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EFFECTIVENESS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION PROGRAMME IN KERALA Thesis submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy under The Faculty of Social Sciences by Raihanath M.P. Under the Guidance of Dr. K. B. Pavithran School of Management Studies Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi – 682022 MAY 2019 Effectiveness of Financial Inclusion Programme in Kerala Ph. D Thesis under the Faculty of Social Sciences Author Raihanath M.P. School of Management Studies Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin - 682 022, Kerala, India email: [email protected] Supervising Guide Dr. K. B. Pavithran Professor (Retired), School of Management Studies Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin - 682 022, Kerala, India email: [email protected] School of Management Studies Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi - 682 022 May 2019 This is to certify that thesis entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION PROGRAMME IN KERALA” is a record of bonafide research work done by Ms. Raihanath M.P., part-time research scholar, under my supervision and guidance. The thesis is the outcome of her original work and has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any other similar title and is worth submitting for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Faculty of Social Sciences of Cochin University of Science and Technology. All the relevant corrections and modifications suggested by the audience during the pre-synopsis seminar and recommended by the Doctoral committee have been incorporated in the thesis Dr. K. B. Pavithran Research Guide I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION PROGRAMME IN KERALA” is a record of the bonafide research work done by me and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship, or any other title of recognition. Kochi Date: 29/05/2019 Raihanath M.P. At the outset I bow to my ALMIGHTY for providing me his choicest blessings to complete this work properly and also for guiding me in all walks of my life. This research has been made possible by the encouragement, guidance, prayers and support of many well-wishers. I take this opportunity to acknowledge their support to this study. I am deeply indebted and express my sincere gratitude to my supervising guide Prof.(Dr).K.B Pavithran, Professor(Retd.), School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, who made possible me to initiate, pursue and complete the study. His constant guidance and encouragement have been largely responsible for my pursuit of investigation reported here in. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. (Dr). D. Mavoothu, Professor and Director, School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, for his valuable suggestions and constant inspirations. I am thankful to Dr. S. Rajitha Kumar, Professor, School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, for his incessant support and encouragement extended to me during the completion of my work and also for being my Doctoral Committee Member and giving me necessary advices for the completion of this study. My special thanks to Prof. (Dr). Moli P Koshi, Professor, School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, for her encouragement in doing my thesis work. I express my gratitude to all the faculty members of SMS: Prof. (Dr.) Sebatian Rupert Mampilly, Prof. (Dr.) James Manalel, Dr. V. P. Jagathy Raj, Dr. K. Krishnan Namboothiri, Dr. Sam Thomas, Dr. K. A. Zakkaria, Dr. Manoj Edward, Dr. Mohammed Aslam, Dr. Sreejesh S, Dr. Santhosh Kumar, Dr. Sangeetha, Dr. Manu Melwin Joy, and Dr. Devi Soumyaja for giving me valuable support and suggestions in completing this study. I am obliged to express my gratitude to all teachers in the PG Department of Commerce, PRNSS College, Mattanur, Kannur, for giving me the valuable suggestions and encouragement. I wish to express my gratitude to all members of the Office of Lead Bank (Syndicate), Kannur, especially to Lead District Manager Jayaram. I also extend my hearty thanks to all of the library and office staff of School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, and Central Library for providing related books and articles. I also extend my gratitude to my husband Abdul Kalam P, daughters (Fathwima and Aifa), parents (Safiya & Aboobacker), siblings and other family members whose prayers are always my encouragement. Last, but not least I express my sincere thanks to all my friends those who gave their extended support and for their co-operation. Raihanath M.P Abstract Financial inclusion is a great step to alleviate poverty in India as the core function of the programme is accessing credit. In India, two states (Kerala and Goa) and three union territories were declared as hundred percent financially included on 14th November 2014 by the government of India. Kerala has highest account penetration in India as per account opening. In narrow approach, financial inclusion can be happen when a person opens an account in the formal financial sector. Where as in broader sense, it happens only when the beneficiaries have upliftment from their level of economic status through income generation, additional employment generation and asset creation. It is in this situation felt necessary to check to what extend the programme achieved its overall objective of going beyond mere figures. Thus present study focuses on the effectiveness of financial inclusion programme from both sides. That is, from supply side (banks or service providers) as well as demand side (beneficiaries of Financial Inclusions Programme). Statement of the Problem: Majority of the research in the area of financial inclusion is focusing on the problems of individuals who are excluded and finding measures for reaching to them. Latest initiative or finding as part of the programme is opening of accounts in the name ‘Jan-Dhan Yojana’. However, most of the efforts from the government and Banks have been in the direction of opening of accounts, which is only a technical step in the process of financial inclusion. There were only few attempts of comprehensive studies done to look at the financial inclusion process and to what extend it is achieving its overall objectives going beyond mere figures. Thus it is very necessary to check the supply side as well as demand side effectiveness of financial inclusion programme i.e., whether the financially included poor get the benefits through the scheme. Therefore present study gives more stress on the effectiveness of financial inclusion programme, which is measured using financial inclusion index as well as through developing a model based on the perception of the beneficiaries of the programme. Objectives Based on the conceptual focus highlighted in the earlier sections, this study proceeds to inquire into the following set of objectives and test the hypothesis framed as under 1. To understand the factors associated with Banking policies, Practices and implementation of Financial Inclusion Programmes (FIP). 2. To study the extent of accessibility, availability and usage of formal financial services (as part of FIP) by the beneficiaries- Supply side view. 3. To study the factors associated with the beneficiaries in making use of the financial services to meet their specific needs. 4. To study the effectiveness of Financial inclusion Programme in the holistic approach- Demand side Perspectives. 5. To make broad suggestions to improve financial inclusion programme in Kerala. Research Hypothesis: H1: There exists a significant relationship between accessibility and usage H2: There exists a significant improvement in the income of the beneficiaries due to credit support of the scheme H3: There exists a significant improvement in the asset position of the beneficiaries due to credit support of the scheme H4: There exists a significant improvement in the self-employment of the beneficiaries due to credit support of the scheme H5: there exists a significant interaction effect of financial literacy between accessibility and financial literacy. Research Design: The present research has employed both descriptive and explanatory methods in the study. Unit of observation: Individual beneficiaries of Financial Inclusion programme, which constitutes those who had account (credit accessed) in the formal financial sector as part of financial inclusion programme. Sample size Three hundred beneficiaries of financial inclusion programme. Tools for Data Collection: Interview Schedule was used as a tool for collecting primary data. Data Analysis: Financial Inclusion Index was used to measure the effectiveness of financial inclusion programme. MS Excel, SPSS & Warp PLS software were also used for analysing primary data. Review of literature: A comprehensive review of literature pertaining to the research work were done. The major constructs for measuring effectiveness of Financial Inclusion Programme namely; accessibility, availability, usage, financial literacy, asset creation; income generation and employment opportunity in relation with financial inclusion programme which are relevant to the study were extracted through the literature survey. Based on the literature survey, the model were developed and the model became a major contribution to the existing theory