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Lichens on Rakitu (Arid) Island, North-East New Zealand

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Lichens on Rakitu (Arid) Island, North-East New Zealand TANE 28,1982 LICHENS ON RAKITU (ARID) ISLAND, NORTH-EAST NEW ZEALAND by Bruce W. Hayward and Glenys C. Hayward* New Zealand Geological Survey, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt *35 Trafalgar Street, Waterloo, Lower Hutt SUMMARY One hundred and twenty-four species of lichens from 50 genera are recorded from Rakitu Island, off the east coast of Great Barrier Island. This is one of the richest floras recorded to date from any of the offshore islands of northern New Zealand and is a reflection of the diversity of habitat, higher altitude (200 m) and the presence of forest patches sheltered from salt spray. Sixteen species (especially Parmelia erumpens, Hypotrachyna formosana and Ramalina geniculate) are recorded for the first time from a northern offshore island. Graphina monospora is recorded over 1 000 km further north than its previously known occurrence in Southland. INTRODUCTION The lichens recorded here were collected and studied during the Offshore Islands Research Group trip to Rakitu Island, New Year 1980 - 1981. Rakitu (Arid) Island lies 2.5 km off the east coast of Great Barrier Island, north-east New Zealand (Fig. 1). Rakitu Island (350 hectares) is divided into two high-standing blocks (each rising to 220 m A.S.L.) by the central valley of Abbott's Stream. Steep rocky cliffs surround most of the island and rocky bluffs are common around the summits of the two upstanding blocks. Open grassland covers approximately half the island (especially Abbott's Stream valley). Kanuka and mixed coastal forest grows in the incised tributary valleys of Abbott's Stream and in pockets on the steep, seaward-facing slopes and cliffs. Representative lichen collections were made from the major vegetation types (Fig. 1; species list). Voucher specimens are lodged in the Herbarium of the Auckland Institute and Museum. There has been no previous work on the lichens of Rakitu Island. 125 ! RAKITU (ARID) ISLAND km Te Akau Pi «4 taraire-kohekohe-tawa forest Fig. 1. Lichen collecting localities on Rakitu Island. Inset maps show the location of Rakitu Island off the east coast of Great Barrier, north-east New Zealand. 126 SPECIES LIST Key to distribution symbols: Habitat Substrate 1. maritime b = bark 2. open cliff tops r = rock 3. kanuka forest s = soil 4. taraire-tawa-kohekohe forest CLASS ASCOMYCOTINA ORDER LECANORALES Suborder Lecanorineae Baeomycetaceae Baeomyces fungoides (Sw.)Ach. 3r B. heteromorphus Nyl. 3r Candelariaceae Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.)Zahlbr. 2r Candelariella sp. lr Cladoniaceae Cladia aggregata (Sw.)Nyl. lr 2r 3r Cladonia capitellata (Tayl.)Bab. 2s 3r C. I carassensis Vainio 2s C. chlorophaea (Floerke) Spreng. 2s C. coniocraea (Floerke)Sandst. 2s C. I cylindrica (Evans)Evans 2s C. fimbriata (L.)Fr. 2s C. floerkeana (Fr.)Floerke 2s C. gracilis (L.)Willd. 2s C. leptoclada Des.Abb. 2s C. pityrea (Floerke)Fr. 2s 4b C. scabriuscula Sandst. 2s C. "(squamosa (Scop.)Hoffm. 2s C. subcervicornis (Vainio)Du Rietz 2s Cladonia spp. lr 2s Gymnoderma melacarpa (F.Wils.)Yoshimura 2s Coccocarpiaceae Coccocarpia erthroxyli (Spreng.)Swinsc. & Krog. 3b C. palmicola (Sprang.)Arvidas & Galloway 3b C. pellita MulIArg. 3b 4b Erioderma sorediatum Galloway & P.M. Jorg. 3b Collemataceae Collema subflaccidum DegeL 3b Collema sp. 3b Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.)Kremp. 3b 4b L. denticulatum Nyl. 3b Leptogium sp. 4r Heppiaceae Peltula euploca (Ach.)Wetm. lr Lecanoraceae Brigantiaea chrysosticta (J.D.Hook. & TayL) Haffelner & Bellemere 3b 4b Lecanora spp. lr 3b 4b Lecideaceae Catillaria sp. 4r Lecidea furfuracea Pers. 3b Lecidea spp. 4br Megalospora allani Zahlbr. 4b M. marginiflexa (Hook f. & TayL) Zahlbr. 3b 4b M sulphurata Mey. & Flot. 3b 4b Pannariaceae Leioderma sp. 3r Pannaria fulvescens NyL 3b P. granulifera Mull. Arg. 4b 127 P. immixta Nyl. 4br P. periptera Knight 3b Pannaria n.sp. 3b 4b Parmellialla nigrocincta Mull.Arg. 4b Parmeliaceae Hypogymnia subphysodes (Krempelh.)Filson 3r Hypotrachyna formosana (Zahlbr.)Hale 2r 3b Menegazzia circumsorediata R.Sant. 3b 4b Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.)EssI. lr 2r N. verrucella (Essl.)Essl. lr Parmelia cunninghamii Cromb. 4b P. erumpens Kurok. lr Parmelina horrescens Tayl. 2r 4r Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.)Hale 3br 4b P. crinitum (Ach.)Choisy 3b 4b P. mellissii (Dodge)Hale 2r 3br P. perlatum (Huds.)Choisy lr 2r 3br P. reparatum (Stirton) lr P. reticulatum (Tayl.)Choisy lr 3b 4br P. tinctorum (Nyl.)Hale 4br Parmotrema sp. 3b 4b Pseudoparmelia cf. caperata (L.)Hale lr P. soredians (Nyl.) Hale lr Xanthoparmelia australasica Galloway lr 2r X. furcata (Mull.Arg.)Hale lr 2r 3r Placynthiaceae Psoroma cf. athroophyllum Stirton 4r P. contortum Mull.Arg. 3b 4b P. leprolomum (Nyl.)Ras. 3b 4b P. microphyllizans (Nyl.)Galloway 4b Ramalinaceae Ramalina geniculata J.D.Hook. & Tayl. lr R. linearis Ach. lr 3r R. myrioclada Mull.Arg. lr Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulon ramulosum (Sw.)Rausch. lr 2r 3r Usneaceae Usnea arida Mot. 3b U. flexilis Stirton 2r 3br 4b U. cf. neocaledonica Mot. 2r U. cf. xanthopoga Stirton 2r 3br Usnea spp. lr 2r 3r Suborder Lichinineae Lichinaceae Lichina confinis (O.F.Mull.)C.Ag. lr Suborder Teloschistineae Teloschistaceae Caloplaca elegans (Link.)Th.Fr. lr Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.)Norm. 4b Xanthoria parietina (L.)Th.Fr. lr Suborder Peltigerineae Peltigeraceae Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.)Nyl. 2s 3s Stictaceae Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Sm.) Vainio 3br P. colensoi (Bab.)Vainio lr 2r 3b P. coriacea (Hook f. & Rayl.) Galloway & James 3b 4r P. crocata (L.)Vainio 3r 4r P. delisea (Fee)Galloway & James 4br P. episticta (NyL)Vainio 3b 4b P. faveolata (Del.)Malme 3br 4br • P. flavicans (Hook f. & Tayl.)V«inio 3br 4b P. intricata (1 )el.)Vainio 3b 128 P. lividofusca (Krempelh.)Filson 3r P. montagnei (Bab.)Galloway & James 3b 4b P. cf. polyschista (Mey. & Flot.)Zahlbr. 3br 4b P. psilophylla (Mull.Arg.)Galloway & James 4br Sticta subcaperata Nyl. 2b S. fuliginosa (Dicks.)Arn. 2b 3r S. latifrons Rich. 2br 4br Suborder Physciineae Physciaceae Buellia stellulata (Tayl.)Mudd. 2r Hue ilia sp. lr Heterodermia cf. dendritica (Pers.)Poelt. lr 2r 3b H. japonica (Sato) Swinsc. & Krog. 2r 3b 4br II pseudospeciosa (Kurok.)Culb. lr 2r 3b 4b H. speciosa (Wulfen)Trevisan lr Suborder Pertusariineae Pertusariaceae Pertusaria spp. lr 3b 4b ORDER GYALECTALES Gyalectaceae Coenogonium implexum Nyl. 4b ORDER OSTROPALES Suborder Ostropineae Thelotramaceae Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.)Ach. 3b 4br Suborder Graphidineae Graphidaceae Graphina monospora (Knight)MulLArg. 4b G. novaezelandiae (Knight)G. Hayward 4r Graphis inquinata (Knight & Mitt.)Hook f. 2b Phaeographis australiensis Mull.Arg. 2b P. exaltata (Mont. & v.d. Bosch)Mull.Arg. 4b ORDER SPHAERIALES Porinaceae Clathroporina exocha (Nyl.)MulLArg. 4br Pyrenulaceae Pyrenula knuthii (Fee)Fee 4b Pyrenula sp. 2b 4b ORDER VERRUCARIALES Verrucariaceae Verrucaria maura Wahlenb. ex Ach. lr ORDER ARTHONIALES Opegraphaceae Opegrapha agelaeoides Nyl. 4b O. diaphoriza Nyl. lr RESULTS Fruticose lichens The black, tufted lichen Lichina confinis is confined to intertidal rhyolite rocks (exposed in the north end of Shag Bay) but does not occur on the softer, more crumbly ignimbrites and pyroclastic rocks that comprise most of the island. The fruticose genus Ramalina grows in abundance on rocks in the maritime zone. R. geniculate and R. myrioclada were only found in this zone, but R. linearis also occurs on rocks in grassland and in clearings in kanuka forest. The reindeer lichen Cladia aggregate, the small tufted Gymnoderma melacarpa and the common soil-inhabiting genus Cladonia are most 129 abundant on soil on the open cliff tops, but occasionally occur on rocky soil in the maritime zone or in canopy gaps in the kanuka forest. Clumps of Stereocaulon ramulosum frequently occur on rocks on the open cliff tops, in the maritime zone or beneath kanuka forest. Short, stumpy Baeomyces is restricted to weathered rocks beneath the semi-open canopy of kanuka forest. Species of old man's beard lichen (Usnea) occur sporadically in many habitats but particularly on cliff top rocks and on kanuka bark. The orange, pendulous Teloschistes flavicans occurs in low abundance in the canopy of mixed coastal forest. Foliose lichens Yellow Xanthoria parietina, orange Caloplaca elegans and brown, squamulose Peltula euploca are all restricted to maritime rocks, whereas the grey Peltigera dolichorhiza is a soil inhabiting lichen found mostly beneath kanuka forest. Within the large foliose family Parmeliaceae, Pseudoparmelia spp., Neofuscelia spp., Parmelia erumpens and Parmotrema reparatum were found mainly on maritime rocks; Parmotrema cetratum, P. perlatum, P. reticulatum, Xanthoparmelia australasica and X. furcata occur commonly on both rock and bark in a wide variety of habitats from open maritime and cliff top situations to semi-open canopied coastal forest areas; Hypogymnia subphysodes and Parmelina horrescens were only found on rocks, whereas Menegazzia circumsorediata, Parmelia cunninghamii and Parmotrema crinitum are confined to bark in kanuka and mixed forest. Foliose members of the Physciaceae are common on both rock and bark in the open and in semi-open canopied locations. The majority of Stictacean species are restricted to forest habitats where they occur on both rocks and bark. The three Sticta species also grow on bark in open cliff top situations and Pseudocyphellaria colensoi was the only Stictacean recorded from the maritime zone. Lichens of the families Coccocarpiaceae, Collemataceae, Pannariaceae and Placynthiaceae only occur in forest areas, mostly on bark but some also on rock. Leioderma and Psoroma cf. athroophyllum were only found on rock. Crustose lichens Verrucaria maura and Opegrapha diaphorhiza are restricted to rocks in the marine and maritime zones respectively. Candelariella spp. were only recorded from rocks in the open and Graphina novae-zelandiae on rocks beneath the canopy of coastal forest. Species of Pertusaria and Lecanora occur on both rock and bark in a wide variety of habitats from open maritime zone to beneath the semi- 130 open canopy of coastal forest. Graphis inquinata and Phaeographis australiensis occur on bark on the open tops of high cliffs Lecideaceans and Thelotrema lepadinum were found on both bark and rock in kanuka and mixed coastal forest.
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