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The Role of the Plague in the The Role of the Plague in the "Iliad" Author(s): Daniel R. Blickman Source: Classical Antiquity, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Apr., 1987), pp. 1-10 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010855 . Accessed: 05/10/2014 18:07 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Classical Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 76.72.144.32 on Sun, 5 Oct 2014 18:07:50 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions DANIEL R. BLICKMAN The Role of the Plague in the Iliad IN HIS FAMOUSstudy of image and symbol in the Aeneid, Viktor P6schl remarks thatHomer does not use the plague motif to set themood of the Iliad in the same way that Virgil does through the opening storm at sea.1Homeric scholars have concurred insofar as the episode of the plague is discussed mainly as the occasion of Agamemnon and Achilles' quarrel.2Yet this drama should not blind us to the role of the plague in setting the tone for what follows, nor, more importantly, in providing an ethical pattern which lies near the heart of the story. The connections between the Loimos and the central story of theMenis are illustrated through the uniformity of diction in the two.3Mfjvtg is the first linkingwork to be noticed. The plague is caused by the ELjvigof Apollo (fjlvv 'Ajt6kkovog, 1.75), which therefore recalls verbally and foreshadows dramati cally the rtjvLgof Achilles (Fjvlv, 1.1). In both cases Agamemnon provokes thewrath by seeking possession of a woman. The IltjVL;of 1.1 not only singles out themost central theme of the Iliad but, despite the passions of the poem's 1. The Art of theAeneid (Ann Arbor 1962) 13-14. 2. The primary exception to this neglect is K. Reinhardt, whose penetrating investigation, in Die Ilias und ihr Dichter (Gottingen 1961) 42-68, into the backgrounds of Chryseis and Briseis shows how the poet has fashioned disparate characters and traditionalmotifs into his own narration of Agamemnon's two quarrels, the firstwith Chryses and Apollo, the second with Achilles, which are therefore to be associated. 3. Noticed by G. Nagy, The Best of theAchaeans (Baltimore and London 1979) 73-77. His interest, however, is in the pervasive association of Achilles with the theme of grief (72, 77) and the "ritual antagonism" between the hero Achilles and the god Apollo (142-44). See too W. Burkert, "Apellai und Apollon," RhM 118 (1975) 19. ? 1987 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA This content downloaded from 76.72.144.32 on Sun, 5 Oct 2014 18:07:50 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 CLASSICALANTIQUITY Volume 6/No. 1/April 1987 heroes, is used only of Achilles among them and always in reference to his anger at Agamemnon's slight. "The anger that Achilles felt later over the killing of Patroclus is nowhere denoted by tY1vLg."4Although discussion contin ues over the precise meaning of [lJvit, there is a consensus that the use of this noun with only the gods and Achilles is of the deepest significance.5Through out the poem, the word underlines the similarity of Achilles' wrath to that of a god; inBook 1 its two occurrences, both in the first seventy-five lines, point to a specific instance of this similarity, the wrath of both Apollo and Achilles at Agamemnon. The most important term for the destruction caused by the plague, Xoyo6g, provides another connection. It is used in this way three times (1.67, 97, 456) and otherwise commonly refers to the destruction suffered by theGreeks with out Achilles, whose absence is often explicitly mentioned in these contexts (1.341, 13.426, 15.736, 16.32, 75, 80, 18.450, 21.134). The wrath of both Apollo and Achilles brings Xolyog on the Greeks. Xoly6o means "death, de struction," not "plague."6 Rather, the plague itself, as in later Greek, is a vovoog (10) or XoLtOg(61). Aolyog, after Homer, is a rare poetic word, and I know of no case in which it is used to refer to the destruction brought by a plague.7 Although it would be idle speculation to claim that the word had not been used in such a way before Homer, the evidence does suggest that the situation of a plague was not itsmost familiar context. Its reference is clear in 67 because vorioog (10), XoLpi6g(61), and the description of Apollo's actions (48-51) have explained that the Greeks are suffering a plague. But XoLy6g in 4. Nagy (supra n.3) 73. 5. Recent literature on fivtSg:C. Watkins, "A propos de MHNIX," Bulletin de la Society de Linguistique de Paris 72 (1977) 187-209, explaining AVLit as a reciprocal notion; J. M. Redfield, "The Proem of the Iliad: Homer's Art," CP 74 (1979) 97, "j vitg includes an element of moral outrage"; P. Considine, "The Indo-European Origin of Greek MENIS 'Wrath',"Transactions of the Philological Society (1985) 144, "no moral connotation whatever," but, rather, "numinous rage, divine fury." All these scholars acknowledge that two related verbs, $ vie and Exeivie, occur with Agamemnon (1.247) and Aeneas (13.460); on IrlnV0p6jg(16.62, 202, 282), seeWatkins, 194-95. But occasional uses of a key expression, or, as here, expressions similar to an important one, outside an otherwise impressively regular pattern do not deprive the pattern of all signifi cance. Exceptions can be real, but unimportant: S. Scully, "The Language of Achilles: The OXOH.AX Formulas," TAPA 114 (1984) 20 n. 18. 6. Hesychius s.v. XoLY6[v]sg?* vaTog, 65e1QOg. 7. The post-Homeric evidence ismeager. In the Hesiodic Shield, Pindar, and Aeschylus, it refers to the destruction of war andmurder: Shield 240 kXoy6va&tVvovxeg of those defending a city; Pind. Nem. 9.37 &d veLv.oty6v 'EvvCoXov,cf. Isthm. 7.28; Aesch. Suppl. 679 &v6fooxg XoLy6g (cf. 'AQ-T,681); Cho. 402 PoCt ya0' Xolyog 'EQL'jv (Schutz: XoLyov 'EQLvigM). Homer uses the epithet PQOTOXOLY6gof Ares twelve times in the Iliad and once in the Odyssey, and the "winnow ing-fan"mentioned by Teiresias is an &dviD@Qgloty6g(11.128, 23.275). Hes. fr. 86 is obscure. The epic notion of XoLy6V&4VVal is parodied inCratinus fr. 171.War is again the context for thewords of Idas, the impious warrior of theArgonauts, who, trusting in his spear, disdains the help of Zeus (t1I vu TLx FCtoL'oLyov /oEOiatL, Ap. Rhod. 1.468-69; cf. infra on Xoitya fcoeosta in the Iliad); A.P. 7.368 XOLy6gAOrlS, 9.460. It is, however, a favorite word of Nicander in his discussions of poisons (Ther. 6, 243, 733, 815, 921; Alex. 207, 256). This content downloaded from 76.72.144.32 on Sun, 5 Oct 2014 18:07:50 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BLICKMAN:The Role of the Plague in the Iliad 3 place of voioog in verse 10 would probably not have been intelligible as "de struction brought by plague" without further information. Once the advent of the plague is established, is there any significance in the preference shown for describing it as a Xoyo6g rather than a voioog or XkoLIg? In the accusative the word is always found at the same place in the fifth foot of the line: of the plague: am0o Xolyv a&urvcLi 1.67 aelxEa Xotyov avxoOEl 1.97 aelxca Xolyov aUtvvov 1.456 of theAchaeans' plight without Achilles: aeLxEa XOLyov avvcal 1.341 a&wvvovXkoyov 'AxaoL[g 13.426 Xolyov &a[Oval 15.736 aecLxea XOLyov CatUvvYr 16.32 aJTo kolOV &avival 16.75 Wao XoLyov a'&uvcov 16.80 XOLyov&aOvaL 18.450 Xolyov 'AxaLcOv 21.134 of the protection by Achilles of Phoenix (who is pleading for the Achaeans) and Peleus (mentioned by Priam when pleading forHector's corpse): aelxCa Xotyov aqfvvt; 9.495 Xolyov a&ival 24.489 of the protection of someone by a god: aELxea Xkoyov6aiVVaL 1.398 Thetis aids Zeus XoLyovatfuvel 5.603 Ares of Hector XOLYOva'&vvev 5.662 Zeus of Sarpedon XoLyov&afvel 20.98 unspecified god of Achilles of the Trojans' plight after Achilles' return: XOLyov&Xd.xoL 21.138, 250, 539 Skamander and Apollo are the subjects kolyog occurs in the nominative in a verse appearing twice. The whole context is relevant: 'Evea xe XoLyosgS TV xai adlxava EQya YEVovTo, xaci VU xE oalxaaev xara zTaov IV'TE&aQVg, Ei [lj &Q' 6~i vorloe nraTr/lQavGQWv TE ftEbv TE (8.130-32) This content downloaded from 76.72.144.32 on Sun, 5 Oct 2014 18:07:50 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 4 CLASSICALANTIQUITY Volume 6/No. 1/April 1987 "Evfa Xe .olyty6 E Vvxai a&t'iXava E@yay:vovTo, XaL vU XV EV vqieLool CTOov EYovTE 'AXalOi, ElnE TV6Ei6iqLALtovlfi& xexXET''06(Jooe( (11.310-12) koiyta is found four times: ' l r koiylcL EQy'60 T: ?Xo6ojrrioal qcp5ioEtg1.518-19 Zeus to Thetis "HQTIL,O6T' &v t' eQ@1rqotJV O6ve&6ioLgt EtEEOLV ' M X.oiylcaEQyLa Td6a' EooGETa oi' T &vExTd, 1.573-74 Hephaistos to ei 6 ocpw) vexa bVTTrlOV?@QLaLiveToV d6e Zeus and Hera VryaQ 'AXLkkeig 21.532-33 Priam of yyiuSO66 xXoveov.
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