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Preservation Information Contents Chapter 5 Preservation Information Contents Page Introduction. .., ... .107 Technologies for Archival Research . .. ....107 Issues ~. 109 Technologies for Preservation Information . .........109 Optical Disk Systems . 109 Computers . ...,., . 110 Databases . 111 Issues . 115 Technologies for Conserving Records . ..,116 Document Preservation and Copying . ...117 Maintaining Noncomputerized Information . .....................,.,...118 lnformation on Underwater Archaeological Resources and Technology .. ...118 Table Table No. Page 17. Preservation Information . ,. 107 Chapter 5 Preservation Information INTRODUCTION The preservation of prehistoric and historic cul- Table 17.—Preservation information tural resources depends substantially on the use ● books—histories, novels, poems, etc. of historical records and technical information ● charts that exist in a variety of forms and are stored and ● catalogs maintained in a variety of places. Decisions con- ● newspapers, journals, magazines ● construction/repair/maintenance reports cerning the restoration and maintenance of his- ● field records toric landscapes are highly dependent on histori- ● documents—letters, diaries, administrative correspon- cal maps and landscape designs. Historians and dence, tax records, insurance records, deeds, wills, etc. ● architectural/landscape specifications/drawings/blueprints architectural historians depend on drawings, his- ● pattern books toric photographs, and written records for their ● electronic and video recordings. ● optical disks research. Archaeologists may find ethnologies, ● 1 films historic maps, or even insurance records useful ● maps in their investigations. The Library of Congress ● plats (LOC); The National Archives and Records Ad- ● photographs—aerial, terrestrial ● machine-readable records—tapes, computer disks, micro- ministration (NARA); The National Park Service fiche, phonographs (NPS); The Smithsonian Institution; The National ● analog/digital remote sensing data Technical Information Service; and other Federal, ● artwork-paintings, drawings, prints ● recorded and sheet music State, and local agencies acquire and maintain SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment a wide variety of information on prehistoric and historic sites, structures, and landscapes. various statutes and public laws2 affecting the dis- One of the most critical problems confronting position of Federal agency records, are acces- historic preservation involves the storage, re- sioned by NARA. However, the reality of records trieval, and dissemination of technical and other management by the Federal Government does information on prehistoric and historic sites, not necessarily reflect adherence to these laws. structures, and landscapes (table 17). How all of In another context, it was noted that, “the United these varied materials are conserved and made States is in danger of losing its memory.”3 To help available for research is of vital importance. prevent the loss of preservation’s memory, agen- Much of the information of interest to historic cies should make every effort to keep track of preservationists is housed in Federal agencies. their active records and to transfer their retired Out-of-date Federal records, according to the records in a timely manner to the National Ar- chives. ‘See William M. Kelso, “Mulberry Row: Slave Life at Thomas jefferson’s Monticello,” Archaeology 39, 1986, pp. 28-35, for an account of the use of historical records in an archaeological inves- q.4 u .S. c. 2101-2114, 2901-2909, 3103-3107, 3301-33 14; LJ. s.c. tigation. See also Theodore j. Karamanski, “Logging, History, and 2071; Public Law 95-416 and Public Law 95-440. 3Repofl the National Forests: A Case Study of Cultural Resource Manage- of the Commitiee on the Records of Government, Wash- merit, ” Public Historian 7, 1985, pp. 27-40. ington, DC, March 1985. TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Once the records are transferred, however, the organized by subject like library books. Govern- most important point to understand about ar- ment records housed in the NARA system (which chival records is that in many cases they are not includes regional branches throughout the coun- 107 108 . Technologies for Prehistoric and Historic Preservation try) are organized by the principle of provenance, 1820, and a geographical area defined as approx- which means that records created by one gov- imating the boundaries of colonial New Spain, ernment unit are not mixed with others. For ex- the research tools created include a master in- ample, the files of materials created by the Bu- dex and separate biographical and geographic reau of Indian Affairs are not mixed with the files. BIOFILE Southwest consists of a master list records originated by the War Relocation Author- and additional indexes of relatives and household ity, even if the subject (Indian removals during members; occupations and titles; and a BIODEX World War II) is the same. which indexes over 44,000 names culled from secondary sources. While the collection is not Provenance, however, may be supplemented yet definitive and comprehensive, it makes re- by a subject system because of technological search in materials relating to colonial New Spain developments. That happens, for example, in na- easier. tional networks in which any number of institu- tions (as diverse as LOC and NARA, and the uni- In addition, some projects are considering ways versities Stanford, Harvard, Cornell, Wisconsin, to use location information. With a set of coordi- and Michigan on one system) add descriptions nates that pertain to a site, or a region, or other of their holdings with any number of keywords. physical location, the researcher can receive a These can combine books and archival records. print-out of library and archival materials related As archivists rethink their collections for purposes to that physical spot. GEOFILE Southwest is an of adding the information to these databases, they alphabetical gazeteer of almost 65,000 Southwest are also rethinking descriptive practices and sup- place names that is correlated with three sepa- plementing the principle of provenance. In addi- rate geographical references. Research for proj- tion to the collections of documents in archives ects that cover a wide geographical area would and manuscripts in libraries, such other materi- clearly be more practical with this means of ac- als as collections of maps, films, photographs, and cessing information. architectural drawings can be described through The need to establish intellectual control over this method. This can provide a finding aid to materials crucial to research projects has led to make a rapid scan of the content and location developments of importance to preservationists. of the collections at the start of a project. Archivists are developing record exchange for- Developments in optical character readers mats to be used for individual projects to stand- have potential for archival use. One, tested re- ardize (as far as that is possible) the documen- cently using the 19th century ledgers of the Bu- tary research for resource investigations. reau of Indian Affairs, can recognize handwrit- Such developments make the process of orga- ing. It was apparently 92 percent accurate before 4 nizing a research project more efficient. Being corrections were made. Optical disk storage gives able to handle information electronically has also a clearer, higher resolution version of materials changed the materials to be used for research. than can microfilm technology, and it is faster and For example, the Afro-American Communities more efficient to use and to store than current Project housed in the Smithsonian Institution’s forms. National Museum of American History has used In addition to developing more efficient ways varied sorts of local civic, economic and religious to locate and house research materials for indi- records, as well as newspapers, private writings, vidual projects, technology allows access to a and national surveys such as census records to wider range of materials. Some projects have de- trace the migration, living, and working patterns veloped databases such as the Documentary Re- of free black people before the Civil War in ma- lations of the Southwest (DRSW) project based jor American cities like Boston, Cincinnati, and at the Arizona State Museum in Tucson. With San Francisco. Combined with archaeological in- documents running chronologically from 1520 to formation, the project explores internal house- hold activities such as food consumption. Furni- ture inventories and similar lists of household qThomas E. Weir, jr., National Archives and Records Adminis- goods help to re-create a picture of everyday life tration, personal communication, 1983. in a complex black community. Ch. 5—Preservation Information Ž 109 Issues systems may receive the bulk of the research at- tention because their holdings are more acces- Storage of databases that arise from individ- sible and thus easier to use than those not yet ual projects.—lt will be important to develop on the system, could discriminate against groups some means of keeping track of these databases, whose historical records lie in smaller deposi- like the “grey literature” of archaeology, because tories. such a record might prevent the re-doing of re- It will be important to develop means of pay- search. On the other hand, the materials so accu- ing for the development of finding aids and mulated might be useful only rarely. databases.–Developing the finding aids and Only a few institutions
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