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Towards Marine Ecosystem- Based Management in the Wider Caribbean

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6 MARE PUBLICATION SERIES 6 Patrick McConney (eds.) Patrick Robin Mahon Lucia Fanning Wider Caribbean Region stakeholders recognise that sustainable use of the region’s Edited by marine resources requires approaches that encompass the human and natural dimensions Lucia Fanning of ecosystems. Towards Marine Ecosystem-based Management in the Wider Caribbean brings together the knowledge and experience of Caribbean scholars and practitioners Robin Mahon to develop visions, strategies and actions needed to advance marine ecosystem based Patrick McConney management (EBM ) for the region. It also provides stakeholders in other Large Marine Ecosystems with insight into the challenges of large-scale principled ocean governance and marine EBM . Additionally, the volume is a resource for students interested in the interdisciplinary challenges of marine EBM . Lucia Fanning is Director of the Marine Affairs Program at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Caribbean Management in the Wider Marine Ecosystem-based Towards Robin Mahon is Professor of Marine Affairs and Director of the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES ), University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Patrick McConney is a Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES ), University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. ISBN 978 90 8964 242 4 Towards Marine Ecosystem- 6 based Management in 9 789089 642424 the Wider Caribbean www.aup.nl A U P A U P Towards Marine Ecosystem-based Management in the Wider Caribbean MARE PUBLICATION SERIES MARE is an interdisciplinary social-science institute studying the use and management of marine resources. It was established in 2000 by the Uni- versity of Amsterdam and Wageningen University in the Netherlands. MARE’s mandate is to generate innovative, policy-relevant research on marine and coastal issues that is applicable to both North and South. Its programme is guided by four core themes: fisheries governance, maritime work worlds, integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), and maritime risk. In addition to the publication series, MARE organises conferences and workshops and publishes a social-science journal called Maritime Studies (MAST). Visit the MARE website at http://www.marecentre.nl. series editors Svein Jentoft, University of Tromsø, Norway Maarten Bavinck, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands previously published Leontine E. Visser (ed.), Challenging Coasts. Transdisciplinary Excursions into Integrated Coastal Zone Development, 2004 (ISBN 978 90 5356 682 4) Jeremy Boissevain and Tom Selwyn (eds.), Contesting the Foreshore. Tour- ism, Society, and Politics on the Coast, 2004 (ISBN 978 90 5356 694 7) Jan Kooiman, Maarten Bavinck, Svein Jentoft, Roger Pullin (eds.), Fish for Life. Interactive Governance for Fisheries, 2005 (ISBN 978 90 5356 686 2) Rob van Ginkel, Braving Troubled Waters. Sea Change in a Dutch Fishing Community, 2009 (ISBN 978 90 8964 087 1) Douglas Clyde Wilson, The Paradoxes of Transparency. Science and the Eco- system Approach to Fisheries Management in Europe, 2009 (ISBN 978 90 8964 060 4) Towards Marine Ecosystem-based Management in the Wider Caribbean Edited by Lucia Fanning, Robin Mahon and Patrick McConney MARE Publication Series No. 6 Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: The Tobago Cays Marine Park, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, a marine area of high natural value and intensive use requiring ecosystem-based management Cover design: Neon, graphic design company, Amsterdam Lay-out: JAPES, Amsterdam isbn 978 90 8964 242 4 e-isbn 978 90 4851 280 5 nur 741 © Lucia Fanning, Robin Mahon and Patrick McConney / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2011 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright own- er and the author of the book. Contents Preface 9 PART I SETTING THE STAGE FOR PRINCIPLED OCEAN GOVERNANCE IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN REGION 1 The Symposium on Marine EBM in the Wider Caribbean Region 13 Fanning, L., R. Mahon, P. McConney and S. Almerigi 2 Principled Ocean Governance for the Wider Caribbean Region 27 Mahon, R., L. Fanning, and P. McConney 3 Meeting the Challenge of Applying an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management: Some Experiences and Considerations Based on the FAO’s Work 39 Bianchi, G. and K. Cochrane PART II SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS Introduction 55 4 Implications of Land-based Activities in Small Islands for Marine EBM 57 Sweeney, V. and C. Corbin 5 Impacts of Land-based Marine Pollution on Ecosystems in the Caribbean Sea: Implications for the EBM Approach in the Caribbean 69 Gil-Agudelo, D.L. and P.G. Wells 6 Building Capacity and Networking among Managers: Essential Elements for Large-scale, Transboundary EBM through Effective MPA Networks 85 Bustamante, G. and A. Vanzella-Khouri 7 Why Incorporate Social Considerations into Marine EBM? 99 McConney, P. and S. Salas 8 Economic Considerations for Marine EBM in the Caribbean 111 Schuhmann, P.W., J.C. Seijo and J. Casey 9 An Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Linkages with Sea Turtles, Marine Mammals and Seabirds 123 Horrocks, J., N. Ward and A.M. Haynes-Sutton 5 PART III FISHERIES ECOSYSTEMS Introduction 145 10 Reef Resources, the ‘Fog of Fisheries’ and EBM 147 Appeldoorn, R.S. 11 Implications of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in Large Ecosystems: The Case of the Caribbean Spiny Lobster 157 Ehrhardt, N., R. Puga and M. Butler IV 12 Applying EBM to Queen Conch Fisheries in the Caribbean 177 Appeldoorn, R.S., E. Castro Gonzalez, R. Glazer and M. Prada 13 EBM for Fisheries in the Wider Caribbean: Deepwater Red Snapper Fisheries 187 Heileman, S. 14 An Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries for Large Pelagic Fish Resources in the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem 197 Singh-Renton, S., D.J. Die and E. Mohammed 15 Management of the Shrimp and Groundfish Fisheries of the North Brazil Shelf: An Ecosystem Approach 213 Phillips, T., B. Chakalall † and L. Romahlo 16 Ecosystem Issues Pertaining to the Flyingfish Fisheries of the Eastern Caribbean 227 Fanning, L.P. and H.A. Oxenford 17 Coastal Lagoons and Estuaries: The EBM Approach 241 Yáñez-Arancibia A., J.W. Day, B.A. Knoppers and J.A. Jiménez PART IV GOVERNANCE Introduction 257 18 An Overview and Assessment of Regional Institutional Arrangements for Marine EBM of Fisheries Resources in the Wider Caribbean 259 Fanning, L. and R. Mahon 19 International Environmental Instruments and the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in CARICOM States 271 Haughton, M.O. 20 Spatial Data Infrastructures in Support of EBM and the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Caribbean 297 Butler, M.J.A., P.R. Boudreau, C. LeBlanc and K. Baldwin 6 Towards Marine Ecosystem-based Management in the Wider Caribbean 21 Roles for Non-Governmental Organizations in EBM of Marine and Coastal Areas of the Wider Caribbean 307 Potter, B. and K. Parsram PART V SYNTHESIS Introduction 321 22 The Vision for EBM of Coral Reef Ecosystems in the Wider Caribbean 323 Mahon, R., S. Almerigi, R. Appeldoorn, K. Baldwin, G. Bustamante, J. Cramer, N. Ehrhardt, D. Gill, C. Gooding, W. Hobson, P. Kramer, M. Lay, A. Lopez, S. Martinez, J. Mendes, A. Ramirez, S. Salas, V. Sweeny and B. Wade 23 The Vision for EBM of Pelagic Ecosystems in the Wider Caribbean 335 McConney, P., K. Baynes, S. Cox, R. George, T. Grant, H. Guiste, J. Horrocks, M. Johnston, A. Kinch, E. Mohammed, V. Nicholls, T. Olton, H. Oxenford, C. Parker, I. Ramnarine, J. Rennie and S. Singh-Renton 24 The Vision for EBM of Continental Shelf Ecosystems in the Wider Caribbean 347 Mahon, R., T. Ásgeirsson, K. Asraf, K. Blackman, P. Boudreau, M. Butler, J. Cavanagh, B. Chakalall, S. Connell, D.L. Gil-Agudelo, S. Heileman, N. Lucky, T. Phillips, L. Romahlo, W. Rudder, S. Smikle and A. Yáñez-Arancibia 25 Developing the Vision for EBM Governance in the Wider Caribbean 355 Fanning, L., W. Anderson, G. Bianchi, W. Clerveaux, R. Fournier, M. Haughton, E. Hjörleifsson, S. Husbands, D. Logan, S. MacIntosh, J. Mateo, K. Parsram, B. Potter, P. Schuhmann, R. Soto, C. Toro, D. VanderZwaag and White, G. 26 Overall Synthesis and Future Directions for Marine EBM in the Wider Caribbean 367 Fanning, L., R. Mahon and P. McConney List of Contributors 377 References 381 Contents 7 Preface Dalhousie University and the International Ocean Institute (Nova Scotia, Canada), the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Stu- dies (CERMES), and the Caribbean Law Institute Centre (CLIC) at the Uni- versity of the West Indies (UWI) in Barbados acquired funding from the Nippon Foundation in 2008-2009 for a project entitled Strengthening Prin- cipled Ocean Governance Networks (PROGOVNET): Transferring Lessons from the Caribbean to the Wider Ocean Governance Community. One of the aims of PROGOVNET was to contribute to the work being undertaken by the UNDP, UNESCO-IOCARIBE project Sustainable Management of the Shared Living Marine Resources of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME) and Adjacent Regions (CLME Project). An objective of the CLME Project is to promote ecosystem-based management and an ecosystem ap- proach to fisheries (EBM/EAF) in the Wider Caribbean. This PROGOV- NET symposium on marine EBM/EAF in the Caribbean was developed to provide needed guidance to the CLME Project by bringing together region- al experts to develop a vision and a way ahead for EBM/EAF. The aim of the symposium is to produce a body of background work on EBM/EAF in various Caribbean situations, and to synthesise these ideas under strategic headings that could provide guidance to the CLME Project and other stake- holders in marine resource use with an interest in moving in this direc- tion. The symposium was held at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados on December 10-12, 2008.
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  • Resolving Geographic Expansion in the Marine Trophic Index

    Resolving Geographic Expansion in the Marine Trophic Index

    Vol. 512: 185–199, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published October 9 doi: 10.3354/meps10949 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Trophodynamics in marine ecology’ FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Region-based MTI: resolving geographic expansion in the Marine Trophic Index K. Kleisner1,3,*, H. Mansour2,3, D. Pauly1 1Sea Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 2Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 3Present address: NOAA, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA ABSTRACT: The Marine Trophic Index (MTI), which tracks the mean trophic level of fishery catches from an ecosystem, generally, but not always, tracks changes in mean trophic level of an ensemble of exploited species in response to fishing pressure. However, one of the disadvantages of this indicator is that declines in trophic level can be masked by geographic expansion and/or the development of offshore fisheries, where higher trophic levels of newly accessed resources can overwhelm fishing-down effects closer inshore. Here, we show that the MTI should not be used without accounting for changes in the spatial and bathymetric reach of the fishing fleet, and we develop a new index that accounts for the potential geographic expansion of fisheries, called the region-based MTI (RMTI). To calculate the RMTI, the potential catch that can be obtained given the observed trophic structure of the actual catch is used to assess the fisheries in an initial (usu- ally coastal) region. When the actual catch exceeds the potential catch, this is indicative of a new fishing region being exploited.