142.8 2.6 vs. 139.9 2.9 The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ± mmHg, p=0.031), 24-h systolic BPload (54.4 6.6 vs. ingesting different forms of carbohydrate with protein, ± ± 47.5 6.6%, p=0.011), and daytime systolic BPload (52.8 6.4 following a resistance training bout, on markers of sub- vs. 47.3±7.0%, p=0.026) (all mean±SE) were significantly strate levels and catabolism markers on post-recovery. lower for the second post-exercise AmBP compared to the Thirty-nine resistance trained subjects, average age 23.3±.6 first post-exercise AmBP. This study found that daytime years, 172.5±2 cm, and 74.7±2.9 kg, were recruited. During systolic AmBP is not reproducible. AmBP was reproduc- a familiarization session, one repetition maximum (1RM) ible for the non-exercise sessions. was determined on the chest press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull, leg extension, leg curl, bicep curl, tricep Lim, Young-Tae Estimating lumbar spinal loads during a golf extension, and leg press. On a separate day, subjects swing using an EMG-assisted optimization model approach, returned 11.5 hours fasted, donated a fasting blood sample 2000. Ph.D., University of Illinois (John W. Chow). (240pp and completed 3 sets of 10 at approximately 70% lRM with 3f $12.00) PE 4082 two minutes rest between sets and exercises. Immediately following the exercise, subjects were randomly assigned to

19 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

a non-supplemental control (C) group or to ingest one of compared to peroxynitrite treatment ranged from 2.7 in rat three carbohydrate/ protein shakes consisting of 16 ounces brain homogenate to 19.2 in the deep vastus lateralis of water mixed with either 120g honey (H), maltodextrin homogenate (red skeletal muscle). The results in this study (M), or sucrose (S) and 40g whey protein. Blood samples indicate that there are two viable sources of nitration in were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post supple- various biological substrates: acyl nitrates and mentation and analyzed for glucose, insulin, cortisol, peroxynitrite. However, their effect on the level of nitration testosterone as well as muscle and liver enzymes. Data is tissue specific. were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated mea- sures, with LSD and Tukey post-hoc analysis used as Mann, Douglas P. The impact of dynamic and static flexibility needed. Results showed there was no significant difference programs on range of motion and athletic injury, 1999. D.P.E., in total volume of the workout between groups. Exercise Springfield College (Margaret Jones). (316pp 4f $16.00) PE elicited significant changes in cortisol, muscle, and liver 4057 enzymes, and in the ratio of BUN/creatinine. Significant interactions were observed among groups in insulin, BUN, A dynamic and a static flexibility program were compared and in the ratio of BUN/creatinine. The present findings relative to range of motion, number of days injured, and show that different forms of CHO/Pro supplements after muscle soreness. Participants (N=52) in the sports of resistance training may have an impact on the anabolic women’s lacrosse and softball were selected to participate, hormonal profile during recovery. and each team was assigned to the static or dynamic program. No significant differences (p>.05) were found in Malcolm, Stuart Investigation of the pathophysiological agents the proportion of muscle imbalances among the four of nitration, 1999. Ph.D., Temple University (A. M. Paolone). groups, except for the right shoulder at 180 deg/s. No (149pp 2f $8.00) PE 4076 consistent significant (p>.05) differences existed between dynamic and static flexibility programs in bilateral range of The purpose of this investigation was to examine the motion measurements of the ankle, knee, hip, and shoul- effectiveness of three potential nitrating agents in biologi- der. The dynamic flexibility program, however, appears to cal substrates under pathophysiological conditions, in be significantly (p=.03) more effective in reducing the order to understand the biochemical mechanism of number of days injured throughout the season compared nitration in exercise. The potential nitrating agents in- to the static flexibility program. A significant (p=.00) three cluded peroxynitrite, nitrylchloride formed by the oxida- way interaction was found between sport, stretching tion of nitrite by hypochlorous acid, and acyl nitrate. The program, and the week of measurement. Muscle soreness substrates utilized in this investigation were bovine levels decreased as the season progressed for participants pulmonary artery endothelial cells, human plasma, rat in the dynamic flexibility program. The muscle soreness brain, rat heart, and rat skeletal muscle. The rat skeletal levels for participants in the static flexibility program were muscle was separated into deep vastus lateralis (red), highest towards the end of the season. superficial vastus lateralis (white), and mixed skeletal muscle (red and white skeletal muscle fibers). All the Manzour, Waleed F. Isolated anterior cruciate ligament substrates were treated with the three different nitrating deficiency: comparison of results following acute and chronic agents at various concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2 mM). A arthroscopic reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft, 2000. quantitative (solid phase immunochemical assay) and a Ph.D., Oregon State University (Rod A. Harter). (217pp 3f qualitative method (western blot analysis) were utilized to $12.00) PE 4085 investigate the formation of a product of nitration, 3- nitrotyrosine. Acyl nitrates and peroxynitrite were able to Isolated injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is demonstrate nitration in all the biological substrates by less frequent, and typically perceived as less severe, than both the quantitative and qualitative analysis. However, ACL injuries with concurrent damage to other knee acyl nitrate produced significantly greater (p<0.05) stabilizing structures. The timing of ACL reconstructive nitration compared to peroxynitrite. Nitrylchloride was surgery is thought to be a critical factor that affects the unable to nitrate any of the biological substrates. The level patient’s postoperative outcome. No previous study has of nitration due to acyl nitrate treatment ranged from 29.67 compared the results of acute reconstruction (interval µM 3-nitroyrosine/mM acyl nitrate in superficial vastus between injury and surgery less than or equal to 3 months) lateralis (white rat skeletal muscle) to 2.40 µM 3- and chronic reconstruction (interval between injury and nitroyrosine/mM acyl nitrate in human plasma. The surgery greater than 3 months) of isolated ruptures of the pattern of nitration was altered with peroxynitrite treat- ACL. The primary aim of this study was to assess the ment where mixed rat skeletal muscle (5.76 µM 3 differences in functional outcomes between two distinct nitroyrosine/µM peroxynitrite) was the substrate which patient populations, treated using the same surgical was most susceptible to nitration and human plasma (O.51 intervention. The secondary aim of this study was to µM 3 nitroyrosine/mM peroxynitrite) was the least. The determine which functional outcome variables differed fold increase in nitration due to acyl nitrate treatment between the acute isolated and chronic isolated patient

20 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

populations in order to identify the etiology of any long- gymnastics clubs in the Midwest, were surveyed. Each term functional impairment. Two separate investigations gymnast answered questions regarding years of training, were conducted to address these questions. The first study weekly hours of practice, and history of low back pain and evaluated the efficacy of an arthroscopic-assisted surgical injury. Chi-square analyses were done in order to compare technique using an autogenous substitute for the ACL in a the incidence of lower back pain and lower back injury in group of patients who had surgery more than 3 months non-competitive gymnasts to that of competitive gymnasts. after isolated injury to their ACL. Fifty-five patients from Results demonstrated no significant difference (p≥0.0005) Cairo, Egypt (mean age, 27.1±4.5 years), underwent ACL between the incidence of lower back pain of competitive reconstruction an average of 7.0±2.6 months (range, 3.3 to and non-competitive gymnasts, as well as no significant 16.6 months) after injury. Patients were evaluated at an difference (p≥0.0005) between the incidence of lower back average of 2.2±.3 years postoperatively (range, 2.0 to 3.4 injury of competitive and non competitive gymnasts. years) using a battery of objective and subjective tests. No Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to predict significant differences were observed between the patients’ the incidence of lower back pain and lower back injury in surgical and contralateral normal knees (p>.05). Interna- the total subject pool (N=78). It was concluded that: 1) tional Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores there is no difference between the incidence of lower back questionnaire rated 48 of 55 patients (87.3%) as “normal,” pain in competitive and non-competitive gymnasts; 2) 5 patients (9.1%) as “nearly normal” and 2 patients (3.6%) there is no difference between the incidence of lower back as “abnormal;” no patients were categorized as “severely injury in competitive and non-competitive gymnasts; 3) the abnormal.” The second investigation evaluated the effect of occurrence of previous lower back injury, as diagnosed by timing of surgery on functional outcomes. From a group of a professional, body weight, weight training, and duration 773 arthroscopic assisted ACL reconstruction patients in of stretching explain 53.3% of the variance in the incidence Cairo, Egypt, 200 of 234 patients (mean age, 32.2± 6.9 yrs.) of lower back pain (SEE =.28), while the occurrence of with isolated ACL injuries participated in this study. lower back pain and body weight explain 38.5% of the Subjects were assigned to groups based on the interval variance in the incidence of lower back injury (SEE =.32). between ACL injury and surgery. Patients in the acute reconstruction group (n=100) had surgery an average of 62 Peterson, Sarah Response of bone mineral density and serum days post-injury, while the chronic reconstruction group hormone levels following exercise modifications in two amenor- (n=100) had surgery an average of 211 days post-injury. rheic athletes, 1999. M.A., University of North Carolina, The mean follow-up period was 2.2±0.3 years (range, 2.0 to Chapel Hill (Kevin Guskiewicz). (55pp 1f $4.00) PE 4045 3.8 years) for all subjects. There were statistically signifi- cant differences between the acute and chronic group in Amenorrhea and decreased bone mineral density are the final score (χ2=6.43 with p=0.04). IKDC scores rated problems facing athletic trainers and physicians working 62% of the acute and 58% of chronic group patients as with female athletes. If this condition is not treated, the “normal,” 37% of acute and 38% of chronic group patients athlete may be at greater risk for stress reactions and as “near normal,” and 1% of acute and 4% of chronic group fractures due to osteoporosis. Hormone replacement knees as “abnormal.” Delaying the ACL reconstruction to therapy and exercise modifications are currently used for allow for reduction of the acute inflammatory process and treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the participation in pre-operative rehabilitation resulted in effects of exercise modifications on the bone mineral fewer cases of postoperative arthrofibrosis in the chronic density, blood serum hormone levels, and the menstrual group compared to the acute group. However, delays of cycle in two highly competitive collegiate athletes with a surgery more than 3 months between isolated injury of the history of stress fracture. Testing involved DEXA scans and ACL and surgical reconstruction resulted in greater maximal treadmill tests every six weeks, and blood draws frequency of arthritic changes. every three weeks. Analysis of the data revealed no changes in bone mineral density, blood serum hormone Parks, Laura M. A comparison of lower back pain and injury in levels, or menstrual cycle status. However, we did see competitive and non-competitive gymnasts, 2000. M.S., some fluctuations in blood serum hormone levels that lead University of Nebraska, Omaha (Kris Berg). (60pp 1f $4.00) us to believe that normal menstrual function would have PE 4090 returned, had the study been extended.

The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of Ramos, Robert J. Muscle temperature change during exercise lower back pain and the incidence of lower back injury in with a commercial back plaster applied to the gastrocnemius non-competitive and competitive gymnasts. Secondly, the muscle, 1999. M.S., Brigham Young University (Earlene relationships of training variables with the incidence of Durrant). (54pp 1f $4.00) PE 4049 lower back pain and lower back injury were examined. Seventy-eight female gymnasts (63 competitive and 15 non-competitive), ages 13-25, representing thirteen

21 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

For this study we examined the effects of commercial back baseline values. Significant differences (p<0.001) were plasters and their ability to change intramuscular tempera- observed among groups in GI and IRI responses. Results ture of the gastrocnemius during a 15-minute exercise revealed that the P, F, H, and PG groups had significantly session. Intramuscular temperature was measured at a lower GI values in comparison to the D group (P8, D100, depth of 2 cm using a 23 gauge thermistor needle con- S71, F5, M121, H35, PG43) while IRI was higher in the M nected to a monitor. Each subject was tested with one back group and lower in the P group (P3, D100, S147, F41, M158, plaster applied to the posterior aspect of one calf, while an H59, PG113). Results indicate that F, H, and PG may serve identical size piece of moleskin was similarly applied to the as the most effective forms of carbohydrate gel to ingest other calf. Each subject exercised for l5 minutes on a prior to exercise. squatting board angled at 65°. We randomly selected which leg received the back plaster and which received the Royle, Nancy L. The effectiveness of static magnetic therapy on moleskin. Fourteen males, (age=22.9±2.1 years; clinically induced delayed onset muscle soreness, 1999. M.A., height=182.15± 10.89 cm; weight=87.72±28.18 kg;) volun- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (William E. teered to participate in this study. Intramuscular tempera- Prentice). (75pp 1f $4.00) PE 4024 ture was measured at the beginning of each exercise session (baseline), every minute during exercise for 15 The use of static magnetic therapy to treat pain has been minutes, and every minute after exercise for 5 minutes. increasing in popularity among athletes during the past Heart rate was also recorded every minute throughout the few years. However, very little clinical research has been study. Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA with done on the effectiveness of static magnetic therapy. The repeated measures on one time factor. The results showed purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of no significant difference in muscle temperature between using static magnetic therapy administered under four the back plasters and moleskin groups The results showed different treatment schedules to reduce the pain associated a significant temperature increase of both the back plaster with experimentally induced delayed onset muscle and moleskin groups over the sixth time period of exercise; soreness as determined by a series of measures using the however, the temperature changes were minimal (<4°Cel- Short Form-McGill pain Questionnaire. Fifty subjects sius). At the end of the exercise bout, we asked the subjects performed a series of biceps curls with their non-dominant which leg felt warmer. Thirteen of the 14 subjects perceived upper extremity to induce delayed onset muscle soreness. that the leg with the back plaster seemed to feel warmer. The subjects were then treated with a static magnet applied Although back plasters produce a sensation of muscle over the biceps muscle. The pain measurements of the warmth, they do not cause a significant increase in treatment groups were compared to those of the control intramuscular temperature, when compared with a group. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference placebo product (moleskin). between groups treated with static magnets and the control group. Our results indicate that static magnetic therapy Rasmussen, Christopher J. Comparison of ingesting various administered under these conditions does not decrease the forms of carbohydrate on glucose and insulin levels, 2000. M.S., pain associated with clinically induced delayed onset University of Memphis (Richard Kreider). (71pp 1f $4.00) muscle soreness. PE 4075 Strapp, Edward J. The cumulative effect of multiple Carbohydrate sport gels (SG) have become a popular phonophoresis treatments on dexamethasone and cortisol means of providing carbohydrate to athletes. This study concentrations in the blood, 1999. M.A., University of North examined the glycemic index (GI) and insulin response Carolina, Chapel Hill (Kevin M. Guskiewicz). (60pp 1f index (IRI) after the ingestion of different forms of carbohy- $4.00) PE 4046 drate gels in an attempt to determine the optimal gel to provide athletes prior to exercise. Seventy-one male and The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of female subjects fasted for 8-h and donated pre-feeding therapeutic ultrasound on the penetration of dexametha- venous blood samples. In a double blind and randomized sone. This study required an 8-day subject commitment manner, subjects ingested one of seven gel packets during which each of the 30 subjects received a total of 4 containing a flavored placebo (P) or 50 g of dextrose (D), phonophoresis treatments, and 6 blood samples were sucrose (S), fructose (F), maltodextrin (M), honey (H), or drawn. Each subject was placed into one of the three test PowerGel™(PG). At 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes following groups (thermal, nonthermal, sham) through a modified ingestion, venous blood samples were obtained. Integrated random assignment. A repeated measures ANOVA and area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated for Tukey post hoc analyses for dexamethasone revealed a each gel. GI and IRI values were calculated by dividing the significant Group x Test interaction F(10,135)=2.354; AUC of each gel by the mean AUC of D group x 100. Data p=.014. The analyses of cortisol revealed no significant were analyzed by MANOVA with LSD post-hoc proce- Group x Test interaction F(10,135)=.318; p=.975. These dures and are presented as mean GI and IRI changes from results indicate that the thermal ultrasound group had

22 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

significantly increased penetration of dexamethasone when PHYSIOLOGY AND compared to both the baseline measurements and the sham ultrasound group after each of the first two treatments. EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGY Following treatment days 3 and 4 these dexamethasone levels were not significantly different from the baseline or Collins, Michael G. Effects of three different hyperhydration sham levels. It can be concluded from this study that strategies on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses, thermal ultrasound utilizes the most beneficial parameters blood volume and running performance, 1999. Ph.D., Univer- for administering dexamethasone by phonophoresis. sity of Idaho (Dennis Dolny). (116pp 2f $8.00) PH 1689

Winters, Kerri M. The effects of impact plus resistance training Glycerol has been shown to increase total body water when on the musculoskeletal system in premenopausal women, 2000. ingested with water. The purpose of this study was to Ph.D., Oregon State University (Christine M. Snow). investigate the effects of three different hyperhydration (101pp 2f $8.00) PE 4087 solutions on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory re- sponses, blood volume, and running performance. Subjects Low bone mineral density (BMD) and poor stability both ingested one of three selected solutions during each trial: 1) contribute to increased risk of fractures associated with a 20 ml/kg of BW of plain sugar water (PSW); 2) 20 ml/kg of fall. The aim of this dissertation was two-fold. The first BW water with 1.5 g/kg BW of glycerol (GPSW); or 3) 20 study, a cross-sectional analysis, sought to determine the ml/kg of BW of water with glycerol and 60 mmol/liter of anthropometric and/or performance variables that best sodium (GPSWS). After ingestion of the test solution, predicted BMD and postural stability in mature, pre- subjects ran for one hour at 65% of their VO2peak. A one-mile menopausal women (N=59). Based on the information time trial followed the run. All solutions were able to gained from the cross-sectional study, a prospective induce a state of hyperhydration; however, the use of exercise-intervention trial was designed to determine the glycerol produced a significantly higher state of effects of a one twelve-month progressive impact (jump) hyperhydration, primarily due to significantly reduced plus lower body resistance training, and a six-month urine output. Sweating rates were significantly lower in the detraining program on risk factors for hip fracture in the GPSW than PSW trials. Moreover, GPSW and GPSWS same group of mature pre-menopausal women (age=30-45 better maintained plasma and blood volume. No differ- yrs; N=49). Bone mineral density (hip, spine, and whole ences in tympanic temperatures, exercise heart rates, or body), body composition, muscle strength, muscle power one-mile run performance were found. In conclusion, it and dynamic postural stability were the primary measures appears that glycerol-induced hyperhydration may have evaluated in each study. Results from the cross-sectional meaningful positive effects for endurance performance study showed that lean mass was an important predictor of lasting over an hour and/or where fluid is not available BMD, while hip abductor torque and leg power were during exercise. However, further research is needed independent predictors of BMD at clinically relevant where exercise intensity is more specifically controlled. fracture sites (hip and spine). Higher fat mass contributed to the majority of the variance in poor stability, indicating Eisenmann, Joey C. Blood lipids and peak oxygen consumption that greater fat mass may compromise stability and thus in young distance runners, 2000. Ph.D., Michigan State increase fall risk in heavier individuals. Thus, the exercise University (Robert M. Malina). (224pp 3f $12.00) PH 1695 program implemented in the intervention trial was designed to maximize gains in BMD, muscle mass, strength This dissertation includes a series of papers on blood lipids and power. Results from the intervention trial showed that and peak VO2 in young male and female distance runners, twelve months of jump plus resistance training signifi- 9 to 19 yrs of age. Two independent samples—a mixed- cantly improved hip BMD, body composition, muscle longitudinal cohort of 27 males and 27 females (Young strength, power and stability in mature premenopausal Runners Study I [YRS I), and a cross-sectional cohort of 48 women; however, the positive benefits of impact plus males and 22 females (Young Runners Study II [YRS II]— resistance training on the musculoskeletal system reversed were used in the analysis. The development of blood lipids when training was withdrawn. in young distance runners appears to be similar to that in the general population—total cholesterol (TC) and low- density lipoprotein (LDL) remain stable, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) declines during adolescence (especially in males), and triglycerides (TG) increase with age. The lack of the attenuation in HDL may lend to the robustness of normal growth and maturation, including genes, hormones, and fat distribution, in the development of HDL in males regardless of exercise training. A superior blood lipid profile was not observed in young distance runners

23 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

compared to age- and sex-specific reference values for participated in the study. Subjects’ blood pressure was United States youth, except for higher HDL prior to age 14 monitored during three 13-hour conditions, one involving yrs. In contrast to mean values, there was considerable a single 50-minute bout of aerobic exercise (50-60% variability in blood lipids, including dyslipidemic values. estimated VO2max), another involving two 25-minute

Heterogeneity in blood lipids among young distance bouts of aerobic exercise (50-60% estimated VO2max), and runners was also considered. Determinants included a control condition with no exercise. The average systolic training volume (TV, km per wk), peak oxygen consump- and diastolic blood pressures of the 21 subjects measured -1 -1 ± ± tion (peak VO2, ml·kg ·min ), and body fatness (sum of six over 15 time segments were 144.0 13.4 and 92.6 13.5 skinfolds, SSF; trunk-to-extremity ratio, TER). Increased mmHg for the single treatment, 144.7±14.4 and 92.2±14.8 weekly running distance was not related to blood lipids in mmHg for the split treatment, and 146.9±12.9 and 92.2±13.8 young distance runners. However, TV may be indirectly mmHg for the control condition. There were no significant related with HDL through its relationship with peak VO2 differences in blood pressure between the exercise days in males. A unique finding was the differential relation- and the control day across any of the time segments. ships between TV and HDL when the entire sample was grouped according to modified clinical cut-points. Partial Immel, David D. Physiological responses to cardio kickboxing correlations indicate that the association between peak VO2 in females, 1999. M.S., University of Wisconsin, segments. and HDL remained significant after controlling for the La Crosse (Travis Triplett-McBride). (54pp 1f $4.00) PH concomitant variation in SSF and explained 9% of the 1685 variance in HDL. The association between SSF and HDL did not remain significant after controlling for the concomi- The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive data tant variation in peak VO2. The role of genes, peak VO2, on the physiological responses to cardio kickboxing. and body fatness in the modulation of elevated blood lipid Fifteen healthy female (age=29.2±8.04 year, ht=165.47 plus/ levels has also been indicated. As expected, an age-related minus 5.42 cm, wt=65.48±12.26 kg) subjects performed a 2 ± increase in absolute peak VO occurred in both sexes with baseline VO2max test (VO2=36.75 6.01 ml/kg/min, heart sex differences emerging during adolescence. When rate=188.7±7.4). Subjects were then monitored during one expressed per unit body mass, peak VO2 (ml·kg-1·min-1) cardio kickboxing session (35.8±4.31 min). Each session remains stable until age 15, when it increases in boys, and included 10 minutes of low intensity cardio kickboxing and decreases in girls. In contrast, relative peak VO2 25 minutes of high intensity cardio kickboxing using (ml·kg-.75·min-1) increases throughout the age range in boys handwraps, 10 oz boxing gloves, and WAVE punching 2 and increases in girls until age 15 yrs, and peak VO bags. Variables measured were oxygen consumption (VO2) adjusted for body mass (ml·min-1) increases with age in using open circuit spirometry on the KB1-C ambulatory boys and girls. Allometric scaling factors varied by metabolic system, heart rate (HR) using Polar XL, and analytical methods. The overall mean cross-sectional rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg 6-20 scaling factor was 1.01±0.03 (SE) in boys and 0.85±0.05 (SE) scale. Results show in the table below. in girls. Mean ontogenetic allometric scaling factors were Variables Peak Values % VO2max Mean Values % VO2max 0.81 and 0.61 in males and females, respectively. Thus, it ± ± VO2(ml/kg/min) 36.84 4.30 100% 25.68 2.65 69.8%. was concluded that the interpretation of growth-related HR (bpm) 184.07±7.69 97.5% 162.67±10.13 86.3%. 2 changes in peak VO of young distance runners was Kcals/min 11.57±1.83 98.2% 8.08±1.24 68.6%. dependent upon the manner of expressing peak VO2 RPE achieved 16.45±1.92 and averaged 14.3±2.1. Mean relative to body size and/or the statistical technique ± employed. caloric expenditure was 289.6 48.9 kcals (range=234-399 kcals) without cooldown. Four subjects were measured during cooldown (16±2.4 min). Mean kcals for cooldown Fietkau, Rebecca Comparison of one continuous bout versus a ± split bout of aerobic exercise on 13-hour ambulatory blood was 61.89 23.95 kcals (range=31-86 kcals). Based on these pressure in hypertensive females, 2000. M.S., Brigham Young results, cardio kickboxing for 30 minutes as tested provides University (Larry A. Tucker). (73pp 1f $4.00) PH 1693 sufficient intensity to increase cardiovascular endurance and positively alter body composition based on current This study compared the effects of one single bout versus a ACSM guidelines. split bout of moderate-intensity exercise on mean ambula- tory blood pressure and blood pressure load, measured Nelson, Jo A. The effect of speed and treadmill compliance on over a 13-hour period in hypertensive females. A time- oxygen consumption during walking, 1999. M.Ed., Western series design including three randomly ordered conditions Washington University (Kathleen M. Knutzen). (104pp 2f with subjects used as their own controls was employed. A $8.00) PH 1688 total of 21 mild to moderately hypertensive (sys- tolic=145±13.5 mmHg and diastolic=92±13.1 mmHg.), The purpose of this investigation was to examine the unmedicated females aged 37 to 66 years (mean=42 years) oxygen consumption for walking under two different treadmill compliance settings, one rigid and one soft, and

24 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

at two speeds, 1.12 m·s-1 (2.5 mph) and 1.56 m·s-1 (3.5 mph), exercise during the glucose polymer trial, whereas values by apparently healthy, sedentary adults. Fourteen subjects decreased during the placebo trial. Although there was no (eight female and six male) volunteered and completed the significant difference in RER during the 100-minute ride, study. Subjects completed four 10-minute randomly there was a significant difference (p<.05) in RER at the end assigned trials of treadmill walking. Oxygen consumption of the sprint, such that values were higher during the was measured while subjects walked slowly (1.12 m·s-1) on glucose polymer trial. This study suggests that ingestion of both the rigid and compliant treadmill surfaces, and a glucose polymer electrolyte solution before and during briskly (1.56 m·s-1) on both surfaces. Mean oxygen con- exercise can help to maintain blood glucose. sumption for the slow walk (1.12 m·s-1) on the rigid treadmill surface was 8.7 ml·kg-1·min-1 vs. 8.9 ml·kg-1·min-1 Pahnke, Thomas G. Increased consumption of lean beef on iron on the compliant surface. Mean oxygen consumption for status and physical performance in adolescent females, 1999. the brisk walk (1.56 m·s-1) on the rigid treadmill surface M.S., Purdue University (Donald Corrigan and Roseann was 12.4 ml·kg-1·min-1 vs. 12.3 ml·kg-1·min-1 on the compli- Lyle). (115pp 2f $8.00) PH 1680 ant surface. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant difference (p≥0.05) between The purposes of the present study were to investigate the oxygen consumption on a rigid treadmill surface or a effects of increased lean beef consumption on iron status compliant treadmill surface. Oxygen consumption during indicators and performance in adolescent female runners brisk walking was significantly greater (p≤0.001 ) than and controls, and to examine iron loss as a result of during slow walking for both rigid and compliant surfaces. hemolysis. Seventy-nine female adolescent runners and These data suggest that the treadmill used in the present controls were randomized into one of 4 groups during a 3- study does not possess a surface capable of adjusting the month competitive season: 1) runner+beef; 2) runner no compliance sufficiently to elicit significant differences in beef; 3) control+beef; and 4) control no beef. Beef groups oxygen consumption. were given a 2-3 ounce beef supplement to ingest daily, in addition to normal diet. Iron status, diet, energy expendi- Osterkamp, Christine M. The effects of ingesting a carbohy- ture, and fitness were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 drate electrolyte solution on cycling performance in women, months. There were no differences in baseline diet or iron 1999. M.S., Purdue University (Darlene A. Sedlock). (47pp status. Running groups had had less body fat, lower 1f $4.00) PH 1679 resting heart rates, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) than had group 3, and higher fitness and energy expendi- The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ture than controls at baseline. A 2x2 ANCOVA and post ingesting a carbohydrate electrolyte solution on blood hoc testing revealed runners had significantly lower glucose and on cycling performance. Eight moderately hematocrits, hemoglobin, ferritin, haptoglobin, and trained female cyclists, aged 18-34, completed two experi- decreasing transferrin saturation, while total iron binding mental trials separated by a minimum of 4 days. During capacity was increased. Runners also increased VO2max and each trial, subjects rode the cycle ergometer at 90 rpm for had lower RPE than controls. Beef supplemented groups 100 minutes, immediately followed by an additional 240 increased hemoglobin status with time, and the runner + pedal revolution sprint performed as quickly as possible. beef group had lower RPE and resting heart rates than The exercise was identical for both experimental conditions groups 2-4. Results suggested that training compromised and consisted of the following: minutes 0-20 at 55% VO2 some indicators of iron status in adolescent runners, and max, minutes 21-40 at 60% VO2 max, minutes 41-60 at 65% that hemolysis (as assessed by haptoglobin levels) may be a

VO2 max, minutes 61-80 at 60% VO2 max, and minutes 81- potential mechanism. Increased ingestion of lean beef

100 at 55% VO2 max. Subjects consumed a 6% glucose improved hemoglobin status, and a combination of polymer electrolyte solution during one trial and an training and beef ingestion improved fitness levels. artificially sweetened placebo in the other trial, at the rate of 2 ml per kg body weight at minutes 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80. Parker, Suzanne E. Physiologic and performance changes Drinks were administered in a double-blind, counterbal- during a season of men’s collegiate basketball, 1999. M.S., anced fashion. Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER), heart University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (Carl Foster). (44pp 1f rate and VO2 data were collected during the last 5 minutes $4.00) PH 1684 of each 20-minute interval. Blood glucose was measured 30 minutes prior to the exercise and again at minutes 0, 55, 95 This study evaluated select physiologic and performance of exercise, and at the end of the sprint. There were no variables at the beginning and end of an intercollegiate significant differences in sprint times between glucose basketball season, using 10 members of the University of polymer and placebo trials. Glucose levels were signifi- Wisconsin-La Crosse men’s basketball team. The variables cantly higher (p<.05) during the glucose polymer trial included VO2peak, body composition, vertical jump, and a compared to the placebo trial. Additionally, there was a modified shuttle run. Maximal aerobic power was mea- beverage x time interaction (p<.05). Specifically, blood sured on a motorized treadmill using a modified Bruce glucose concentration was maintained throughout the protocol. Body composition was evaluated by anthropom-

25 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

etry. Percent fat was estimated from the sum of seven was performed using a repeated measures analysis of skinfold measurements. Girth measurements were variance with alpha set at ≤0.05. Measures of exercise estimated based on limb circumference, and skinfold intensity obtained during the submaximal exercise sessions measurement based on the O-scale approach. Vertical (VO2, VCO2, RER, RPE, and HR) showed no significant jumping ability was evaluated using a jump and reach test difference across the three supplementation conditions (all with a single step counter movement. Each subject jumped p>0.05). Plasma lactate levels were also similar following to the highest point on a Vertec, and the best of three jumps the three submaximal exercise sessions (p>0.05), suggest- was recorded to the nearest 0.5 inch. Basketball-specific ing that the metabolic stress of the submaximal exercise fitness was evaluated using a modified shuttle run. These sessions was similar. Blood glutathione markers of tests were administered 2 weeks prior to the beginning of oxidative stress showed a significant change following the season, and again 2 weeks following the last game. A exercise, in that TG and GSH were significantly decreased, paired t-test (p<05), with a Bonferroni correction for while GSSG was significantly increased (p<0.05). No multiple comparisons, revealed significant differences in difference was detected due to the supplementation the modified shuttle run (entire group), sum of 7 skinfolds, condition (p>0.05). Thus, it appears that while glutathione and percent body fat, between the pre- and post-season of may be a sensitive marker of oxidative stress, there was no play. All other variables revealed no significant differences detectable difference in oxidative stress due to vitamin C between the pre- and post-season. supplementation. TBARS measures of oxidative stress were statistically unchanged either by exercise or by supplemen- Patrick, Stephen W. Vitamin C supplementation and changes tation (p>0.05). Thus, it appears as though the TBARS in blood glutathione status at rest and following exercise, 2000. assay is not a specific indicator of oxidative stress in M.S., University of North Carolina, Greensboro (Allan H. humans. Goldfarb). (139pp 2f $8.00) PH 1694 Perkins, Kelli L. An applied therapeutic magnet has no effect on The aerobic production of ATP requires that oxygen serve grip strength, 2000. M.S., Brigham Young University as the final acceptor of the electrons used to ”power” the (Kenneth L. Knight). (54pp 1f $4.00) PH 1692 phosphorylation of ADP. The acceptance by oxygen of electrons is incomplete 3-5% of the time, and a free radical The objective of this study was to determine the effects on is formed (Boveris et al., 1972). As exercise intensity grip strength, if any, of a Nikken Kenko mini magnetic increases, oxygen flux increases, leading to increased disc. This experiment was a single-blind placebo study production of free radicals (Dillard et al., 1978). Oxidative using a repeated measures design. Subjects performed 6 stress is greater following high intensity exercise, as sub-maximal practice trials followed by 3 maximal compared to low intensity work (Alessio et al., 1988). contractions in each of 3 conditions. The order of contrac- However, if exercise intensity leads to quick fatigue, there tions and of conditions was randomly assigned. Subjects will not be sufficient time to produce free radicals (Burk, were thirty female college students who were not involved 1983). Vitamin C is the major nutritional aqueous antioxi- in an upper-body strength-training program. Each subject’s dant in biological systems. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant age, height, weight, and number of minutes of exercise through the donation of hydrogen ions to radicals (Ji, performed weekly, were recorded in order to compare 1995). Vitamin C can also serve to prevent the oxidation of Groups and individual subjects. Analysis of variance glutathione during exercise (Sastre et al., 1992). Oxidative determined that no significant mean (control, 62.8; placebo, stress may be best measured through glutathione, an 62.7; magnet, 63.8) or maximum strength increase (control, extremely sensitive and transient marker (Viguie et al., 67.3; placebo, 66.4; magnet, 67.2) (p<0.05) occurred with the 1993). The purpose of this investigation was to measure the use of a magnetic disc attached to the forearm. We con- effects of a two-week supplementation of 1g of vitamin C cluded that the Nikken Kenko Mini disc had no effect on on the concentration and oxidative status of blood glu- grip strength in this group of subjects. Prospective buyers tathione at rest and immediately following 30 minutes of of magnetic products should be wary of advertisements running at 75-80% of VO2max. This was done to determine if and testimonials claiming strength gains until further vitamin C supplementation could help reduce oxidative research is performed in this area. stress, as indicated by glutathione. A within-subjects repeated measures design helped to reduce inter-subject Rash, David G. An investigation comparing the effect of variability. Twelve apparently healthy, nonsmoking males different resistance levels on power production, 1998. M.S., aged 18-35 participated in this investigation. Subjects Bemidji State University (Muriel B. Gilman). (46pp 1f $4.00) refrained from heavy exercise and alcohol consumption for PH 1690 the 24 hours prior to each exercise bout. Blood was drawn before and after each exercise session for determination of The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of hematocrit, hemoglobin, total glutathione, reduced light- resistance high-repetition weight lifting to the effect glutathione, oxidized glutathione, lactate, and of heavy-resistance low-repetition weight lifting on vertical thiobarbituric acid reacting substances. Statistical analysis jump and broad jump improvement. The subjects were 29

26 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

college age football players participating at the NCAA The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive data Division II level. All subjects had been strength training for on the physiological responses of subjects to snowshoeing at least one year. The subjects were divided into two at a self-selected pace, on flat and on variable terrains. Ten groups, consisting of a light group who weight lifted with male (age=26.9±6.76 year, ht=178.1±7.72 cm, wt=86.9±7.62 light resistance and high repetitions, and a heavy group kg) volunteers snowshoed at a self-selected pace in random who weight lifted with heavy resistance and low repeti- order for 30 minutes on flat and on variable terrain courses. tions. Groups were determined by overall strength of the It was found that HR (151 vs 161 bpm) and RPE (13.6 vs subject. All subjects participated in a 6-week training 15.2) were significantly (p<.05) higher on the variable program. The light group trained at a light-resistance level. course compared to the flat course. VO2 (38.1 vs 41.7 ml/ They completed 6-10 repetitions per set. The heavy group kg/min) also tended to be higher on the variable course; trained at a heavy-resistance level. Repetitions for this however, the difference was not significant (p>.05). The group were between 2-5 per set. Subjects performed four average caloric expenditure on the flat course was 492 total sets of the core lifts. Subjects performed a 1 RM pre-test kcals, and on the variable terrain course 523 total kcals. The and post-test on the Push Press, Squat, Clean, and Split results of this study indicate that snowshoeing at a self- Jerk. Vertical jumps were measured using a Vertec Vertical selected pace continuously for 30 minutes provides Jump apparatus. Subjects were also tested on a three jump sufficient exercise intensity to increase cardiovascular broad jump. There was no significant, p<0.05, difference endurance and positively alter body composition. between light and heavy groups, pre- or post-test, on vertical jump and three jump broad jump. There was a Spackman, Michael B. Individualized maximal GXT is significant, p<0.05, change in power with resistance preferred over standardized Bruce protocol in relatively fit college training when pre-training vertical jump was compared to students, 1999. M.S., Brigham Young University (James D. post-training for all subjects. There was no significant, George). (78pp 1f $4.00) PH 1687 p<0.05, change in power, as measured by the three jump broad jump, when pre-training three jump broad jump was This study sought to compare the standardized Bruce compared to post-training for all subjects. protocol (Bruce, Kusumi & Hosmer, 1973) with the Arizona State University (ASU) protocol (George, 1996) to deter- Sanders, Benjamin V. A comparison of selected physiological mine whether or not the ASU protocol is preferred for responses to indoor rock climbing in beginner and advanced providing a relatively accurate, valid, and individualized sport climbers, 1999. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La format for maximal exercise testing in college students.

Crosse (Jeff Steffen). (52pp 1f $4.00) PH 1683 Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured on 32 physically active college students (female=16, male=16) This study was designed to compare selected physiological using both the Bruce and ASU protocols in a random responses to indoor rock climbing by beginner and order. Participants answered a questionnaire about each advanced sport climbers. The sample included 20 male Ss protocol regarding: (a) the reason for test termination, (b) (18-35 yr.). Subjects were classified as beginner (n=10) and individualization of the grade and speed, (c) satisfaction in advanced (n=10). Each subject climbed a series of three taking each protocol, (d) post-test delayed-onset muscle moderate routes. During each climb, measurements were soreness (DOMS), and (e) protocol preference. Comparison recorded for HR, VO2, Kcal, respiratory exchange ratio and cross-validation between observed and predicted (RER), RPE, and time. No interaction (group x route) was values for both protocols revealed no significant difference -1 -1 noted for HR, VO2, Kcal, and RER. However, significant (Bruce: r=.91,SEE=3.61 ml·kg ·min , total error=3.72 differences were found for Kcal between routes 1 and 3 ml·kg-1·min-1; ASU: r=.91, SEE=3.13 ml·kg-1·min-1, total (p=.000) and between routes 2 and 3 (p=.016). Significant error=3.15 ml·kg-1·min-1). However, there was a significant differences were found for VO2 between routes 1 and 3 difference between the measured VO2max means of the (p=.000). A significant difference was found for HR Bruce (44.07±8.91 ml·kg-1·min-1) and ASU (45.02±7.37 between all 3 routes (p = .000). A significant difference was ml·kg-1·min-1) protocols. In terms of overall satisfaction, found between all three routes for RPE (p=.000), and 93.8% of participants preferred the ASU protocol to the between groups (regardless of route) for RPE (p=.007). A Bruce protocol. Thus, the ASU maximal treadmill GXT significant difference for climbing time was noted between (George, 1996) provides a test protocol for college students routes 1 and 3 for the beginners (p=.029) and between that is preferred to the Bruce protocol, as well as being groups for route 1 (p=.003). No significant differences were individualized, time efficient, and relatively accurate in found for climbing time between routes in the advanced estimating VO2max. group (p=.172). Swensen, Chad T. Physiological responses between a Schneider, Patrick L. Physiological responses to recreational StairMaster upright and a StairMaster semi-recumbent cycle at snowshoeing in males, 1999. M.S., University of Wisconsin, a submaximal self-selected pace, 1999. M.S., University of La Crosse (John Porcari). (42pp 1f $4.00) PH 1682 Wisconsin, La Crosse (John Porcari). (41pp 1f $4.00) PH 1681

27 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Many people feel that they do not get as good a workout groups for muscular strength using a MANOVA; leg on a semi-recumbent (SR) cycle ergometer compared to a extension, leg press, and bench press were the tests found traditional upright (UP) cycle ergometer. This study to have significant difference among the univariate compared the responses to 30 minutes of exercise on the analyses, with increases of 20.2%, 37.7%, and 24.7% Stairmaster UP and SR at a self-selected pace. Twenty-four respectively. No significant difference between the two volunteers (12M,12F), 18 to 28 years old, served as subjects groups was found for flexibility or body circumference (Ss). Each S was given 3-5 practice sessions on each measures using MANOVA. No significant difference was ergometer prior to testing, then performed a 30-minute found between the two groups for Sit Up, total body exercise bout on each cycle in random order and on a weight, body fat percentage, fat weight, or lean weight separate day. VO2, HR, Kcal, SBP, DBP, and RPE data were using ANOVA. It appears that an 8-week partnering class averaged for each 30-minute session. Comparisons can improve muscular strength without having an impact between modalities were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA on muscular flexibility and body composition. with repeated measures and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. There were no differences in responses between males and White, Lesley J. Metabolic response to interval cycling using females; therefore, data were pooled. 1H-MR spectroscopy of human skeletal muscle, 1999. Ph.D., University of New Mexico (Robert A. Robergs). (144pp 2f VO2 HR Kcal/min RPE SBP DBP UP 22.8±4.52* 137±18.1* 7.8±1.89* 12.6±1.80 153±18.7* 67±9.6 $8.00) PH 1686 SR 19.9±5.05 124±15.7 6.8±2.12 12.5±1.63 139±17.6 61±11.0 The purposes of this study were to determine the presence * significantly different from SR (p<.05). of a post-exercise peak at 2.13 ppm (peak X) using 1H-MRS Ss worked at significantly higher workloads on SR (101 in vivo at 1.5T, attempt to identify the chemical identity of watts) compared to UP (89.1 watts), even though Ss the peak using 1- and 2-dimensional 1H-MRS at 7T in vitro, worked at similar RPE values. VO2, HR, and Kcal were and to compare the effects of acute exercise on the magni- significantly higher in UP compared to SR cycling. Thus, it tude of peak X between trained and untrained men. would appear that the SR cycle might not provide as good Thirteen healthy males were grouped according to training a workout as the UP cycle when subjects self-select exercise history and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The intensity. trained (n=7) and untrained (n=7) groups had an average ± ± VO2max of 5.36 0.54 L/min and 3.48 0.56 L/min, and Vetter, Rheba E. Effects of a partnering class on dancers’ percent body fat of 7.8±2.9% and 18.8±9.5%, respectively. muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition, 2000. There was a significant difference in VO2max and percent Ph.D., Texas Woman’s University (Charlotte Sanborn and body fat between the groups (p<0.05). Exercise consisted of Penelope Hanstein). (131pp 3f $12.00) PH 1691 45 minutes of cycling at repeated intervals, corresponding to 50% (3 min) and 110% (2 min) of the subject’s ventilatory This study was designed to examine the effects of an 8- threshold (VT). Spectra from the vastus lateralis were week Partner’s Improvisational Resistance Training class, acquired before and after exercise, and through 60 minutes that met 3 times weekly, on changes in muscular strength, of recovery, using a 1.5T whole body magnet (PRESS, TE muscular flexibility, body circumferences, and body fat 60 ms, TR 2,000 ms, 128 acquisitions). Peak X was observed percentage in college age dancers. Intra-rater reliability in all subjects after exercise but was not significantly was tested on all tests with a group of 15 volunteers (13 different between groups (p=0.75). The peak remained females and 2 males). Twenty-one dancers from Weber elevated through 60 minutes of recovery. There was a State University in Ogden, Utah, completed all pre-tests significant difference in peak X recovery between groups and post-tests; control group n=10 and experimental group (p<0.02). Peak X declined significantly in the trained-group n=11. The battery of tests included 1RMs for muscular (p<0.05), but did not change in the untrained group. The strength (leg extension, leg flexion, leg press, bench press, chemical identity of peak X was not identified in vitro at military press, lat pull down, sit up, and back extension), 7T. Peak X was observed in all subjects following interval underwater weighing, 7-site skinfold, sit & reach, shoulder cycling. Fitness does not appear to have an impact on the flexibility, and circumference measurements for arm, production or magnitude of peak X, but does alter the shoulder, waist, hip, proximal thigh, mid-thigh, and distal recovery kinetics. Although elusive, peak X may be thigh. A statistical correlation was performed for the important to muscle metabolism, adaptive changes to strength tests and also for the body circumferences. exercise, and potentially, human disease. Significant correlation was found between the military press and bench press; thus, the military press was not included in further statistical analysis. No significant correlations were found between any of the circumference measures. Statistical significance was set at p≤.05 for all analyses. Significant difference was found between the two

28 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

HEALTH AND HEALTH The present study investigated whether there is a relation- ship between nutrition knowledge and the self-reported EDUCATION eating behavior of male college athletes, and whether there is a difference between the nutrition knowledge and eating Brawley, Jodi Assessment of factors which influence college behavior of athletes and non-athletes in a college setting. A students to participate in regular physical activity: a PRECEDE survey of nutrition knowledge and eating behavior was approach, 1999. M.S., California Polytechnic State University completed by 92 male, National Collegiate Athletic (Kristine Jankovitz). (76pp 1f $4.00) HE 655 Association (NCAA) Division I athletes, ages 18-22 years, from five sports at Indiana University—Bloomington. The Current research suggests that college students are less survey was also completed by 100 college males (ages 18- physically active than their high school counterparts. This 22 years) who did not participate in an NCAA sport. decline in frequency of regular physical activity is of Influences on food selection, both for athletes and non- concern, and efforts to improve the rate of participation in athletes, were similar. There was no difference in the physical activity would benefit the health of college nutrition knowledge of athletes and non-athletes. There students. The PRECEDE model for health promotion was also no significant difference found among the athletes planning is a useful tool when trying to identify factors (F=2.28, p=.07). There was a significant relationship which influence participation in a specific behavior. The between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior for the educational and organizational diagnosis of the PRECEDE athletes (r=.384, p=.00), but not for the non-athletes (r=.117, model was used to categorize factors that influence p=.25). Because athletes’ nutrition knowledge and eating physical activity as predisposing, enabling, or reinforcing. behavior were similar to those of non-athletes, both This categorization allowed for a better understanding of knowledge and behavior should be viewed more as a the nature of influences that are predictive of college result of being a male student college than as a result of physical activity on a regular basis. University students being an athlete. (n=145) served as respondents for the study. Respondents voluntarily completed a 45-item questionnaire identifying Draheim, Christopher C. Cardiovascular disease risk in adults influences affecting participation in physical activity. with mental retardation and Down syndrome, 2000. Ph.D., Students were grouped according to major and activity Oregon State University (Jeffrey A. McCubbin and Daniel level, for purposes of answering different research ques- P. Williams). (115pp 2f $8.00) HE 660 tions. Four research questions were designed to further investigate different influences affecting participation in Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have less athero- physical activity. Predisposing variables were shown to be sclerosis than others, with and without mental retardation the best predictor of regular physical activity for this (MR). Why individuals with DS do not develop atheroscle- sample. The reinforcing variable, to reduce stress, was rosis similarly to others is not known. The insulin resis- shown to be different between majors of active respon- tance syndrome (IRS), a common neuroendocrine disorder dents only. The occasionally active respondents differed underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD), has not been between majors on teachers in high school, having access investigated in adults with DS to determine if adults with to equipment, to build muscle, and to have fun. The not- DS possess a more protective CVD risk factor profile than active respondents differed on media, as well as on other adults with MR. The CVD risk factor components of teachers and PE classes in college. A discriminant function the IRS were measured in 145 adults with mild MR (N=70) analysis was used to determine which variables were and DS (N=75) who reside in community settings. The predictive of lifestyles which did or did not include regular overall mean values for the CVD risk factors were rela- physical activity. The multiple discriminant function tively high for all participants, especially for women with analysis showed that 66.7 percent of the variance was MR, who on average showed evidence of fasting explained by the scores on predisposing, enabling, and hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity, and low high- reinforcing factors. The first function weighted by the score density lipoprotein cholesterol. After adjusting for age, on enabling factors was significantly useful to distinguish smoking status, residence type, and medication use, between the physical activity groups showing the most women with DS had lower fasting glucose, resting blood difference, on the subscales, between the physically active pressure, and abdominal fat than women with MR, group and the occasionally active group. indicating that women with DS may be somewhat pro- tected against CVD, due to lower IRS risk factors, as Chamberlain, Heather N. Nutrition knowledge and self- compared to women with MR. Adults with MR with reported eating behavior of college male athletes and non-athletes, abdominal obesity were approximately 2-10 times more 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Alice K. Lindeman). (88pp likely than adults with MR without abdominal obesity to 1f $4.00) HE 661 have hyperinsulinemia, borderline high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and borderline hypertension (P<0.05). Furthermore, the associations between abdominal obesity

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and elevated CVD risk factors were independent of age, Howerton, Mollie W. Development [and] evaluation of gender, presence of Down syndrome, smoking behavior, computer-assisted instruction in smoking education for adoles- and medication use. Screening for abdominal obesity, cents, 1999. Ph.D., Indiana University (Mohammad R. using simple anthropometric measures, may be a cost- Torabi). (259pp 3f $12.00) HE 662 effective way to identify individuals with MR who have an intermediate to high risk for a future CVD event. Adults The first problem involved developing a smoking preven- with MR who participated in the recommended frequency tion intervention that incorporates both a multimedia CD- (≥5 bouts/week) of moderate to vigorous physical activity, ROM and print-based lesson plans for 7th and 8th grade or who consumed a below-average dietary fat intake adolescents. The second problem involved the evaluation (≤35%), were approximately one-third as likely to have of its efficacy on students’ knowledge, attitudes, and hyperinsulinemia and abdominal obesity than adults with practices related to tobacco use. An adolescent smoking MR who participated in physical activity less than 5 times/ prevention unit, consisting of an interactive CD-ROM and week or who consumed more than 35% of their total caloric teacher’s guide, was developed and evaluated. The guide intake from fats (P<0.05). Increasing physical activity and was divided into four lessons: the CD-ROM, physical reducing dietary fat may help lower the risk for a future effects of smoking, social consequences of smoking, and CVD event in adults with MR. cigarette advertising. The evaluation examined the intervention’s short-term effectiveness on knowledge, Gandhi, Namita Effect of an exercise program on quality of life attitudes, and behaviors of middle-school-aged adolescents of women with fibromyalgia, 2000. M.S., Washington State toward cigarette smoking. Using a quasi-experimental University (Karen P. DePauw). (67pp 1f $4.00) HE 657 design, the study utilized an intervention/control pre-test intervention-post-test approach. Attitudes, knowledge, and The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a behaviors were measured at two times: one week before 10week/20 session exercise program on quality of life the implementation of the smoking unit and immediately (QOL) of women with fibromyalgia. Thirty-two women following the completion of the unit. The sample consisted with fibromyalgia (FM) participated in one of the following of 7th grade students from a school in Virginia (School 2) groups: hospital based (G) (n=10); home-based (H) (n=10); and 8th grade students from a school in Indiana (School 1). and non-exercising control (C) (n=12). The research design For students who currently smoke, smoking behaviors was quasi-experimental. The hospital-based exercise decreased significantly between pre-test and post-test program was conducted twice per week at the Gritman regardless of the intervention condition. Student knowl- Medical Center. Home-based group participants followed edge about smoking and its dangers increased significantly a videotaped exercise program and maintained a detailed from pre-test to post-test for both schools. Attitudes exercise log. The following measurements were used to toward smoking became statistically more unfavorable measure the change in QOL: Fibromyalgia Impact Ques- between pre-test and post-test for School 1 (Indiana). For tionnaire (FIQ); Range of Motion (ROM); Tender-Point both schools, there were no significant interactions for sex Count (TPC) and Tender-Point Severity (TPS). In addition, by knowledge, by behavior, or by attitude. The type of McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Index of Clinical Stress instruction did not significantly affect student knowledge, (ICS) and Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) were also com- attitudes, and behaviors related to cigarette smoking. pleted by the participants to evaluate the pain, subjective stress, depression, anxiety, somatization and anger- Hunt, Amy R. An assessment of the attitudes of college students hostility level. Twenty-one women met all the completion regarding selected health issues and pregnancy, 2000. M.S., requirements for the study (retention rate: Total=69%, University of Memphis (Michael H. Hamrick). (89pp 1f C=67%, G=100%, H=40%). The baseline age (years) means $4.00) HE 656 and standard deviations for the three groups are as follows: C=43.50±11.93 (n=8), G=51.78±8.00 (n=9), The purpose of the study was to assess the attitudes of H=56±7.14 (n=4). Data were analyzed using a one-way college students regarding the selected health issues ANOVA with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Over the associated with pregnancy: (1) exercise (2) nutrition. Data ten-week period, we found significant improvements in the were collected using a questionnaire of thirty-eight items FIQ (p=0.005) and the ROM (p=0.0003) scores of the two that was constructed by the researcher. Undergraduate exercise groups. However, the TPC (p=0.835) and TPS students from eight sections of the Concepts of Fitness and (p=0.998) scores did not show any significant improve- Wellness class at The University of Memphis were used in ments. We conclude that the Fibromyalgia Exercise the study. The findings indicated slightly positive attitudes Program was effective in improving QOL of women with regarding both exercise/pregnancy and nutrition/ FM. pregnancy. Although the nutrition/pregnancy attitude mean was slightly higher than the exercise/pregnancy mean, the low standard deviation suggested than college students are relatively homogeneous in their attitudes about both issues. The probability results indicated

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significant differences in attitudes for both exercise/ sample population, composed of male Marine reservists pregnancy and nutrition/pregnancy based on gender. The from two New England rifle companies, was contacted by race/ethnicity and pregnancy experience categories did telephone between September 25 and October 15, 1998. not reveal significant differences in attitudes for exercise/ Responsive subjects completed the Behavioral Risk Factor pregnancy or nutrition/pregnancy. The results of the study Surveillance System questionnaire to measure the reported by subcategory and by item provided insight into the presence of certain health risk behaviors. Based on their specific issues that participants felt strongly, negatively, or questionnaire responses, the Marines were divided into undecided about. Additionally, the significance of specific two groups: one or no health risk behaviors (n=44), and items based on race/ethnicity and pregnancy experience, two or more health risk behaviors (n=58). Raw PFT scores even though the overall mean was not significant, pro- for the subjects were provided by the full-time staff at the vided a basis for topics to be included in educational and reserve centers, and then converted to PFT classes. Statisti- intervention programs. The results of the study suggest cal analysis failed to demonstrate a significant difference that college students believe exercise and nutrition are between the PFT score classes of the two groups. Subse- important components of prenatal care. It is important to quent analyses also failed to demonstrate a statistically remember that the attitudes were slightly positive. significant difference between the PFT score classes of Marines grouped by age, education, rank, marital status, Monahan, Bridget Effectiveness of a minimal physician cigarette smoking, and sedentary lifestyle. delivered stage-based intervention regarding readiness to change specific to physical activity, 1999. M.P.H., University of Rinehart, Jennifer L. Perceived benefits and barriers to soy Wisconsin, La Crosse (Justin Odulana). (62pp 1f $4.00) HE consumption of women, 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Alice 652 K. Lindeman). (113pp 2f $8.00) HE 663

A sample of patients from a Midwestern hospital (N=163) The purpose of the study was to assess health attitudes and were used in this study. Patients (n=86) who had either a self-reported behaviors pertaining to soy consumption by pre-employment or Department of Transportation physical adult women, and to identify why they did or did not scheduled during February completed a self-assessment on include soy in their diet. A survey instrument obtained stage of change regarding physical activity, and comprised information on a convenience sample of 100 adult women the control group. During March, patients (n=77) who seeking care from gynecology offices throughout Indiana. underwent either type of physical completed a self- Twenty-seven percent of subjects reported consuming soy assessment on stage of change regarding physical activity; products. A range of 28-43% of respondents had favorable they comprised the intervention group, receiving a brief views of the beneficial roles of soy in women’s health. stage appropriate counseling session and stage appropriate Two-thirds of the subjects (67%) reported a lack of knowl- printed material from their physician. Both groups were edge about how to use soy as their primary barrier to its contacted at their respective 4-week follow-up and consumption. A range of 23-36% of respondents reported reassessed regarding stage of change. A comparison of the the sensory characteristics of soy foods as unappealing. A control and intervention groups revealed a trend in range of 72.7-77.0% of respondents reported that increasing movement from pre-physical stage to post-physical stage the availability of familiar foods that contain soy protein, of change; however, no statistical significance was found. increasing research on the benefits of soy, and increasing Patients were receptive to a physician intervention. education on how to utilize soy foods in the diet, would increase soy consumption. Because awareness of soy and Nordstrom, Curtis Reported behavioral health risk factors and soy-based products was found to be low, it is important to physical fitness performance among Marine Corps reservists, increase education and awareness outlining the possible 1999. M.S., Brigham Young University (Keith Karren). benefits of soy, to focus attention on barriers to soy (162pp 2f $8.00) HE 654 consumption, and improve factors identified as increasing soy consumption. The United States Marine Corps’ stringent physical fitness requirements for active-duty and reserve personnel are a Slawta, Jennifer N. Physical activity and coronary heart disease significant part of the readiness, retention, and promotion risk in women with multiple sclerosis, 2000. Ph.D., Oregon of Marines. Nevertheless, pervasive health risk behaviors State University (Jeffrey A. McCubbin). (144pp 2f $8.00) HE have long been a prevalent segment of military life, and 658 threaten both the long-term health of military personnel and the readiness of forces. This study sought to identify The aim of the first manuscript was to examine CHD risk whether Marine Corps reservists who engaged in multiple in women with MS by assessing the frequency of physical specific health risk behaviors were likely to achieve inactivity and the frequency of anthropometric, dietary, significantly different score classes on the Marine Corps’ and metabolic CHD risk factors. Although participation in physical fitness test (PFT) than those reservists who physical activity is often avoided by many women with reported engaging in one or none of these behaviors. The

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MS, some women remain physically active despite their educational pamphlets, goal setting, self-monitoring, and disability. The aim of the second manuscript was to social reinforcement. The goal setting and social reinforce- determine whether active women with MS were at lower ment components were withdrawn for the final phase, CHD risk than inactive women with MS, by assessing the during which the validity of the data was checked. The differences in abdominal fat accumulation and levels of withdrawal of intervention components was delayed triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol across participants. The intervention, as a package, did not (HDL-C), and glucose. The study sample consisted of 123 produce consistent, marked increases in daily activity. It women with MS, aged 23 to 72 years (49.9±10 years). was determined that some of the participants in this study Venous blood was collected for measurement of lipids, were relatively active and may not have needed a program lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose. Skinfold thicknesses to increase daily physical activity. Additional explanations and girth circumferences were obtained for estimation of are offered for the lack of effectiveness of the intervention. total and abdominal body fat. Leisure-time physical However, slight upward trends in activity, coupled with an activity (LTPA) during the previous week was assessed increase in variability between data points, were apparent with a modified version of the Yale Physical Activity throughout baseline and the intervention phase. Although Survey. LTPA during the last 12 months was assessed with the participants in this study were unusually active, other the physical activity questionnaire used in the Postmeno- persons with MR could benefit from the intervention, as pausal Estrogens/Progestins Intervention Trial. Eating they are typically a sedentary population. habits were assessed by the Block Food Frequency Ques- tionnaire. In the total sample, 27.3% had low HDL-C, 19.8% Summers, Louisa The effects of resistance exercise on lower had high TG, 8.3% had high glucose, 68.3% reported extremity power in women with multiple sclerosis, 2000. Ph.D., regular participation in LTPA, 52% were abdominally Oregon State University (Jeffrey A. McCubbin). (126pp 2f obese, and 69% exceeded recommendations for dietary fat $8.00) HE 659 intake. LTPA was significantly associated with lower waist circumferences (p=0.0001), lower TG levels (p=0.0005), and A common perspective promoted by health care profes- lower glucose levels (p=0.002), and marginally with higher sionals is that exercise may help reduce symptoms and HDL-C levels (p=0.09). After adjusting for the covariates improve activities of daily living among persons with known to influence the CHD risk factors, women reporting multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, the effects of resistance participation in low- to moderate-intensity LTPA had exercise on power, functional mobility, and fatigue are significantly lower waist circumferences, TG levels, and largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to glucose levels relative to inactive women. CHD risk in this examine the effects of an eight-week resistance training sample of women with MS was comparable to the CHD program on lower extremity power, functional mobility, risk in the general population of women without MS, with and daily levels of fatigue in women with MS. Twenty-nine respect to anthropometric, dietary, and metabolic CHD risk women (M=50.5 years±8.5 SD), with an average Expanded factors. Women with MS, reporting participation in any Disability Status Scale score of 3.6, were stratified by intensity of LTPA, however, were at significantly lower disability level and age, and then randomized (n=24) into CHD risk relative to women with MS reporting no partici- the exercise (n=16) and control group (n=13). The exercise pation in LTPA. group participated in six exercise instructional sessions prior to the implementation of the eight-week home-based Stratton, Wendith M. Increasing daily physical activity in exercise program. The lower extremity resistance training postsecondary students with mental retardation, 1999. M.S., intervention was three times per week (for an hour) and Oregon State University (Jeffrey A. McCubbin). (118pp 2f consisted of functional exercises with weighted vests. $8.00) HE 651 Power was examined in both legs using the Lower Extrem- ity Power Rig (Bio-Med International), and functional The purpose of this study was to create an intervention mobility was examined with the Up and Go test. Fatigue that would motivate post-secondary students with mental was recorded every morning (10 a.m.) and evening (7 retardation to be more physically active on a daily basis. p.m.), using a visual analog scale. All participants com- The participants were six students (four females, two pleted a familiarization session prior to testing. Following males), x full scale IQ=47, x age=20 years. All participants the intervention, data analysis indicated significant were identified as having mental retardation (MR) and differences in lower extremity power. Functional mobility were members of a transition class on the Oregon State tests scores improved in the exercise group by 11.7%, but University campus. The participants used a digital the improvements were not statistically significant. Fatigue pedometer to monitor their daily activity. A multiple data were summarized by regressing the average daily baseline design across participants was used. All partici- fatigue values over time, yet there were no significant pants began baseline at the same time, but the intervention differences in fatigue slope between groups. The home- was introduced with a slight delay between each partici- based exercise program offered a practical means for pant. The intervention package consisted of motivational/ ambulatory adults with MS to improve lower extremity

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power by over 30% in a short period of time. While developmental disabilities to understand the complexity of functional mobility results were not significant, anecdotal a good relationship. Making plans, breaking plans, and evidence demonstrated that four participants in the dealing with others who break plans are useful skills in exercise group stopped using their canes for ambulation. relationships. Learning about expectations within friend- This type of progressive resistance exercise may be a ships and utilizing conversation skills can assist persons feasible way for adults with MS to improve lower extrem- with developmental disabilities to “keep up their half” of a ity power and overall physical activity, using a program relationship. Techniques that assisted individuals with accessible to all. developmental disabilities during the Friendship Enhance- ment Program included: social skills training, the use of Walljasper, Shamus Perceived contributory factors of age role-play, using “free information,” repetition, discussion, longevity among Japanese adults, 1999. M.S., University of and reminder cards. Wisconsin, La Crosse (Richard Detert). (53pp 1f $4.00) HE 653 Marsh, Paul E. What does camp do for kids?: a meta-analysis of the influence of the organized camping experience on the self This project explored factors that may contribute to the constructs of youth, 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Joel F. Japanese possessing one of the greatest longevities in the Meier). (149pp 2f $8.00) RC 537 world today. Twenty-four residents of Nagano, Japan, ages 20 to 90 years, answered a 7-item questionnaire about the A random effects model of meta-analysis was used to role that history, personal behaviors, and institutions (e.g., identify the influence of a camp experience on youth self hospitals, schools, and insurance agencies) may have constructs. Twenty-two studies provided sufficient data to played in the longevity of the Japanese people. Responses identify a sample of thirty-seven (37) independent mea- were coded for themes and patterns. The salient themes sures. These cases were aggregated to identify the effect. that emerged from the responses included the Japanese Interpretation of the data was based on data point line nutritional habits of not eating too much meat, but eating a plots, regression analysis and effect size sensitivity bounty of fish, rice, and vegetables. Also, exercise, going to analysis. Identified moderator variables explained 33 bed early, and arising early were noted. Additionally, percent of the variance of the entire sample, R2=.330 for having good insurance to cover the cost of medical needs r=.1023. The influence of programs focused on enhancing to prevent or mitigate illness and disease, having hospitals, self constructs is r=.2006, twice the positive effect from clinics, and public health centers in the vanguard of across all studies. The random effect is positively related to research, and technology were noted. Further, a pristine the individual camp’s ability to operationalize strategies environment of clean air and water were noted to enhance that focus on enhancing self. The effect is greater for longevity. These salient themes could be augmented younger campers, and a positive effect was found across all through a school health curriculum, school lunches, or ages studied. These findings confirm the current thinking personal lifestyle. that positive influence on constructs of self is greater at a younger age and that the influence can be enhanced by targeted programming. The influence on self in a relatively RECREATION AND LEISURE short period of time represents an exception to current theory about the length of time required to affect the self.

Lyons, Rebecca A. The effects of a friendship enhancement Mills, Jill V. Successful aging at Dunedin Beach Campground program for individuals with developmental disabilities, 1999. [Florida]: an instrumental case study of retirees living in M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (Nancy Navar). recreational vehicles, 1999. Re.D., Indiana University (Russell (118pp 2f $8.00) RC 536 Brayley). (219pp 3f $12.00) RC 538

A 4 week Friendship Enhancement Program was designed, The dissertation represents a qualitative study of retirees implemented, and evaluated for individuals with develop- living seasonally in recreational vehicles (RVs) at Dunedin mental disabilities (N=5). The aim of this program was to Beach Campground (DBC). The case was chosen due to its increase knowledge related to interpersonal relationships, unique richness of leisure opportunity. The instrumental to assist in gaining knowledge of social leisure resources in case study focused on the emic function of leisure, specifi- the community, and to develop strategies to overcome cally as a vehicle for successful aging. The literature barriers related to socialization and personal relationships. supports leisure as a means of aging successfully, yet it Evaluation results indicated that the program was success- does not explain how or why leisure carries out this ful in assisting persons with developmental disabilities in function. Successful aging—defined as the ability to gaining friendship skills. Identification of personal maintain three key components in life: a) low risk of interests and preferences can assist in helping individuals disease and disease-related disability, b) high mental and become more interested in specific social environments. physical function, and c) active engagement with life Teaching basic relationship skills can help individuals with

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(Rowe & Kahn, 1998)—provided the hypothesis for than males. Significant relationships were found between conducting data analysis. This form of analytical induction task cohesion congruence and win/loss record, social is a rigorous process of successively testing each observa- cohesion congruence and boredom, and social cohesion tion, interview, or documentation against the hypothesis, congruence and win/loss record. Finally, longitudinal to see if it fits the explanation as formulated, or needs analyses showed that congruence became greater across reformulating. Themes emerging from the data were time, that satisfaction variables were significantly related to imposed onto a three-part model of successful aging; the fit social cohesion congruence across time, and that task of the data to the model (confirming and disconfirming) cohesion congruence was also related to offensive perfor- was examined. mance across time.

Daw, Jessica L. Goal involvements, goal orientation, and PSYCHOLOGY perceptions of parent- and coach-initiated motivational climates among youth sport participants, 1999. Ph.D., University of Illinois (Glyn C. Roberts). (138pp 2f $8.00) PSY 2119 Bromley, Scott T. The relationship of the congruence of perceived and preferred cohesion to sport performance and Achievement goal theory, as a viable framework for satisfaction, 2000. M.S., Purdue University (John L. Duda studying motivation in sport, attempts to understand and Alan L. Smith). (124pp 2f $8.00) PSY 2112 achievement behavior in terms of individuals’ achievement goals. Two major goal perspectives, a task goal perspective The development of Carron’s (1982) multidimensional and an ego goal perspective, operate in achievement model of cohesion and the Group Environment Question- situations. For those task-involved, the meaning of the naire (GEQ) (Widmeyer et al., 1985) have been the main- situation revolves around personal improvement and stay for understanding and assessing team cohesion in mastery, while for those ego-involved, the meaning of the sport. The GEQ measures individual perceptions of the situation revolves around winning and demonstrating four components of cohesion, but not an individual’s superiority. It is believed that an individual’s level of task preferred level of cohesion. Leadership research has shown and ego involvement in a particular achievement setting is the importance of athlete preferences. For example, if a result of dispositional goal orientation and perceptions of preferred leader behavior is congruent with actual leader the perceived goal structure, or motivational climate. In behavior, then satisfaction levels increase (Chelladurai & this investigation, the structure of relationships between Carron, 1978). Therefore, the general goal of this study was goal orientations and perceptions of parent- and coach- to examine if preferred and perceived team cohesion are initiated climates on goal involvements of youth sport separate and distinct constructs, and to see if their congru- participants was examined. Additionally, the stability of ence relates to better performance and higher satisfaction these variables across different time points in the season in sport. There were five specific purposes of this study: (1) was examined. A total of 313 nine- to fourteen-year-old To examine the validity and reliability of a preferred boys and girls, playing on either a youth soccer or basket- cohesion version of the Group Environment Questionnaire, ball team, participated in the study. Participants completed (2) To examine whether gender differences in levels of a measure of dispositional goal orientation early season overall cohesion, and the congruence of perceived and and late season. During the season (two pre-game and one preferred cohesion, exist, (3) To determine if any gender pre-practice), players completed a measure of goal involve- differences exist in the relationship of perceived/preferred ment, as well as measures of perceptions of parent-initiated task and social cohesion to performance and satisfaction, and coach-initiated motivational climates. With respect to (4) To determine if congruence between perceived and task involvement in the structure of relationships, it was preferred task and social cohesion leads to greater perfor- found that the path from parent-initiated learning/ mance and satisfaction, and (5) To examine the relationship enjoyment climate was the strongest, followed by task of cohesion congruence to performance and satisfaction orientation at the pre-game #2 and pre-practice timepoint; over the course of a season. Subjects in this study were 94 while at the pre-game #1 timepoint, the path from task basketball players from men’s and women’s intercollegiate orientation was strongest. With respect to ego involvement teams. The athletes were asked to complete questionnaires at these three time points, ego orientation had the most assessing demographics, overall cohesion, perceived significant path, followed by ego-indicative parent- cohesion, preferred cohesion, and team satisfaction. The initiated climates. At all time points and with both involve- measurement tool developed to assess preferred cohesion ments, no significant coach-initiated paths resulted. With was valid. Females had higher perceived social cohesion, respect to stability of goal involvements, perceptions of and a greater congruence between perceived and preferred parent-initiated motivational climates, and perceptions of cohesion than males. Females were also found to have coach-initiated climates, at three time points (one early stronger correlations between perceived/preferred social season game, one midseason practice, and one late season cohesion congruence to both satisfaction and performance game), these variables were all stable. Task goal orienta-

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tion, measured early season and again late season, re- participants varied between 18 to 25 years. Participants mained stable across the season, while ego goal orientation were volunteers on teams which were near Philadelphia (measured at the same time points) demonstrated a and played six or more games during the season. Two significant decrease from early to late season. different questionnaires were administered to the players. The first was composed of biographical and demographic Fox, Bryan D. Strategies to enhance self-efficacy to improve data. This included questions concerning age, current exercise adherence in a worksite fitness center, 2000. M.S., semester, number of semesters played, position(s) played, University of Memphis (Mary Fry). (51pp 1f $4.00) PSY sex of coach, number of hours of rugby watched, and 2117 number of previous sports played while growing up. The second questionnaire, Actions in Collegiate Women’s Rugby, Research has recently focused on worksite exercise posed several different questions concerning actions on the programs, as more companies open fitness facilities for rugby pitch. The questions ranged from engagement in their employees. This study investigated the effects of self- nonphysical intimidation to intent to cause permanent efficacy on the exercise adherence of the members of a disability. The rugby player was asked if the actions were worksite fitness center. Forty-one of these members legitimate, and if she would carry out the action. The volunteered to participate in this study. The self-efficacy of follow-up yes/no questions asked the athletes if these each member was measured at the beginning of the study, actions would be legitimate under differing conditions, and using a questionnaire appropriate to the sample popula- would they actually carry out the action if the scenarios tion. The same questionnaire was administered during the were true. Results indicated that players who perceive sixth and twelfth week of the study. Exercise adherence more actions as legitimate will behave more aggressively, was measured during the study, using self-reported and players who watch eight or more hours of women’s attendance records. The various strategies employed to rugby will perceive more actions as legitimate. promote exercise adherence included a) social support network; b) team competition; c) behavior contracts; d) Lattimore, Diana L. Motivational perspectives of female incentives; e) personal exercise record keeping; and f) gymnasts and their coaches, 2000. M.S., University of Mem- public record keeping of exercise sessions. An additional phis (Mary D. Fry). (74pp 1f $4.00) PSY 2115 questionnaire was used to determine each member’s perceptions of the effectiveness of the different strategies. Nicholls’ Goal Perspective Theory asserts that individual The results indicated that, during the twelve-week study, goal orientations and perceptions of the motivational participants became less confident in their ability to climate are associated with individuals’ motivational exercise at least five times during each two-week period responses. This study examined the relationship between (task SE). Also, the results indicated that, during the gymnasts’ perceptions of the motivational climate of their twelve-week study, participants became less confident in gym and their goal orientations to their motivational their ability to exercise at least five times during each two- responses. Also, this study examined gymnasts’ and week period, in regards to overcoming several barriers to coaches’ perceptions of the effectiveness of coaching exercise (barrier SE). In addition, there was no significant strategies. In addition, the relationship between the difference in the participants’ adherence rate reported for gymnasts’ goal orientations and their perceptions of the twelve-week period prior to the start of the study and coaching strategies was examined. Athletes and coaches the adherence rate reported during the study. Several (n=108; 93 gymnasts and 15 coaches) completed a modified possible explanations for these results, as well as recom- Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire mendations for improvement, are discussed. (PMCSQ; Seifriz, Duda, & Chi, 1992) and the Beliefs About Effective Coaching Strategies in Gymnastics (BAECSG). In Hammond, Jessica S. Perceived legitimacy of aggressive acts addition the gymnasts completed the Task and Ego and behavioral intentions to act aggressively among beginning Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & and experienced collegiate women rugby players, 1997. M.Ed., Nicholls, 1992) and a modified Motivational Response Temple University (Carole A. Oglesby). (103pp 2f $8.00) Questionnaire (MRQ). Results suggested that both task PSY 2107 orientation and perceptions of a task-involving climate were correlated with adaptive motivational responses in The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived gymnastics (i.e., prefer to be challenged, have fun, try legitimacy of aggressive acts and behavioral intentions to hard). The same pattern of adaptive motivational re- act aggressively among beginning and experienced sponses was not evident with ego orientation and was not collegiate women Rugby players. The effects of selected as strong for perceptions of an ego involving climate. playing history variables and player perceptions were also Results also suggest that goal orientations and perceptions examined. The participants in this study were 79 collegiate of the motivational climate both play an important role in women rugby players from the Eastern Pennsylvania the motivational responses of gymnasts. Task orientation Rugby Union. These players ranged in experience from 1 was associated with gymnasts’ identifying optimal semester to 0 semesters of competition, and ages of coaching strategies as more effective for maximizing

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motivation, whereas ego orientation was associated with physical education to be gender neutral, and judged their non-optimal coaching strategies being identified as more competence relative to close friends and classmates in their effective for maximizing motivation. regular classes.

Polansky, Aaron L. Video coach modeling, video peer modeling, Vadocz, Eva A. The psychobiological profile of competitive and live coach modeling for the enhancement of performance and female figure skaters, 1999. Ph.D., Michigan State University self-efficacy, 1999. M.S., Springfield College (Daryl Arroyo). (Robert M. Malina). (316pp 4f $16.00) PSY 2110 (113pp 2f $8.00) PSY 2111 The purpose of this interdisciplinary study was to assess The study was designed to determine whether differences the physical and psychological characteristics of competi- in task performance and self-efficacy of high school tive female figure skaters across chronological age groups, wrestlers (N=36) were elicited through the use of live coach level of competency (test, pre-elite and elite), disciplinary modeling, video coach modeling, and video peer modeling involvement (free, dance, and pairs), and menarcheal treatments. A 3x3 mixed factorial ANOVA was used to status. The relationships between physical and psychologi- compare the task specific self-efficacy of the three model- cal characteristics, predictors of self-concept, and predic- ing groups over three treatment periods. A significant tors of eating disorders were also considered. One hundred (p=.008) interaction was revealed. The mean retention and sixty-one female figure skaters 11 to 23 years of age scores of the video peer modeling group were higher than underwent a battery of anthropometric dimensions and the mean early treatment and mean post treatment scores. psychological measurements. The Heath-Carter anthropo- The mean early treatment scores of the live coach modeling metric somatotype was derived. The skaters were also group were higher than the mean post treatment scores. A asked about their menarcheal status and recalled age at second 3x3 mixed factorial ANOVA was used to compare menarche. Parents reported their educational backgrounds, the task specific performance of the three modeling groups heights and weights; age at menarche of the mothers was over three treatment periods. No significant (p=.621) also recalled. Overall, figure skaters are shorter, lighter and interaction was revealed. A significant (p=.000) main effect leaner, and are later maturing compared to reference data. for time was found for performance measures. The They have, on average, a balanced somatotype. Physical retention and post treatment measures of performance self-perceptions decrease, while social physique anxiety were higher than early treatment measures of performance. and risk for eating disorders increase with age. The The implications of the modeling and treatment period physical self-perceptions of skaters are generally higher differences provide rationale for the inclusion of peer than non-athletes’, but are similar to the perceptions of models in the classroom of interscholastic sport. other elite athletes. Figure skaters’ risk for eating disorders is generally lower than scores for adolescent bulimic Shapiro, Deborah R. The influence of context on the anorexics and adolescent norms, but is somewhat higher generalizability of children’s perceptions of physical competence, than adult gymnasts’. The social physique anxiety scores of 1999. Ph.D., Indiana University (Dale A. Ulrich). (302pp 4f figure skaters are similar to elite athletes’ and adult norms, $16.00) PSY 2123 but lower than adolescent gymnasts’. Elite and specialized skaters are later maturing, shorter, lighter, leaner, less Children’s perceptions of physical competence was endomorphic, and more mesomorphic than test or free examined across physical education, recess, and home skaters. Elite and specialized skaters also have more contexts. Also examined were factors influencing favorable self-perceptions than either test or free skaters, children’s perceived physical competence. Sixty students but test and elite skaters have higher social physique between 10 and 12 years of age, with and without learning anxiety than pre-elite skaters. Dancers report lower self- disabilities, participated in this study. Participants com- perceptions and are at greater risk for developing eating pleted 2 perceived physical competence instruments, 2 disorders than are free skaters. Endomorphy, chronological group comparison questionnaires, and a background age and Self-Esteem correctly classify the majority of questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a two-facet skaters by level of competency and/or discipline. Pre- Generalizability (G) study with persons crossed with menarcheal skaters, particularly those who are younger, context and instrument, ANOVA, frequency analysis, and are smaller, more ectomorphic and more mesomorphic Pearson Product Moment correlations. No significant than post menarcheal skaters. They also have more group differences were found in perceptions of physical favorable physical self-perceptions, and lower social competence and on the Background Questionnaire for physique anxiety and eating disorder risk. Among post- participants with and without LD across contexts. Boys menarcheal skaters ≥16 years, later maturing skaters have had higher perceived physical competence than girls longer relative leg length, have thinner skinfold thick- during recess and at home. Boys perceived greater value nesses, and are less endomorphic than average maturers. and importance to skills taught in physical education class The correlation for age at menarche for a small sample than did girls. Boys and girls perceived sports learned in (n=28) of skaters and their mothers is significant (0.60),

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suggesting both familial and environmental influences in MOTOR LEARNING AND menarcheal timing. Correlations between select physical and psychological variables indicate that shorter and CONTROL leaner skaters have more favorable psychological charac- teristics. Multivariate-multiple regression analyses indicate Albo, Jamy M. Cerebral blood flow responses to a cognitive that a set of biological and psychological variables, labeled challenge in an older population, 1999. M.A., University of ”bio-perceptual,” predict self-concept. Similarly, biological North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Bonita Marks). (117pp 2f and psychological variables predict several subscales of the $8.00) PSY 2118 Eating Disorder Inventory, accounting for 14% to 65% of the variances. One purpose of this study was to determine whether the transcranial Doppler can be used as an alternative method Wilson, Rodney C. Sources of sport-confidence of senior adult, to assess cerebral blood flow during a cognitive challenge. college, and high school athletes, 2000. Ph.D., Michigan State Another was to determine if any relationship exists University (Deborah L. Feltz). (105pp 2f $8.00) PSY 2109 between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and walking. Eight subjects (65-83 yr. old) had mean flow velocity (MFV) The purposes of this dissertation were to assess and measured in the middle cerebral artery at rest, during a analyze the sources and levels of self-confidence of senior visuospatial memory task, and during a verbal memory adult (aging) athletes. Secondly, the author of this disserta- task. ANOVA did not reveal statistically significant tion also examined the influence of gender and sport differences between the right and left brain MFV at rest participation levels (senior adults, college, high school) (mean=40.6 cm/s; F=2.258, p=0.230) or in response to the within a single sport on the perceived importance of cognitive tasks (F=1.959, p=0.223). However, in response to various sources of sport-confidence. This dissertation was the cognitive tasks, both right and left MFV increased 5.9% conducted utilizing the sources of sport-confidence and 5.5%, respectively. An inverse relationship was also framework (Vealey, Hayashi, Garner-Holman, & Giacobbi, found between the 20 ft. walk and left MFV (r=-0.87, 1998), which included the nine-factored sources of the p=0.026). sport-confidence model, and athletic characteristics and organizational cultures as influences of sources of confi- Bayer, Emily C. The compilation of items and calibration for a dence in one’s sport. The results did not replicate the nine survey of infant motor behavior, 1999. Ph.D., Indiana Univer- sources of sport-confidence contained in the factor struc- sity (Dale Ulrich). (338pp 4f $16.00) PSY 2122 ture of the Sources of Sport-Confidence Questionnaire (SSCQ). The results revealed that a modified six-factor This dissertation was part of a research scheme designed to model (SSCQ-M) was needed to explain the sources of create a comprehensive survey of infant motor behavior, sport-confidence, as well as its factor structure cross- taking advantage of recent developments in child develop- sectionally. The regression analysis indicated that physi- ment and testing theories. This study calibrated sitting cal/mental preparation was the best predictor of sport- behaviors and created a methodology for developing confidence of senior adult, college, and high school rating scales evaluating motor behaviors. In their homes, athletes. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variances, 100 infants, aged two to twelve months, were videotaped and Tukey’s Post-Hoc analysis, also found that the performing specific tasks in the prone, supine, seated, and perceived importance of various sources of sport-confi- upright postures. The presentation order was rotated to dence differed between and within gender, and between prevent fatigue effects. Sitting items were dichotomously participation levels in the sport of track and field. The six scored by reviewing the videotapes. The results indicated factor model appeared to be stable across gender and that the sitting items’ stability was high (coefficient of sport-participation levels and supported Atchley’s (1989) agreement was 87%), providing initial evidence that the continuity theory of aging. administration and scoring were stable across two testing sessions. The one-parameter item response theory model was tested because of its simplicity; it has been successfully used with psychomotor data. Unfortunately, a large percent of items did not fit this model (25%). Since most of the misfit items were designed to measure abilities of young infants, this model was deemed unacceptable. The Rasch rating scale model was investigated because it organized responses into fewer items and because the one- parameter model was unacceptable. Subjects' performances were recorded using the new rating scales. A factor analysis with a varimax rotation showed that the items had a simple structure, with over 15% of the variance loading

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on one factor. Therefore, the unidimensionality assumption Nunley, Danya C. Exercise participation, self efficacy, and fear of IRT was met. The FACETS computer program was used of falling in older adults, 1999. M.A., University of North to find the optimal categorization for each item, employing Carolina, Chapel Hill (Bonita L. Marks). (106pp 2f $8.00) the statistics of infit, outfit, Thurstone Threshold, the PSY 2108 average measure, and response difficulty. The final rating scales provided a much better fit to the data, where only The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship four items were discarded, due to poor psychometrics and between the exercise participation habits of community- problems in administration or scoring. Moreover, the dwelling older adults and their balance-related self efficacy rating scale methodologies produced an item bank that and fear of falling. Volunteers from senior centers (n=163: was better organized and void of weak responses. It is 52 males, 110 females; Age: 74.79±6.13) completed a hoped that this methodology will be used to create motor questionnaire examining demography, exercise participa- skills assessments for children of any age and tests for tion, fear of falling (FF), and the Activity-specific Balance various purposes. Confidence Scale (ABC). Regular exercisers had higher ABC (p<0.001) and lower FF (p<0.001, p=0.004) scores than Hale, Brendon S. Effect of mental imagery of a motor task on non-regular exercisers or those who did not exercise. ABC the Hoffmann reflex, 1998. M.S., Indiana University (Jack scores were higher for those who participated in regular Raglin). (78pp 1f $4.00) PSY 2124 exercise, regardless of mode (p< 0.004). FF was lower for the combination mode group than for the non-regular/no The problem of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise group (p<0.001). Higher ABC level (p=0.021) and mental imagery of plantar flexion of the right leg on the lower FF (p<0.001) scores were found for those who central nervous system by measuring the amplitude of the exercised at an intensity level of somewhat hard than fairly Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex). In addition, background EMG hard. Younger age, being European/American, having a (BEMG) of the soleus and of the tibialis anterior was college/graduate school education, and being at the assessed. In this study 23 adult subjects (M=23.25 yrs. Chapel Hill site were all associated with lower FF and/or SD=3.2 yrs) were instructed to mentally image plantar higher ABC scores. A weak negative correlation was found flexion of the right foot at 40, 60, 80 and 100% of maximum between FF and ABC scores. In conclusion, these results voluntary contraction (MVC) after practicing actual suggest that regular exercise of at least a moderate inten- contractions at these intensities. BEMG was measured for sity, as well as a post-high school education, are associated all trials in the soleus and tibialis anterior of both the right with lower FF and higher balance confidence in older and left leg. The soleus H-reflex was measured in the right adults. leg during all trials. Subjects completed 45 total trials: 20 mental imagery trials (5 at each intensity), followed by 15 Sullivan, Ann-Catherine Effects of environmental treatments trials of performing the actual motor task, and 10 resting on the emergence of aquatic locomotor behaviors, 1997. M.A., control trials. The administration of these trials was Ohio State University (Jacqueline Herkowitz). (149pp 2f randomized within conditions in blocks of 5 trials. All trials $8.00) PSY 2106 lasted 7 seconds. Dependent measures were the BEMG activity (20 ms bin) and the peak-to-peak amplitude of the This two-subject study investigated how two five-year-old H-reflex. Results were analyzed using repeated measures boys, one who was mentally disabled and one who was ANOVA with the alpha level set at .05. In cases where typically developing, demonstrated locomotor behaviors significant main effects occurred, Dunnett’s post hoc when being taught to swim by a teacher, in an environ- analysis was conducted. Actual plantar flexion resulted in ment supplied with an elevated platform as opposed to an elevation (p<0.05) in H-reflex and BEMG that varied in environment with no such platform. This study was accordance with degree of effort. A significant condition completed within the theoretical context of developmental effect was not observed for H-reflex amplitude during psychology’s Dynamic Systems Theory and pedagogy’s imagery. However, a main effect (p< 0.05) for trials was literature dealing with children’s opportunities to respond observed. H-reflex amplitude increased linearly across within a physical activity setting. Each child was given trials independent of imagined effort, whereas this trend eight 30-minute swimming lessons. The odd-numbered was not observed for EMG activity. Based on the present swimming sessions were without platforms and the even- study it is concluded that the changes observed in H-reflex numbered sessions utilized platforms. A single-subject amplitude during mental imagery of a simple motor task alternating-treatments design, with no initial baselines, are a function of repetition or practice and do not reflect was utilized in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the the percent of maximum voluntary contraction being presence of the platforms. The number of locomotor imaged. These results do not support the psychoneuro- behaviors and variability found for each behavior and muscular theory of imagery that indicates physiological independent variable were counted. The two most critical responses to imagery should mirror those associated with hypotheses of this study were accepted. The first hypoth- actual movements. esis stated that more locomotor behaviors would be demonstrated by children when the swimming environ-

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ment was supplied with platforms than when the plat- study attempted to examine this issue and to determine the forms were absent. The second hypothesis stated that more level of processing that the high CI practice condition may locomotor behaviors would be demonstrated by the child promote during acquisition. Specif1cally, a transfer test who was typically developing than by the child who was was designed to identify the impact of CI manipulations on mentally disabled, regardless of whether the platforms memory. Forty subjects practiced three key-press tasks by were present or absent. Factors that may have influenced using nine number keys on a computer keyboard in either the findings include the influence of illness on the perfor- a random or blocked condition, followed by a 10-min mance and attendance of both of the children during the delayed retention and two transfer tests which involved study. Each child’s illness precluded attendance at planned similar movement sequences on the same nine keys, but swimming sessions as well as minimizing optimal perfor- with a telephone layout of the numbers (i.e., either the mance just prior to and immediately following each child’s same motoric or the same perceptual components of the illness. originally practiced sequences). An analysis of movement time and reaction time resulted in a typical CI effect, in Tseh, Wayland Factors influencing gait transition in adoles- which random practice retained information better than cents, 2000. Ph.D., University of North Carolina, Greens- the blocked practice, although suffered in acquisition. boro (Don W. Morgan). (92pp 1f $4.00) PSY 2120 Movement time during the transfer tests was significantly superior for the random practice condition in the percep- The primary objective of this investigation was to identify tual transfer (p<.05), suggesting that the benefits of high CI whether metabolic, perceptual, anthropometric, or biome- practice might be located in perceptual encoding attributed chanical factors influence the walk-to-run transition in to the higher level of processing. adolescents. Ten 11-year-olds, ten 13-year-olds, and ten 15- year-olds (15 girls and 15 boys) participated in five laboratory testing sessions. Following 30 minutes of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY accommodation to treadmill walking and running (Session 1), the preferred transition speed (PTS) of walking and running was identified in Session 2. In Session 3, subjects Ardovino, Patricia S. The meaning of leisure experience in the walked on a level treadmill at 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, and lives of adult male offenders and former offenders with mental 110% of PTS, while in Session 4, adolescents ran on a level retardation, 1999. Ph.D., Indiana University (Barbara A. treadmill at 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130% of PTS. The Hawkins). (283pp 3f $12.00) PSY 2125 focus of Session 5 was to determine whether the values obtained for ankle angular velocity and ankle angular The problem of this study was to examine the meaning of acceleration adhered to four a priori criteria established leisure experience in the lives of adult male offenders and previously as necessary to be considered a determinant of former offenders with mental retardation. Specifically, the the PTS. Results indicated no difference between the study investigated the nature of leisure participation for energy cost of walking and running at the PTS. Conversely, offenders and former offenders with mental retardation data revealed that rating of perceived exertion was higher before, during, and after incarceration; the requirements of while walking at the PTS compared to running at the PTS. offenders and former offenders with mental retardation to With respect to anthropometric variables, a moderate experience leisure; and the meaning of leisure experience positive correlation was revealed between leg length and to offenders and former offenders with mental retardation. PTS and between body mass and PTS. Neither ankle A case study design using ethnographic methodology was angular velocity nor ankle angular acceleration was applied to address the research questions. Interviews, considered to be a determinant of PTS. Taken together, observations, and document analysis were used with 4 these findings suggest that the gait transition process in adult male offenders and 4 adult male former offenders male and female adolescents appears to be influenced more with mental retardation, who were key informants. by perceptual and structural factors than by energetic or Trustworthiness was ensured by data collection method, biomechanical variables. data source, researcher expertise, time, and theory. Researcher subjectivity was managed by triangulation, Whitman, Shawn P. The contextual interference effect on the validation of data and interpretations, and the presentation memory system: motoric or perceptual? 2000. M.S., University of multiple perspectives. The constant comparative method of Memphis (Yuhua Li). (41pp 1f $4.00) PSY 2116 was used to analyze the data. A total of 19 interviews and 16 observations were completed with the study informants. A large number of studies over the past few decades have Twenty-one interviews were completed with corroborating examined the contextual interference (CI) effect in motor individuals. Seven records from the correctional facility or skill learning. However, an unresolved question is whether park and recreation department were reviewed. Three key the benefits of high CI practice, random practice, on motor themes emerged from the data: (a) the depth and breadth memory are primarily located at perceptual or motoric of leisure participation patterns, (b) the opportunity for encoding during the initial learning process. The current choice of leisure experience, and (c) the opportunity to

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enjoy optimal leisure experience. It is emphasized that the The study involved a cross-sectional survey design with findings from this study were specific to the informants principal focus on the sociocultural differences observed and context studied. The findings provided empirical between two college women groups when examining for evidence that adult male offenders and former offenders presence of traits associated with disordered-eating with mental retardation have had satisfying leisure behaviors and body image perception. 440 Ss participated experiences. at University of Puerto Rico and Indiana University. The study used the EDI-2 (Garner, 1991), in Spanish and Bindarwish, Jamal Social physique anxiety and exercise setting English. Differences between means were analyzed using t- preferences among college students in a required PEFWL course, test at a level of sig. of 0.05. Correlations between indepen- 2000. M.S., Ball State University (Valerie Wayda). (76pp 1f dent variables—age, status in college, and BMI, with the $4.00) PSY 2114 eight subscales of the EDI-2 (dependent variables)—were tested using Pearson Moment Correlations at level of sig. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect Social of 0.05. The descriptive analysis of the incidence of eating Physique Anxiety (SPA) levels have on college students’ disorders in this sample revealed rates over 27% in Body preferences for different exercise settings. Those exercise Dissatisfaction and over 14% in Drive for Thinness in the settings included exercising with people of same gender, American group. The Puerto Rican group exhibited an exercising with people who were physically fit, and incidence rate of over 45% in Perfectionism and Maturity exercising with people of similar body shape. In addition, Fears. The t-test analysis revealed that significant differ- the study investigated the role of gender concerning these ence exits between the two ethnic groups sampled in four exercise setting preferences. Furthermore, this study subscales of the EDI-2: Body Dissatisfaction, Perfectionism, examined the relationship between SPA levels and Interpersonal Distrust, and Maturity Fears. Correlation students’ preferences for different types of physical fitness analysis showed the significant positive r between Drive activities and their perceived physical fitness (PPF). A for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction with BMI for the sample of 375 undergraduate male and female students at American group, and significant positive r between Ball State University was selected using a purposeful Ineffectiveness with BMI for the Puerto Rican group. The sampling procedure. The participants were enrolled in the existence of the traits for eating disorders in the two ethnic coeducational Physical Education Fitness/Wellness course group samples suggests that college environments and (PEFWL) during spring 2000 semester. During a scheduled sociocultural expectations contribute to the manifestation, class, the participants completed a 35 item questionnaire development, and maintenance of eating-disordered which assessed SPA levels, PPF, and other items related to behaviors and misperception of body image by emphasiz- exercise setting. In this study, male participants were ing perfection, competition, motivation, and attractiveness significantly higher in PPF than female participants, in college women with different sociocultural back- whereas female participants were significantly higher in grounds. SPA than male participants. To address the five research hypotheses, logistic and multiple regression analyses were Hancher, Heidi L. The influence of spousal exercise patterns used (p<.05). Both SPA and gender were significant and perceived social support on the quality of life and health predictors of participants’ preference for exercising with status in regular exercisers, 2000. M.S., Purdue University people of same gender, participants’ preference for (Gerald Hyner). (74pp 1f $4.00) PSY 2113 exercising with people physically fit, and participants’ preference for exercising with people of same body shape. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Gender significantly predicted the preference of participat- spousal exercise patterns on the quality of life and health ing in the physical activity groups of physical conditioning status of a regular exerciser. Social support was examined and swimnastics/fitness swimming. Finally, SPA was the as a possible pathway for the interaction of the variables. only significant predictor (p<.001) of participants’ PPF. Also examined was whether a gender difference existed in Based on the results of this study, SPA played a critical role the influence of social support on health outcomes. A total in college-age students’ exercise setting preferences. of 108 participants completed useable surveys. Subjects Students’ self-presentational concerns about their phy- were 36% (39) male and 62% (67) female, with the greatest siques being negatively evaluated by others may indeed number of participants falling into the age category of 40- influence their exercise setting preferences. 49 years. All subjects were married, and participated in regular physical activity at the time of data collection. Encarnacion-Garcia, Haydee Sociocultural differences in Physically active subjects were recruited from recreational eating[-]disordered behaviors and body image perception: a facilities in the Midwest. There was a significant difference comparison between Puerto Rican and American college women, between those with an exercising spouse and those with a 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Mohammad Torabi). non-exercising spouse, with respect to levels of perceived (118pp 2f $8.00) PSY 2126 social support (t=5.36, p=<.001). Since the amount of variability in quality of life explained by levels of perceived

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social support (r=.20, p<.05) was not great enough to reach realistic significance, the hypothesis that levels of per- ceived social support would predict quality of life was not supported. Social support was not related to health status. There was no relationship between the exercise patterns of a spouse and the quality of life or health status of subjects. It was hypothesized that the differences between spousal exercise patterns, quality of life, and health status could be explained by variability in levels of perceived social support. There was no significant moderating effect of social support on quality of life or health status. It was also hypothesized that females would be more influenced by levels of perceived social support compared to males. However, there were no gender differences observed. In conclusion, the hypothesis that spousal exercise patterns would predict quality of life and health status in a regular exercising sample, while controlling for levels of perceived social support was not supported. The hypothesis that females’ quality of life and health status would be more influenced by perceived social support compared to males also failed to be supported.

Ostlund, Linda D. A case study of the impact of a sequential swim program on behaviors of one young child with autism and his mother, 1999. M.S., Indiana University (Barbara A. Hawkins). (151pp 2f $8.00) PSY 2121

Studies have indicated that early intervention contributes to successful outcomes for young children with autism, ages 2 to 4 years. Little is known, however, about the impact of a directed swimming program in meeting the goals of early intervention. This case study examined changes in the behavior (i.e., communication, attachment, sleeping patterns, and physical behavior) of a four-year-old boy with autism while he and his mother participated in a directed swim program. Case study design methodology was used in this investigation. Findings suggest that swimming was an appropriate physical activity for the young child, resulting in him being calm and agreeable for at least 6 hours after his pool session. The young child was socially interactive and communicative with his peers and with adults while swimming. He also developed a bonding experience with another adult, the researcher who served as aquatic instructor, in addition to his mother, during the swim program. Sleep patterns were an unchanged behav- ior in this case study.

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PART II

KEYWORDS INDEX for VOLUME 13, NO. 1

This index includes keywords for titles pub- BIOMECHANICS lished in microfiche format by Microform Allen, D.M. [D,MA-DE,MAV] PE 3815 Publications in Volume 13, No. 1 (April 2000). Biomechanics is one of the keywords of a study Each title in Part I is indexed using keywords by D. M. Allen. The research methods used in selected and assigned from the Sport Thesaurus, the study include Descriptive and Mechanical published by the Sport Information Resource Analysis techniques; statistics are Descriptive Centre (SIRC), located in Gloucester, Canada. and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The (Users should note that British spelling conven- study’s subject code is PE 3815. To find the title tions [e.g., behaviour] occasionally appear.) In of the study as listed in part I of the Bulletin, use addition to keywords identifying the content of the author index in the back of the book to find a study, the major research methods are identi- the page number on which the study by D. M. fied by the statistical technique employed and Allen is listed. appear in brackets immediately following the author's name. Users may find these method- Criteria used to determine whether a study is ological and statistical descriptors helpful in experimental include the use of a control group identifying a particular design or statistical and the manipulation of an independent vari- prototype for their own research investigations. able or variables. Studies designed to examine A listing of statistical abbreviations used in this correlations among selected variables in a index is found on the following page. particular population are classified as surveys.

The keywords appear in alphabetic order and Specific abbreviations for research methods and are followed by the author names of the doc- the statistical techniques that were used are toral or master's theses that they refer to. Be- listed alphabetically in the table on the follow- cause each thesis will have more than one ing page. keyword, author names appear several times under different keywords. The author names are followed by the research and statistical methods used in the study. These are contained in brack- ets—the letters in front of the dash refer to the research methods, those following the dash denote the statistical methods. The methods information is followed by the subject code and number for the study. The following example illustrates the elements of each entry.

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METHODS

A Anthropometry GE Genetic MAN Manual AR Action Research H Historical O Observational C Case Study I Interview P Philosophical CA Content Analysis IA Item Analysis Q Questionnaire CH Choreography J Jury REV Review CI Critical Incident Analysis JA Job Analysis S Survey COM Comparative Study L Laboratory SD Semantic Differential D Descriptive LR Library Research TC Test Construction DA Documentary Analysis M Model E Experimental MA Mechanical Analysis

STATISTICS

% Percent KS Kolmogorov-Smirnov TAU Kendall’s Rank Coefficient AC Analysis of Covariance KW Kruskal-Wallis TR Tetrachoric Correlation AV Analysis of Variance LR Logistical Regression TU Tukey’s Test AV(F) Analysis of Variance LSD Least Significant Variance U Mann-Whitney U Test (Friedman) MAC Multivariate Analysis of V Votaw Formula B Binomial Covariance W Kendall Coefficient of BC Biserial Correlation MAV Multivariate Analysis of Concordance BON Bonferroni Method Variance WD(R) Wherry-Doolittle Method CAN Canonical Correlation MDA Multivariate Discriminant (Multiple Correlation) CC Contingency Coefficient Analysis WI Wilcoxon Test CO Cohen’s Coefficient of MMM Multivariate Mixed Model Z Standard Score Agreement MR Multiple Regression CQ Cochran Q Test N Normative CS Chi Square NK Newman-Keuls CV Coefficient of Variation PA Path Analysis DE Descriptive PC Phi Coefficient DEL Delphi Method PR Phi Coefficient DisA Discriminant Analysis R Multiple Correlation DU Duncan Multiple Regression RC Reliability Coefficient DUN Dunn Test RD Spearman Rank Correlation Eta Curvilinear Correlation RE Regression Equation F Flanagan Procedure RM Reapeated Measures FA Factor Analysis RPM Pearson Product-Movement G Graphic SB Spearman-Brown Prophecy GA Gamma Method of Associa- SCH Scheffe’s Method tion SEE Standard Error of the GG Greenhouse Geisser Conser- Estimate vative SI Sign Test HA Hartley’s Method SP Split Plot Repeated Measures HS Hull’s Method Analysis HV Homogeneity of Variance SSP Split-Split Plot Repeated K Kirk’s Test Measures Analysis KC Coefficient of Consistence T T Ratio KR Kuder-Richardson TA Trend Anaylisis

43 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

KEYWORDS

1800H AERODYNAMICS Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Alaways, L. W. [D, AR, MA, TC-DE, RM, G] PE 4035 1920D AGE FACTOR Smith, L. D. [D, H-DE] PE 4041 Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 Turesky, D. S. [D, LR, H-DE, %] PE 4044 AGED 1930D Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY Allen, M. S. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4080 2118 1994 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 Johnson, J. E. [D, Q-DE, %, T] PE 4050 1995 Kamadulski, M. [D, A, COM-DE, AV, SCH, G] PE 4027 Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 AGENT ACCELERATION Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 2120 AGGRESSION ACCIDENT Hammond, J. S. [D, Q-DE, T, BON] PSY 2107 Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY AGING 2118 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 2108 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY ACCULTURATION 2108 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 Iaia, J. [D, H, I-DE] PE 4025 AMENORRHEA ACTIVATION Hale, B. S. [D, Q, AR-DE, %, AV, RM, G] PSY 2124 Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 ANAEROBIC TRAINING ADAPTATION Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 ANTHROPOMETRY ADDICTION Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 Parsons, L. S. [D, Q, IA-DE, R, RC, RPM] PE 4056 Greenwell, S. D. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, MR] PE 4029 Kamadulski, M. [D, A, COM-DE, AV, SCH, G] PE 4027 ADIPOSE TISSUE Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Greenwell, S. D. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, MR] PE 4029 MR, G] PSY 2110 Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 ADMINISTRATION Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 Chester, D. D. [D-DE] PE 4061 ANTIOXIDANT Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 APTITUDE Matheny, T. [D, Q, I-DE] PE 4047 Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Shapiro, D. R. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, CS, RPM] PSY 2123 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 AQUATIC ACTIVITIES Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 Zeck, J. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4058 ARCH ADOLESCENT Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 Eisenmann, J. C. [D, L-DE, T, RPM, BON, G] PH 1695 ARM Howerton, M. W. [D, Q-DE, RM, MAV, TU] HE 662 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH ARTHROSCOPY 1680 Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY 4085 2120 ARTICULAR LIGAMENT ADULT Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 4085 Lehmkuhl, L. A. [D, A-DE, T, AV, G] PE 4091 ASCORBIC ACID Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 AEROBIC TRAINING ATHLETE Fietkau, R. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RE, CS, G] PH 1693 Chamberlain, H. [D, J, Q-DE, T, CS, AV, R] HE 661 Immel, D. D. [D, Q-DE, %, g] PH 1685

44 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 Seidenman, R. S. [D, H-DE] PE 4033 ATHLETIC DIRECTOR BIOLOGY Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, ATLANTA MR, G] PSY 2110 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 BIOMECHANICS ATTENTION Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 Patterson, D. L. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, G] PE 4088 Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 Whitman, S. P. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, G] PSY 2116 BLACKS ATTITUDE Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 AUTISM BLOOD Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Eisenmann, J. C. [D, L-DE, T, RPM, BON, G] PH 1695 BACK BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Parks, L. M. [D, Q-DE, CS, MR, BON] PE 4090 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 BALL GAME Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 BLOOD FLOW BANDAGE Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 2118 BLOOD GLUCOSE BASEBALL Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 Alaways, L. W. [D, AR, MA, TC-DE, RM, G] PE 4035 Armitage, M. T. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4032 Rasmussen, C. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AV, TU, LSD, G] PE 4075 Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 BLOOD PRESSURE Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Fietkau, R. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RE, CS, G] PH 1693 Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 Lehmkuhl, L. A. [D, A-DE, T, AV, G] PE 4091 Iaia, J. [D, H, I-DE] PE 4025 BODY Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 BODY AWARENESS Kammer, D. J. [D, H-DE, %] PE 4039 Raucher, L. B. [D, H, A, Q, J-DE, RC, KW, CS, RPM, AV] PE Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 4084 Sadowsky, M. [D, Q-DE, RD] PE 4064 BODY COMPOSITION Seidenman, R. S. [D, H-DE] PE 4033 Greenwell, S. D. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, MR] PE 4029 Smith, L. D. [D, H-DE] PE 4041 Kamadulski, M. [D, A, COM-DE, AV, SCH, G] PE 4027 Turesky, D. S. [D, LR, H-DE, %] PE 4044 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 BASKETBALL Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 Braun, A. [D, DA, I-DE, %] PE 4048 BODY FLUID Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 Collins, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1689 Gottschall, L. L. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4043 BODY IMAGE Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Parker, S. E. [D, A, L-DE, %, T, BON, G] PH 1684 Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 Raucher, L. B. [D, H, A, Q, J-DE, RC, KW, CS, RPM, AV] PE BEHAVIOUR 4084 Bayer, E. C. [D, IA, M-DE, FA, %, BC, G] PSY 2122 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Chamberlain, H. [D, J, Q-DE, T, CS, AV, R] HE 661 MR, G] PSY 2110 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 BODY SURFACE AREA Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION BEHAVIOUR DISORDER Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Collins, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1689 BONE BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 BONE DENSITY BIOCHEMISTRY Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 Malcolm, S. [D, L, E-DE, T, AV, TU, G] PE 4076 BONE DEVELOPMENT BIOFEEDBACK Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 BOY BIOGRAPHY Kammer, D. J. [D, H-DE, %] PE 4039 Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062

45 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

BRITISH COLUMBIA Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062 BROADCASTING COGNITION Smith, L. D. [D, H-DE] PE 4041 Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY BRUCE TREADMILL TEST 2118 Spackman, M. B. [D, COM, Q, A-DE, T, RPM, SEE, %, G] PH COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 1687 Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 BUSINESS COMMUNITY Crissey, J. C. [D, CA-DE] PE 4067 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 CALF COMPARATIVE STUDY Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 CAMPING Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 COMPLIANCE CANADA Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Blodgett, A. D. [D, L, A, Q-DE, RM, AV, T, BON] PE 4083 Howerton, M. [D, Q-DE, RM, MAV, TU] HE 662 Lundberg, J. L. [D, L, Q-DE, AV, LSD, TU, G] PE 4071 CONDITIONING Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 Markgraf, A. [D, AR-DE, %] PE 4070 Rasmussen, C. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AV, TU, LSD, G] PE 4075 CONFIDENCE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 CONSTRUCTION CARNITINE Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 White, L. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, T, RE, G] PH 1686 COORDINATION CASE STUDY Bayer, E. C. [D, IA, M-DE, FA, %, BC, G] PSY 2122 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 CORONARY DISEASE Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 CORPORATE CHALLENGE CENTRE OF GRAVITY Crissey, J. C. [D, CA-DE] PE 4067 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 CORRUPTION CEREBELLUM Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY COUNSELING 2118 Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 CERTIFICATION CRIMINAL Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 CHICAGO CURVE BALL Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 Alaways, L. W. [D, AR, MA, TC-DE, RM, G] PE 4035 CHILD CYCLING Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 Blodgett, A. D. [D, L, A, Q-DE, RM, AV, T, BON] PE 4083 Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 Patterson, D. L. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, G] PE 4088 Swensen, C. T. [D, Q, L-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1681 Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 DANCE Shapiro, D. R. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, CS, RPM] PSY 2123 Allen, M. S. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4080 CHILD DEVELOPMENT Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 Bayer, E. C. [D, IA, M-DE, FA, %, BC, G] PSY 2122 Raucher, L. B. [D, H, A, Q, J-DE, RC, KW, CS, RPM, AV] PE Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 4084 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 CLIMBING DECISION-MAKING Sanders, B. V. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, BON] PH 1683 Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 COACH DEPTH JUMPING Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 Vaczi, M. [D, A, AR-DE, %, RPM, DisA, RM, RE, G] PE Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 4072 COACHING DIET Hansen, D. E. [D, Q-DE, AV, LSD] PE 4042 Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 Lattimore, D. L. [D, Q, S-DE, RPM] PSY 2115 DIETARY PROTEIN Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663

46 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION EVALUATION Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Kamadulski, M. [D, A, COM-DE, AV, SCH, G] PE 4027 DIETETICS Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Parsons, L. S. [D, Q, IA-DE, R, RC, RPM] PE 4056 DIGESTION Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 Lundberg, J. L. [D, L, Q-DE, AV, LSD, TU, G] PE 4071 Spackman, M. B. [D, COM, Q, A-DE, T, RPM, SEE, %, G] PH Rasmussen, C. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AV, TU, LSD, G] PE 4075 1687 Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 DISCRIMINATION EXERCISE Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 DISEASE Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 Gottschall, L. L. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4043 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 DISTANCE RUNNING Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 Eisenmann, J. C. [D, L-DE, T, RPM, BON, G] PH 1695 Gandhi, N. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, RM, TU, KS, KW, G] HE 657 DOWN’S SYNDROME Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 4079 DRUG Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 EATING DISORDER Immel, D. D. [D, Q-DE, %, g] PH 1685 Lehmkuhl, L. A. [D, A-DE, T, AV, G] PE 4091 Chamberlain, H. [D, J, Q-DE, T, CS, AV, R] HE 661 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Lundberg, J. L. [D, L, Q-DE, AV, LSD, TU, G] PE 4071 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Malcolm, S. [D, L, E-DE, T, AV, TU, G] PE 4076 Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 MR, G] PSY 2110 Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY ECONOMICS 2108 Sadowsky, M. [D, Q-DE, RD] PE 4064 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 Turesky, D. S. [D, LR, H-DE, %] PE 4044 Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 EDUCATION Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Spackman, M. B. [D, COM, Q, A-DE, T, RPM, SEE, %, G] PH ELECTROLYTE 1687 Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY 659 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 Swensen, C. T. [D, Q, L-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1681 Lim, Y. [D, A, AR-DE, AV, RM, %, G] PE 4082 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 EMOTION Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 EXERCYCLE EMPLOYEE Swensen, C. T. [D, Q, L-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1681 Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 EXPERIMENTATION ENDOSCOPY Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE FACILITY 4085 Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 ENDURANCE FACULTY Blodgett, A. D. [D, L, A, Q-DE, RM, AV, T, BON] PE 4083 Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062 Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 FALLING ENERGY METABOLISM Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 2118 White, L. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, T, RE, G] PH 1686 Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY ENROLLMENT 2108 Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 FATIGUE ENTERTAINMENT Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 Allen, M. S. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4080 Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 FEAR ENVIRONMENT Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY Shapiro, D. R. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, CS, RPM] PSY 2123 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 2108 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 FIBROMYALGIA EQUILIBRIUM Gandhi, N. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, RM, TU, KS, KW, G] HE 657 Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY 2108

47 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

FIGURE SKATING Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE MR, G] PSY 2110 659 FLEXIBILITY HEALTH Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, FLEXION MR, G] PSY 2110 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 HEALTH CENTRE FLORIDA Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 HEALTH EDUCATION FOOT Howerton, M. [D, Q-DE, RM, MAV, TU] HE 662 Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 HEALTH PROMOTION FOOTBALL Lewis, G. M. [D, H, LR-DE, %] PE 4051 Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 FORCE Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 HEALTH SURVEY FRACTURE Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 HEART FREE THROW Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 HEMOLYSIS FRIENDSHIP Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH Lyons, R. A. [D, Q-DE] RC 536 1680 FULL-CONTACT KARATE HERO Immel, D. D. [D, Q-DE, %, g] PH 1685 Kammer, D. J. [D, H-DE, %] PE 4039 GAIT Seidenman, R. S. [D, H-DE] PE 4033 Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY HISTORY 2120 Armitage, M. T. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4032 GASTROCNEMIUS Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 Braun, A. [D, DA, I-DE, %] PE 4048 GIRL Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 GLUCOCORTICOID Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 Kammer, D. J. [D, H-DE, %] PE 4039 GLUCOSE Lewis, G. M. [D, H, LR-DE, %] PE 4051 Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Rasmussen, C. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AV, TU, LSD, G] PE 4075 Smith, L. D. [D, H-DE] PE 4041 GOLF Turesky, D. S. [D, LR, H-DE, %] PE 4044 Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 HOFFMANN’S SIGN Lim, Y. [D, A, AR-DE, AV, RM, %, G] PE 4082 Hale, B. S. [D, Q, AR-DE, %, AV, RM, G] PSY 2124 GOLF COURSE HOLDING Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 GOVERNMENT HORMONE Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 HUMAN GRIP Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY Perkins, K. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, DU] PH 1692 2120 GROUND REACTION FORCE HYDROCORTISONE Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 GROUP COHESION HYPERTENSION Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 Fietkau, R. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RE, CS, G] PH 1693 Seidenman, R. S. [D, H-DE] PE 4033 Lehmkuhl, L. A. [D, A-DE, T, AV, G] PE 4091 GYMNASTICS IMMUNOLOGY Lattimore, D. L. [D, Q, S-DE, RPM] PSY 2115 Parks, L. M. [D, Q-DE, CS, MR, BON] PE 4090 Blodgett, A. D. [D, L, A, Q-DE, RM, AV, T, BON] PE 4083 IMPACT HAMSTRING Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 IN-SERVICE TRAINING HANDICAPPED Lyons, R. A. [D, Q-DE] RC 536 Rowe, P. I. [D, JA-DE] PE 4053

48 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

INDIANA LACROSSE Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Ferraro, J. A. [D, Q, S, A-DE, %, CS, G] PE 4054 INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION LAND USE Patterson, D. L. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, G] PE 4088 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 INDOOR LAW Sanders, B. V. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, BON] PH 1683 Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 INFANT Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 Bayer, E. C. [D, IA, M-DE, FA, %, BC, G] PSY 2122 LEARNING INJURY Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 LEG Ferraro, J. A. [D, Q, S, A-DE, %, CS, G] PE 4054 Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE 4085 659 Parks, L. M. [D, Q-DE, CS, MR, BON] PE 4090 LEGAL IMMUNITY INSULIN Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 Rasmussen, C. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AV, TU, LSD, G] PE 4075 LEGISLATION INTEGRATION Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 LEISURE INTERVIEW Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 LIABILITY INTRAMURAL SPORT Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 Zeck, J. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4058 LIBRARY INVESTMENT Armitage, M. T. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4032 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 LIFE EXPECTANCY IRON Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH LIFESTYLE 1680 Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 IRON DEFICIENCY Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH LIPID 1680 Eisenmann, J. C. [D, L-DE, T, RPM, BON, G] PH 1695 ISOMETRIC LITERATURE Lundberg, J. L. [D, L, Q-DE, AV, LSD, TU, G] PE 4071 Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE LOCOMOTION 659 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 2120 ITALY LONG JUMP Iaia, J. [D, H, I-DE] PE 4025 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 JAPAN LONGEVITY Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 LUMBOSACRAL REGION JOB ANALYSIS Lim, Y. [D, A, AR-DE, AV, RM, %, G] PE 4082 Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY JOB SATISFACTION Perkins, K. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, DU] PH 1692 Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 JOINT MAN Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 JUDGEMENT Chamberlain, H. [D, J, Q-DE, T, CS, AV, R] HE 661 Hammond, J. S. [D, Q-DE, T, BON] PSY 2107 Greenwell, S. D. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, MR] PE 4029 JUMPING Schneider, P. L. [D, A-DE, T, G] PH 1682 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 MAP KNEE Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE MARKETING 4085 Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 KYPHOSIS Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Crissey, J. C. [D, CA-DE] PE 4067 Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094

49 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 Bayer, E. C. [D, IA, M-DE, FA, %, BC, G] PSY 2122 Lewis, G. M. [D, H, LR-DE, %] PE 4051 MOTOR HOME Lindman, N. T. [D, Q-DE, DEL] PE 4078 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 MOTOR SKILL Sadowsky, M. [D, Q-DE, RD] PE 4064 Hale, B. S. [D, Q, AR-DE, %, AV, RM, G] PSY 2124 Smith, L. D. [D, H-DE] PE 4041 Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 MARRIAGE Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 Whitman, S. P. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, G] PSY 2116 MEASUREMENT MOVEMENT Fietkau, R. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RE, CS, G] PH 1693 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 4079 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 Greenwell, S. D. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, MR] PE 4029 Whitman, S. P. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, G] PSY 2116 Kamadulski, M. [D, A, COM-DE, AV, SCH, G] PE 4027 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Parsons, L. S. [D, Q, IA-DE, R, RC, RPM] PE 4056 Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE MEDICATION 659 Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 MUSCLE MEMORY Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 Whitman, S. P. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, G] PSY 2116 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 MENOPAUSE Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 MENTAL HEALTH Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE MENTAL PROCESS 659 Hale, B. S. [D, Q, AR-DE, %, AV, RM, G] PSY 2124 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 White, L. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, T, RE, G] PH 1686 MENTAL RETARDATION MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION METABOLISM Ferraro, J. A. [D, Q, S, A-DE, %, CS, G] PE 4054 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 NATIONALISM METHOD Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Patterson, D. L. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, G] PE 4088 NORTH CAROLINA Timken, G. L. [D, JA, S-DE, G, TA] PE 4086 Braun, A. [D, DA, I-DE, %] PE 4048 MICHIGAN Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062 Rowe, P. I. [D, JA-DE] PE 4053 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE MILITARY White, L. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, T, RE, G] PH 1686 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 NUTRITION MINERAL Chamberlain, H. [D, J, Q-DE, T, CS, AV, R] HE 661 Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 MINOR LEAGUE Johnson, J. E. [D, Q-DE, %, T] PE 4050 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 Sadowsky, M. [D, Q-DE, RD] PE 4064 Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH MODERN DANCE 1680 Markgraf, A. [D, AR-DE, %] PE 4070 Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 MODIFICATION ORIENTATION Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 MOTHER Lyons, R. A. [D, Q-DE] RC 536 Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 MOTIVATION OSTEOPOROSIS Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Lattimore, D. L. [D, Q, S-DE, RPM] PSY 2115 Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 MOTOR CONTROL OUTDOOR EDUCATION Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 2108 OUTDOOR RECREATION MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

50 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 OXYGEN CONSUMPTION Immel, D. D. [D, Q-DE, %, g] PH 1685 Eisenmann, J. C. [D, L-DE, T, RPM, BON, G] PH 1695 Lim, Y. [D, A, AR-DE, AV, RM, %, G] PE 4082 Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE Malcolm, S. [D, L, E-DE, T, AV, TU, G] PE 4076 4079 Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 PAIN Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 Parks, L. M. [D, Q-DE, CS, MR, BON] PE 4090 Parker, S. E. [D, A, L-DE, %, T, BON, G] PH 1684 Perkins, K. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, DU] PH 1692 PAIRS Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 Sanders, B. V. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, BON] PH 1683 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 Schneider, P. L. [D, A-DE, T, G] PH 1682 PARENT-CHILD RELATION Swensen, C. T. [D, Q, L-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1681 Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY PARTNER 2120 Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, PATELLA MR, G] PSY 2110 Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE White, L. J. [D, A, L, Q-DE, T, RE, G] PH 1686 4085 PITCHING PATIENT ADVOCACY Alaways, L. W. [D, AR, MA, TC-DE, RM, G] PE 4035 Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 PLANNING PERCEPTION Mosher, M. I. [D, I-DE, TA, G] PE 4089 Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 PLYOMETRIC TRAINING Raucher, L. B. [D, H, A, Q, J-DE, RC, KW, CS, RPM, AV] PE Vaczi, M. [D, A, AR-DE, %, RPM, DisA, RM, RE, G] PE 4084 4072 Shapiro, D. R. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, CS, RPM] PSY 2123 POLICY Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 MR, G] PSY 2110 POPULAR CULTURE Whitman, S. P. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, G] PSY 2116 Allen, M. S. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4080 PERIODIZATION POWER Markgraf, A. [D, AR-DE, %] PE 4070 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 PHYSICAL EDUCATION Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 659 Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 POWERLIFTING Lindman, N. T. [D, Q-DE, DEL] PE 4078 Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 Rowe, P. I. [D, JA-DE] PE 4053 PREGNANCY Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 Timken, G. L. [D, JA, S-DE, G, TA] PE 4086 PRESIDENT Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 Chester, D. D. [D-DE] PE 4061 PHYSICAL FITNESS PREVENTION Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 2118 Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 Chen, S. [D, TC, MA, AR-DE, RM, %, G] PE 4077 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 Patterson, D. L. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, G] PE 4088 Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Shapiro, D. R. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, CS, RPM] PSY 2123 Nunley, D. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, TU, KW, RPM, RD] PSY Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 2108 PHYSICAL MOBILITY Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE PHYSICAL THERAPY Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 PROFESSIONAL PHYSICIAN Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 Monahan, B. [D, Q-DE, CS, %] HE 652 PROGRAM PHYSIOLOGY Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 PROTEIN Collins, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1689 Lundberg, J. L. [D, L, Q-DE, AV, LSD, TU, G] PE 4071 Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 PSYCHOLOGY Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 Eisenmann, J. C. [D, L-DE, T, RPM, BON, G] PH 1695 Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114

51 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 RETENTION Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 RETIREMENT Hammond, J. S. [D, Q-DE, T, BON] PSY 2107 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 RISK Lattimore, D. L. [D, Q, S-DE, RPM] PSY 2115 Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 Parsons, L. S. [D, Q, IA-DE, R, RC, RPM] PE 4056 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 Raucher, L. B. [D, H, A, Q, J-DE, RC, KW, CS, RPM, AV] PE 4084 RISK MANAGEMENT Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Matheny, T. [D, Q, I-DE] PE 4047 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 MR, G] PSY 2110 RISK-TAKING Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 PSYCHOMETRICS ROCK CLIMBING Parsons, L. S. [D, Q, IA-DE, R, RC, RPM] PE 4056 Sanders, B. V. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, BON] PH 1683 PUERTO RICO RUGBY Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Hammond, J. S. [D, Q-DE, T, BON] PSY 2107 QUALITY OF LIFE RULE Gandhi, N. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, RM, TU, KS, KW, G] HE 657 Zeck, J. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4058 Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 RUNNING RACIAL RELATIONS Blodgett, A. D. [D, L, A, Q-DE, RM, AV, T, BON] PE 4083 Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Collins, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1689 RACISM Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH RADIO 1680 Parsons, L. S. [D, Q, IA-DE, R, RC, RPM] PE 4056 Smith, L. D. [D, H-DE] PE 4041 Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY RANGE OF MOTION 2120 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 SATISFACTION Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 REACTION TIME SCHOOL Whitman, S. P. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, G] PSY 2116 Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 RECREATION SECONDARY SCHOOL Lyons, R. A. [D, Q-DE] RC 536 Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 Hansen, D. E. [D, Q-DE, AV, LSD] PE 4042 Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 Mills, J. V. [D, I, C, DA-DE, %, G] RC 538 Schneider, P. L. [D, A-DE, T, G] PH 1682 Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 RECRUITING Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 SELF-DETERMINATION RECUMBENT BICYCLE Swensen, C. T. [D, Q, L-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1681 Swensen, C. T. [D, Q, L-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1681 SELF-EFFICACY REGISTRATION Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 REHABILITATION SELF-EVALUATION Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 Walljasper, S. [D, Q-DE] HE 653 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 SELF-PERCEPTION REINFORCEMENT Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 RESEARCH Raucher, L. B. [D, H, A, Q, J-DE, RC, KW, CS, RPM, AV] PE Greenwell, S. D. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, MR] PE 4029 4084 RESERVE Shapiro, D. R. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, CS, RPM] PSY 2123 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 SERUM RESORT Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 SEX FACTOR RESPIRATION Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE SHOOTING 4079

52 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Sadowsky, M. [D, Q-DE, RD] PE 4064 SHOULDER Spengler, J. O. [D, DA, CI-DE, LR, %, CS] PE 4093 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 SIMULATION SPORTS MEDICINE Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 Ferraro, J. A. [D, Q, S, A-DE, %, CS, G] PE 4054 SKIING Malcolm, S. [D, L, E-DE, T, AV, TU, G] PE 4076 Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 SPORTSMANSHIP Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 Hammond, J. S. [D, Q-DE, T, BON] PSY 2107 SKILL Hansen, D. E. [D, Q-DE, AV, LSD] PE 4042 Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Zeck, J. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4058 Parker, S. E. [D, A, L-DE, %, T, BON, G] PH 1684 SPOUSE SMOKING Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 Howerton, M. [D, Q-DE, RM, MAV, TU] HE 662 SQUAT SNOW Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 Aukers, S. M. [D, J-DE, %, G] PE 4092 SQUAT JUMP SNOWBOARDING Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 Crissey, J. C. [D, CA-DE] PE 4067 START SNOWSHOEING Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY 2120 Schneider, P. L. [D, A-DE, T, G] PH 1682 STATE SOCIAL APPROVAL Hancher, H. L. [D, Q, S-DE, T, AV] PSY 2113 Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 STRATEGY SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT Lyons, R. A. [D, Q-DE] RC 536 Fox, B. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PSY 2117 STRENGTH SOCIETY Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Johnson, J. E. [D, Q-DE, %, T] PE 4050 SOCIOCULTURAL FACTOR Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 SOCIOLOGY Perkins, K. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, DU] PH 1692 Iaia, J. [D, H, I-DE] PE 4025 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 SOMATOTYPE Vetter, R. E. [D, A, AR-DE, RPM, MAV, AV] PH 1691 Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 STRESS SORENESS Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 STRETCHING Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 SOUTH CAROLINA Mann, D. P. [D, S, J, AR-DE, CS, T, AV, TA, TA, G] PE 4057 Matheny, T. [D, Q, I-DE] PE 4047 STRIKE SPEED Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 STUDENT SPINAL DISEASE Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 SPINE Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 Parks, L. M. [D, Q-DE, CS, MR, BON] PE 4090 Spackman, M. B. [D, COM, Q, A-DE, T, RPM, SEE, %, G] PH SPONSORSHIP 1687 Crissey, J. C. [D, CA-DE] PE 4067 Stratton, W. M. [D, TC, Q-DE, G] HE 651 STUDENT TEACHER SPORT Timken, G. L. [D, JA, S-DE, G, TA] PE 4086 Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 Chester, D. D. [D-DE] PE 4061 SURGERY Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE Dunlap, E. M. [D, Q-DE, GA, W, RD, RPM] PE 4081 4085 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 SURVEY Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 Bayer, E. C. [D, IA, M-DE, FA, %, BC, G] PSY 2122 Lewis, G. M. [D, H, LR-DE, %] PE 4051 Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 SWIMMING Matheny, T. [D, Q, I-DE] PE 4047 Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Mehaffey, C. A. [D, Q, S-DE, %] PE 4065 Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062 Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Sullivan, A. [D, A, J, AR-DE, %, G] PSY 2106 SWING

53 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Lim, Y. [D, A, AR-DE, AV, RM, %, G] PE 4082 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 TASK ANALYSIS THROWING Hale, B. S. [D, Q, AR-DE, %, AV, RM, G] PSY 2124 Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 TEACHER TOURISM Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 TEACHER TRAINING TOXICOLOGY Hansen, D. E. [D, Q-DE, AV, LSD] PE 4042 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 Rowe, P. I. [D, JA-DE] PE 4053 TRAINING TEACHING Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Gottschall, L. L. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4043 Patterson, D. L. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, G] PE 4088 Johnson, J. E. [D, Q-DE, %, T] PE 4050 Rowe, P. I. [D, JA-DE] PE 4053 Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 TEAM Markgraf, A. [D, AR-DE, %] PE 4070 Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 Timken, G. L. [D, JA, S-DE, G, TA] PE 4086 Seidenman, R. S. [D, H-DE] PE 4033 Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 TEAM POSITION TRAJECTORY Bromley, S. T. [D, I, Q, S-DE, MAV, AV, Z, R, %] PSY 2112 Alaways, L. W. [D, AR, MA, TC-DE, RM, G] PE 4035 TEAM SPORT TRANSITION Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY TECHNIQUE 2120 Alaways, L. W. [D, AR, MA, TC-DE, RM, G] PE 4035 TRAVELER Fietkau, R. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RE, CS, G] PH 1693 Lee, S. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4040 Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 TREADMILL TECHNOLOGY Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 Kamadulski, M. [D, A, COM-DE, AV, SCH, G] PE 4027 TREATMENT Yee, A. J. [D, A, L-DE, R, AV, MR, G] PE 4028 Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 TEMPERATURE Royle, N. L. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, G] PE 4024 Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 ULTRASONICS TENDON Albo, J. M. [D, TC-DE, RC, RM, AV, GG, T, RPM] PSY Manzour, W. F. [D, A, MA, Q-DE, AV, T, MAV, TU, CS] PE 2118 4085 Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 TESTING UNITED STATES Dutto, D. J. [D, A, AR, MA-DE, RE, AV, TU, G] PE 4034 Allen, M. S. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4080 Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE Armitage, M. T. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4032 4079 Bolton, R. M. [D, H, I-DE, %] PE 4052 Perkins, K. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, DU] PH 1692 Bond, G. [D, H, LR-DE, G] PE 4026 Pulito, B. [D, AR-DE, FA, AV, CO, G] PE 4060 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Spackman, M. B. [D, COM, Q, A-DE, T, RPM, SEE, %, G] PH Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 1687 Joyce, A. E. [D, H, I, DA-DE] PE 4036 THERAPY Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 Kammer, D. J. [D, H-DE, %] PE 4039 Allen, M. S. [D, H, LR-DE] PE 4080 Ardovino, P. S. [D, I, DA-DE] PSY 2125 Lewis, G. M. [D, H, LR-DE, %] PE 4051 Draheim, C. C. [D, L, A-DE, %, CS, R, MAV, T, AC] HE 660 Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 Nordstrom, C. [D, Q, S-DE, CS, G] HE 654 Gandhi, N. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, RM, TU, KS, KW, G] HE 657 Lyons, R. A. [D, Q-DE] RC 536 Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Marsh, P. E. [D-DE, CS, %, RPM, G] RC 537 Sadowsky, M. [D, Q-DE, RD] PE 4064 Seidenman, R. S. [D, H-DE] PE 4033 Ostlund, L. D. [D, C, I, Q-DE] PSY 2121 Patrick, S. W. [D, L, Q, A, E-DE, RM, %, AV, TU] PH 1694 Turesky, D. S. [D, LR, H-DE, %] PE 4044 Peterson, S. [D, L-DE, G] PE 4045 Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 UNIVERSITY Strapp, E. J. [D, L, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4046 Bindarwish, J. [D, Q-DE, MR] PSY 2114 Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE Braun, A. [D, DA, I-DE, %] PE 4048 659 Brawley, J. [D, Q-DE, RC, AV, MR, DisA] HE 655 THERMOTHERAPY Chamberlain, H. [D, J, Q-DE, T, CS, AV, R] HE 661 Ramos, R. J. [D-DE, AV, G] PE 4049 Chester, D. D. [D-DE] PE 4061 Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 THIGH Gottschall, L. L. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4043 Feland, J. B. [D, Q, A-DE, NK, G] PE 4063 Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE THORACIC VERTEBRAE 4079

54 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

Hunt, A. R. [D, Q-DE, %] HE 656 Rinehart, J. L. [D, Q, J-DE, RPM, AV] HE 663 Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Slawta, J. N. [D, L, A, S, Q-DE, T, %, G] HE 658 Lewis, G. M. [D, H, LR-DE, %] PE 4051 Summers, L. [D, Q, S, AR-DE, AC, %, U, CS, T, AV, G] HE Markgraf, A. [D, AR-DE, %] PE 4070 659 Martyak, C. M. [D, DA-DE] PE 4066 Vadocz, E. A. [D, A, I, Q-DE, AC, MAC, BON, CS, DisA, Matheny, T. [D, Q, I-DE] PE 4047 MR, G] PSY 2110 Parker, S. E. [D, A, L-DE, %, T, BON, G] PH 1684 Winters, K. M. [D, A-DE, RPM, RE, RM, AV, G] PE 4087 Saylors, M. M. [D, H, JA, DA, I-DE] PE 4062 WORLD SERIES Spackman, M. B. [D, COM, Q, A-DE, T, RPM, SEE, %, G] PH Kahane, I. [D, H-DE] PE 4031 1687 WORLD WAR I Wilson, R. C. [D, Q-DE, RC, MAV, %, TU, G] PSY 2109 Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Yam, R. H. [D, I, JA-DE] PE 4055 WORLD WAR II UTAH Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 WRESTLING Lindman, N. T. [D, Q-DE, DEL] PE 4078 Orton, J. [D, CS, Q-DE] PE 4068 Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 YOUNG ADULT VALUES Timken, G. L. [D, JA, S-DE, G, TA] PE 4086 Daw, J. L. [D, Q, M-DE, MAV, Z, %, RE, AV] PSY 2119 VIDEOTAPING Polansky, A. L. [D, AR, Q-DE, FA, AV, G] PSY 2111 VISUAL FEEDBACK Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 VISUALIZATION Hale, B. S. [D, Q, AR-DE, %, AV, RM, G] PSY 2124 WALK Greenhalgh, H. [D, Q, A-DE, RE, T, RPM, RM, AV, SEE] PE 4079 WALKING Nelson, J. A. [D, I, A, AR-DE, AV, RM] PH 1688 Tseh, W. [D, Q, A, L, AR-DE, T, AV, TU, RPM, G] PSY 2120 WAR Pustz, M. J. [D, H-DE] PE 4030 WATER Collins, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, AV, TU, G] PH 1689 WEIGHT TRAINING Murlasits, Z. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, %, RPM] PE 4074 Rash, D. G. [D-DE, %, RM, AV] PH 1690 WILDERNESS Galloway, S. P. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4094 WISCONSIN Gottschall, L. L. [D, Q-DE, G] PE 4043 Parker, S. E. [D, A, L-DE, %, T, BON, G] PH 1684 WOMAN Braun, A. [D, DA, I-DE, %] PE 4048 Eagan, M. S. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, TU, T, RPM, MR] PE 4038 Encarnacion-G. [D, S, Q-DE, RC, T, RPM] PSY 2126 Fidler, M. A. [D, H, DA, I-DE, %, G] PE 4037 Fietkau, R. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RE, CS, G] PH 1693 Gandhi, N. [D, Q, A-DE, AV, RM, TU, KS, KW, G] HE 657 Hammond, J. S. [D, Q-DE, T, BON] PSY 2107 Hillenmayer, D. [D, L, AR-DE, RM, AV, DUN, G] PE 4059 Immel, D. D. [D, Q-DE, %, g] PH 1685 Judd, J. L. [D, Q-DE] PE 4073 Kerbs, B. [D-DE, T, %] PE 4069 Lattimore, D. L. [D, Q, S-DE, RPM] PSY 2115 Osterkamp, C. [D, L, A-DE, AV, T, G] PH 1679 Pahnke, T. G. [D, A, L, Q-DE, AC, FA, CS, AV, NK, T, G] PH 1680 Parks, L. M. [D, Q-DE, CS, MR, BON] PE 4090

55 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

INDEX

Alaways, L. W. PE 4035 ...... 4 Lindman, N. T. PE 4078 ...... 13 Vaczi, M. PE 4072 ...... 16 Albo, J. M. PSY 2118 ...... 37 Lundberg, J. L. PE 4071 ...... 19 Vadocz, E. A. PSY 2110 ...... 36 Allen, M. S. PE 4080 ...... 5 Lyons, R. A. RC 536 ...... 33 Vetter, R. E. PH 1691 ...... 28 Ardovino, P. S. PSY 2125 ...... 39 Malcolm, S. PE 4076 ...... 20 Walljasper, S. HE 653 ...... 33 Armitage, M. T. PE 4032 ...... 6 Mann, D. P. PE 4057 ...... 20 White, L. J. PH 1686 ...... 28 Aukers, S. M. PE 4092 ...... 12 Manzour, W. F. PE 4085 ...... 20 Whitman, S. P. PSY 2116 ...... 39 Bayer, E. C. PSY 2122 ...... 37 Markgraf, A. PE 4070 ...... 14 Wilson, R. C. PSY 2109 ...... 37 Bindarwish, J. PSY 2114 ...... 40 Marsh, P. E. RC 537 ...... 33 Winters, K. M. PE 4087 ...... 23 Blodgett, A. D. PE 4083 ...... 16 Martyak, C. M. PE 4066 ...... 2 Yam, R. H. PE 4055 ...... 3 Bolton, R. M. PE 4052 ...... 12 Matheny, T. PE 4047 ...... 2 Yee, A. J. PE 4028 ...... 9 Bond, G. PE 4026 ...... 6 Mehaffey, C. A. PE 4065 ...... 2 Zeck, J. C. PE 4058 ...... 4 Braun, A. PE 4048 ...... 6 Mills, J. V. RC 538 ...... 33 Brawley, J. HE 655 ...... 29 Monahan, B. HE 652 ...... 31 Bromley, S. T. PSY 2112 ...... 34 Mosher, M. I. PE 4089 ...... 3 Chamberlain, H. N. HE 661 ...... 29 Murlasits, Z. PE 4074 ...... 16 Chen, S. PE 4077 ...... 15 Nelson, J. A. PH 1688 ...... 24 Chester, D. D. PE 4061 ...... 1 Nordstrom, C. HE 654 ...... 31 Collins, M. G. PH 1689 ...... 23 Nunley, D. C. PSY 2108 ...... 38 Crissey, J. C. PE 4067 ...... 13 Orton, J. PE 4068 ...... 10 Daw, J. L. PSY 2119 ...... 34 Osterkamp, C. M. PH 1679 ...... 25 Draheim, C. C. HE 660 ...... 29 Ostlund, L. D. PSY 2121 ...... 41 Dunlap, E. M. PE 4081 ...... 1 Pahnke, T. G. PH 1680 ...... 25 Dutto, D. J. PE 4034 ...... 15 Parker, S. E. PH 1684 ...... 25 Eagan, M. S. PE 4038 ...... 17 Parks, L. M. PE 4090 ...... 21 Eisenmann, J. C. PH 1695 ...... 23 Parsons, L. S. PE 4056 ...... 9 Encarnacion-Garcia, H. PSY 2126 ...... 40 Patrick, S. W. PH 1694 ...... 26 Feland, J. B. PE 4063 ...... 17 Patterson, D. L. PE 4088 ...... 10 Ferraro, J. A. PE 4054 ...... 18 Perkins, K. L. PH 1692 ...... 26 Fidler, M. A. PE 4037 ...... 6 Peterson, S. PE 4045 ...... 21 Fietkau, R. PH 1693 ...... 24 Polansky, A. L. PSY 2111 ...... 36 Fox, B. D. PSY 2117 ...... 35 Pulito, B. PE 4060 ...... 5 Galloway, S. P. PE 4094 ...... 1 Pustz, M. J. PE 4030 ...... 8 Gandhi, N. HE 657 ...... 30 Ramos, R. J. PE 4049 ...... 21 Gottschall, L. L. PE 4043 ...... 4 Rash, D. G. PH 1690 ...... 26 Greenhalgh, H. A. PE 4079 ...... 8 Rasmussen, C. J. PE 4075 ...... 22 Greenwell, S. D. PE 4029 ...... 9 Raucher, L. B. PE 4084 ...... 15 Hale, B. S. PSY 2124 ...... 38 Rinehart, J. L. HE 663 ...... 31 Hammond, J. S. PSY 2107 ...... 35 Rowe, P. I. PE 4053 ...... 11 Hancher, H. L. PSY 2113 ...... 40 Royle, N. L. PE 4024 ...... 22 Hansen, D. E. PE 4042 ...... 4 Sadowsky, M. PE 4064 ...... 14 Hillenmayer, D. M. PE 4059 ...... 18 Sanders, B. V. PH 1683 ...... 27 Howerton, M. W. HE 662 ...... 30 Saylors, M. M. PE 4062 ...... 8 Hunt, A. R. HE 656 ...... 30 Schneider, P. L. PH 1682 ...... 27 Iaia, J. PE 4025 ...... 12 Seidenman, R. S. PE 4033 ...... 12 Immel, D. D. PH 1685 ...... 24 Shapiro, D. R. PSY 2123 ...... 36 Johnson, J. E. PE 4050 ...... 18 Slawta, J. N. HE 658 ...... 31 Joyce, A. E. PE 4036 ...... 7 Smith, L. D. PE 4041 ...... 14 Judd, J. L. PE 4073 ...... 14 Spackman, M. B. PH 1687 ...... 27 Kahane, I. PE 4031 ...... 7 Spengler, J. O. PE 4093 ...... 3 Kamadulski, M. J. PE 4027 ...... 18 Strapp, E. J. PE 4046 ...... 22 Kammer, D. J. PE 4039 ...... 7 Stratton, W. M. HE 651 ...... 32 Kerbs, B. PE 4069 ...... 5 Sullivan, A. PSY 2106 ...... 38 Lattimore, D. L. PSY 2115 ...... 35 Summers, L. HE 659 ...... 32 Lee, S. PE 4040 ...... 13 Swensen, C. T. PH 1681 ...... 27 Lehmkuhl, L. A. PE 4091 ...... 19 Timken, G. L. PE 4086 ...... 11 Lewis, G. M. PE 4051 ...... 7 Tseh, W. PSY 2120 ...... 39 Lim, Y. PE 4082 ...... 19 Turesky, D. S. PE 4044 ...... 8

56 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

ADDITIONAL ITEMS AVAILABLE FROM MICROFORM PUBLICATIONS

AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE SPORTS MEDICINE BULLETIN 10(1975)-32(1997) American College of Sports Medicine. 23 fiche ACSM News 8(1973)-9(1974) American College of Sports Medicine. 1 fiche AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE NEWSLETTER 2:2(May 1967)-7:4(Oct. 1972) American College of Sports Medicine. 2 fiche AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 1:1(March 1966)-2:1(Feb. 1967) American College of Sports Medicine. 1 fiche

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UNITED STATES VOLLEYBALL ASSOCIATION Archives , history, records, annual guides (1916-1975). More than 9,000 pages. 126 fiche ...... $378 Addition No. 1—Volleyball Review (1940-1973), U.S.A. Volleyball Review (1973-1980), Volleyball Official Guide (1976-1980). 4,958 pages. 67 + fiche ...... $201 Addition No. 2—Volleyball Review (1980-1981), U.S.A. Volleyball Review (1981-1986), Volleyball Official Guide (1981-1986). 2,916 pages. 43 fiche ...... $129 Addition No. 3—USA volleyball reference guide (1987-1999), United States beach volleyball rules (1997-1999) United States volleyball rules (1990-1999). 70 fiche ...... $210 Complete Set: 17,000+ pages. 306 fiche ...... $900

Also Available: Flanagan, Lance (1960). The History of Volleyball in the United States. Columbia University. 3 fiche ...... $12.00 Lu, Hui-Ching (1950). An analysis of volley ball in various regions of the world. A report of a Type C project (Ed.D.), Columbia University. 5 fiche ...... $20.00

THE UNITED STATES OLYMPIC ACADEMY USOA I “Perspectives of the Olympic Games” University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, 1977. 3 fiche ...... $12 USOA II “Sport and Olympism: A Way of Life” Illinois State University at Normal, 1978. 2 fiche ...... $8 USOA III “The Spirit of Sport” Brigham Young University at Provo, 1979. 2 fiche ...... $8 USOA IV “The Olympic Ideal: 776 B.C. to the 21st Century” Indiana University at Bloomington, 1980. 11 fiche ... $44 USOA V “Expanding Olympic Horizons” Olympic Training Center at Colorado Springs, 1981. 4 fiche ...... $16 USOA VI “Purposes, Principles and Contradictions of the Olympic Movement” Pepperdine University, 1982. 2 fiche...... $8 USOA VII “Olympism: A Movement of the People” Texas Tech University, 1983. 5 fiche ...... $20 USOA VIII “Educating for a Better World: Now!” Los Angeles Athletic Club, 1984. 3 fiche ...... $12

57 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

USOA IX “Olympism: A Commitment to a Better World Tomorrow Through Sport” State University of New York, Pittsburg, 1985. 3 fiche ...... $12 USOA X “Olympism, the Olympic Games and the Worldwide Olympic Movement” U.S. Olympic Complex, Colorado Springs, 1986. 5 fiche ...... $20 USOA X SELECTIONS I “United States Olympic Committee, United States Olympic Academy, A Collection of 23 Representative Presentations at USOAs I-IX. A Souvenir Prepared for the Celebration of USOA X at Colorado Springs, June 10-14, 1986” Colorado Springs, 1986. 2 fiche ...... $8 USOA X SELECTIONS II “Compendium of the Speeches Presented by Educators, Olympic Champions, Administrators, and Avery Brundage at the International Olympic Academy 1961-1985” Colorado Springs, 1986. 3 fiche ...... $12 USOA XI “The Olympics: Serving All People and All Nations” Indianapolis, Indiana, 1987. 4 fiche ...... $16 USOA XII “Proceedings, United States Olympic Academy XII” Pennsylvania State University, 1988. 3 fiche ...... $12 USOA XIII “Olympic Education: Breaking Ground for the 21st Century” Evergreen State College, 1989. 4 fiche . $16 USOA XIV "Gold or Laurel: The Olympic Tradition in a Changing World" Emory University, 1990. 4 fiche ...... $16 USOA XV "Olympic USA: A Team Effort." Colorado State University, 1991. 3 fiche ...... $12 Complete Set Price, USOA I – XV incl. USOA X SELECTIONS I & II : ...... $200

1984 OLYMPIC SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS Abstracts of papers presented. 9 fiche ...... $18

PHYSICAL EDUCATION SPORTS AND THE SCIENCES Papers Presented in Honor of H. Harrison Clarke, Edited by Jan Broekhoff, 1976. Physical Fitness - Tests and Measurements - Physiology of Exercise - Motor Learning - Morphology - Biomechanics Contribution by more than 30 authors from the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and Australia Keynote addresses by H. Harrison Clarke, Franklin Henry, and Henry Montoye. Book, 406 pages ...... $10.00

REFLECTIONS BY H. HARRISON CLARKE Reflections is the autobiography of H. Harrison Clarke, a renown physical educator whose numerous accomplish- ments and contributions to the profession span seven decades! A former president of the American Academy of Physical Education and vice president of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Dr. Clarke initiated intramural athletics and the graduate study program in physical education at Syracuse University, established the doctor of physical education degree at Springfield College, founded Microform Publica- tions, the Physical Fitness Newsletter, and completed the Medford Boys’ Growth Study while at the University of Oregon. Book ...... $12 Available on Microfiche...... $12

CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN ATHLETIC COMPETITION Children and Adolescents in Athletic Competition—Rewards and Adversities is the title of the Proceedings of a 1994 symposium held in memory of Professor Jan Broekhoff, last dean of the College of Human Development and Performance at the University of Oregon. The book contains the most important issues discussed during the sympo- sium. Central was the question, how intense training influences children's physical and psychological maturation. International Institute for Sport and Human Performance, 1995. Book ...... $10

58 Microform Publications—University of Oregon

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