DOCSLIB.ORG

Psychosocial Risk Factors for Essential Hypertension Among Black Women

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Psychosocial Risk Factors for Essential Hypertension Among Black Women Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Psychosocial Risk Factors for Essential Hypertension among Black Women Stephanie L. Livingston Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Livingston, Stephanie L., "Psychosocial Risk Factors for Essential Hypertension among Black Women" (1989). Dissertations. 2746. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2746 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Stephanie L. Livingston PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS FOR ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION AMONG BLACK WOMEN by Stephanie L. Livingston A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 1989 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to sincerely express my appreciation to my dissertation co­ chairpersons, Dr. Kevin Hartigan and Dr. Steven Brown, for their guidance and support during the this project. Special thanks goes to Dr. Hartigan who was helpful throughout my graduate school career as an advisor, teacher, and clinician. I would also like to thank Dr. Sara Knight who also served on the committee and who has been instrumental in my clinical training. The support that I received from the staff while collecting data in the Hypertension Clinic and Nutrition and Weight Control Clinics at The University of Chicago Hospitals, is greatly appreciated. I would like to thank Michael Murphy, M.D. and Robert Kushner, MD. for allowing the use of their patients as subjects in the Hypertension and Nutrition and Weight Control clinics, respectively. I would especially like to pay tribute to my parents, Horace and Osceen Livingston, and siblings who provided the family support and encouragement I needed to complete this process. Also, to my dear friends, "Thanks for listening." i i VITA The author, Stephanie Lennore Livingston, is the daughter of Horace and Osceen Livingston. She was born September 2, 1952 in Decatur, Illinois. Her elementary and secondary education was completed in Decatur, Illinois. She graduated from Stephen Decatur High School. She received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Administration of Justice from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois in May, 1975. In May, 1982 she completed the requirements for a Master of Arts degree in Psychology from Sangamon State University, Springfield, Illinois. Ms. Livingston was awarded the Illinois Minority Graduate Incentive Program Fellowship, while attending Loyola University of Chicago. She completed a one year pre­ doctoral, clinical psychology internship in Behavioral Medicine at The University of Chicago Hospitals beginning July, 1988. She currently holds a clinical appointment in the Department of Psychiatry--Behavioral Medicine Section and serves on the faculty of The Pritzker School of Medicine at The University of Chicago and affiliated hospitals. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ .ii VITA ................................................................................................. .iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................. .ix CONTENTS OF APPENDICES ................................................................... xi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM ............................................. 1 Etiology of Essential Hypertension ............................................... 1 Inter-Racial Differences ............................................................ 3 Biological Mechanisms ................................................... .4 Sodium Retention ................................................ .4 Sympathetic Nervous System Hypothesis ..................... 5 Parental History of Hypertension ............................... 5 Cardiovascular Reactivity ........................................ 7 Psychosocial Mechanisms ................................................ 8 Socio-ecological Factors ......................................... 8 Intra-Racial Differences ............................................................ 9 Gender Differences ........................................................ 9 Psychosocial Factors .................................................... 10 John Henryism .................................................. 10 Type A Behavior Pattern ....................................... 11 Social Mobility ................................................... 11 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................... 15 The Concept of Race .............................................................. 15 IV Etiology of Essential Hypertension ............................................ 18 Biological Factors ....................................................... 18 Sympathetic Nervous System ................................. 18 General Adaptation Syndrome ................................ 20 Specificity Theory .............................................. 21 Parental History ................................................. 23 Gender Differences ............................................. 24 Hormonal Influences ........................................... 25 Psychosocial Factors .................................................... 25 Synchrony/De synchrony ....................................... 25 Controllability and Predictability .............................. 26 Racial Differences ........................................................ 28 Inter-racial Differences ........................................................... 30 Biological Mechanisms .................................................. 30 Sodium Retention Hypothesis ................................. 30 Plasma-Renin Hypothesis ...................................... 34 Cardiovascular Activity/Reactivity ............................ 35 Heart Rate ........................................................ 35 Blood Pressure .................................................. 36 Parental History ................................................. 36 Physical Stressors.. .. .......................................... 37 Psychosocial Stressors ......................................... 37 Psychosocial Mechanisms ............................................. .41 Psychological Distress ........................................ .41 Socio-ecological Stressors .................................... .46 Intra-racial Differences ........................................................... 46 V Biologic Risk Factors ................................................. 46 Parental History .............................................. .46 Psychologic Risk Factors ............................................ .49 Type A Behavior Pattern .................................... .49 John Henryism................................................ 56 Controllability and Predictability ............................ 58 Self-Efficacy & John Henryism ................... 62 Learned Helplessness & John Henryism ......... 63 Socioecologic Risk Factors ........................................... 63 Social Mobility ................................................ 63 Summary and Conclusions .................................................... 65 Hypotheses ............................................................. 68 Hypothesis 1 .................................................. 68 Hypothesis 2 .................................................. 68 Hypothesis 3 .................................................. 68 Hypothesis 4 .................................................. 68 Hypothesis 5 .................................................. 68 Hypothesis 6 .................................................. 68 III. METHOD ............................................................................ 69 Subjects .......................................................................... 69 Design ............................................................................ 70 Instrumention .................................................................... 70 Demographic Questionnaire (DQ) .................................... 71 John Henryism Active Coping Scale (JHAC12) ................... 71 Duncan Socioeconomic Index Revised (MSEI2) ................... 71 Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressue ................................ 72 vi Procedure ......................................................................... 72 Data Analysis ..................................................................... 73 IV. RESULTS ............................................................................ 75 Treatment of Missing Data...................................................... 75 Sample Description .............................................................. 75 Intercorrelations among Variables ............................................. 76 Tests of Hypotheses ............................................................. 81 Summary .......................................................................... 87 V. DISCUSSION .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Issues Influencing Medication Adherence in Black Women with Hypertension
    ABEL, WILLIE M., Ph.D. Issues Influencing Medication Adherence in Black Women with Hypertension. (2011) Directed by Dr. Patricia B. Crane. 279 pp. The purposes of this study were to: (a) describe the differences in adherent and nonadherent Black women who have hypertension (HTN), (b) examine issues that influence medication adherence, and (c) explore the relationship of reactant behaviors and medication adherence. Cox’s interaction model of client health behavior was used to guide this study. Client singularity background variables: demographic characteristics (age and education), social influence (religion), previous health care experience (family history of HTN, comorbidities, number of medications, blood pressure [BP], and body mass index), and environmental resources (income and type of health coverage) along with client singularity dynamic variables: intrinsic motivation (reactance), cognitive appraisal (HTN knowledge, self-care of HTN, trust in health care provider, and coping), and affective response (perceived racism and depression) were examined to determine their influence on the health outcome, medication adherence. A cross-sectional, correlational non-experimental study was conducted with a convenience sample of 80 Black women who were taking antihypertensive prescription medications for blood pressure control. Over half of the participants (56%) were single, divorced, or widowed. Ages ranged from 19 to 60 with a mean age of 47.8 (SD ± 9.2). Almost one-third 30% (n=24) of the participants reported household incomes levels at or below the federal poverty level. The majority of the sample was employed (67%), physically inactive (90%), overweight/obese (88%), and had a history of smoking (54%). The study results did not show a difference between those who adhere to antihypertensive medications and those who do not.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unequal Benefits of Upward Mobility Lauren Gaydosh , Kathleen
    The Unequal Benefits of Upward Mobility Lauren Gaydosh1, Kathleen Mullan Harris1, Kristen Schorpp1, Sara McLanahan2, Edith Chen3, and Greg Miller3 Background The socioeconomic gradient in health in the United States is persistent, and increasing over time.1–5 Individuals in the top 1% of the income distribution can expect to live 10-15 years longer than those in the bottom 1%.4 Individuals with a college degree can also expect to outlive their less educated counterparts by about a decade.5 However, higher socioeconomic status (SES) is not uniformly beneficial for all individuals; there is evidence that the education payoff is not as steep for minority groups compared to non-Hispanic whites,5,6 and may in some cases actually be associated with worse health.7 Furthermore, it is not only achieved SES in adulthood that shapes health; childhood SES is strongly predictive of childhood health and endures across the life course.8,9 There is emerging evidence that the interaction between childhood and adult SES may actually have important implications for health. In a set of papers by Brody, Chen, Miller and colleagues, the authors document a pattern that they refer to as “skin-deep resilience”, wherein rural African Americans from severely disadvantaged backgrounds who manage to achieve upward mobility demonstrate lower rates of psychosocial problems, but poorer physiological health compared to African Americans from similar backgrounds who remain disadvantaged.7,10,11 Two studies suggest that this relationship may exist in other populations
    [Show full text]
  • A Closer Look at African American Men and High Blood Pressure Control
    A Review of Psychosocial Factors and Systems-Level Interventions A Closer Look at African American Men and High Blood Pressure Control U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division for Heart Disease & Stroke Prevention Mail Stop K–47 · 4770 Buford Highway, NE · Atlanta, Georgia 30341 800-CDC-INFO · [email protected] · www.cdc.gov/DHDSP 10_211234-A Suggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A Closer Look at African American Men and High Blood Pressure Control: A Review of Psychosocial Factors and Systems-Level Interventions. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010. Photos: The photographs used in this publication are for illustration purposes only. They show African American men from various age groups. They are not intended to depict people who have high blood pressure or who had a heart attack or stroke. For Free Copies or Additional Information: E-mail: [email protected] Write: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, NCCDPHP Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop K-47 Atlanta, GA 30341 Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636) TTY: 1-888-232-6348 Online: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control
    [Show full text]
  • REIMAGINING CRITICAL RACE THEORY in EDUCATION: MENTAL HEALTH, HEALING, and the PATHWAY to LIBERATORY PRAXIS Ebony O
    491 REIMAGINING CRITICAL RACE THEORY IN EDUCATION: MENTAL HEALTH, HEALING, AND THE PATHWAY TO LIBERATORY PRAXIS Ebony O. McGee Peabody College Vanderbilt University David Stovall Department of Educational Policy Studies University of Illinois at Chicago Abstract. Long-standing theoretical education frameworks and methodologies have failed to provide space for the role mental health can play in mediating educational consequences. To illustrate the need for such space, Ebony McGee and David Stovall highlight the voices of black undergraduates they have served in the capacities of teacher, researcher, and mentor. Building from the theoretical contributions of intellectual giants like Frantz Fanon and W. E. B. Du Bois, the authors attempt to connect oppressive social systems to the psyche of the oppressed in a way that is relevant to black students. McGee and Stovall pose a challenge to the current research trend of attributing the survival of black students at traditionally white institutions primarily to grit, perseverance, and mental toughness, noting that research on the aforementioned qualities often fails to properly acknowledge multiple forms of suffering. Utilizing the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT), the authors also challenge the construct of grit to consider the extent to which the mental health concerns of black students go undetected. Although critical race theorists have unmasked and attacked the racial trauma experienced at all levels of the educational system, the connection of CRT to mental health and wellness research is in its embryonic stages. For these reasons, McGee and Stovall argue that CRT scholars need to incorporate praxis to address mental health and wellness in order to address a fuller spectrum of black students’ racialized worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Goal-Striving Stress on Physical Health of White Americans, African Americans, and Caribbean Blacks
    THE IMPACT OF GOAL-STRIVING STRESS ON PHYSICAL HEALTH OF WHITE AMERICANS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND CARIBBEAN BLACKS Objective: To contribute to the growing Sherrill L. Sellers, PhD; Harold W. Neighbors, PhD; understanding of US Black-White health dis- Rong Zhang, PhD; James S. Jackson, PhD parities by examining psychosocial stress as an important contributor to physical health prob- lems. INTRODUCTION Methods: Data are from the National Survey Goal-striving stress is the of American Life, an integrated national Despite recent efforts to narrow the household probability sample of White Amer- health disparities gap, compared to discrepancy between icans, African Americans, and Caribbean Blacks. Regression analysis was used to assess Whites, Blacks in the United States aspirations and achievement, associations between goal-striving stress and have a higher death rate from breast, hypertension, BMI, physical health problems, lung, and colorectal cancer, are at weighted by the subjective and self-rated health. greater risk for cardiovascular disease, are more likely to be overweight or probability of success and the Results: After accounting for sociodemo- graphic factors and three additional stressors obese, and are two times more likely to level of disappointment 1–3 –personal problems, lifetime racial discrimina- rate their health as ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor.’’ tion, and everyday racial discrimination–goal- Interestingly, these racial health dispar- experienced if goals are not striving stress was a significant predictor of ities do not hold for all Blacks living in reached. hypertension, physical health problems, and the United States. Compared to US- diminished self-rated health. Ethnicity moder- ated the relationship; the negative association born Blacks (herein referred to as a between goal-striving stress and physical health African Americans), Black Caribbean problems was strongest for Caribbean Blacks.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN AMERICANS and HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE: the Role of Stereotype Threat Jim Blascovich,1 Steven J
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article AFRICAN AMERICANS AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE: The Role of Stereotype Threat Jim Blascovich,1 Steven J. Spencer,2 Diane Quinn,3 and Claude Steele4 1University of California, Santa Barbara; 2University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; 3University of Connecticut; and 4Stanford University Abstract—We examined the effect of stereotype threat on blood pres- Goldstein, & Armstrong, 1989). Second, repressing anger and anger- sure reactivity. Compared with European Americans, and African provoking manipulations, particularly ones in which racism provokes Americans under little or no stereotype threat, African Americans un- the anger, do produce greater cardiovascular reactivity among African der stereotype threat exhibited larger increases in mean arterial blood Americans compared with European Americans (Armstead, Lawler, pressure during an academic test, and performed more poorly on diffi- Gorden, Cross, & Gibbons, 1989; Harburg, Blakelock, & Roper, 1979; cult test items. We discuss the significance of these findings for under- Johnson, 1989; Johnson, Schork, & Spielberger, 1987). Third, John standing the incidence of hypertension among African Americans. Henryism, or the tendency to work extremely hard while not giving up on difficult and demanding tasks, has been strongly associated with hypertension in African Americans but not in European Americans Many studies have demonstrated that African Americans have a (James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983; James, LaCroix, Kleinbaum, & higher incidence of high blood pressure, or hypertension, than Euro- Strogatz, 1984; James, Strogatz, Wing, & Ramsey, 1987). pean Americans (for reviews, see Anderson, 1989; Folkow, 1982; Because African Americans face more situations in which they are Obrist, 1981). Some researchers have argued that genetic factors ex- stereotyped by others and consequently face a relatively high level of ste- plain the higher incidence (Rotimi, Cooper, Cao, Sundarum, & Mc- reotype threat, a rare experience for European Americans, their compara- Gee, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among African-American Men: the Mediating and Moderating Roles of Masculine Self-Reliance and John Henryism
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Psychol Manuscript Author Men Masc. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 October 22. Published in final edited form as: Psychol Men Masc. 2013 January ; 14(1): 35–46. doi:10.1037/a0028436. Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among African-American Men: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Masculine Self-Reliance and John Henryism Derrick D. Matthews, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Wizdom Powell Hammond, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Yasmin Cole-Lewis, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Amani Nuru-Jeter, and Divisions of Community Health and Human Development and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley Travis Melvin Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abstract Despite well-documented associations between everyday racial discrimination and depression, mechanisms underlying this association among African-American men are poorly understood. Guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, we frame masculine self-reliance and John Henryism as appraisal mechanisms that influence the relationship between racial discrimination, a source of significant psychosocial stress, and depressive symptoms among African-American men. We also investigate whether the proposed relationships vary by reported discrimination-specific coping responses. Participants were 478 African-American men recruited primarily from barbershops in the West and South regions of the United States. Multiple linear regression and Sobel-Goodman mediation analyses were used to examine direct and mediated associations between our study variables. Racial discrimination and masculine self-reliance were positively associated with depressive symptoms, though the latter only among active responders.
    [Show full text]
  • Impostor Phenomenon: a Multi-Method Examination of Construct Validity Among Black College Students
    IMPOSTOR PHENOMENON: A MULTI-METHOD EXAMINATION OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY AMONG BLACK COLLEGE STUDENTS Donte LeShon Bernard A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (Clinical). Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Enrique W. Neblett Jr. Anna M. Bardone-Cone Jessica T. DeCuir-Gunby Deborah J. Jones Beth E. Kurtz-Costes © 2018 Donte LeShon Bernard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Donte LeShon Bernard: Impostor Phenomenon: A Multi-Method Examination of Construct Validity Among Black College Students (Under the direction of Enrique Neblett) The impostor phenomenon (IP), or negative self-perceptions of intellectual incompetence (Clance & Imes, 1978), reflects a maladaptive set of cognitions that has been established to significantly detract from positive psychological adjustment among Black emerging adults (Bernard, Lige, Willis, Sosoo, & Neblett, 2017). Despite this research, no attempts have been made to assess the construct validity of measures of IP within the Black community. For this reason, the purpose of this project was to investigate the construct validity of the Clance Impostor Scale (CIPS; Clance, 1985)— considered by many to be the gold standard measure of IP—among Black emerging adults. I utilized a multi-method design to investigate construct validity using three studies that: a) examined the factorial and discriminant validity of the CIPS (N = 261); b) investigated the longitudinal invariance of the CIPS (N = 157); and c) elucidated the extent to which qualitative interviews relating to IP align with or diverge from the traditional theoretical conceptualization of this construct (N = 8).
    [Show full text]
  • John Henryism and Blood Pressure Among Detroit Residents: Findings from the Healthy Environments Partnership Alana M
    SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK John Henryism and Blood Pressure among Detroit Residents: Findings from the Healthy Environments Partnership Alana M. Wooley1, MS; Amy Schulz1, PhD MPH; Graciela Mentz1, PhD; Denise White-Perkins2, MD PhD 1School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 2Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI Background Results Figure 1: Relationships between John Henryism, • Blacks and Latinos experience excess risk of high blood Table 1. Descriptive Variables race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and blood pressure Race/ethnicity Socioeconomic Position pressure, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, compared to Whites1,2,3. Latino/Hispanic Poverty-to-Income Ratio Black Education • John Henryism (JH), a high-effort coping strategy that reflects Currently or recently employed American values of hard work, may be one psychosocial mechanism that contributes to excess rates of high blood pressure John Henryism Blood Pressure 4 (HBP) among Blacks and Latinos . Persons who engage in such active and effortful coping strategies, while also contending with Covariates: social and economic hardships may experience adverse health Age, Gender, Use of hypertensive medication effects such as HBP4. In contrast, for persons with adequate resources, John Henryism coping strategies may serve as a Summary 4 resource that promotes health . Findings from analyses of the relationship between John Henryism, socioeconomic position, and RQ 1: Latinos and Blacks had 1.56 and 1.63 times the odds, HBP among Blacks and Whites have been mixed5. respectively, of high JH scores compared to Whites (p=0.04 for • The influence of JH on the health of Latinos has not been Latinos, p<0.01 for Blacks).
    [Show full text]
  • Coping with Stress and the John Henryism Hypothesis
    Coping with Stress and the John Henryism Hypothesis ErinKing,MPH,MS Department of Sociology Introduction WhatisJohnHenryism? • “Anindividual’sself- perceptionthathecanmeet thedemandsof hisenvironment throughhardwork anddetermination”(James etal.,1983,p.263). Department of Sociology History of John Henryism • ThetermwascreatedbyDr.ShermanJamesin 1978afterworkingwithablackfamernamed JohnMartininNorthCarolina(James,1993). Atthetimeoftheinterview,Dr.Jameswas planningtoconductaresearchstudytitled "BlackMen:TheirLivesandTheirHealth" (James,1993). Department of Sociology History of John Henryism • Jamesdiscoveredthat Martinhadovercome numerousobstaclesin hislifeandthathis successhadalso impactedhishealth. Department of Sociology John Martin's Life Martin'sLife Metabolicoutcome • Bornintoapoor • Hypertension sharecroppingfamilyin 1907 • Severearthritis • Taughthimselftoread • Pepticulcerdiseasethat atage21 resultedintheremovalof • Freedhimselfandhisfamily 40%ofhisstomach fromthesharecropping system • Paidoffhis$3,725FHAloan for75acresin5-years insteadusingthe40-year periodthathewasallotted (James,1993) Department of Sociology The creation of the John Henryism Hypothesis • Towardstheendoftheinterview,Jameswasmade awareofMartin'smiddlename,Henry. • Jameswasshockedtofindouttheresemblanceof Martin'snametothefolklorestoryofJohnHenry. • ThecombinationofJohnHenryMartin'slifeand thesymbolismofthefolklorestoryledJamesto createtheconceptofJohnHenryism. (James,1993) Department of Sociology John Henry the "Steel Driving Man" Department of Sociology Characteristics
    [Show full text]
  • Hypertension in African Americans
    STRESS, STRESS REDUCTION, AND HYPERTENSION IN AFRICAN AMERICANS: AN UPDATED REVIEW Vernon Barnes, PhD, Robert Schneider, MD, Charles Alexander, PhD, and Frank Staggers, MD Fairfield, Iowa, and Oakland, California This is a comprehensive and integrative review of multiple factors underlying the greater prevalence of hypertension in African Americans compared with whites. Evidence linking stress with hypertension and cardiovascular disease in African Americans is reviewed. A sur- vey of mechanisms of hypertension in African Americans and existing behavioral strategies for the treatment of hypertension is presented. Given that the excess of hypertension may be mediated in part by behavioral factors operating through biological mechanisms, a case is presented for behavioral stress reduction measures. This review of stress reduction techniques especially the Transcendental Mediation pro- gram for the treatment of hypertension in African Americans highlights current issues facing the field. New information is provided to help direct future nonpharmacological research and practice in hypertension to prevent morbidity and premature mortality in this underserved population. (J Nald Med Assoc. 1997;89:464-476.) Key words: hypertension * African Americans moderate hypertension is almost 40% higher in US * behavior * stress reduction * meditation blacks than in whites.56 Hypertension along with other risk factors is associated with elevated cardio- vascular morbidity and mortality in African EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION IN Americans.7 Target organ
    [Show full text]
  • Black Women's Voluntary Use of Mental Health Services
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2020 Black Women's Voluntary Use of Mental Health Services Dr. Natasha Wright Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the African American Studies Commons, Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Natasha N. Wright has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Kelly Chermack, Committee Chairperson, Human and Social Services Faculty Dr. Jeffrey Harlow, Committee Member, Human and Social Services Faculty Dr. Andrew Garland-Forshee, University Reviewer, Human and Social Services Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2020 Abstract Black Women’s Voluntary Use of Mental Health Services by Natasha N. Wright, LCSW MS, Fordham University, 2015 BS, University of Bridgeport, 2012 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Human and Social Service Walden University May 2020 Abstract According to the American Psychiatric Association, Black women engage in formal mental health services at a lower rate than White men and women.
    [Show full text]