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Access to Mobile Services and Proof-Of-Identity: Global Policy Trends, Dependencies and Risks

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Access to Mobile Services and Proof-Of-Identity: Global Policy Trends, Dependencies and Risks Access to Mobile Services and Proof-of-Identity: Global policy trends, dependencies and risks Copyright © 2018 GSM Association ACCESS TO MOBILE SERVICES AND PROOF-OF-IDENTITY GSMA Digital Identity The GSMA represents the interests of mobile operators The GSMA Digital Identity Programme is uniquely worldwide, uniting nearly 800 operators with more positioned to play a key role in advocating and raising than 300 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, awareness of the opportunity of mobile-enabled digital including handset and device makers, software companies, identity and life-enhancing services. Our programme works equipment providers and internet companies, as well as with mobile operators, governments and the development organisations in adjacent industry sectors. The GSMA community to demonstrate the opportunities, address the also produces industry-leading events such as Mobile barriers and highlight the value of mobile as an enabler of World Congress, Mobile World Congress Shanghai, Mobile digital identification. World Congress Americas and the Mobile 360 Series of conferences. For more information, please visit the GSMA Digital Identity Contents website at www.gsma.com/digitalidentity For more information, please visit the GSMA corporate 01 Executive Summary 2 website at www.gsma.com Follow GSMA Mobile for Development on Twitter: @GSMAm4d 02 Introduction and context 4 Follow the GSMA on Twitter: @GSMA 03 Research hypotheses, methodology and data limitations 6 04 A glance at mobile penetration over the last decade 9 05 Examining the link between access to identification and access to mobile 14 06 Implications for Digital and Financial exclusion 20 07 Variations of ‘proof-of-identity’ requirements on Mobile Operators 27 08 Privacy/Data Protection Frameworks and Mandatory SIM registration 38 09 The role of identification and mobile in countries’ Digital Transformation 44 10 Conclusions 46 11 Annexes 48 AUTHORS Yiannis Theodorou – Director of Policy & Regulatory Affairs, Digital Identity, GSMA @yiathe Erdoo Yongo – Policy Analyst, Digital Identity, GSMA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The GSMA would like to express its sincere appreciation to the World Bank and the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for sharing their insights and peer reviewing this report. NB. The data sources for this report are outlined in section 3 yet the data analysis, methodology and conclusions are the GSMA’s. ACCESS TO MOBILE SERVICES AND PROOF-OF-IDENTITY ACCESS TO MOBILE SERVICES AND PROOF-OF-IDENTITY 01 Executive Summary The ability to prove one’s identity is essential to securing both rights and The majority of markets with low mobile penetration are also characterised access to a number of life-enhancing services including healthcare, voting, by low levels of registered populations, suggesting a direct relationship education, financial services, employment and social protections. As we between people’s ability to access a government-recognised proof-of- continue advancing in the digital age, identification becomes ever more identity and the level of mobile penetration in that market. critical to gaining access to mobile connectivity and a range of mobile services particularly across more than 140 countries where ‘mandatory SIM Other key insights highlighted in this research report registration’ policies are in place. • Only 11% (16) of 147 countries mandating prepaid • Globally, only 50% of countries mandating SIM 1 5 The World Bank estimates that 1.1 billion people such as Mobile Money accounts, Pay-as-you-go SIM registration enable MNOs to validate their registration have a Privacy and/or Data Protection 6 worldwide lack any legal (State-issued or Utility services , educational, health and other digital customers’ identification credentials against a framework in place – the same applies for 40% recognised) identification, predominantly in Africa services. central Government database to facilitate the of all African countries. While other regulations and South Asia. Vulnerable groups – including But where proof-of-identity is required for a prepaid accuracy of the validation process; and licence conditions may provide consumers migrants and refugees – in these regions who lack mobile subscription, it is important to ensure with varying degrees of protection, the absence recognised identification are at a higher risk of being that identification barriers are addressed so that • 7% (11) countries require MNOs to use biometric- of comprehensive frameworks may lead to digitally, socially and financially excluded. everyone is able to access these services. Mobile authentication processes when registering their consumer calls for increased transparency on how World leaders at the World Economic Forum 2018 Network Operators (MNOs) have the ability to prepaid SIM customers; personal data are used. Additionally, transparency have committed2 to strengthening multistakeholder accelerate the scale and reach of digital identities to consumers about how their data is used is cooperation and collective action to pursue the that can empower citizens, while respecting their • While Mobile Money services are available in 92 important for maintaining high levels of trust in 10 opportunities that come with digital identities privacy and stimulating economic7 and social countries worldwide, an estimated 530 million digital and mobile ecosystems, and maintaining and ensure protection of rights in a sustainable development. individuals across these countries are at risk of trust helps encourage adoption of mobile-enabled and responsible manner. The United Nations financial exclusion due to their inability to meet digital identity services. This report highlights that mobile penetration had previously recognised the importance of the identification / Know Your Customer (KYC) worldwide (in terms of unique subscribers) has addressing the ‘identity gap’ through its Sustainable requirements for opening Mobile Money accounts increased over the last ten years from 39% to Development Goal (SDG) 16.9 to ‘provide legal in their own names. 66%8. In 2016 alone, the number of global unique identity for all, including birth registration, by 2030’3. subscribers grew by 5%9. Yet, a number of emerging The mobile industry was the first to publicly markets – particularly across the African continent commit to addressing all 17 SDGs. With a global – are still lagging behind the rest of the world with subscriber base that surpassed 5 billion4 in 2017, less than 50% of the African population having a the mobile ecosystem has created a global digital unique mobile subscription. The majority of mobile platform that is increasingly connecting everyone subscriptions (76% worldwide and 95% across and everything. Individuals’ ability to register for a Africa) are based on prepaid SIM cards and 92% of mobile subscription in their own names could unlock all prepaid SIMs are active in countries where SIM access to a plethora of mobile-enabled services, registration is mandatory. 1. World Bank ID4D initiative: http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/id4d 2. https://www.weforum.org/press/2018/01/digital-identity-why-it-matters-and-why-it-s-important-we-get-it-right/ 3. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg16 4. https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/number-mobile-subscribers-worldwide-hits-5-billion/ 5. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GSMA_State-of-the-Industry-Report-on-Mobile-Money_2016.pdf 6. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2016/01/28/how-kenyas-m-kopa-brings-prepaid-solar-power-to-rural-africa/#4ca459082dbf 7. https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/ 8. GSMA Intelligence Mobile Penetration (unique subscribers as a percentage of the total population) Q3 2007 and 2017, accessed on 20/10/2017 9. GSMA Intelligence Global Data, accessed 16/11/17. 10. Estimates based on analysis from World Bank’s Identification for Development (ID4D) Dataset – see footnote 1 2 Executive Summary Executive Summary 3 ACCESS TO MOBILE SERVICES AND PROOF-OF-IDENTITY ACCESS TO MOBILE SERVICES AND PROOF-OF-IDENTITY 02 Introduction and context In 2017 the number of unique mobile subscribers and this predominantly affects vulnerable groups As we continue advancing in the digital age, the used, and tools for consumers to make simple and worldwide-surpassed 5 billion11 with the total in developing countries across Sub-Saharan Africa ability to prove one’s identity becomes ever more meaningful choices about their privacy. number of mobile connections rising to 7.8bn of and South Asia but also Forcibly Displaced Persons critical to gaining access to mobile connectivity The mobile industry has worked to educate which 5.9bn (76%) are based on prepaid (pay (FDPs) including refugees. and a range of mobile services. Individuals with consumers and developed new features that have as you go) SIM cards. While in many countries – no proof-of-identity therefore face a higher risk FDPs often relocate within their own countries built trust in its services. Each new iteration of including the UK and USA – consumers are able of social, digital and financial exclusion where SIM or to other countries without any form of legal technology has introduced new features, such as to buy and activate prepaid SIM cards without any registration is mandatory. identification as these may have been forgotten, encryption and user identification validation, which proof-of-Identity, this is not the case in 147 countries lost, destroyed or stolen during their journey, while Any privacy
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