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University Campus Design in Spatial, Social and Political Considerations

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UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DESIGN IN SPATIAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BERKAY ILGAZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN FEBRUARY 2014 Approval of the thesis: UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DESIGN IN SPATIAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS submitted by BERKAY ILGAZ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban Design in City and Regional Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences ________________ Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy Head of Department, City and Regional Planning ________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU ________________ Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık Sutcliffe City and Regional Planning Dept., METU ________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas City and Regional Planning Dept., METU ________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Müge Akkar Ercan City and Regional Planning Dept., METU ________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Osman Balaban City and Regional Planning Dept., METU ________________ Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Architecture Dept., METU ________________ Date: February 7th, 2014 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Berkay Ilgaz Signature: iv ABSTRACT UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DESIGN IN SPATIAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS Ilgaz, Berkay M.S. in Urban Design, Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas February 2014, 151 pages The subject matter of this research is university campus design, and it is discussed in a wider framework of some of the general concerns of the field of urban design. In this study the concept ‘campus’ is not only taken as model of university settlement, but in a broader sense, any type of space on which higher education institutions are found. The problem is defined in both a universal scale of the general issues and practices developed in the post industrial cities, and the case of Turkish higher education institutions founded in the recent years. The theoretical discussion is based on three main concepts essential to this research, which are place, society, and policy. The text presented in this thesis includes a general research on the history of universities and the evolution of university campus space, a theoretical framework based on review of the related literature, and the evaluation of the collected data regarding to the university campus design practice. The main aim of the study is to understand the nature of campus space, which is capable of producing a sense of community through shared rituals and face-to-face interactions. Also it is aimed in this research to understand to policies and how they could affect the formation of such interactions. The campus of the Middle East Technical University is chosen as a case for the empirical study, for a survey to reveal the configuration of such policies in the built environment. Keywords: Place, Society, Policy. v ÖZ MEKANSAL, TOPLUMSAL VE POLİTİK DEĞERLENDİRMEDE ÜNİVERSİTE KAMPÜS TASARIMI Ilgaz, Berkay Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Tasarım, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Adnan Barlas Şubat 2014, 151 sayfa Bu araştırmanın esas konusu üniversite kampüs tasarımıdır ve kentsel tasarım alanının genel meselelerini kapsayan geniş bir çerçeve içerisinde tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada kampüs kavramı sadece bir üniversite yerleşke modeli olarak değil, daha geniş bir anlamda, üzerinde yüksek eğitim kurumlarının bulunduğu her türlü mekan olarak ele alınmıştır. Problem tanımı, hem endüstrileşme sonrası şehirlerinin sorunları ve uygulamalarını kapsayan evrensel bir çerçevede, hem de son yıllarda Türkiye’de kurulan yüksek eğitim kurumları örneği çerçevesinde yapılmıştır. Teorik tartışma, bu araştırma için esas olan üç kavram üzerine kurulu olup, bu kavramlar yer, toplum ve politika olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu tezde sunulan metin, üniversitelerin tarihi ve üniversite kampus mekanının gelişimi üzerine genel bir araştırma, ilgili literatürün taraması üzerine kurulu bir teorik çerçeve ve elde edilen verilerin üniversite kampus tasarım pratiği bağlamında bir değerlendirmesini içerir. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, ortak ritüeller ve yüz yüze ilişkiler üzerinden kurulan bir topluluk hissi üretebilecek kampüs mekanının özelliklerini kavrayabilmektir. Ayrıca bu araştırmada, belirtilen ilişkilerin şekillenmesi üzerinde etkili olabilecek politikaların anlaşılması da hedeflenmektedir. Bu politikaların yapılı çevre üzerindeki biçimlenmesini ortaya koymak için, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi kampüsü ampirik çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yer, Toplum, Siyasa. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas not only supervised this thesis but also supported the whole research process with his profound knowledge and experience in the field of study. Members of the examining committee inspired and guided the course of this research with their valuable ideas and comments in their varied areas of expertise. The ultimate contributor to this study is none other than my better half and closest colleague Özge Engür, who has reviewed every single idea that shaped up this thesis with great patience and never ceased to provide full support. The contributions of all are hereby gratefully acknowledged. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.Problem Definition ............................................................................... 2 1.2.The Aim of the Thesis .......................................................................... 4 1.3.Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 4 1.4.Main Question ...................................................................................... 6 1.5.Sub Questions ....................................................................................... 6 1.6.Hypothesis ............................................................................................ 6 1.7.Contents ................................................................................................ 7 1.8.Methodology ......................................................................................... 8 2. UNIVERSITY ............................................................................................ 9 2.1.What is University? ........................................................................... 10 2.2.The History of University ................................................................... 12 2.2.1. Higher Education Institutes in Antiquity ................................ 13 2.2.2. Medieval University ............................................................... 17 2.2.3. Renaissance, Reformation and the Modern Education ........... 20 2.3.Summary of the Chapter ..................................................................... 23 3. CAMPUS .................................................................................................. 25 3.1.The History of the Campus ................................................................. 25 3.1.1. Oxbridge ................................................................................. 26 3.1.2. Colonial Colleges ................................................................... 31 viii 3.1.3. 19th Century in America ........................................................ 36 3.1.3.1.Picturesque Nature ........................................................... 36 3.1.3.2.Beaux-Arts Movement ..................................................... 38 3.1.3.3.Meanwhile in Europe ....................................................... 39 3.1.3.4.Gothic Revival .................................................................. 41 3.1.4. 20th Century ........................................................................... 44 3.1.4.1.CIAM................................................................................ 45 3.1.4.2.Team 10 ............................................................................ 47 3.1.4.3.Campus in the 20th Century .............................................. 49 3.1.4.4.Towards the End of the Century....................................... 57 3.2.The Contemporary Campus................................................................ 59 3.2.1. Functions on the Campus ......................................................
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