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South Africa: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Johannesburg and Cape Town

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South Africa: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Johannesburg and Cape Town South Africa: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Johannesburg and Cape Town Written by University of the Witwatersrand and Human Sciences Research Council Type Research Report Authors Caryn Abrahams David Everatt Alex van den Heever Darlington Mushongera Chijioke Nwosu Pundy Pilay Andreas Scheba Ivan Turok Date 31|10|18 Cover photo: City Business District, Johannesburg, South Africa Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................... v Executive Summary ............................................................................ vii 1 National Policy Frameworks ........................................................... 1 1.1 Urbanisation and urban policy in South Africa ........................................ 1 1.1.1 The history of urbanisation ................................................................................ 2 1.2 Economic drivers of urbanisation ............................................................ 10 1.3 The consequences of urbanisation for settlement patterns ................. 11 1.4 Progress in upgrading informal settlements ........................................... 13 1.5 The responsiveness of city government ................................................. 14 1.6 Explanations for the lack of urban integration ....................................... 15 1.6.1 Inertia ................................................................................................................ 15 1.6.2 Economic forces .............................................................................................. 16 1.6.3 Shortcomings in spatial management ......................................................... 18 1.7 Devolving built-environment functions to the metros ........................... 19 1.8 An assessment of the prospects for devolution ..................................... 20 1.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 22 1.10 Education and cities in South Africa ....................................................... 23 1.10.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 23 1.10.2 Education in South Africa – a history of inequality ..................................... 24 1.10.3 Learning outcomes ......................................................................................... 25 1.10.4 Intergovernmental relations and education ............................................... 27 1.10.5 Education in Gauteng and the Western Cape .......................................... 30 1.10.6 Education in Johannesburg ........................................................................... 34 1.11 Health and healthcare in South Africa: a national, provincial and cities perspective ......................................................................................................... 36 1.11.1 Organisation of the health system ................................................................ 36 1.12 Financing the health system .................................................................... 45 1.12.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 45 1.12.2 Organisation of health financing .................................................................. 45 i 1.12.3 Public-private mix ............................................................................................ 47 1.12.4 Expenditure trends ........................................................................................... 49 1.12.5 Inter-provincial expenditure ........................................................................... 55 1.12.6 Gauteng and Western Cape context and trends ..................................... 56 1.13 Potential opportunities – high level ......................................................... 61 2 City of Johannesburg Profile .......................................................................... 62 2.1 Introduction: key features of Johannesburg .......................................... 62 2.1.1 Overview of the history, location and geography ..................................... 64 2.1.2 Administrative and political context ............................................................. 67 2.1.3 Unique socio-economic issues....................................................................... 69 2.2 Main urban determinants ......................................................................... 72 2.2.1 Population growth, migration trends and demographic changes ......... 72 2.2.2 The spatial expansion and configuration of the city .................................. 77 2.3 Economic development, problems and urban livelihoods. ................. 78 2.3.1 Industrial output ............................................................................................... 78 2.3.2 Employment ..................................................................................................... 79 2.3.3 Labour force participation ............................................................................. 80 2.3.4 Unemployment rate ........................................................................................ 81 2.4 Planning and urban development approaches in the city .................. 83 2.4.1 Approach and scope of urban planning .................................................... 83 2.4.2 Use of sustainability in urban policy and planning discourse .................... 85 2.4.3 Socio spatial divisions in the city .................................................................... 86 2.4.4 Migration ........................................................................................................... 87 2.4.5 Development of neighbourhoods ................................................................ 88 2.4.6 Conclusion: the development of the city and its neighbourhoods ......... 90 2.5 Organisation of the health system .......................................................... 90 2.5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 91 2.5.2 Reforms under consideration in Gauteng province – a possible model for the country? .............................................................................................................. 91 2.5.3 Public-private mix ............................................................................................ 92 2.5.4 Population change ......................................................................................... 93 2.5.5 Burden of disease ............................................................................................ 94 2.5.6 Potential opportunities – high level ............................................................... 95 2.6 The City’s Education and Learning framework ...................................... 96 ii 2.6.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 100 3 City of Cape Town Profile ............................................................................. 101 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 101 3.1.1 The key features of Cape Town .................................................................. 101 3.1.2 Key historical moments ................................................................................. 104 3.1.3 Post-apartheid administrations .................................................................... 105 3.1.4 Environmental sustainability ......................................................................... 107 3.2 Urban economy and livelihoods ........................................................... 109 3.2.1 Overview of the economy ........................................................................... 109 3.2.2 Poverty and unemployment ........................................................................ 110 3.3 Population and household dynamics .................................................. 111 3.3.1 Population and demographic change ..................................................... 111 3.3.2 Household access to basic services ........................................................... 112 3.4 Spatial change and neighbourhood dynamics .................................. 113 3.4.1 Socio-spatial inequality and racial segregation ....................................... 113 3.4.2 Urban renewal and gentrification of CBD ................................................. 116 3.4.3 Large private-sector residential developments along the Northern corridor 116 3.4.4 Population growth in metro south-east ...................................................... 116 3.4.5 Changing middle-income neighbourhoods ............................................. 117 3.4.6 Spatial inefficiencies ..................................................................................... 118 3.5 Urban development policies and impacts .......................................... 119 3.5.1 Post-apartheid urban policies ..................................................................... 119 3.5.2 Recent policy development: transit-oriented development .................. 121 3.6 Healthcare in Cape Town .....................................................................
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