Feeding Behavior of Wild Silvery Lutung (Trachypithecus Cristatus) in Coastal Forest Habitat in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Feeding behavior of wild silvery lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) in coastal forest habitat in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Muhammad Azhari Akbar 1, Dyah Perwitasari- Farajallah 1, 2, Yamato Tsuji 3, Rizaldi 4

1Animal Biosciences Study Program, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, (IPB University, Indonesia) 2Primate Research Centre, IPB University, Indonesia PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER (PSSP) 3Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, (Andalas University, Indonesia) 4Department of Science and Engineering (Ishinomaki Senshu University, Japan) (lutung’sphotos by: MAA) (Picture source: Google Earth,) Feeding Colobine primates Dietary profile introduction non selection Dietary Feeding Feeding on (common) Folivorous - leave items geography Season Season and and P. Trachypithecus femoralis Presbytis Simias P. P. Background rubicunda potenziani concolor ; P.; comata strategy Feeding thomasi auratus ; ; 1 ; ; species introduction 2

Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrates Class : Mammalia Ordo : Primates Subordo : Anthropoidea Family : Cercopithecinae Subfamily : Colobinae Genus : Trachypithecus Species : Trachypithecus cristatus Picture source: IUCN Red List Raffles, 1821 (Groves 2001) (lutung’sphotos by: MAA) (Picture source: Google Earth,) first dietary composition and quantitative data on dietthe of wild silvery monthly change introduction Study Study objectives of T. cristatus diversity foodand availability. relationship relationship between dietary diets lutung lutung ( T. cristatus 3 ) 4

GUNUNG PADANG

WEST study site study SUMATRA study site SCALE 1 : 4500 : 1 5 species composition 6

Silvery lutung in Gunung Padang composed of 25 individual

 1 adult males (AM) : > 5 years old.  10 single adult females (SF) : > 5 years old, irregular white patches at flanks, < size than AM.  5 nursing females (NF): with infant (< 1.5 years with orange pelage).  4 juveniles (J): 18-48 months old. 7 materials and methods

Behavioral observation

From August 2018 – July 2019 (addition: Akbar et al. 2019) Start: 07.00 – 18.00

Instantaneous-scan sampling method

Construct an ethogram Ethogram 8

behavior definition The targeted animals are reaching out, Feeding getting, and digesting into the mouth

The targeted animals are walking, running, Moving and leaping The targeted animals are on motionless Resting without doing activity The targeted animals is searching and Grooming cleaning ectoparasite on fur to or from other individual. Other Playing, mating, aggressive and mothering, activities breast milking, etc. 9 materials and methods

Dietary profile (Tsuji et al. 2019) Foliage (leaves, buds, petioles) Fruits (ripe/unripe fruits, seeds) Herbarium ? “ANDA” Flowers (flower, flower buds) ? Others (bark, stem, pith, etc.) Recorded the first part of eaten plant

Calculated feeding percentage Calculated Tools: Shannon-Wiener index (H’) 푹 ′ 푯 = − 풑풊 풙 퐥퐨퐠풑풊 풊=ퟏ 10 materials and methods

Plant phenology The proportion of trees on Labeling the trees which the respective plant (N=204) part was present represented the phenology index for that plant part in given month (Tsuji et al. 2018)

Recording each plant 1x/month for the presence or absence of: Ripe fruits Identifying phenology trees Mature leaves Unripe fruits (species, height, DBH, crown) Young leaves Flowers 11 materials and methods

Statistical analyses

R version 3.6.2 (R Development Core Team, 2020) Spearman’s rank correlation tests, significance level (α) = 0.05 feeding % (specific plant parts x dietary diversity) fluctuations in the availability of food resources for plant-part category-based analyses species-based analyses Top 5 (67.2%) 12 results Top 10 (77.3%) Top 20 (93.3%) dietary composition 5.0% 11.1% 19 main plant species 37 species, 20 families (> 1% annual feeding) 24 tree species > 5% ann. feeding 21.1% 10 shrub species Ficus variegata (42.6%)

3 vine species Eugenia polyantha (8.2%) 2.0% 68.3% 3 plantation trees F. elastica (6.4%) Sugar palm (Arenga obtusifolia) Mature leaves Young leaves Clove (Syzygium aromatica) Ripe fruits Unripe fruits Flowers Cacao (Theobroma cacao) 13 dietary composition (cont.) (2)

(1) F. variegata 74 different diet items (1) (2) E. polyantha 15 species mature leaves (3) (3) F. elastica 14 species young leaves (4) A. obtusifolia 5 species ripe fruits (5) S. aromatica 14 species unripe fruits (5) (6) T. cacao 23 main diet items (> 1% annual feeding) (4) (6) List of lutung’s diet List of lutung’s diet (cont.) List of lutung’s diet (cont.) 17 results Seasonal change in lutung’s diet

15 months

ML YL RF UF Fl. (%) Percentage

avg.

0.9%

1.8%

5.1% 22.7% 67.3% Mature leaves Young leaves Ripe fruits Unripe fruits Flowers Others

Fig. 2 Monthly changes in the dietary composition of wild silvery lutungs at Gunung Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Relationship with plant phenology 18 Relationship with plant phenology 19 Relationship with plant phenology 20 21 discussion

major item in Common feature of Foliage lutung’s diet genus Trachypithecus

Young leaves nutrition Habitat requirement

Followed by unripe fruits Get more energy and other items Solanki et al. (2007) Waterman et al. (1988) Capped langur (T. pileatus) (Picture source: Wikimedia) 22 discussion

Joel Sartore

nearly

photos by: MAA) by: photos equal lutung’s ( Woodland Park Zoo Pinterest Tran Van Bang 37 sp. feeding T. francoisi T. johnii T. germaini T. margarita plant at GP tontantravel But? Has a huge dietary Yamato Tsuji diversity EPRC Asia GregOz Pinterest T. auratus T. crepusculus T. leucocephalus T. phayrei T. johnii affected by observation time 23 discussion

Joel Sartore

similar photos by: MAA) by: photos

trend

lutung’s ( Woodland Park Zoo Ben Buckley Feed on limited Amartyabag Pinterest T. germaini T. johnii resources T. francoisi T. delacouri T. geei

Key plant species affected habitat restoration activity range competition eco-tourism development

Feeding strategy 24 discussion exist as commodities since Dutch and Japan

collonialism photos by: MAA) by: photos Expand

lutung’s Dependence on this plant ( was also found in other their distribution Trachypithecus species in Asian region

Yamato Tsuji BluesyPete T. auratus T. vetulus 25 discussion category-based analyses:

fed coincide & 푯′ photos by: MAA) by: photos RF UF

YL

lutung’s ( coincide 푯′ monthly feeding of ML RF specific plant items availability of foliage phenology

their availability feeding strategy of colobinae 26 discussion species-based analyses:

photos by: MAA) by: photos seasonal change in diet lutung’s ( activity budget ranging pattern monthly feeding inter-group competition

Plant species availability CONSERVATION 27 IMPLICATION

Existence of silvery lutung

Picture source: IUCN Red List 28 acknowledgement I warmly thank: PMDSU Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi, Kemristekdikti. Mr. Sanusi and all Seberang Pebayan citizen. Herbarium ANDA, Andalas University. Ecology laboratory and “TEAM VERTEB” (Biology Department, Andalas University. Members of KCA-LH Rafflesia FMIPA UNAND. Kanthi Arum Widayati and other Zoo Corner Biology Department, IPB University. llham Kurnia, Muhammad Ringga, Muhammad Ikhsan, Ratna Suleka, Ashriffurahman, Rizka Sefmaliza. Cooperative Research Fund of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and KAKENHI (Nos. 15H05242 and16K18619), JSPS Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research, Future Development Funding Program of Kyoto University Research Coordination Alliance, JSPS Core-to-Core Program (A. Advanced Research Networks).