Recent Development of Valuing Climate Services for Agriculture in Hen-I Lin1, Ching-Ping Lu1, Chia-Ping Cheng2 1 Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research 2 Meteorological Information Center, Central Weather Bureau

Introduction of Current CWB’s Climate Services in Taiwan What CWB Has Done by Following GFCS Guidelines Roles and Responsibilities of Central Weather Bureau Multidisciplinary Climate Service Cooperation Capabilities Global Framework for Climate Change For Government For General Public International International related Cooperation Climate Services (GFCS) organizations Collaborations based by WMO In Taiwan • Hazard Mitigation • Daily Services • International Data Exchange Climate User Climate Services National Consortium for • Resource Planning • Value Added Applications • International Technical Interface Program Foundation • Environmental Cooperation Meteorological and Climate Change • For Stakholders • Climate Services Hydrological Study (CCliCS), Conservation • Delivery and Application of Application Framework Services (NMHSs) Climate Service Products • Governmental Climate Applications Service & Climate Provide Meteorological Service Information Based on Scientific Climate Knowledge CWB’s Climate Technique Taiwan Climate Change Monitoring Training Development Intergovernmental Panel Projection and Information Knowledge to Government and Society for Safer and better Life and Platform (TCCIP), National • For Government Agencies • Climate Projection  Enhance the science-based observation and forecast capabilities for delivering accurate and Service on Climate Change (IPCC) Prediction Science and Technology Center timely service information to all sectors • Adaption Application • Climate Risk Assessment for Disaster Reduction (NCDR)  Promote weather/climate awareness and knowledge as well as encourage cross-sectoral Information Capabilities • Correlate Taiwan to Globe dialogues for possible value added usages & applications  Advance the research in meteorological science and technologies to support the CWB Application Service Data Sets & Statistics operation Development Climate Change Taiwan Integrated Research Promotion • Climate Services Information Adaptation Policies & Program on Climate • For General Public System • Research, Modelling and Action Plan in Change Adaptation • Web / Forum Awareness Prediction Multidisciplinary Fields Technology ( TaiCCAT) • Real time observation http://chinataiwan.org http://keepsurfing.pixnet.net CWB’s Master Project for Climate Service Capabilities Development

Parties : Users, Government, Private sector, Sectors Significantly Affected by Climate Change in TAIWAN Current Climate Service Related Products Provided by CWB Research Institutes, NGO Agriculture & •High temperature, heavy rain fall, drought ：affect crops growing, Sectors : Agriculture, Water, Health, Disaster Domestic Forecasts harvest quality & quantity, , animal & plant habitation, etc. Reduction, Environment, Energy, etc. Biodiversity Forecasts Forecasts Water •Rain fall pattern & hydrological changes ： compound disasters Agriculture Forecasts ： Resources •Temperature & rainfall variation , industrial use water, livelihood water Surface Temperature User Interface Platform Disaster •Increasing rain fall intensity ： flood, debris flow, compound disasters Observations Precipitation Pillars of Mitigation •Increasing typhoon intensity：disaster response and resilience Satellite, Radar, etc. •Impacts on structures and facilities ：bridges, roads, water pipes, GFCS Climate Services Severe Weather Climate Infrastructure power lines, will be affected by heavy rain, flood, debris flow, Advisories Advisories Information System Services muddy river, etc. & Warnings Earthquake Report Coastal •Sea level rising ： surge, coastal conservation, embankment, fish farms, Typhoon News Capacity Management harbors, beaches, tourists, etc. Climate Statistics Building Climate Energy & •Energy saving, emission control, transportation, peak-hour electricity Agrometeorology consumption, generating cost, potential of green energy, etc. Observations Research, Industry & Monitoring Modeling & Prediction •Warm & wet ： infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, respiratory Earthquake Preparedness and Public Health Response disease, gastrointestinal disease, vector borne disease, etc. Earthquakes Earthquake Factsheets Seismicity Land-use •Extreme event ：increase urban, country & forest environment risk Management increasing, vulnerability & sensibility of land resources.

Recent Development of Economic Assessment of Climate Services in Taiwan Economic Valuing Assessment in Agriculture executed by CIER The Development of Valuing Climate Services in Taiwan The Findings of Valuing Climate Service in Taiwan with the reference of the Three-phased approach of GFCS •The estimate of annual economic values for climate services for agricultural farmers Phase 1 Assessing the baseline • Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) is between 883~1,432 million NT dollars (equal to 29~47 million US dollars). What are the capacities of the country in the five pillars of the GFCS? • Taiwan Research Institute (TFRIN) Agriculture •We select Erlin Farmers Association as a pilot program partner. An estimate of each Who are the stakeholders/users/clients/partners? What climate services are currently being provided? Partnerships in • District Agricultural Research and Extension Station agricultural household’s WTP in Erlin lies in between 4,408~5,986 NT Dollars. 2013 • Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station • A national survey of agriculture producers Agriculture and • Changhua Erlin Farmers’ Association •The estimate of annual economic values for climate services listed as followed: • Analysis of the agriculture producers' needs for climate and weather information Fishery • Hualien Ji-an Farmers’ Association For aquaculture: 686~819 million NT dollars (equal to 22.5~27 million US dollars). • An estimate of willingness to pay (WTP) for CWB’s climate services for agricultural producers in • Changhua Fisheries Association Fishery For coastal fishery: 719~814 million NT dollars (equal to 23.5~26.7 million US TAIWAN • Suao Fisheries Association dollars). Phase 2 Initial National Consultation Workshop •The estimate of annual economic values for climate services for agricultural farmers To bridge the gap between the climate information being developed by scientists and service providers and the practical needs of users. • Agriculture & Fishery Climate Prediction is between 97~110 million NT dollars (equal to 3.2~3.6 million US dollars). 2013 & 2014 • Public Health • The Second Short-term Climate Prediction and Application Forum Forecast Conference hosted by CWB with the Workshops • Water Resources Management •An estimate of each livestock household’s WTP lies in between 5,493~6,234 NT sponsorship of TARI Dollars. • Workshops of climate service application in agriculture were organized and held by CIER at two government agencies(TARI and Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station) and two farmers' organizations (RLFA Climate Change • 25 elementary schools in the central and southern parts in Taiwan •The estimate of annual economic values for climate services (with different Shortage and Ji'an Farmers' Association). Adaption Education • 11 elementary schools in the eastern Taiwan Water Index, SI=1, 0.5, 0.2)listed as bellowed: •2015Select Erlin Farmers' Association (RLFA) as our pilot project partner For the normal season : 132~134 million NT dollars (equal to 4.3~4.4 million US dollars) • A training workshop hosted by CWB for agricultural extension officers and seed teachers Resources • Workshops of practicing the drafted manual at RLFA and Jian Farmers' Associations For shortage period: 332~338million NT dollars (equal to 10.9~11.1 million US dollars) • Design activities and products to promote climate services for agricultural users Outreach Events and • Workshops for local communities and organizations 2016 • Join with experts to discuss the issues of climate change adaptation •The annual economic values for climate services at different level are estimated with Activities various disaster mitigation performance index. • Open agricultural extension classes and climate service application practice workshops (with TARI ) Disaster • A follow-up user survey of CWB’s climate services •The estimate of annual economic values for climate services for disaster mitigation is • Develop the users' platform and policies for better future climate service in agriculture Climate Services • For governmental agencies and researchers who needs climate services Mitigation between 340~760 million NT dollars (equal to 11.1~24.9 million US dollars) in various Phase 3 Elaborating implementation plans Seminar • Held in three locations in Taiwan, including , Hualien and scenarios. Avenues for interaction between participants of the framework should be given both in the planning phase as well as in the •Projects of climate service applied in public health sector are now in progress. implementation of activities that lead to enhanced delivery, use and application of climate services. Public •Analysis of the public health researches’ demands for climate information. 2017 • Climate change adaptions, climate service application, and information International Exchange exchange in Asia-Pacific area: Solomon Islands & Republic of Kiribati •An estimate of economic values for climate services for users involved in public • Continue working with the TARI agricultural experts and leaders from Erlin community and Health communicating with local communities to develop future activities and tools at a national scale health sectors.(Forthcoming) Outcomes of Valuing CWB’s Climate Services in National Survey for End-Users in Agriculture A Pilot Study in an Agricultural Community (Erlin) The Follow-Up Actions and Policy Implication

• CIER team uses contingent valuation method (CVM) to • With the results of previous CVM studies, we work with the agricultural experts from • One year after the national survey in 2013, we have found estimate the economic values of climate services in Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute (TARI) of (COA) to develop a partnership with an agricultural community (Erlin), and Taiwan for agricultural users. further extension services in agriculture, and try to develop an exemplar for the practice of begun to establish an experimental panel of enhancing • Assisted by Directorate General Office of Budget, user interface platform (UIP). climate service application services in agriculture. A Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), a national door-to- baseline WTP survey has been conducted in the first • Many activities promoting climate services for agricultural users have been designed and door survey for 400 registered farmers in 20 municipals in beginning. implemented in the last two years. An evaluation for those promotion activities has been Taiwan in 2013. completed in 2016, and will become an important reference for CWB to propose a national • A user panel of selected 254 farmers has been established. • Respondents are consists of six major agriculture Those farmers plant , coarse grain, special crops, policy to promote a better advanced meteorological information service for agriculture. farmers(rice, coarse grain, special crops, ornamental ornamental plants, , and fruits. • Several policy directions and ideas have proposed for future planning, such as: plants, vegetables, and fruits) in Taiwan. • Our CVM results suggest that annual WTP ranges from  To encourage farmers to establish a compact meteorological device or private station in • We have found that variables affecting farmers’ WTP 4,408 to 5,986 NT dollars, with an average of 5,197 NT their farmland; include respondent’s subjective score for the weather dollars. forecast accuracy, farming size, and first bid price.  To Increase the agricultural productivity at the farm level with the reference of climate • According to our investigation of users’ needs, • The adjusted annual WTP is between 59 ~ 92 US Dollars services; communication channels, and valuation results, many at 95% confidence interval, and 75 US Dollar in average.  To strengthen farmers’ capability of using climate services and information; activities promoting meteorological information services for agricultural users have been designed and  To create more cross-sectoral connections with agricultural agencies in order to establish a implemented in the last two years. GFCS at a national level in Taiwan.

Acknowledgements: This study is funded by a research project from the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) in Taiwan. The conclusions and opinions are those of the authors and not necessarily the sponsors.