F A L L 2 0 1 1 WWW.NIST.GOV/CNST The CNST News

ExtractingExtracting PhotonsPhotons fromfrom SINGLE QUANTUM DOTS

Catalyzing Carbon Nanotube Growth with Gold Carving Diamond into Tougher Micromachines

High Contrast Nanoplasmonic Optical Switch

Better Nanoparticles for Diagnosing Disease Flower-Shaped Graphene Defects Summer Students Gain Research Experience P A G E 2 F A L L 2 0 1 1 WWW.NIST.GOV/CNST

IN THIS ISSUE Charge Transport 2 From the Director As you may be aware, the CNST user facility advances the development of nanotechnology in two distinct in Solar Cells ways. While the NanoFab provides economical access to state-of-the-art commercial nanotechnology Nanoplasmonic 3 tools, our collaborative research staff are dedicated to advancing the state of the art in nanoscale measure- Optical Switch ment and fabrication. This month, I would like to highlight the wide impact of one of our collaborative re- search projects. Catalyzing of 3 There is a world-wide search underway for devices to replace the CMOS switch that is the foundation of Nanostructure current nanoelectronics. Graphene electronic devices are widely considered to be among the front runners, Growth with Gold but progress requires new ways to make and measure circuit elements based on graphene sheets that are Carving Holes in 4 only one atom-thick. Diamond Following the development at Georgia Tech of methods to grow high-quality graphene on silicon carbide, Phase Segrega- 4 Professors de Heer and First sought new ways to characterize the electronic structure of the graphene tion in Organic layers produced and, in particular, correlate it with atomic scale defects. They asked for the help of CNST’s Photovoltaics Joseph Stroscio, who has built two of the world's most advanced ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling mi- croscope (STM) systems. A collaboration began with a Georgia Tech graduate student bringing the gra- Better Nanoparti- 5 phene samples and growth technology to the CNST, and continued through multiple graduate students and cles for Flow Im- postdocs who performed a highly productive series of collaborative measurements on our STM instru- munoassays ments. Flower-Shaped 5 The results of this five-year collaboration to advance graphene fabrication and measurement technologies Defects in Gra- have been manifold: three Georgia Tech students performed their doctoral research at the CNST; four phene postdoctoral researchers were trained; 14 papers were published, including influential publications in Sci- ence, Nature, and Nature Physics; new commercial instruments were spun off; and, most recently, a postdoc Extracting Pho- 6 left the CNST for Intel. (You can see a highlight from his work on page 5 of this issue.) tons from Quan- tum Dots This example is but one of dozens of collaborative projects underway with CNST researchers. These pro- jects start when someone has a problem not addressed by current nanoscale measurement and fabrication Srinivasan wins 6 technology. The first step in solving such a problem is to contact the Sigma Xi Award most relevant CNST Project Leader (found via our website) to dis- New NanoFab 7 cuss what might be possible. If it is not clear where your solution Tools may lie, contact me and together we will work to find the answer.

Summer Stu- 7 –Robert Celotta dents at the CNST Nanoscale Charge Transport in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Researchers in the acceptors. When illuminated by produce electricity. The efficien- CNST have used sunlight, the photoexcited elec- cy is strongly dependent on the photoconductive tron-hole pairs separate at the material morphology, making atomic force mi- interface between the donors measurements that correlate croscopy (PCAFM) and acceptors. The separated nanoscale structure with perfor- to characterize the charges migrate to different con- mance crucial to understanding nanoscale structure tacts, generating an electrical and improving OPVs. Because of organic photo- current. The most efficient OPV PCAFM is now widely used to voltaic (OPV) mate- materials have a homogeneous characterize OPV materials, the rials and have per- mixture of donor and acceptor CNST researchers expect their formed a careful molecules throughout the entire assessment of this measurement A PCAFM map assessment of the strengths and structure, with charge separation technique to be important to shows local hot weaknesses of this technique. By occurring throughout the entire other researchers in the field, spots of photore- varying the device geometry and volume. Unfortunately, the pho- who must consider the tech- sponse correspond- the AFM tip material, the re- toexcited charge must pass nique’s strengths and pitfalls. ing to photogener- searchers clarified how local through a highly disordered envi- Imaging of nanoscale charge transport in nanoscale experimental and ma- ronment, which inhibits their bulk heterojunction solar cells, B. H. ated electron cur- terial factors affect the overall mobility, increases recombina- Hamadani, N. Gergel-Hackett, P. M. rent. Field of view Haney, and N. B. Zhitenev, Journal of OPV efficiency. OPVs consist of tion, decreases efficiency, and Applied Physics 109, 124501 (2011). is 3.7 µm; height two types of organic molecules, hampers the material’s ability to range is 37.3 nm. electron donors and electron F A L L 2 0 1 1 P A G E 3 Nanoplasmonic Optical Switch Has High Contrast and Low Voltage

In a recent article in Nano Letters, tals of the electrochromic dye Prus- material in the CNST researchers describe a new sian Blue inside a gold nanoslit slit (≈ 25 %), high-contrast, low operating- waveguide, where light propagates the switch voltage, electrochemical optical as a surface plasmon polariton operates effi- switch that uses a volume of active (SPP). SPPs are collective charge ciently. Be- dye orders of magnitude smaller oscillations coupled to an external cause the light than that of conventional electro- electromagnetic field that propagate propagates in a chromic devices. Electrochromism along an interface between a metal direction per- refers to a reversible change in the and a dielectric. The dye nanocrys- pendicular to optical absorption of a material tals, deposited on the sidewalls of the direction under an applied voltage. Inorganic the slit by cyclic voltammetry, can of the charge and organic electrochromic materi- be electrochemically switched to transport, the als are used in displays, smart win- provide a transmission change of new switch High resolution scanning electron micrograph of dows, and car rearview mirrors. A ≈ 96 % (in the red) using control design offers two adjacent slits. Low fill fraction (≈ 25 %) and change in light absorption in such a voltages less than one volt. The significant preferential deposition of Prussian Blue nanocrystals material is caused by a change in high switching contrast is enabled promise for on the slit sidewalls are clearly evident. the oxidation state, and requires by the strong spatial overlap be- creating elec- that both ions and electrons diffuse tween the SPPs and the nanocrys- trochromic devices with record- through the material. Decreasing tals confined within the slit. The setting switching speeds. the material’s thickness reduces the contrast is also enhanced by the An integrated electrochromic nanoplasmonic diffusion time, making the electro- unexpectedly high absorption coef- optical switch, A. Agrawal, C. Susut, G. Staf- chromic switch faster, but unfortu- ficient of Prussian Blue nanocrystals ford, U. Bertocci, B. McMorran, H. J. Lezec, nately also reduces the contrast. grown on a gold surface compared and A. A. Talin, Nano Letters 11, 2774-2778 (2011). The NIST and University of Mary- with bulk material. Even with a land researchers have grown crys- relatively low fill fraction of active Catalyzing Carbon Nanotube Growth? Try Some Gold Researchers from the CNST and limitation affects the ultimate densi- sion of car- Arizona State University have ty and placement of the nanostruc- bon in doped demonstrated that the overall cata- tures, an important factor for Ni to 0.07 eV lytic activity of nickel particles for nanofabrication applications. compared to the formation of carbon nanostruc- Using high-resolution images and 1.62 eV for tures is improved by the addition of spectroscopy data collected during pure Ni. a small amount of gold (below 0.2 and after the synthesis, the re- The research- mol fraction). In a recent Nano searchers showed that most of the ers are ex- Letters article, the researchers eval- Au segregates to form an inactive tending this uate Au/SiO2, Ni/SiO2, and Au-Ni/ Au-rich cap, with only a small technique to SiO2 nanoparticles as catalysts for amount of Au present in the active evaluate the carbon nanotube (CNT) and car- region of the particles. They also role of metal bon nanofiber (CNF) formation by showed that the structure of Ni carbide for- measuring the number of particles catalyst particles transforms from mation in the active during tube formation using fcc metal to orthorhombic nickel activity of in situ dynamic imaging in an envi- other metal carbide (Ni3C). They believe that A color overlay of dark-field STEM images from 0.2 ronmental scanning transmission catalysts used carbides form due to the dynamic mol fraction of Au in a Ni sample emphasizes the electron microscope (STEM). Car- equilibrium conditions present for carbon spatial extent of each component (red = Ni-rich, bon nanostructures are generally under these reaction conditions. nanotube syn- green = Au-rich, blue = C-rich). synthesized by catalytic chemical Density functional theory calcula- thesis, such as vapor deposition from carbon tions support the hypothesis that Fe and Co. sources such as acetylene (C2H2) low levels of Au doping (0.06 mol Evaluation of the role of Au in improving and nucleate from catalyst particles, fraction) increases the number of catalytic activity of Ni nanoparticles for the including Ni. However, only some formation of one-dimensional carbon particles active for carbon nanostructures, R. Sharma, S. Chee, A. Her- catalyst particles are active in the nanostructure formation by lower- zing, R. Miranda, and P. Rez, Nano Letters 11, formation of nanostructures. This ing the energy barrier for the diffu- 2464-2471 (2011). P A G E 4 Carving Diamond for Tougher Micromachines A new method devel- MEMS can detect environmen- each with smooth vertical oped by NIST semi- tal changes, including heat, sidewalls and a flat bottom. conductor researchers pressure and acceleration, The speed of the etching pro- for carving diamonds enabling them to be used as cess depends on the orienta- offers a precise way to tiny sensors and actuators for tion of the slice, occurring at a engineer microscopic a host of new devices. One far slower rate in the direction cuts in the crystal way to make the moving parts of the diamond crystal’s cubic surfaces, yielding po- last longer without breaking “faces”. These face planes can tential benefits in both down is to make them from a be used as a boundary where the measurement and tougher material than silicon. etching can be made to stop micromachine technol- “Diamond may be ideal for when desired. ogies fields. The team MEMS devices,” says NIST’s “We’d like to figure out how has developed a way Craig McGray. “It can with- to optimize control of this to make precisely stand extreme conditions, plus process,” McGray says, “but shaped holes in one of Scanning electron it’s able to vibrate at the very some of the ways diamond nature’s hardest substances, high frequencies that new con- behaved under the conditions micrograph of a box- pointing the way to rapid im- sumer electronics demand. It’s we used were unexpected. We shaped shaped pit, provement in nanometrology, very hard, of course, but, until plan to explore some of these with smooth vertical and potentially leading to long- now, there hasn’t been a way mysteries while we develop a sidewalls and a flat lasting micromachines. to engineer it very precisely at prototype diamond MEMS bottom, etched into Micro-electromechanical sys- small scales. We think our device.” a diamond surface. tems, or MEMS, are devices method can accomplish that.” Rectangular scale-similar etch pits in with moving parts that are just Using a chemical etching pro- monocrystalline diamond, C. D. a few micrometers in size, but McGray, R. A. Allen, M. Cangemi, and J. cess to create cavities in the Geist, Diamond and Related Materials. constructed with substantially diamond surface, the team First published online: 15 September the same, well established created cavities ranging in 2011, DOI: 10.1016/ j.diamond.2011.08.007. techniques as electronic chips. width from 1 µm to 72 µm,

Phase Segregation Should not Impede the Development of High Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics Recent theoretical work and the anode must is still high. By extending conducted at the CNST preferentially collect holes. previously developed models explains the surprisingly small Recent studies of OPV to account for macroscopic CNST theoretical effect of macroscale phase materials conducted at the phase segregation, it was physicists have segregation on the overall CNST and elsewhere revealed theoretically determined that efficiency of blended organic a donor-rich hole transporting charges can rather easily demonstrated that phase photovoltaic (OPV) materials skin layer near the cathode. “squeeze” through regions of segregation in a skin by showing that electrons can This phase segregation, or high reduced density. This effect layer near the cathode effectively burrow through a hole concentration, is due to explains the relatively benign should not be an skin layer to get to the device’s the smaller surface energy of influence of the skin layer on cathode. In an OPV, light the donor-cathode interface overall device performance. impediment to the photoexcites a bound electron relative to the acceptor- The work demonstrates that development of high -hole pair. The carriers cathode interface. The fact cathode skin layer phase efficiency organic separate and migrate to that the electron collector has segregation should not be an photovoltaic cells. different contacts, generating mostly holes in its vicinity impediment to the develop- an electrical current. The would seem to be an ment of high efficiency OPVs.

choice of electrode material is impediment to charge Organic photovoltaic bulk crucial to the operation of the collection and overall heterojunctions with spatially varying OPV. The cathode must efficiency. However, the ratio composition, P. M. Haney, Journal of preferentially collect electrons of collected to excited charge Applied Physics 110, 024305 (2011).

F A L L 2 0 1 1 P A G E 5 BioAssay Works Develops a More Visible Nanoparticle for Immunoassays Researchers from BioAssay Works, be detected. According to Les based in Ijamsville, MD, have devel- In real-world applications, the sen- Kirkegaard, co-founder oped a new type of nanoparticle sitivity of the assay is limited by the and head of research that could enable a 10-fold im- visibility of the particles. Nanoscale and development at provement in the detection sensi- gold is red and is difficult to see, BioAssay Works, “As tivity of lateral-flow immunoassays even when it aggregates. BioAssay a small technology simply by increasing particle visibil- Works has formulated a nanoparti- company, we could ity. cle using a different set of chemis- not develop cutting- In a typical gold particle-based lat- tries that traps light more effective- edge nanoparticles eral-flow immunoassay, particles ly. With the help of the NanoFab’s without the use of functionalized with antibodies flow Titan Transmission Electron Micro- shared research tools. along a membrane in a fluid sample. scope (TEM), they identified the The TEM has allowed Scanning electron micrograph of proto- type nanoparticles developed by BioAssay If the fluid contains a target mole- properties that increase particle us to do a lot of things we could not do oth- Works for use in lateral-flow immunoas- cule of interest, such as a toxin or visibility. The TEM allowed them to says. enzyme, then that target molecule visualize down to 5 nm to 10 nm erwise.” He was able will adhere to the antibody-coated the chemical modifications that they to guide Senior Process Engineer particle. A line on the membrane is made to the nanoparticles. This Alline Myers as she took measure- functionalized with a similar anti- length scale turned out to be im- ments while he looked over her body, which can also adhere to the portant as they tested different shoulder, paying only an hourly rate molecule of interest, binding the chemical processes, and they found for her time and the use of the nanoparticle to the surface. This that very small changes in chemistry TEM. According to Kirkegaard, sandwiches the target molecule dramatically influenced the size and “The reliability of the results we between the surface and the parti- shape of the particles. Lowering gained at NIST were important for cle, and converts the problem of the sample temperature to 70 K us, because we expect our assays detecting a molecule into the easier immobilized the particles, allowing will eventually be used in medical problem of detecting a gold parti- the researchers to overlay data applications.” cle. As more nanoparticles accu- from different tests performed on mulate, the line darkens until it can individual particles. Flower-Shaped Defects in Graphene Affect a Bouquet of Properties

The pioneering graphene research producing graphene by heating lent due to its low team from the CNST, the Georgia silicon carbide under ultrahigh vacu- energy. The exceed- Institute of Technology, and the um. They modify graphene’s six- ingly rigid six- NIST Material Measurement Labor- member ring structure, creating member ring lattice atory (MML) have discovered a new pairs of five and seven member is stronger than family of grain-boundary defects in rings which conserve the number of steel, but the defects graphene. In a recent paper, the atoms and satisfy all bonds. Ac- might allow it a little researchers describe the flower- cording to calculations by MML’s flexibility, making it shaped defects, only one of which Eric Cockayne, the most energeti- even more resilient has been previously observed, cally favorable flower pattern defect to tearing or fractur- which can occur naturally when is one in which the five and seven- ing. With additional graphene is processed at high tem- member rings are closed-packed in experimentation, it peratures. The team's modeling of a circular arrangement, forming the may be possible to graphene's atomic structure sug- smallest member of the flower correlate the appear- gests that each of these configura- family. These rings are linked to- ance of defects with Lattice model of grain boundaries in tions should possess its own unique gether to form closed loops defin- variations in growth graphene overlaid onto a scanning tunnel- ing micrograph of rotational grain bound- mechanical and electrical proper- ing an unusual rotational grain conditions, in order to ary defects. ties. While graphene is typically a boundary in graphene’s honey comb either avoid them featureless plane of carbon atoms lattice. Following up with scanning entirely or produce them at will. arranged in a honeycomb lattice, tunneling microscopy and spectros- Grain boundary loops in graphene, E. Cock- according to the CNST’s Joseph copy measurements, the team ob- ayne, G. M. Rutter, N. P. Guisinger, J. N. Stroscio, the defects can develop served this defect in graphene sam- Crain, P. N. First, and J. A. Stroscio, Physical Review B 83, 195425 (2011). due to the movement of the carbon ples, corroborating the theoretical atoms at high temperatures when prediction that it should be preva- P A G E 6 NanophotonicTOOL ANNOUNCEMENTS System Efficiently Extracts Photons from Quantum Dots An international team of collected by nearby lenses because grating is partially etched. The researchers led by the of optical effects, including total asymmetric nature of the grating CNST has developed a internal reflection of the light at the leads to preferential emission of new type of nanopho- semiconductor-air interface. Dif- quantum dot photons out of the tonic cavity that im- ferent types of nanophotonic struc- surface, resulting in a practical col- proves the efficiency of tures have been fabricated to en- lection efficiency of ≈ 10 % with photon collection from hance the emission and collection simple optics — a 20-fold improve- individual quantum dots of the light, but each typically intro- ment over collection from unpat- while enhancing the duces other limitations, including terned GaAs. In addition, the de- photon emission rate. operation over a very narrow spec- vice enhances the emission rate by Single semiconductor tral band. The team of researchers a factor of four and operates with quantum dots grown from NIST, the University of Mary- ≈ 5 nm bandwidth. Simulations epitaxially on a substrate land, the University of Regensburg, show that optimizing the fabrication could be bright and and the University of Rochester has and optics could allow > 80 % col- stable sources of “on developed a nanophotonic struc- lection, giving this approach great demand” single photons ture that increases the emission potential for creating bright, single- for many applications in and collection of quantum dot pho- photon sources. Scanning elec- spectroscopy and classical and tons while maintaining relatively A circular dielectric grating for vertical ex- tron micrograph quantum information processing. broadband operation. The new traction of single quantum dot emission, M. of the circular However, the application of such device consists of a suspended 200 Davanço, M. T. Rakher, D. Schuh, A. Badola- to, and K. Srinivasan, Applied Physics Letters grating structure quantum dots has been limited by nm-thick GaAs membrane that 99, 041102 (2011). used for efficient the relatively small fraction of the contains embedded quantum dots light extraction emitted light (< 1 %) that can be and into which a circular dielectric from single quan- tum dots. Kartik Srinivasan Receives NIST Sigma Xi Young Scientist Award CNST researcher Kartik Srinivasan cules, his measurements “are even and John Hertz Foundation Fellow- was honored with the NIST Sigma more challenging because they also ship. Prior to graduate school, he Xi Young Scientist Award for 2011. involve observations of these enti- worked for one year at XPonent He shared this prestigious prize ties at very short times.” She pre- Photonics, a startup company based with Sheng Lin-Gibson of the Mate- dicted that the optomechanical in Monrovia, CA. After completing rial Measurement Laboratory. Dr. system that he has recently worked his Ph.D., he continued at Caltech Srinivasan was cited for his develop- on will enable development of ultra- as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the ment of “innovative high sensitivity, high-speed atomic Center for the Physics of Infor- measurement and fabri- force microscopy methods. The mation. He has published over 40 cation methods that have award, which acknowledges out- peer-reviewed papers in journals elucidated light-matter standing scientific achievements such as Applied Physics Letters, Physi- interactions in nanopho- within 10 years of obtaining an cal Review, Nature, and Science, on tonic systems and ena- advanced degree, was presented by topics including microcavity lasers, bled detailed investiga- the NIST Chapter of Sigma Xi at chip-based cavity quantum electro- tion of single quantum their annual banquet on June 10, dynamics, near-field optical probing, systems, with applica- 2011. and the electromagnetic design and tions in sensing and clas- Dr. Srinivasan joined NIST in 2007, nanofabrication of photonic crystal sical and quantum com- and is a Project Leader in the devices. putations.” In presenting Nanofabrication Research Group in the award, Dr. Marilyn the CNST where he is leading pro- Jacox of the Physical Measurement jects in the field of nanophotonic Laboratory noted that Dr. Srini- measurements. He received B.S., vasan’s work “encompassed both M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Applied experiment and theory” and that, Physics from the California Institute while nanoscience investigates very of Technology, where his graduate small aggregates of atoms and mole- research was supported by a Fannie

F A L L 2 0 1 1 P A G E 7 New Tools in the NanoFab mapping, a motorized stage, auto- lar topography from samples rang- location, and long scans. It will ing from small pieces up to 100 mm handle wafers up to 200 mm in -diameter wafers. It is typically diameter. The new tool should be used to polish copper, aluminum, available for use at the end of De- tungsten, and SiO2, and to remove cember. For more information, excess conductors while stopping contact Gerard Henein, 301-975- reliably at the top of an insulating Profilometer – The NanoFab has 5645. layer. The CMP is located in room finalized the purchase of a new Chemical Mechanical Polish- 215/C02-2, opposite the elevator in Bruker Dektak XT profilometer to ing/Planarization (CMP) Sys- the basement of building 215. Us- replace the existing Dektak 6M. In tem – The CNST’s new CETR ers will be able to reserve time addition to providing step height, model CP-4 CMP system will be through the CORAL system. For surface roughness, and waviness available for use during first quarter more information, contact Gerard measurements, the new profilome- FY2012. The CMP removes irregu- Henein, 301-975-5645. ter will add such capabilities as 3D- NanoFab Schedule for the Holidays Day Date Event Staff Support NanoFab Access Fri 21 Oct Facilities Maintenance 7 am – 5 pm All labs close early; no access Sat 22 Oct Facilities Maintenance None All labs closed; no access Sun 23 Oct Facilities Maintenance None All labs closed; no access Fri 11 Nov Veterans Day None Buddy system only Wed 23 Nov Day before Thanksgiving 7 am – 10 pm All labs close early Thu 24 Nov Thanksgiving None Buddy system only Fri 25 Nov Day after Thanksgiving 7 am – 5 pm Buddy system after 5 pm Fri 2 Dec NanoFab User Meeting Normal Normal access Fri 23 Dec Early closing 7 am – 5 pm Buddy system after 5 pm Mon 26 Dec Federal holiday None Buddy system only Mon 2 Jan New Years None Buddy system only

Summer Students Gain Research Experience at the CNST The CNST welcomed its 2011 class of summer student researchers. Six Sum- mer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) students and four Summer High School Intern Program (SHIP) students participated in a wide variety of research projects ranging from modeling graphene to optimizing fuel cells, and learned about the latest nanotechnology fabrication and measurement tech- niques. The SURF program is sponsored by the National Institute of Stand- ards and Technology and the National Science Foundation.

Summer Student Researchers Mellon University Joseph (Brent) Allen, Middlebury Bryce Thurston, the Colorado College School of Mines The CNST SURF students were among 153 at NIST Christopher Baldwin, Carnegie SHIP Students attending seminars, going on lab tours, and present- Mellon University Valery Leng, Poolesville High ing their work at an end of summer colloquium. Sarice Barkley, St. Olaf College School gomery High School William Bowman, Arizona State Zeshan Tariq, Sherwood High University School Justin Yu, Montgomery Blair High School Mathew Swisher, Carnegie Victor Alan Ying, Richard Mont- The CNST is a national user facility purposely designed to accelerate innovation in nanotechnology-based commerce. Its mission is to operate a national, shared resource for na- noscale fabrication and measurement and develop innova- Center for Nanoscale Science and tive nanoscale measurement and fabrication capabilities to Technology support researchers from industry, academia, NIST, and other government agencies in advancing nanoscale technol- ogy from discovery to production. The Center, located in National Institute of Standards and Technology the Advanced Measurement Laboratory Complex on NIST’s 100 Bureau Drive, MS 6200 Gaithersburg, MD campus, disseminates new nanoscale Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6200 measurement methods by incorporating them into facility Phone: 301-975-8001 operations, collaborating and partnering with others, and E-mail: [email protected] providing international leadership in nanotechnology.

If you would like to subscribe to this newsletter, go to http:// www.nist.gov/cnst/newsletters.cfm, enter your e-mail ad- Supporting the development of dress, and follow the on-screen instructions. nanotechnology from discovery to production. www.nist.gov/cnst

Announcing the Next

NanoFab Users Meeting The NanoFab is Friday, December 2, 2011, 2 pm to 4 pm staffed Monday through Friday, Building 215/C103 7 am until 12 midnight. After Current and potential NanoFab researchers and others hours access is possible with the interested in NanoFab operations are invited to the quarterly NanoFab Users meeting. Topics typically include safety, policy buddy system and advance changes, new equipment purchases or upgrades, research highlights, and new standard processes. Every meeting also approval, subject to NIST includes an open discussion to allow users to bring ideas and suggestions to our attention. Anyone wishing to have a campus access restrictions. specific item added to the agenda should contact Vincent Luciani at 301-975-2886, [email protected].

Visit the CNST Booth at

the Maryland Entrepreneur Expo

Linthicum Heights, MD

Monday, November 14, 2011

Disclaimer: Certain commercial equipment, and software, are identified in this documentation to describe the subject adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the equipment identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose.

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