A QUESTïOI\T Otr CONSCIEItrCE: BF.TTISH AND CANI{DTA,N QUAKERS AI,I-D T¡IETR SOCTATTST ÄND PAR],TA}4]]}.ITARY Ã],LIES FACE TËfE GREAT Ì,..IAP"

¡\ Thesi_s Presented. to Faculty of Graduate Stud-ies and Research University of Manitoba

In Partial Fulfíllment of the Requirements for the Degree It{aster of Arts

by Brian John FeI1 September 1969 urult'fÈiþ, i\\L 'rj" olynrvLün-*^*%= AC ÍiNOVILE D GE Ì'{El'iT S

In the process of gathering materia.l for this

t, stud-y a-nd its production m.any debts have been incurred. I j would like to thank the Ca-naräa Yearl-y l4eeting for allowing : mefreeaccesStoíts1ibraryinTorontoandforthernateria1 l which I was allowed- to keep in T^Jinnipeg on. indefinite loan. In particular I vrould. like to express many thanks to lt{rs. Dorothy Muma u'ho wasi-instrum.ental in introducing me to

i Qu.akers with recollectj-ons of the Great In]ar. Also, gratitude ' musÈ be expressed to Fred Has1am, the Secretary of the Yea-rJ-y , l l4eeting,hrhowaskind.enoughÈodiscusswithmehisown experiences as a conscientious objector in Britain. f ì A special debt is oI¡Iêd to George Zavi-tz for allowing i i me examine and, ciocuments which related- to f to the letters j his period as a conscientious objector in Ontario. He also : ; read-íly agreed to discuss his experiences rvith me at his i

farm in Ïlderton, Ontario. i

l Thanks must also be extended to the staff of the Elizabeth Dafoe Librarlz of the University of Manitoba for the invaluak¡le help they gave in tracing and acquiring material. For the same reasons I would- also like to thanl< I the staff of the Provincial Library of Manitoba. other i i v¡as supplied by Dartrnouth College Library, Flonover material " IrTew Hampshire and the Manuscript Division of the Public Archives of Canada. 2-

Mention must be made and thanks expressed to the following institutions which reaclily answered. my enguiries: Edmonton Pul:lic Library; the Greater Victoria pul:lic Libra-ry; Haverford College Library; Swarthmore College Library¡ the Hoover rnstiiution on î¡'lar ï Revolution and peace; the society of Friend-s, Lond-on, Engla"nd; the society of Friend.s, victoria, B.c.; ancl þij-nnipeg Pubiic Library. To Dr. I4ichael Kinnear of the History Department of the University of Manitoba special thanks a::e c-ue. He of ferec encouragement, ad-vice and criticism at every stage of the stucly anC suppliecl a wealth of material and information frorn his personal library. Pa"rticularly ira,_oortant in this respect was the loan of The Pl.oughsha-re,. Lh-e_TliÞuna] and. th_e _C-O.lj; sansarcl. I,iy wife helped with proof rea,ling, typing and bibliogra¡:hicaI work and- gave encouragiernent ín 'bhe periods v¡hen progïess was s1or.;.

Brian J. FelI A. QUESTTON OF CONSCIE}ÏCE: BRITISH A}TD CANADTAN QUAKERS AND TFIETR SOCIALTST AND P7{R¡TAMENTARY ALLÏES FACE THE GREAT IVAR Abstract

A study of Suakerism in Britain and. Canafa during tire Great .I¡far ievealed that service for others prompted. the actions of the majority of euakers in both countries. British Quakers worked amonq enemy aliens in Britain and some euakers went overseas to perform ambulance worl< both in the firing zone and behind the Allied. lines. When the battle moved" onn euakers helped the civilian popula.tion by rebuildíng shattered homes and. by supplying aqricultural necessities. hlhen conscription was introd-uced into Brilain in I9L6r ma-ny Ouakers still put service for others before a total r¡¡ithdrawal from any contact urith !\zar. They worked_ on mine- sv'reeping operations or with a-rmy medical corps. Others accepted

agricultu.ral of forestry 'r¡orl< and_ other work designated. as alt.ernate service. some euakers decided to enlist and abandoned the Oualpeace movement of the nineteenth century and in the political life of the nation \^7ere signs that the quietist period of the Society of Friend.s was at an end and- tha-t this had been brought about by the influence of evangelicalism and by the growth of euaker t-¡usiness inÈerests. euakers bega.n to send out rnissionaries and to send aid. to war-torn areas of the worrd. This Ied to a different euaker approach to war for Quakers became more involved. in activities rvhich took them toward.s closer contact with arms and- fighting. Many euakers st'ill maintained that Í^¡ar \,/as r.¡rong in all circumstances, L,ut by I9L4 the association r¿ith aid fo:: strícken areas had become so much a part of Quaker life that it seeroed natura't for many young 0uakers to take their place a-s ambulance rvorkers aL the Front. Yet for other euakers the peace testimony of the society of F::iends was something which they could_ not violate. Idhen conscríption came, the¡z refused. to perfcrm any r.vork under the military or civil authorities, for they argued that. doing such work forced ot]:ers into Èhe war zone. Fu.rther u they argued that the Government haC made r:rovision for absolute exemption for conscientiou-s objectors, but that many objectors had been refused this exemptíon" Qualcers \¡¿ere a minority among the absolu-uist. objectors in Britain, for most absolutists were socialísts. Manlz soeialists objected to the rva"r because of a l:e1ief in the brotherhoosocialism. This was not an easy task, for many Quakers were industrialists or business nen v¡ho could- not be expected to welcorne socialj-srn-. By frugal living and- inter-marriage, Quaker families h.ad- built up large business collcerns and a_lthough there vrrere profit sharing and welfare schemes

ín rnanlz Quaker f a.ctories, it v¡as not the intention of the eua.ker employer to give control of his business to his employees. An examination of @, the sociarist-guaker monthllzo showed that Socialist-Qua-kers linked war with capitalj-sn. They felt that unless economic reform u'as instituted- which would. remove the inequa.lity between man and. man anrl. between nationa and nation, then the germs of war v¡ouid ahnrays be present in t.he v¡orld. Guild socialismu they believed., would- remove the cause of friction between em-ployer ancl employee and thus remove one of the basic causes of strife within society. socialíst-oualcers cla-imed. that they had something síqnifica.nt to say a.bout wa-r and peace ruhich other purely religious pacifists rnrere incapa.ble of saying. They wanted to change Society by social reconstruction. To att::ibute v/ar to vague terms such as greed of rust v¡as noÈ sufficient for them. They felt that war could be examined ra.tionally and. they tried. to convince other Quakers that t.his should be d-one. Economic inequality was the root cause for most of the world's ailments, argued the Socialist* Ouakerso and they never faileC to express this forcibly in their writings. htithin the society of Friends, the socialist-euakers act'ed a-s a left-v'¡ing minority. Yet despite the smallness of their number, thelz exerted a grea.t influence in the peace movement during the vrar. They served on the Friend-s Servíce Committee and on tire national executive of the No-conscription Fellowship. The lives and wartime activities of some of these men \trere examined. in this study. rn the life of Corder Cat.chpool rvas seen the t-ransition of a Quaker from the al-ternativist to the a-bsolutist position and the I ife of Stephen îiobhouse shov¡ed the conversíon of a man to

: Ouakerism a-nd, his part in the Qua-ker mcvenent d.u-ring the tiiar. BotSr ffiêrì 1r¡€rê active in social uzorl< before the i¿ar anit_ it t.. i rças the i:elief that sociaii sm could- re.r.nove social il-ls v¡hich t, ettractec-l- 'L.hem io the socialist inovem-e:nt. Thelz rejected the fatalistic tendencies of many religious I:elieve::s and. souEht. to chanqe society rather than to prepare for the next world. , Conscien-ticus objection r^¡ou'lii- not have been ¿n im;oor-L.ant issue in Britaín if conscription had. not been ir:t.::oduced in 1916" I Tt v¡a"s found. th.at ouposition to conscription r¡¡as provij---*'_------''J äed by a j : lllixture of Lil:e::a.Ls, f "L"P" meieJrers ancl sonÌe other La-bour

: te;rrese:nLatives" Nu¡nerica-lly, Liberals rnzere the stronger of the r ; j i cornpone:rt pa-rts of the anti-r¡¡ar group. Before th.e advent. of : :.ì conscription there ri¡êre signs ttra-t eonscr-iption rvoul d- be stronglv'---'-)-J i , r . opposed., for iSritaii: had a fear of a stanäing .Army da-tincrkack i : . to the seventeenth century. :

i , }lorlever,u the+l^^ -----^^-? !i --- I r opposition to conscri-ption dwind.led- ai.tay as I i--: : ' first Lhe rrish r,¡ational-ists r,¡itnd.rer,v tlleÍr supiüort and then Jaþour l meruberE becane alnoet equalJy dr-vided for and. against the neasure, 'Ufficiai.1ythetabourPartysupjJor'l,ed.ed'efenSiVef,Iarand'i1any1abour i members expressed a concern for voJuntarism l'¡hj-re acceptrng conscrlp- | i tion as a necessary evit cal.r.se yrany in the of victory. T,iberats, i, , :1 , incl-ueijl.ng soiue in the Uabinet, r.rrere not nappy about tfre j-ntrod.ucil_on

: or' congcrip-r,l-on, Þut the ne,jorj-t¡r I of these did not vo.be agaj-nst conscrj--lcLon. I'his J-eTf, a nar(I core of JrJÊt uni-er 4{J memÞer-s l¡iho consiÊjtentry oppo,:Èo conscrroùru&. These qù were too rer,, to þrock conÊcrrËËr-on, but sone oï ti'le Libe¡¿1 i'i.P.s lrho viere aJ-so quakers, drd secure a ïrid-er conscience clause for ccnscientrous ob¡ectors. ihe arnended cl.eu$e al.loweo t:'ibunaLs to granr exeriiptl-ons on tne uncier- sta-ndr-ng that the exeinpted onjector perforrqed. some work of national irntrr6¡tr*t"U.

$"fter conscrrïrtron becaue a tacr, tr,ns l{.Prs who hac opposed conËcription inreresred tnemÊelves ].n the t,reatment o1 conÊcj-entious ob¡ectors by tribunals; and as oþjeciorË were taken into the Àray questrons concern5.ng r,heir v¡hereaþouts and treatment vrere raisea in l¡arlia$ent. egain, the antì.-wa-r ë;ro'¿p irafi too srna.t-l to effect a 6reat deal, our by cont,inually rarsj-ng such questions tbey ensureC that the problems of conscientious objectors lvere kepr bel'ore the country. Yet the Governinent lvas able to bring i-n extensions to tne original military ,Service Êil-I and r¡ras abre to eisfranchise rrrany conscientious objectors.

r-n Canada, it i¡¡as found the.t Quaker-s shor'*ed the same concern Tor servr-ce to others as did ¡ritish Quakere. iíoïiiever, tanadian Quakers made thej-r greatest contrinucion to the dritish and -&ürerican queker anbulance arlci r-Ëconsf,ruction unLre by sending eoney ând clotlung Eo ¡jurope. ¡ome nen did $o Eo $urope with these units, bi;.t there clo not appeã-r to have been flany quakers of mrritary age in Canada who had to oecide r,shetrrer to give servÍce or rena:Ln r-n tana-da. Only tr¿o cases of Quakers being seni to jai-l 1¡ecause of a conscientious objection to +Íar- riere found by the author. Both of these nìen calne from Onta-rio. lhe exlreriences of one of these objecLors, George l{ab1.e1r, liâs exarnÍned in tÌris study. It j-e possj-ble thai there r¿eie others in trestern Canad-a, The lack of a substantial body of socialists in tanada allol'¡ed. the Canadian Government to ins.bitute inio its 1917 Í{ilj.tary Service Bill

a conscience clause v¡hi-ch stipulated titat exeinptions olt ground.e of a conscientious objection tq 1,rå1. trì,ould only be given to the lnernbers of religious groups r,¡hose tenets contained an objection to war. rn practioe the Government d.ecidecl whj-ch of these grou.os irarl such tenets. I4ost of 0anada's O"uakers trr¡ere at'r,acheci ro agriculture in sorûe way and hence there do not a;opear to have been strong advocates

of Ploughshare po.rbitics in Canada. For incir:strj-alization, r,rhich had brought many of the problens BrÍtish Socialist-euakers sou6ht ro sorve, was not at an adveLced Êtage in tanada. fABtE OF CÐNTENfS

INTBOD{'CÎION

PABT: O$E

Ghaptbr

I. rEE quåKEB PEå"C8,.TE8TIÌ{O¡W ItÍ THANSITION . II. ABO!{::AI{BT'LAIICE.IioBKffi.. lfo AB$CILUTIST . . III. QUÁKENE¡;A¡IDSOCIALIST-QI'AKER8, . . . . IV¡ col{gcglpÎIotûFoRc'ESBECISIOS . . . . I. Quakor Servloe ln Harülne II. AUroLutt BB oriAlüernetlvlen? III. lhe üaklng of an AbsolutlEt Vr SooIALISTTqUAKEBÉ¡ AI{D ¡IOBLÐ pEAeE . . . SOCIAI,I lE. ST-QUAKEBS AIIÐ rEE I{O-CONSCBIPTI ON a

FETLOI{SEIP...... a

PåE[ì,TWO

I. TEE f 4.eglNc:0F fEB-; MILITAET SERVICE.BIf,t (No. 2, . .--o ...... , I. The lrleh_and, Consorlpt!.on II. Laþ'burrand. The E[Ll III. Llbcrals Who Opposeù-i rv. Antl-consorlpÈiõnlsts and. Thelr conscLences II. , PABLIAIIffTAffi ACTIOS ON BffiAI.,F OF TEE COffiSOTETM'IOUS: OBJECfOB...... I.. lthe Extcaa!.on of g-onsorlptll.on II.'l[rlbr¡¡oal Gontroversy III. I11-treat!!ent of ObJeoù'ors I% Dlsfranchlsenont sf Obteotore V. Pcacc-by-l{egotlatlon Ca$d.ld,atee

PA8tr TESEEI

I. CAIIÆ)IAñ QIIåKEBB BEFOBE îEE GBEAT' WAB . . . . . I. l{lgratlon enô Loes of Î{emberehlp II. The Peaore lfeetlmony of Canad.lerl Que,kerE III. Agalnst ![llltarlsn II. EHE COUI¡¡G OF THE WåR AND COT{SEHIPÎIOIT . .. . . I. Brltleh Cônr¡eotlons enê Anbular¡oe tfork II. Ot¡neorlptlon III. C0$S€EIPT,ION.ANDCOSEOIEIÍGE;...... I. êeorge Dlbblcy II. C'i¡neolenoe end. She Oanad.lan Eooleti of Frlends

COIS0I¡Ií$IOHS o . Ò ...... o . .

åPP$IDIX, ¡ ...... o . . . . . aPPH{Drx a. seree'tü.on of the George lrtabley Doounents âPPffiDIX B. I{ar offlee lettèr 19 SeptenÞer, L9L6 APPENDIX'C. Eianple of a Corder Caüehpool leüter urltton ln pilson .åPPEDIÐIÍ D. Selected. Blographloal gketohee

BIBLIOGBAPEI ...... " Introduction

$ocLalÍsts, wiÈh occaslonal temporaÛ aberratioÊs ãffiyshave sornething special Ëo say about war and peace, soruethiag whidr dlffers froE Iûhat mere P¿giltsæ have to say. &e latter deplore the osiËffiof t¡ar but do trot always understand it. Sociallsts also deplgre war, but' they understa¡td fts Priæ causés' L The Quaker is not prLnartly concerned with the questioE whether war Pays or does aot pay for the people ecgaged l.n tt; ¡lhether it succeeds fn its aim or does not succeed. The Quaker flatly l¡*eiste that it Ls absolEtely and eteroally lrrong norally, that ChrLstlanlty and war éré uËterly lnconpatiU Le--- (because) ---theËe is eoneËtring of €od in every Persoúr---uan and God belong togethert are meant for each other and ttrat beings like us are Poterrtial sons of God. 2 A consctentious obJection to war was held by sorne nënbers of evefy kfiotm rellgLous Sroup ia Britaln durÍng the Great ÌIar. Quakerst

Ghris tedelphians ¡ unitarians, Plymouth Brethren, comgregaËLonalÍsts t Ioternational Blble students, AdvenÈigtsall provided some rnenbers of the cOnscientiouS obJectors moverent. thefe were also obJecËors who belonged to the Ghutctr of Englqnd and the Ronsr CaÈholic Churdr, lúlle óthers calLed themselves TolsËoyans æd others lheoeophfsts. rüith the mrrltitude of relfgior¡s groups in Britaf.n i.t will be apPareÉ't that thf's Ls rtot an e¡ihaustive tist. Hos¡ever, it fs of suffLcLeot lèúgth to show the varfety of relÍgious opfnion w?¡ich could produce a QonscfentLous objectíorf to war'

l. rheSlouglrshare, vol.ZrNo. 7 (New Series), August, 1917.p.195. trXte ' 2. Ruf,us M. Jøtes, Quaker Peace Posltionrtt @L, April L915, pp. 22-23. 2. Yet desplte thls wealth of religlouç ppiniçÊ, the ma¡prfttr of Britef.nrs conscfenÇlouc obJectol6 at thfs period were socldlfsçs. Þarriit Borrltoa tronghlV argqes that tåree-quasterst of thê cousçfentfous ohjectore of rhe ef,eat Wâr fell åúto thíó catêgÞry. 3

Eelng a socf.allst dld not, of sourÉ¡e, har a úan fron holdiag

a rellgÍou8 FÖÉJ.tfo|l el*o; d.d slthoT¡gh Èhete fdlene þ€ny arheists å¡!.d

êgaqsticF tn the Brf.tísh sqcfalíst spvgüent, tlrerç were also ody who held strone Chrtstta,rr viewd. lhe ties beeween oßnaoaf,óffiiry and socialfsn werç s¡troûrg. A grartçe at Fhtllp soordçm"rs Aqtobio,FFaph,y is suff,f.eient to shstr ùh1s. Ee ¡naintainE that Èhe eafly socialfsË noveüêqt Bt1tatn I derlved fn its fnspiratdon^ far more f,rom the $e{þotr, on ,4e [Iou¡rt than qÊ tirq teaet¡t¡tgs {)f thè ecqno,nlgts.r tuo¡oden uses religtous læ,guage to itescrf^þe ûen'Tirler aad roü ü4, rdüd ottrer flery evaÉ,gell.sfç of Èhe qer¡ goepel. t 4

3. .Soultoû, Ðåvid. OÞlgcgþn Overruled. tq¡rdotr¡ l,facsfbbon áfld Kéy. Lgâ7. F. 12. neweveffiçe here for thls agçÊËËlsa. Ihê onþ stêtiËtf,cal sr¡r\,çü of cof,scf.Bnrfou$ ob¡ector+ arratl&Iê fd,r thê près€ftt stu$ appegrb fn 6raûram, Johrtr. 0ã,qsçr¿g$1g. #d, ôoBÇctgnsg. lghdoni ce.orgÊ +fr*a a¡rd ünrfa, Lg?A. p.ffi Thfs shows thaÈ ost of a total of 61261 obJectord lrho vere Ènqna to'suffer iuptfspfirrertt, 11191 uete çocf.altsts aad ?Zg vare Qualserç. Gt¿han ts quotLqg-fron thê lto-Éoüscrlption Fellorrsfttprs $ouvêril.er-, X*lÞ. Further stêtistics ueed by Boultæ and Gretram ¿re thos@d- by the Cçnscf.Errttoqe Ohjêct9fs Infqrnatlon Ëuraau i.lr t92l. lhesa shon tþaf therc ï,ere probably_ L6r10q tgenuÍne coüsèisnrfous oÞJe.tor"-rnAoi faced the Trlb-unale or srhewí.çe räfi¡sed to içta in the qai. ,ùkdü;, F. 34fi. 4. lko ,l.aÞotrr leaders wtro eaüe to prontrrence iå the Trade tlnloa sþvënenÈ in the la-st qqsfter Ef t*re ¡riueteenth censtrrT 3. Ee alsq pofnÈed out thac nany tNoneonfor:mist local preachere çêre 4ttract€"d to the W\teuent by the ¿ttr,{cal êppeal of socialLsn. r

asdr in a les* seriqus vetn, sns,rde¡r tells of a yorkfng qan,¡ Johmny

Goe, who told Ffed üramley, a future Sectetary of the Tradee Unf.on tp$t Gongresc, Èhat at the ead of hf.ç speechee he urust a bit of "ço¡þe to Jesuatr itr ltke Þhfltp dges. t 5

Ttre æ.ln bo{y of thi.e study fg cæcerned witt{ a group ¡rhf.ch

¡vas förþed for tþe specl.fl"c purpose of, brtrngl.rrg eociâIåsE a¡14

Chrf.etlarfty together. fffÉrfn the Chrlstian world â cerraln form of chtfstf.arrtty was advocated and correspoûdtagly anoûgst the

¿Xffertf,B shades of sqcf.alfst opinion, a particuLar Ëfpe of eociaLisû r,tas fÊt¡oured. fhe fordef t{Ë6 Quakerísnr, the laÈtef, ggf.ld*soci.a1Ís¡n. CAllÍag ltself, the Sqclalf.et Quaker $scteÈy, thts body sougtrt to bring aocÍaligm to the $ocf.ety of lriends. 6 tt wâs not necèssary to be a Quatcer to be a sptiber qf $.Q.S., but a staËeneût lssued in *re Flgq*üshare, the Sqcfetyrs iourna]., rêfêrred ro ftç meprbçrs ês acknowledging rtJre lfght'túhiah llghteth eyetl þån that coþeth igto the fiorld. 7

5. Phttip $nordrn, A+ 4stohf.gerrrtrr. Vol. 1:(lgö4-lgtg).(ï.ondon: Xvot NLcholss¡l -¿nd ÌüaÈçoqr L934).rpf- 63-9-4:- Ilereafrsr refetred ço as Snelrden. For full.ar:treatnent - a of thle subJact .@,. Êtepheu !,tayor, . (Londoã: InFpe¡rdent S¡essr' lgé7). 6. IÌereaüter referred to 8s tJre fi.Q.$..

7. Vide-. Ëection three of thfs squdy. Mrs. Nel.l.ie Sç$t was oue socialisïãlob9r o{ the -$.Q.S., ïhô íår a Quakèr. Thg PlouehsháTç, Vol. L., No.2 (Þtarch, 1f116)¡"*" p.6$. 4. lfhfle there are works dealing with Ëhe socLaList objector and the Qu*er oÞ'jeetor duriag tfre Gçeat l,{ar, f.t wf.trl be argr:ed in

the pregÊrit wqrk that there Ís ¿ need for a etudy rrhfch êtamines a

group of people who were cþtrÞ.ëcËêd wf$.b boüh socialis¡n aad Qualcerlsrr. Ia Grahanrs work otr the eubj.ect of çousêf,eattpr¡s obJecÇion, socl.el.fsts

play a lfttle Þert 1û the novenen'tr althongþ nn$eríeally they were strorgçf Èhan the Quakers. This does ûót CönsËftUte a eritLcism of

this bosk, for it ûäs trås fntentios, to Éeal v¡ith the Quaker position, a ¡ositiqn rpith whlch he tras perooRalk invoLved. toulton, qn the oÈher handr concettt¡ates Largely upon the soef.alists ln the üoveüent.

If a $octalLst*Queker alrPeárs tu¡ the fç:cruer work he Ís referted to as

a Quaket¡ 1f til the J.sttrgr it f.s ptobaÞly as a chË1"¡1sq-p4clfLsf. Xrr his introductíon, for e*anple, torrton refers to Atfred salter as tr¡nconpro¡ri.siÍrg exptççsing the Çhristf.an falthr og côneei,eq,ttotrc

ohjectlOn. Ë[e f,allows thls üy sayiÉB that öome @¡ held both rhe sociall.st aûd the Christfçr f,aúths. In Sa].ter he hed a perfect

é¡rânplë of, thÍs tÏ|pq of csnççleatloue ob$ector, ]':eË Bowhere fg :¡.t

æptÍoned that SaltÉr was, a QuËker Êor thåt he had hegq a for¡a&r Aeqhßt of úe Bermordeey ladependent T,e$our Farty. I

NeftÍrer of ,Ëfie nro Works cfted above used ThF PtoçF{rshire ard to Êhe aqÊhorrs kùoçledge thLs Journal hæ aot beeq usêd fn any pubftshed ¡ror'lc upon coÉsclentlous obJêetíon. Yet 1t rri.ll he na{ctained

B. IlereafËer rçferred ta ,å$ thç I.L.P. 5. thaË SocfalÍat*Qsakers helü nsny opfnioüÊ trot shared by largê sÞet{Þps of thç qlr¿flcer:Ëôvêürent and that ttiLs was aleo tnre fçr Êhetr çoctalLst, opf,ul,ons ¿úongst oÈher eociâli.sts. Íhis srudy¡ shên, rr-ill lgrgely csÊcêrü, ftsçlf rrirh the opfafons oS, those vrho held to both the goel¿lfst and fuaker ËÊaéts in a tlEê of war and hcw tjrese oþintons agreed or claçhed ralth tbe Qsåker dÞverre¡¿, Èhe soci¿I.ist gsysirpnt¡ or þoth. f'or althoqgh they were Fart of both nÞwueÈts, sÉ occasf.oË,ö Soclallsf*Quakers deÊef,vÞ tû stand alonÈ.

ttre f,irpt cheBter o'f 8¿rr gfié dêêlc trlef,ly trith the Þeqce restlhoÉy held by the soeferf of FÊtÊRdÉ a¡¡d an exam{,fiatfon of sons of tlre trléforical bacFgrotrnd of this Êësrinony. I [.r Í.s hoper(t that ttrls Will shoç tbe gradrral change f-n Quekerlsb frou lts ¡osf,tlo,t as a aon-polÍtLcål, quietiet uqvêüent, to a body rrtrtçh was reFfçseated lü, Brirlsh Êolittcs a¡rd alsç in fÐter4qtislrel affetfsi rÞ E body¡ fn fact, vhich had lqst tuch of 1Êe dtçttucti^veûßss l.o u¿nrrer, dtees aRd language. It !ilâs ppsslble ta Þass a Quafrer 1n the âcresr in X914 and nçt kaü¡v hin f,or a hëdber of that body. À cçntin$,Atf.o,n of thfs ärg{fneût leadå Èo the theors thar f,or uany neúers of, the s.Bçfery of f'Ëf.Etrds tbfs þpw tnorldlúnesst l¿d to con¡rrontses wf-.fr üre *retent

Qua&er pêäcê têsÊJsony. Chapter ßvûd seeks tp +ltot ir rùlctr d.irectfon ßoüFrpplse took sone he¡ibêrs of the $Ocfety. SpecLfic íustances are gflrHr of, tihe actictrs of a birthtieht Q$aker arrd sscialtst cçnvert,

9. The Ëetp Quaker or npnber cf the $oc{ety of frÍënds is ssçd $¡f.thout ôistlnctlon ln thLs study. Quaker has perhaps reeelved uöre ûsåge ln BrLtain than ln North Anertca, altå.ough the Cnnatrrarr Eoetety etll.l calls itself, fhe ßèligtçus Socf.et¡r of Friends (Quaþers). 6. ¡order Catçhpool a¡rd tfre,.deeisLon üaklng whieh the war brought ro a Socialtst-ftralmr obJector: hts Êc,Èepralrse and f,inatly his t'éjectloü of g¡¡butanes r¡orh.

In çhåpter thre.e soÏrê of, the copnections hetnreen Quakerisn and sscfalisú are exmfued priaf to dte f,OrnatloÈ of, ttre S.q.$. -[trts fs follqred by a glance at the problens of brfrrging sdcialisn to the

Sirciety of, Frlends. A $ociety, wh{etr as $he 4louprhçhaTg argned, wae laggely cOryo$ed of uealÊþ people. By shætrç ths S.q.S. theory of üar Êetrçet!.on, î.t is beli"eved that SoÈe lEFlg*tt wLlt hç, galned fnto problens aroirsçd by an stteflpEe{ tl&íoü çf spcialtcn dnd Qu.akerfsn. AftÞr thl$, the st{tdy dêåIs, ln ltaÞtçr four¡ nainly ¡r{ttr- .the poeítioÊ adopted by the S.,q.$. ttltrêrds coH,scf,iptf-oq, a rsqaqurg l¿tæoduc+t fnto Brf"tain tn 1å1,6. Socf.aliat-Quakers, f^t wll"l he noted, toç&, a vety strf.çt Ltne upoÍt cönscripff.on and rcere ra$soluÊiçËr lü ourldäk. fhls was ln agreeueu,t wfÊh the l'rf.ends Eerrråce ßormlÈtee, a þod}¡:ofi yotúrg 'Quakerrs to qtrich referenæ ¡¡fll be üade latÉt. $@è ta.dicetion of the variêtÍes of consetenüf.oue obJectlon is s-howt ln the follow1üg lengthyr drougfu l@ortaut quÞtatioúr f,ron a speech uade Èy Lord $ydenhan in the Lords on 4 May, 19û6. It shows qulte ctrearþ ehe wide spectrt¡ü of objectlon and of the place fn thts specËfi$r Bf tþe aÞselutf.st ot l those ufro r¡ou1d do uothlng rrhich they thought would releasg othet ten for conbatánt servÍce.r lher exttehe obJe,Ctor t¡ould co¡rgèrit tq.senre irr a cfvfl hospdtaf., but lf threc or four soldíerq rùere put lgto LÈ he woçId decll¡e to.do ae¡thí.Sg. . . Solne ¡sçuld work at mr¡cf.tf.E¿ç, trùi.LeÊ othÊrs thought 7. the nakfng ef ÐûniËfgrre èq,¡lÌ¡alent ts coùatæt lrerk. Evi{o uÊdiers of thc, Socf.ety of Frf-ènds dfd not riëe êye tÉ eye. Agaûn sone ohjêcrôrs woutrd do _uost thfngs provided' thè ¡oork uas uot únd.er nlf.{tary aËthorfty. Others, Ê qslte considerable cl¿ss' woulü do ao ¡rork on $atuiday, ur*ess Í.t r¡ás tork of tßfçf, end they $qulé pdÊ do work pf üÊtcy ¡¡nder ordêrs. Therê were al.so ¡¡atrr who r.rorrld dc tothtqg ühey thonght ry¿uld releäsê, otheÌ æË, fof côubataût ççpvice. Ia soüe cã*ea the obJectors were utrch ¡¡e¡ç polf.Ëical tlrat religíor¡ñ. It was unäeëessary ço $åy f.hat fn sooe Cåseç the corsclentiotrn ohjectìtçfr å.fpse aftef Ëhe war¡ fudeed, ühere have heen çrÌses of nen who voluotari,ly arrê$!Þd aud- çt¡bsequently developed conscleätlous oÞJectíeus. 10

fre experÍences of t¡uo ¿þeolutf.ct coû,Êcteirtror¡s oþJectors

ere then Exanined. one Stephen F.obhortgë wås a euaker convert artd also a socialiat, the ¿ff,ilfat{onp of the otherr torder Catchpool

har¡e alreafly been Roted. fhie part of the atudy $ho¡¿s the lLves of t¡so literá,tê nRü coüfined ln Jail becauqe of a coÈscf.entfouö obJectLon to 1"rüqr. r,t also shor,rs thef r different upbringloge in relatÍpq to

thelr conscfentd.ous objectioû; thel.r attltudes to wâÌ, the arury and Pri$ott.

rn chapÊer flve â ladh fs tekçTr ar thë atrltqdes expressed .Plouehsq¿re fu The coscetntrng the prohren of shtaln{Rg a negoriated pÊäce snd of naiütalülüg peace once ft was çst¿bllshed. Thece thougþrs, ft t1111 Þe seen, were iuËrlcately con¡rected tsÈth Soclalfst-QuEker êçqnofric theqÌìf. The ¿b.tentfon here is to shq¡r dnce again 4 secti,on of, the $Qc¿ety of I'rfends involVfng itself irr the practical åspecrs of national æd lnfenrattronal Lffe.

10. 1*1e..ç;O. ,rs,$dtrs4r-d, Vol.. l(RetrospecËÍve Serles r[o.5) , OctaÈer' 1?16@ly re¡rtiat or rire offical parlianerrrary oq natters_ reportF conceûritg the conseíFetioss çbjector. rt waÊ published bf the No-tonscripttoe fellorshf.p. g. chapter sÍx deals $füt the áctivtties of the soçial.fet.

Q*akers íü, a qÍder orgenizåçiörir the No-Eø,scniptfon reïlowsÞip.ll

T,üii.s boËii crltÈafttçd +trl rypes qå co$sei@riÍ.ous ohjectór, Þut åÊ rraF Þi:gry eatpoÉÉd of rrcnbers of, the 1.L.&. sone meobers sf Ëhè s.Q.s. haê çeaÊ* on åe exect¡Èlve ôf gåe I{sE.F., but .ras rÞiLl be indicared,

ßhë oÞÌAfoqE of socialf.sts åud $sefalfst*euakets dld not alV+ys ètrtÉqide.

CoasCçlptfon'a¡td the paqsaæ of the MlljtêËy Sertni,eç bilL

rhrouËfr Þ*rLtaËeut for.nq rf,te b¿sls of Çh*prer o¡re of, parr Tfto.

,ì Fr.Þü, Êß exahf4atign of puþrlfshed $o$ks ûs thfs subJect, it seens thau therê is soþe eoufusiqn äs ço wtrtctr M.p. rs strppoiterl or dld not supÞþrÈ çouçcr{pËlon. [r f.s hpFed rhat thls chapter wtl,l l.ü borrc vay helç tç el¿tåSy rhis ãfÈtratio'a. Agafu, thç aÉtttudec of

cocf.allsts d{td Qtlat

aþ.d consçíeEttÖdÉ obfgoÊion, f,or ,Flie rarrer qeurd aot have been á mâJor igsuþ {a rr*åtat¡t, but f,çr the l¿Êrodt¡eti,on of Ëhe forrner. Èsrtfculeüly lnpoËtd¿t ür tþfa seËtioa ¿re tlæ aûrL*¡deç of the t$ euaker* tlho set às l.ûbera1 ti[.p. Èn *he HsUeè of dogmons. dofldmfir€ closely thË Fåûærü ser fu eheprer oae, rhe sqcqnd tBrepter of Þefr Í\ro ce$rsÞs qn parllanetr aftet rhè påssing of tþe lfrIittary $erqrl'ce þfl¡". [È sseks te sho$ eo$e qf Êhe'proÏileus presènt*ó by the lûrroduÊtt9a öf cqosçrtÈtloa, tq¡ludftg these presearêd hy tts ent{sffi{.qn shortly qfter the ftEst Btll becÉffi 1m*.

11. EerèafÈêr referre{ ts äs *he N-o.F. 9.

Â1ço deaLü wfth are Êhe qþtcrt"es agai-nst ÈF€ vegêríes of rhe triÞqnals çet üÉ, tç Ëra#t or fêfitÈÇ ExeBptlen$ ãcd the ixl-treatmenr of

eonselê*Ètdqs çhjpdtors ¡ Qqe瀿$r$ çoncÞrfi:tbg ii,¿#fviaual oalgeetots rçrEçü ê lâFBë pårç o,f tlte ffiÈf*war Ëartyrs inrrq¡.vffienr fu p4r1{4-

uëå,tâf,f ÊsÈç.çtE õf, cüËsctÊttt{,4t¡s obJpètion, btrË üåny of tÏrtrse cassË flqVÉ beéÈ ignqr.ed by ttri.e 5Ër¡ûÍr f,or Ít fs felt that they arÞ

ade{u¿talü covered iU publisÏteÉ t¡çf'ks. Hó,trever, ooe lmportanr case qg ¿l[-tfeat!ûefit ltgp rççcLvÊdl *ÈËÉetloq, fpr ft wås aüe of the very

f,eü eases fÉ urhtéh the þgvernneþt dtd adpit t&.at if.l-Ëreatneut of ¿s ghJeotor t\ad taken plarg. l&.fa. sçct16r âl"so árteppts ts fellow thë c$ÊtreveÈsy $ver the df.sftmchíÊetûçrlt sf conscl"edtlouç ÇÞf,ectors.

Fi*aff,y, Ètre PErfçfoances of FOBe ProÊPqcttvé pacl^fist PerllxnengâË¡r oandùdateÞ 4rH þ:råürlneé aqd alsg çþe'Ëate {f so* M.P. rs who forned part 0f the a¡rf1*per grol+p. Part få,ree Ís atr atËenFl to v{.el+ cor{scle$tious objeGrsø tn

Ê Oa¡rpdÊaÞ. gêtt&€ å¡rd lt de¿Lc s$Ècú.fically rtdth canadían Qudrere, alqholrgh sone Éëf,gfèsce lç madq -to 8dÀ-q$åker Ëroups and Eo

Éôcd.allpts. fh¿rç has hêeb work done on the cöhecdéÊrious nor¡eænÈ

úO 4uebÞ,4, buß aÞårË frou ê valueþle chapter i[ Dorlandrs book d,n

$fin¿d1a¡r Qua&Érs, tltë author hEs fomd ltttl.e slse which cons{ders the rest of, C¿aada. tr& lhfs çecÈLop. qf the sËudy fs very reeh of át ÞSpl.oratót? gature a¡Àd does aot qlaim to be aqythÉtrg Dorêo Hofreve(, e*o{gh lnf,oru¿Ëf.qa has béeú ru.covered to sh6n Èhët thefq ls nete¡iaL for ar ex&tü,¿tf.$t of the subJecË of tonscferttlorlÊ

tr{I. Arthuf G. Þ-urlppd, A HÅsto¡y of ttre BEcf.êËf .of ,Friends (au4efsl=lu Eáq"a$a. (Toronto¡ pp. 3Q8-3I9 10.

ohjecti.oc i¡¡ cæ,ada and th¿t trrÍs could include ocher rellgious grouÉs besfdes thê Qüåkers ¿nû Eode of car¡adars Çarly soclausts. rt ls hoped thet soneoq¡e wÍLl explore rhi$ È4terf.al. PANT ONE L2.

C.ITAPTER E

r-ga Quer¡n PEACE lEsrIHoNr {r{ IfiAhI6ltIoN

Quakerian was Ê snarL rhougþ slgntflcant elehen[ f.rt BrítÍsh soclety durI,ÈË tlre, G¡ear $Iår. 0f all the pactf,iet groupa 1n BnÉ.tcin,

the Quahers wÊÍe thçee roçt cLosely 1{.0&-éÈ {firh åûül-r.vêr Çç$¡fdony

ie the lnfads of thê þrf.É1sh Þr*bltq. pe,âee Sd pþaceful rays lud beeq assoclateú t+{.tft thé fiú,qfÞty of, frf,er¡¿s gfu¡cs tsa seveateepth ceÈt{¡ry.

@orge Fox, the f,or¡ndEr óf the &vèæú,!, rècorded iu hls Joutra.al for 1651 th4ç þe Îras Jal¡,Êd for refsstü.g tp becqne a soldier. He rdrore!

So Tforceçter ff.gttr cape oÊ end Jqstíce Éeünet s.ent fhe coÉståbleô to pfess fle fqr å, soldfer, seef.nt I tlot*ld üot 4Êcept nf a Êor@a*d. I toid tttêd X tÍå+ brsqghr aff frotn outhrard ¡raËa...After a t¡h;ile gq ûfght the cónÊtahlee fetched qÊ gad up agøin brongþt rß before tl,q CoüßtissiorÌerå, âüd tol.d ttre¡n I was dead to lr. 13

(rùlüch vas) pres€Ðted tq tfre ktug fn L6t0 (.Íanlra¡7, L66U deusnþtrated the e¿rly belúefs of, Qq€kere torrards peace aüd tåe basfs ùrpoh trh1eh latèr Q\¡aheÉs Þut1t tbefr peacé æsülnonyt 14

ûar prfncfplg fsr änd our pracrtcÊE h¿ve al$ays beepr to sëek Feåoe an4 eq,suns {t äÌrd to follq!il Efter rfÊh.rßêt¡tnëss drd rhé knowlçdgÊ of, God, seektng Ëhe gndd ed ¡¡êIfdre and ep{ag thar füich te¡tdç fo thë gteaee of a1.1. t{e kss^t thgt rrar$ eud ftehÈlttgs procqed frsn the Lqsrs of ¡ærr (as Jas. iv 1-3!. 15

13. Johq L. $[iokalls, ed,., (ÇB:nbrldge; Ilnfver$ity press, 19521 Thq Jsur$aL of @qrFe ,Fox F. 67. t4. t{ew caletdåË Ëlate, 1661

15. Îückatrls, op.clt. 399. 13.

Alt. þLçoúy prläciples illd pracricesr sêr Êç Ëo 9$r own pafticularp, do rrËterly decy, witlr all þuËrüâf,d v¡ers æd sÉrff,-e abd ftghti.ugs wlth autrüard lùçapoÈÉ, f,Or any ffid Pt ftr"der ãq¡ pr€f€nce whafeqêrfer. g,ttd thfs is our Èesti¡noay to the vorld...Ald as for the kf,agdOns of çhis worl{, we Èá¡4ot csVÉt Èteq' núctù leçs eæ. we fipÉrf fqr the$. 16

Itæ Declaråt{üÊ exptraÍned why Suakers adopted rhEÍr partfcular

à.ttiEttdÊs Èor¡ards w*rs f,rtd ffghtiÉg. fr^ery were tased upo[ Èhe New leEtanent:

Áfld he that heth çdfinffidêd ûb rhår sre çhaJJ riçt swÊâr år all(MårË.v.34)¡ trath alÊo coñuåüdeit us thát we shal.l not ki11ü'fatt.v.?l) ¡ so üÏrat ere caß üeÍÈhçt hilL Ééü, aeË sweatr for uor ¿g:a{nst theÞ. Aúd thÍs ia Þ+th orrr pri.nOipJ.e å{td Pfectiieç eild-hath bêeü freü the beginnlng, sd th¿lt 1f rùê suf,fer, ê$ susflected tg t€ke uli err[.É or n*e ntar agai.rtat atry, it is lrithogf âfry groüfid fro¡ gs. L7

lhe Deel.aratton ¡ráþ BrÍtterf epçsff,l.cally So outlÍqe rhe

Quaker pesiglÒÌ, lq an Hogfaqd torn by clvll srrf,fç, Þut rhe srarêrqentg

coÍrtÊÍtçd íq tt pÊovf.ded guf.dæree fpr ßaqy generÊtfpns of, Quaker*. T{tríls sßritoüs ro sh$û by exempte ttrel.r pãcf.fic prf,aciptres¡

Errglfsh SúSels r sxçêpt fo,r ¿ brtef fÇrl.otl in Ì{trirh lffltianr f,e¡n ryaç proninéqt, took littl. pert ln rhë affsLçF of StâÈe üor sought Èo spread their opinlons hy polfüical ueffi-*. T1Ê elghteenth and eerly pLneteenth Èér¡trry w¿É å per$.od 9f qulertÞb rúhsr Qrrakers ehqrßed

Þartfeiipetipn lr, Englfsh or foref.gn politics. Eoweves, in thê seeon4 half of the olneteeñth Cen.Ëury, ,pêêce depçtaÈtong Rêre sent out fron

16. Ibld. p. 399-400 L7. f,bfd. p. 401 14. England carry;ing tke nessage of peaçq. rn 1gs6 such deputêtions carråëd e Plea cùaÐ,cé. Anú whl,!.e in

Berrfn, d Qu¡¡lcer depqtat*on td"ed to alLeviâre rtrc strffertt$s çf, ttOse pUt iÈto ÊrfSOa bscâ¡ge of rhelr ob¡ecrlort to eonseflpt{on. years liro e4rgef, a ftÉ.selsn Èad beeø se!.t ro St. ÞçÈeËçbnrg. ln

a8. atteüpt to ÞreveÉt the outbreak üf flhe Étfneän hrqr. The hÍesi.on obtaluçd an efldfence with the 0âar and the EüprêÇs, Ðet did not pre* quËfret reËt tk wsr'. ôeregatloËÊ áppeqr ro haræ had aerked euccÊss

ln securiúg sÈêtÍ"trgs rsi.th heads öf, Ëtåüe. rÈ lg54 q pêapç nåEsfri.n

oü fts waÍ tftforrgh HqFoFe had spqþn t¡lth nine sflch Eêt¡. qhgtr $e &ser lf¿r begar uugltsh Qirakers addresged üteffselves

to the !þrquis of Salis6ury l"rt as çffort Ëo ûrpv€ hítq tp ceneLude a peácefuJ. settleretrt. rhçg tret+ hrfsüte ln apÞroach, polrrËtng out tlaË ÊheY recoqnfãed

tkç ËnÍ dfffleprtfes nhl"nh have heser rhç Queenrs Eçv,ê44püç aûd ufticu sttr*l reftd so htnder a iarts.- factö¡f sêtlléüétrf i Þut tltçy. recAlL rlth gretf.tude the guece$cf,i¡l ef,forts of the Mardui$ of õatfsUçt,y eäd_&fs c$lleagues re seÊure tt¡e blesslngs of ne*Es on fEÈm.Êr occä*iåäsr-{hen the qþs¡*cres Ttave çåæa no less foml,dable. 18

Oreater f,dçettfi-cf,ttón {ûlth tke proüIeüo of dEuestlc q¡td

ú.ste#atfonel polttfcs led Engli.eh quakeft rs Eeëk pracÊtcel $ayÊ in shich Èo e¡+,'reÈç &eft ÞésçE ÈeçFlnfr,ny. As well aÞ the peaee gqro$e, nfssioÍrs sett få,roughoot Qg4þérs ålqo care tp a{votate arältratlan ln iÈ,Èeil{,aÈI.oäAt d{.spgçF and åLso to gl-,re ¡ü¡çh thÞci*bç

18. Roberç Q. tyfd, Unlversity of fot{nto Press, 15. Èo the possibÍl.ity of dfsarmanent. Ànother practical ûea6ure to sprr4g out of rhis n$c artltude to ¡rorld åff,af.rs naç rhe rel.tef

çork wrderËaken by Êqgff.eh Quakers efter the Crfaean asd Tr¿¡ncp-

Prus$ian ¡i¡ars. A.ftet the I¿ttetr !ùar, persouuel ês tÉll äs ûáteç{al !üere seÍrt for i#e f,L¡et tiüe üo träibÈora åreaE. selfef

Bofh, hecame an frtegrar. pårt of Q,uaker Þeåse t¡ork f.n thé seconð half of tâe ai.*eteepth seùltr¡ty. FventUAlty &e ¡¡ork sfteAd ro othe* trq$þled aßeãÉr pártfÊul*rly éaptëta Euro¡re, South Àfr{cA and Íadi.a.

1'¡6 p;iflêÊËeÊffi eerlt{ty þtoduaed ê weãlÈk af i¡rÈ€,rq*t{onel

otgêqfuaÈf.otls¡ aad otga,4fäarf,qd,s fçr Þeece rpêü.s dqt l4ct

Ghriçtlanúty þçtng re{ul"red of 4l:!: mçFþers. ql¡&grË played aü

luportå[t FaBt fn the B.tl.ttçh goclety, fot thetr were the uafn suFÞllers of úts funds and itS ctrief ptopagatrdlsrs.

It was {q þeÈddn, i.d 1849, th*t the f,lær 1ü^tetrnarlqñát Peaes ßo¡rgtesg gathåúåd. Ìhås ueettrrg tas fotrlowed hy çthçts tn Ètussetrs, ParJ.s asd Frøkfurr. From rgll tç rgsg nq ponfersûcss

¡rcre held¡ bçt wÞe* they úf.d tnsumEi in l$g9, rhey contfnsêd u¡rhroke¡,r

¡¡pttl 1914. Qt¡BtrqFr lgterest ln nrÞftr4È1ög{ hâq êlready been aoted

and &ê Sio¡{ç¡neñtç Feacç Égsuad.atl^on, ¡¡hiaå afterç¿rds heca# tïre trntqroariotrql AÉiqreÊioR I.eague (f8fç), and *he lufemartpnal

Arbitsat{on and Feace AÊEoc{atLo'þ'(1åSS} were le¡Ëely orgqatgçil errd ttna$eåd þy Q$akers.

I4 cQûltËaÊt to fhå trftiEh Þacf.flçt.novençn¡t rv.htch hud. a sttôüg reltgious basl.s, tþe CÉrfriletrÊal peâeç bodies wÞfe, for thê tr6.

mosÈ Fârtr poL$.tfcpl and j-trrídicLal iii char,acter. one of th'Ê üåf.n

ÉeêsüËg for thtç #i.ruaË{.on tras tt¡s 1ack of, eudkers in thè Çentiùental NevÊdÉü,t sFå thêf,.t' pædod,nariee ls the Bri.rf.bh rnqveæst. Fþr

Quaker"fse qåç esäqEtialJ.y áfr a*el,e*så*of¡ o{6qçr'f¿e æd hnd feef prr fpllowers the Çptrt*qEnt. HqreveË, $U.tlt thê new intete.çÈ tak€ür tn polttåÉs by {rla&ets in'tt*a rr{.neteeqth 瀡lrsty and fhe {pBs of qaqy e&erea$ fo oisàni,zed retigffi ûq Fftçâ{$, pacLffsq ë.LenétrÌts ,lu fitfÈaüt *ere 'Feakçeed soæltlrat. IË tuÊs betrfeve¿ rhar Í.f Feåré qfas .to Ee .åtl#i¡red, i,t tror¡rd be att¿taed chrailgh iatrenlatf,ona1 pollß-úcal a¡frseûe.Êts .

rt fÉ cleer erçtr1 this brfef oüttr,lug p*rHi.cþatd.oüt .:.. +f Qr¡akEr 'tfre in the Fs#ce nb\reqetrrs of al¿etr,ç,nth cenßerl *** q"**trs¡ilr wåE ..r.' ... - _. - : .:. :: no lçnger êen¡qq¡ tä iemaig, ¿loof frqn Ëhe praciical tssue+ i¡rvolved i[n sectrtlng Ï¡èace at åb fnûerr.egim,*l lerel,. tte nainireaçd$ for . a. ..1 , ¡1. :.,. thtc chsqge fn attl"tuËe sa* pprh*þ* firç tÊ svþñ,g*l.ical.l.su. lhfs moveneËt ltaË g tûäreqÅ ,ånfle.eñqe up@ rhe Eud(êË'ru¡**o., net dnry .':ll- ilh BçLtaft, fout irt North Áffi¡fi.cå. 19 lÈ f,reed'Quåkeritq frqn "l"q , j' - :' :_. its itaïschi.eüen and allovre-d Qi¡*erE tc eesd Ëheùr W$saç øbroad. Quaker nfesLonarf.es àppèared f,or ttte ff,¡$t tlþe.' Ttrge üas, then, .,:. åm lncreaseô at¡dreûess: oû"[,hþ !üörtd at large, wrirdr ]-çd quqkêrs :in te úü& of theit ßetets inte¿uatldqal ter¡¡þ. lte peace crqså(es to the governiag heads of Eutope was a praetical way of spreadi.ng the Quaher peåciig fiêssagê, [ç ls tn¡e fhat th¡s rgsinot ghe flrç.t

IÍt. Il$9. ParË 3, frapter I 17. tlme that quakerS frad thought about peaêe in it'rternatÍ,crral rerus. iffllian PeeË had sÉggsstÊd a rleaguc of, Ngtåorist"¡ tuç Ín the

niûeÈeçrìth cem,tr¡ry s theöff.zlng was ttr:rqed lnto actl.S¡t. {Rçreesed

coununf-cAtíods beU¡een ìrêf,ious paüts ôf, the qrptrld also helped tO çharpen Qu&er srlrtrrerless of the widçr r.rorld.

fre linporËatrÈ stéit for QflakeÉs waÊ thë'fr ê¡1tqr fnto Þårflaüeþt. llrls had been frecluded þ¡r a lfteráI *pËër-pretarion of å pässage frqn thè New ÌccÈ¿trerrt: 'rBqt I sry ffitd you, Fü;ear not eo rt al.l.rt \ f{hen aftef the.4efptfi"tiu. sf 1832, i.t hec,éne possLble for

Quakere,ta m€ke an affirinátiou of loyalty Èo ttrq'êrôlr', laçtead ôf dkÉaffÞg lüyÊItyr ðÇ hsd be*^ requfredof all U.P.ts before rhis dats, Qt*çrç bêgan to take pafr in the parl[FsÉ,üÊaËy ltfe of

Brítaiff . .Iuseph Fe¿ne ryês Èhê flret QUaßçr t0 ta*,e hlç place fn tþnewfy refornqd parlùenent (1S32-3). He na$ f,pllo¡¡ed by orhef quakers, aotab4v þ.y thet noþt føppus of äI"tr ûlûeteeftrh Ëêntury a.:i' :::i Quaket t. .. M..9,. rs, John åril.ght. Ðurf.tg the conqçrfÞtfqþ ccisis f.n Brftøtn in 1916, ttrerèffÊfê f,oqt guaket M.P.rs Íï{ tIþ House Þf Coqghs, aLl attadred to Ëhs LfÞetal Perrtp.

Àlchopeh thÊ trålü bod¡t of qudcer ñeher# df6 çot obJect to

Ehè itrcrçgeed åÉtiviùy of, Qud

It whererrer po$sibf,e. Joht Bflgþü, for .çÍÉlTûple, üet oþpoçltfç* from

ZU, Iû+tt. V. 3l+. 19. his ow¡r famlly t¿her, iÊ waç k¡¡pwfr få.at he ¡ses to çnter poli.tlcs. Aíd apolitical feelùÉ,gs wefé nçü conftng.cl tá the nínetèe¡rtb cêrrtuty. Gertafn Qr¡*ers durlüg Ëtrç Güêåt Í'faf ËhotrgþÈ rt¡.åt ttra uovenEst Stould ûÞt fnvolve ltdêlf wtth pÕl,{tlëåt úatrerE.

Ey 19X4r bÞlleVer' Qgá,kgrc høÊ ne*fly ê eè,pÇÈry pf cqqtact trith lsçal", rtatloaêL ,and iüÉeË-natfo¡al pou.tÍcs ånd tl?is cdBtest cÞl*lü aøf þe ¿gpored wfieu^ war Þroke duÊ. The o1{ {waher philosepìry of ¡r'[rftdrawal ftou +1.1 thtttgs cosriestèd rsft{r rúar coutrd ñoÈ staþd, ercept a4onÊpt a nf,Rority, fot ft hâå þçÈh erodHfl by wer relief work and a Sreåter tnvolvetnent fir soçtëÊy. t{hen war came ,f.n L91* rhçse

Êwu fåcfor-å celfed fot fgrthef cdmpromf.se. Mafiy Quakerç wf.Ëhed to

&e ia-volreC ¡+ú,Èt* thç wàü 4s 1oóg as a#T sénrice theg pelforæ{ waS

& sccór$ útth thefr eon-$eû#pes. {{fh&a¡uat fron the cof¡fLfct wac q"flly far thç f,q*. L9.

CHAPTEB, ,II

Itou Å}fiürArwE W0EKER ró AB$oilrrrsr

fa Augrrst, IS14, Quakere ln ttf.rain were faced. r+i,Êh rar.

lkey hed played a daJor part i,n the d.nteÊr¡atl,qü¡en FÉpçe üovemegr r*hf.ch had fe{,IeË tO Fçerte*+ war *d how ttrey ha$ tc dçcide rhÊ

positlor they would aÉo.pt Èofierds Èhe war. For sone Quakgrs the

dectstoüt $es $oÊ too dlfflcult. [prief wcrft had, during Ètte n¡ine-

teenth cgritury' becone en acceptad forq of Qua,her sërvice fa sär-time.

AlthousÈ. Lt ¡cfis *ülthc"nft,áÉle Ésr rtÌe n4JoÉf.ty af {uakerE of u{ll,rary age Èc ëtrltstr it wês rrqt uñtJrtnÍtable Êh€r rhèy should sêrve oq

rel.ief or þft aÍihtrlagçs $ork. Suôh Së,n¡¿ice neåqt having Êone çåfttaçt wirh tåe ull{Éerfr hqt tt ófd ¡ior Í.Îrûo}ve ff.ghrflng. tther euElcets belfççed thåÊ åüy Íavotrveuçnt nríçH e U{tltag¡. üáêhiae was $roÈg.

tþey po{ated ou€ that EmbuLance woËkÊrs üf$ht rto,t þe regr¿red Ëo ftre

a rtfle, Éqt that they had to *rüeät Rtr ÕsÈh, treàr a unlfçfm afi4 ûð,r,k ftr elqee co?dÞ4úatfon wtth the d,I.l.ta.W authpritiea. ÊX ft {sd also stressed that fåey Þoney saved by *re use of volu*tary üelpets coq¡.d b4 used fot otber utl,Ltary puúpreeË. So,p,ffrêtfu!. wgp Ëhp otrÞssttfon

to arrhulaq,ce ¡csrk Ln the early BÈ*gës of Ëhc çêf [håË thê tr¡$.ends aúulance llnc-t, a lftri.t founded by Qtigkers, bug uåose peubershfp w¿rs not eoufiBed to uBúers of, ËhâÊ grÈ.uþr ÌrrâÊl 4at off,ictally reûógn:ized by the SoctreÈy of Ërlenrts. Zz

ZI. g!Cb.$Ëtt 3, Cfuaþter 4, fór ÍBföfûêtíoc on anoçher vol*utary enbulapee r¡niïffi'fcn ÉcntafËpd sþne quqhers: tIre ÉÍrst ßrtùr.çh Arnbslæce' UBit for ftalY. 22. Thís uniÈ f.s hereaffet feferred to ês the F.4.ü. 2A. Tét, the F.A.u. lras closdly a.ssociated wfth' the socÍety of Frlends

and in the public ¡ni4fl tire Unit was cotçidered to Þe an orgari of thar

$,ocieþ¡¡. Thf's causeê arapy proÞte¡Ê fçr Quakers as the war progregsed.

For this study, an lnrpørtatrt qember of the .Þ.4.1¡. rsas T.honas

corder Þettl.for catdrpool.. Êe wirs borrq into a fantly wÌrich had måpy qeueÇatiqns ef cprrtacr tûtth the $octerf of Sriè¡rds. Eis b.Írttù- place was treicester in L883. CatÖhpool received hfs çarly educ:rûLdp aË Guernsey lllgh Sctroql uåÈil at flftçen yéars òf äge he wenr to the Qrfaket to-educational Schòol at $f(cot. ïhe Ë1nal trro years of his sChooli¡rg rnere speÍt at Bporhan SchooL 0.900*1g02), the f,ano,us 4ua4er Sêlroo1 ln to.rk. Wtren hÍs sçIrool-{ays ended, ,çatchFþol geca¡¡e a¡r apprentfce ehgineer at t\e Gre4t Eastern RaÍlûay Works at stratforil j¡ Londoa. rt was dur:tng ttuis geriod that he became intereçted Í.n social questlo¡rs. 4e read. the ruotks of Robert

Blatchford and hèlged ir,¡ the formaËitôn of aS ,Adult Scþool at rhe

Bedford S¡gtiËute in Bast Lond,on. Politlcs interesued Qatchpool greatly and ia 1910 be supported the çandidature of t.F¿0. Ma.stefran end othEr Liberals. shortly àfter Ëhis he becane attracted to the polieíes öf the L.L.F. and deitded ¡o Jotn the party. Aftêr thLs deeislon hè voted socÍalfst fot the test of hf,s l-lfe. 4t ab'out thç qene titus as his cævetstrod to sqcf*alts¡ä, catèhpool helped tLjLs broúer al Ballfor House hosreL fçr uen, a hosrel aùtecheð to Taynbde Hatl Settleuent at Rhxtechapel. a, frd.eud a¡¡d ferlour Quaker, 1.8. Earvey¡ rrâs Ehe Ë,èr¡ wardeÉ of,-the Hal,,l. $e4rlce for oÊ.hers pLayed, an fuportaa,t paut la' catchpoolrs lÍfe aod after, nuch t]rought he rrade up his srinal to becode a {octor. unforÈrmátely, 2L. he had a nervoug $reakdorn¡n, iu. t9ll, ü¡hich preyented hln fron êoÊttuluigg viÈh htit studles. bn trts recpvery he returqçd ro eagfn- eèrfng work at ê cOttoç ru;il,l in banre4, I,a,rcashlre. CatchpqqL waF ott holiday in Swftzerland when war broke out,

but âftêr so$e dèlây he graduaily maêe hfs way back to a Ghanrel

port arrd eveUtuall.y arrived baet+ ln Britaltr. on his way through France

he sstû the t¡

23. Corde¡ Çatct$0ol, Oh ftso Ffoqtg (Letters of a ioriscfent- lous Objeetor) 3f4 e4. ¡ lõndon: 22,.

to ehange hfs ptrofegsfon. Now he felt that he had a çall to çenr€ ln a ædfcql r¡tutt.

NelÈher He lettefg nor ttre r+ork of tuis ülograplrer show fn any detaiL that âÈ thle perÍo{ tarch¡rnol {nêsrioned the cloee coÉagcÈ1on hettcåedr tlùe Ë.4.$. åttd ttlre Ettitar]. e¡rthqrltf.es. 24 tþwever, his Letters are edíted, ¡¡hi& uraf aecornf for tüe lack of

faforoatÍotr pa thi.s point. BeÍng a tsån g:ii¡en to thcuglltr Ç$ hls

l"êttgrs clearly 5hoùr, ft iç difficslt tÊ f-tsÈglae thar Ostchpoel

dfd not spend tiÞe conslderlng rhe í.ruêf,tdit srep he !ùaç taklng aad

hor tt affected:,the Quaker frfirciplas of, pesce which he had knoçrn since chfldhood. If he dtü ¡reigh heavfly the step he r¡as rdkfng,

ooce i€Èolved o+ hfs coqrse of actf.oa, he åppëars to har¡e entered

íÊto soÉe aspects of, coÊtect ¡vlth tbe atry in a eense of advehÈure åÌìd hidh eþifLts. Is oqe of hls letÊe¡ç froo the FronÈ he tel[s çf

thÊ laet ni{r.ute prep4rat$.ops befOre leqvfÍg fst Frâtce.. te 'Íürote'l

Ffaally to &.e outfitters ln fiegent $rregr, Éö pa& üy pÊrsgu. intp khaúef! Shes þaraded aúd narched thirþ gtfôr*g to tharlng Çrose, chefrÈf+ç the inevftahle "líppergryË. Ia the saqe letter Cåtcbpool ren¿*s ¡vlthout cornÉnt that the shfp po wtrlch tþey satled to Frqtcç luas tterffid Ëf.th cordlte and 12-frL säeXle fot the moffitotrs." 25

24. It. R. Hu,gþes cateheoél 1È8þ1958). (toaãor. ãous ,

25. Çatc*rpooL, oÞ. cf,t. pp. 22*23 tetter

whole-heartedly lntþ ttle wor{c, axthough he rgas cofrgciorrs that he

was far fton beipg äü, elrpêtrt dresser. Ìfis knø,tledge of French sêêtns to har¡e been bettetr råan fiosr, in tre tinit md ehen the f10w pf tounded beca¡re less thls all.swed tr,im to .sake eoittacts with the locêf, populatiøn; for Catehpool .often vent on shoB¡ring e:çedf.t{ofs

for Êhe llnit. Ìfe fu¡dicates 1n hf.s letters that he useCt these vf"sirs to *pread the nessage qf pêace. But he did nor êoËfl,ne hinsel.f to civilians:

Botfr anongst cluilians and soldíers (wouûded aad other:¡vise) I f¿a¿ very large oFpÐrtrnl.ty fot spreading Þçåce prlncI.Fl,es; I tell them ho¡¡ I hete war, This ís a üew ldgû tp moçË üf therô, e?çcepr çhe uçthers trrho have bpys at the Frç'at. they general"ly agree Ín wprd if, ù0t fn facË.

Later in the letter he wrotë of hip feetingn rrhen seeÍtg a woundÊd Gerqa* eol.dier betng üalmred by other soldlers. He tol-d then:

I dontt feekon å nar* aF åny enÊdy any longet when he Ls uotrnded. It i^þ fiot póor devils (sic:rþauvres díablestt) Like you add $e and the kounded e¡emEns yoU"dÞ,r uho nake lrarÊi Í.t ts the dip¡,orrats, the war lords, the rglere. ffi Ee feLt Ëhat ÌrqsË of ttrose lre spoke to Ëóok hfs poirrt, but he waç ayare that r¡hat he r+as sayiag was dangeËous in the extteæ

€nd it çurprlsed hiq that he ehould be able to et$rësç hfs Quakér prtnctplês so near to tl$ rtont. 8(¡t he evan diçcus8èd pe4ce r*fth the s'rench offÍ.cers t*ith whotl he caqe ri contact terliog theo Ëhat

26. IÞfi!. p. 29. Letter dated 15 Novenhet, 1914 24.

these officers J.f.stened, but Catchpool was not always convÍûeeð ttrat they took hin seríously. se felt'that they liçteûed 'meu r+ttlt the ears of who thought hls po*{tior$. curious, noble perhapsr þut ûffie-ßhe-lese soæ!ùlrat oddl iff:":nriTff*åi;";o;.ii"låî:.å5"" b'r q.¿re

Even fn thç midçr of, grear etratf.orr, CatçhpooL often felt that peôple the arorqd hfu dld trot trnderstand bis vlews. Hç ¡vrote. ttA¡rd do you kûot¡, r sonetines feer as though r were on the hrínk of

co$vertlug all thfs Eospl-tal staff to guakerfsm.'r þIlt he added shortly aftençards; r,Tühertier I am ¡oasidered a hêmle*ç naniac pr uótr lto doubt that I get çn rreLL r¡íth the doctpr5.r'29

rt fs dtf,ffcult to be!{eve ÊhaË caÊchpooL expectèd a

differetrt reaction f,ron tüe Frenctr off{cers he carne fnto contacË rdith, some of who¡r were uo doubt professioual soldiers. To them eatch- pool dreaæd beautlful. dreemc, ü,$t ttrey had a terrlhle war before then trhich' if it produced d'eerm aß all, praduced ,nightnarçs.

$latfoqr a¡¡d despotdency show thencelves thronghout tlre letters CatchpoO.l ûrôte t¡hile ia thê F.A.(I. Ëe did nat glve way to

despondency easlly, foÌ rraay of, t&e letters show a ma¡r v"nçh a sluple, rùålüt Eood-hearÈed t$rmur. Horreverr enefi,¡rldç asd.rd the carnáge of war proved sttopger tlta¡r thie huqoçr flt ceftaf$ pêrlods of his serrrlce

2V. trbid. p. 6l+ , Í3 Þfarchr 19L5.

28. Ibfd. p. 57 Lettef dated 8th Marc&r 1915. 29. IbÍd. P.. 6fl Letter :'datèil El lfarcb,,tÐ15. 25.

Overseas.. Catcitpibgl r,ras an adve8Èurq{s mÈ¡r and it seeh6 clear

that his advenÈurqçrs spirit played go¡ne part in hfs accepËaJtce of aúula¡rce wÖrk. 30 In Patt, he see4s to haræ had ronai¡tic ill.r¡sior¡e about such fork, for frou hfs positiür át ttre Front, ehorEly hefore êhfi.stbas, 1914, he rfrote!

All the glanour, if, çvêr therç were ány; all- çhe roDånce, ff wat iraq tOn4ce; çlqoFt a1l, the interesÈ - has wotti off f,oRg ago. lrle are just gríqly worklng out €. ÞËrpo5e. 31 Á, nortth earlfer he h'+d been artx!.ouç to gêt to thp Fdont. 0'Ê tS Neve¡iber he hed $rÍÈtpn¡

I *¡as åiven to r¡nderlçrand festeräay that I shoul.d probabl.y be reqUíred to gB to the frqnt today. 8ut I waËehed t}te FÞËçr go off, at S {.}1.; and had receivedibÞ;4eff,a1¡g Íne tln¡ctiorrs. It Êçok de all. day to's-rr-e,¡.1ow d-.ordn the resèqtful lunp of dis- appointneäd,:that woulfl keep rtsing. "32

CetctrpooL, then, Í¡aq a man of açËÍon. He wanted, to be ¡*here the dange! r,ùEls. H,fs sÈrong attechnetlË to Qlaker belLefs lsôqLd Èot a.Lloú htq to becoqç'a soldfer, þut he ¡¡as norred to çhare the sufferings çf rttose who did flght and thtrs hé fêlr rhe aeed co te w&rere the darrger lras greetçst, Èoth f,or hiuseLf a¡rd for the fieht{çg æn; for where the fighrÍng T{ês thlctrestr rfiere he could k of ttrq msst help to the wounded a¡rd dyfng. Oceaäf.orally his adventutousness led hlgr lnro confliet with his Þeliefs. He recal.Led that one day whfle standing by a gof.xaÈte pEfir?e raÈtctr was firl.ng ar rhe cerlnah Ltnes:

30. caËFttroöI Fenained adve¡¡tufoqs to tbe end of his life. He was kllled in^ a clirùLug accldent iu rhe Alps whep tn his si^xty- uinth year ([952).

31.. Getchpool ôq. gJ.r. p. 4Q, peTúer 19.14. 3¿. JÞ&,. p. 31 15 l$dvçrÞer, Ig14 26. the officer in charge invited ûe to pull this cord ar¡d f.t vfas only the eeeoç¡g Ímpulse of Ëhought that sËqyed Èhe firBt iurpule,e ôf interesË and éxcite¡nent. ltre horror gf what I cane near to doing hatrnted sre for daYé" 33

Iq 1916, Catchpool decl.ded to leave,the F.A.U. Thera,see¡¡s to have beeet"threq. øaÍu ¡¡easorts why he tosk thís step. Firqþly, there w4s his prdlrotioñ, Eo ådJutant,of che ueiÊ whidr took him, to a large degfee, out of actual anbuLåfrce work and ,ide hin a bureaqcråt. IIe

{f{ not accept the clfsrge easlty and chefed at the papêr work whict¡

kepç hin fron actfvë seçviçe. He lerneÊtEd on 3 Decernber, 1915:

The whole wap is organized l1ke a htrge busÍoess norr, arrd gven ,f.f, upvçnem,Ës ôceqfed to upset the regularlty ånd systen of otLr present existence, I should be hopel.essl¡ fixed adninistraËtvely Ín the H.. A. qffilceÊ, and rtot'Ð

33. IbLd. Þ. 5t. I l{arch, 1915

34. IÞld. p. &2. 3 Ðecçqber, 19J.5 27.

The second reason for catchpsol.ts deeisÍoa to leave the F.A.U. was beeasse of ândthe,r'decÍsion: tha frilends 'ServÍce Çomittee reü,oEnced the F.À.{I. fir{s Coruittee had heen formed ih 1gl5 wtt}r the obiecr of strenstheoing opposltion ro cþtscii.ption grd to sr*pply inforn4tÍon. td thpse llkely to he affecred Þf conBul+ory Uflltary sê4vfce. 411 tfrpse od ühe co@íttee were of nÍlitary sgè åtud 1t adopted a¡r absoLutf*t atÈ{.ttrde to the },filitary ServLce

EÍ11. Catchpool puç greú store by the decígÍon of these young reB tç elrpose çpnscËfÞtlorir Í¡atef hg beca¡¡e a meriber of the ConnlttEe hÍnseLf. Catchpool-rs thi.td ùqåson for leavJ,ng the ünit and returning

ço Etltafn rras, lÌ1. üany dêys, coqù,ècted rdith t{¡p firsr. GoRê were the'days qf disorgatti¿ation whfcþ had markéd the fÍrst year qf rhe wétfo lütthip this'disorganizatien, the F.A.¡J. couLd still feel that it r.¡ás workitrg'aLohe. Co'nt?ct pfth the Arqy (Frçnch or Brftish)

coul.d hot bÞ åvoLded, f,or qone cÞ-operation was neeÞgsary if aqy useful work ¡vas to be done. Btrt, dtrring thÍs period, the F.A.u. did not feeL that I't iras belrrg led by a niJ-ltary authortr!. As the arnieç çetül.ed dowrr to tþe têotÍè$ of rrçtfch werfare all this changed.' Tttere tres tfþè to orga¡rfze. fþe netiçal r¡afts of the at'Ftès becama norè effÍcient q$d alçhough thç F.A.LI. lras still. needed, f.t was Bot as'frde to frar¡e lts ùrvn policy as fn the ear$ perfofl of, the war. Arny dtséipl1ne crept fato the unit. conscription easured, thet thfs trend was ihcreased. qn. 26 March l-916 Catchpool wrote þhat parades wëre to be nade two qofdfngs per week at.6 A.M. Iie e8. n'oted th¿r thts had caused a great deal of {iscussiorr as "ro whether suctr thtns,$ are rloÈ tpgre nilitarinessr rrithqut afly adequate ulGe¡:lof e¡d.t 35

Atr though Gatctrpool fetÈ keehly .Ëhe ctraoges aq,d synpathised

wÍth others iR the F.A.B. t¡tþo tall¿ed of reslgnation, he r+a$ qot qufdk, tp act, for as the ddguta¡rt of rhe (fntE he had a poeitfør of

respbhs-l.bt ltry r¿ü¡tch rúas Èor t@ Þe dltotm li.gbtLy asfde. E:is position

das a df"ffLcslf osÇ to qs[F.ÈsÍn. ftÊ úêrùerg of rhè F.A,.lt. r¡ho reee4ted Ulre increased nrlLitary conÈeptíons were oftÊ.n foreed, lnto rreËelst ttre posl.tÍo,B of by,thbse whø believed that the uøtt coûld still opefate fa gpod faith with Qpaker prf.ncíples. There gere also non-Quslcer {nenbers wÍtlr,ln the tïrrÍË who were satf.sfied with servl.ce qhich d{d not requl.re them tg use \¡tealrons. rt was, thÇrefore, vèry trylng for Gateþpool to renai& oae, of the cfiÍef off,icers of the u.pit

*hfle hls syupathies 1a9 wÍth rhqs.F r,tho trçre considçred tf*hels¡by the najqríty of ígs 4enbeçs. Carefiù1{y qd¡rëTÁderfuig hfs postÈfo,nr

Catctlgool ¿gr.l.deÉ ttrat'his way wa$ Ëhe rebel way. Ia tlag, 1gt6 he wroteS

Rethçr dadly ... trt hês been dar'nteg Èn uE graduêlly that the coûtiF.ualrcq of orrr wprk doe$ tü fact dqpe4d upon the sinhf.ng of our freedm qf, qxpfüçgfon. The Consgríptlon Àct has Sçetlt a gteürtal tlghteiling of the çcrer,r of nil{ter¡ diselpltne, afrd I cannpt helÞ feel{ûB qõIr,Êhâç lre are þ effeet a.cOnscrípd- rn'tt - wiÈh à {þre synpatJretic conÈrol fCIædiately above, to be sure, brlt thé Íroa hand lurÍng la tlte backgrormd. 36

35. fbid. p. 91 ¿6 S{ptch L9L6

3ô. IÞ,+d. p. 95 ¡.4 r.îày, 1916 2?. Bêfore r*rÍtírig thÍs, CatchpooJ. had wrltten arlother letËer, whiè*r a letrer centaiÐ,ed his resÍgçation aÎ edjutanf; of rþe IInít. Tle therr retupged to England. H:is f åbsol.utët er(eüptiodr, gra+Ëed Þy the r¡at ö,ttftce after the ínttoducqioÈ of cg,r¡serLpËfon, lraq withdrart¡.

lft¿f1e waftlng for offícr'l"aldoú to call hl¡r before a tribrnal, Catctr- Pool woçke4 eE the chatrnap of a group stuilylng interaaËional relatÍons 4¡rd receoçtrçcttçn at Hoodbrooke Sett1Ément, Èirurlngha,n.

Ttre resf.Siatiqri of Öoider Catchpool froÈ Ëhè F.A.q. caused

much conr#nt f¡Ì \he quarcr press, for he had been q¡-r tùFgËtartt

menher qf that ûnl.t. tspeclally tel.evæt to thfs study nère the cou{enÈs üêde by qf Fhe BloupÈrshare, " nubt*EaËton the @aker- soc*altsù *oc{ety. the Joçraal agrèed nittJr Catchpqo.¡. gltèt Ço¡rëcrlp*

: rioû hafl cþüptretely altèretl rhÈ Fosrtíon of rhê F.A.,B. rsÍ.ßhfü. rhe Quaker ùov,eüsag. Ir poid,ted ouü thåq mrrþ trlbuqalÉ ået ttp to dètÉtniee those who eogJ-d Öbtåi.n exeüptfon f,rÞn ni:l,itary $enriee hqd ilecided thsF the onLy objectÍoit tùrich Qualçers hed to rrar rü€s çhat ttrey $ould hpr kfll. firl¡i led soüÉ tÉbqþal natlberË to åssert 'tha& the mett fn the $.A.II. rëÞrssested the ge¡ul¡re ohSectors irithln the Society oË Éråed,ds. the PtougtiFtiare weqt otr to say that some neóers r ãÌraf,e of ûe coü^fue ion f.ti the mlnds of trlhural menbers and the gefteral public concerrri4g Êhe purpose of the F.A.u., had produced a nêûórlal whlch stated thEü the untt soughÏ rto reliève huma¡r sqff,qring and tg realf.ae hwùarr feJ.lovrbhlp. t trt did not repreçe[t "a Ftandard of assoc{åtfOn wttir the û{.LÍtary sysËqr.r, 37 Hotever, ptrblioatíon of the nenorLat proved furpossible, for while

3L. Be,FlþqqrshaTè VoI. 1 (New Seriesl No. 7 (AdffUst, ,!_9L6) p.217._ Ilereafter referrèd to as T,he Plouphshare - it belûg under.- stood that all ¡¡sfr¡æêa qsed in thits study- arê sf the new serÍe$. 30.

.they tena*Ae'd. neübere of, the F.À.U. ¡ uêtr tdere not abLe tø nake ç$cþ ,steteüÊntö. Thts led to thq rèS{gnation of some pefübers. llefer Èhçar wds.the rqf,n arguneût produceä by th.oçe riho hel.d the abçplqtlst Posftl.ôn agaiFoçt consctenttouÞ ob$ectors sefving lq thç F.A.rt. If, ruerr'âoç*pæd tltfg Bs*i* Í.t ÈeEdêd. to tlt'ÊakçU the pssftLot¡ of'those wfu¡ souÉht tåe absolufs elþmp.gÍoc dxf.ch cor*14 be obtqf,aed under the I'filltåty Ser,vtce, Àct. For mosr

objeetore, tþor.aqhr the pos+fb{lfff of absolute elreuptioa w:aç yqry rerugt"er fqt tttç çotdieg of ,fhç exenption claüse allotrad for a vslde fl}gerFr. Ëetetd.Ön þÍ Ëribunals. The Plòuphshere wae Calll'Ëg fôr, sElldarl.ty 4Épt-tgFt db$eccorç. If all reJectÊ,d sbch sen¡fce, as thát reprÊçe¡ttéd bY the F.Â.0., theÉ Çhqre t¡as a better chance o:f Öbt€fnlaB dhsolute'e.:renÞtlÐtr" if sone obJeetors served wf^th the F.A.U. and eohe refuseÉ sqch eçfyice, there Èäs dfi¡dgfon a¡td hctrcê

¡nrealçFgsS. 31. CEAPIER III

quArcERs AIID sgcrAJ.rsT-quaKERs

As the fúrct sectioÞ of thís study sougþt rs 6þow, e$aRers were tþe cafaerstÒne of the pacf.flst upverrent ib Eritein duriqg the ñíneteenth ce[tuïy. fiut durl4g tåe G¡eat waf socfall$r objeetors ÖSüt¡SëÈq{ those of the Sociefy of Frfends. socÍalf.sr opdosftf.on to t{åf !Ba6 e¡rpreqeed in.naüy wayË. lü.ere weÌe Sôcia1.tCtrs whe certaÊnly dqd not obJect ro al,l rrar. To,thed lif,e itself waç a war, d cf,e$s struggle vrhich thèy would: rêsolve by revolutiqnary trêthods l^f nè€Rs{iary. Tftefr oÞpos{üiorr wás based upon the solidarity of worke! êgadnst eapdtalfst. t{arr' t{ren, for these nen cesld not be taken to be ¡+rêftg ån aLl cá^çes. firey consfdered, however, that the Çteat War was a cdÈd.talisÈ h¡aï and refused to fíght fir LÈ. t'rct, Ëhis e¡-(trelne posùtlon theÈe wére 'lnterned.fate stages úirxtil" the offlcial attttude of the tabour ParÈy $?q rqachetl; á defensive war rila$. bÞ14g fOughç ühich shçuld be sup¡rorrçd. They were wi[lfng to do thLs änd eve,rt to supryörÈ the i4trôd\¡Êtion uf cônq,ctriptf.0n. 38 +r is cleåÍ tt¡at gf.ven the tradfrLortal Quakèr'attiilrde of oÞJectLon to a¡.L ners aüId Ëhe objectÍ,on of socfalísËs to ceftaÍn

!ùärs, there Wëre cerË*itþ to be differences of,: opi.nfon benreeo,.the tq¡o pe{n EfSuPs which objepted to mll.irafy service during ghe ltar. this befng Fo, an exauÍ¡ratiôn of, the s.Q.sr proves rer*rardf.Íg, for i.È shoÌEs the differeäces artd agreemeots between Qr,rakers 'aûd secialústs.

38. VLde. Part 2, Ch4pter 1 32. And it a16o reveats rhat the Qrraker body ftseLf was far from Þeing Ín cornpLete agreemeût a-hqüt thê war and about nti.lltary service. ltle PlouFhphafe, the Jour¡la1 produçed by the Socialisr- Quakers, hgs already äees rqentiqred. tra volune oqê the bAsrc of the Socü.ety was set btrt ÈU language tlhich sÒxrght tç unite the relfgiÞirs and aarxLgt eldmËntç within the Soçiety. It sta..ted thar¡

fffi SoCIAÍ.IET AUåKFR SôÒIE1Y consisrs of, ueuñers of 'the $oclety of Friepds an4 of othe¡s cloEely cçnçecfed therewith. Its-mqnrÈers, açkn.çlrF Ledþn8 "drç 11úr whlch lighteth svery üårr thár coireth into the wotld,, as an {ntedtate guide iu each fndividual, feel thar rhis ÍmplÍes a Ilnivers.al BÉotherhobd, such as cdnnot trn any true sease bti realised ru¡der the prçEç*t conpeÈitf.ve sy$üe.s pf indus,try. They theqefere hold that . üre ÍÊErls of pro{uetíon, distrtÞutioe, a¡rd e6change shosld be collecrively ov¡ned. 39

After thr.s Í.ù.trodqctfoÍt the aJ.ms of tlre soelety wêre gifen.

[lrgse Ì¡ere to e:rptrain td the socÍ,ety of Friends what was rnearrt by $ocialism¡ hqr social*sú çould sçlve the problers of soc{.et}; arrd ftnaLly, the importånt part rihfch Quakers could play ln Bpread- ÍpÈ the soclqlÍst doctr{Éê.

I'lhen the SscÍÈlåst*Quakets spoke of sqcLali.sn they meatrt

üt¡f.fd socfalf.sm. IhÍs is 'eleari froi¡ their prográFrne of reconstruct- loÈ. Guild socialísrr rfas ÊoÈ rær,r fä the Èr.tqnti¿th century, its gerns had been pçeseng fn the Qwenlsm of Èhe Lg3gts. Basically this type of Socla$tsn. Ìras, coûcerned" with the control of iadusCry by the r¿orkers enBagÊÈ in that lndustfy. Its lrnpÌ,icaËÍons r.¡ent Euch furÉrer thÊ+ this, for fronr this basls Ì{as produced a theory

39. Itre PLoueftshare Voh 1, i{ð. 1 (February, J-9I6) p. 35. 33. of gavernnênt on a ûetipnal sçale. Ðemocracy was the prop of this theory; a denoefacy whf.ch, wfth certati+ pçservatlons, was to operaËe ¿t aLL levelÉ ard ln all sftuations. unlike revolutf.orlary or parlfanentary sdc¡.alísts, guild socialisÈs feared the Þor.¡er of the stäte and fer frop wa¡rÈlng to add to dts poivers, they fBl¡ that there ehould be cheeks ofr tt¡is polrer. l1re machíne,ry of Govqfqnent, eonsl{ered by thç gulldsrçrr to be thê StaÈe wae , fn effect, tÕ be oÊe âf,aû,g seVetal Latge $i1fdF ryhtgh rrould- operate fn a society qeF¡qitted te gr*la soelalism.

It Ìüês, ln nan!¡ tså¡¡s, natural thÊt Q$akers shouLd ehotr an

{ntercFt frr gui!"d socf.+lfsn. A,t nany pdlUts ff¡ Quaker history, nenberç of the SOcli.e'Cy qf Friends had shovn lnÊeresÊ in the rùoreh of, lahour eç pþpOsed'to ëêpital. [tte Pl.ouËlirçharç polnÈer{ ro these co¡rnectLons iU a'series of pen portraits of rnen tdho had lnfX,r¡eneed Quaker thlïkitg tn thlc directlon. In aû article cgncetrnLng Gefard llf.hstånley, the sevetrtèenth century Elgger, -l t.$. Iilednôte claf.uleÉ that tr{fnstanley tl¡¡as dqatined ..... te çtrike his shar,e deeper ahd üake hÍs futron loûger than the Feilily Ðreytgn shoeuaker fox.'r Ee ç:Ëplained this by saying that Geonç loxts slendeÈ cóÍrpeteucy nas a bar go his undergtarrdtng thet economlc problero of lffe the Fresqure of whietr ÉJinstanley r,r¿ts coupetled to feel. 'Ea{ tt beerr otlrenrise, the preeerit tPloughsherer qeéd ¡ìot have secn the ltght. 40

40. 'Ihe Ploüithshaf,e vol. 1 No. 2 (t'tarctr L9L6) p. 52 34. I,Iírtsta¡rleyts basLc idea . Eas that there should be a cornmon sharing of the land of England aqd wtth thÍs Ídea bqfore hirn, he begas tdiggiçgt tåe como¡t r.and.iE su''êy so tjrat all r¡en tright shaËe the'land whlctr was the propêrçy of all. 4L A!,othêr nan r¡ho reeelved attqtrtÍon frpu the Socialist_ ¡¡as John Berlers, Quakçr,lounrat a Quaker, who had r.Íved tn the latter half of the serreü,tèe*th cèntury q.d the early eighteenth cegtqny. Bellers f,ppeþrs to havê been a merctrant of spall uearrs, a lord pf manotr Ëhe a¡rd a tells!ù of the ßOyal $oclety. DesÞite hås ueatrth, Bellere shoÌfèd an rüter,edt Ín the ¡.úer.farE of the pQpr, clef'red InI.'OrBrfan Harr{s, w'.o þrote a short artrcr.e on hÍ¡i fu The Ploughsherê. Ttre author assertåd!

Like the Socialfst_Çuakere of today, he fe!.t ir hfs duty ro rousé Friends,,qq ftäír ;d;;; sf'Ílity,tor the poor of thê nätiotrr theråtä.* of the,peor being his chtef ¡,re-o""úp"tir"--*¿ BÇJ'Lerfs thoughte qn Labour inf*¡efÌced Robert chüen, fof the forner wlehed f,Labour to nake aqd not Monel the standard tq,valrre

all Necessarfes.'r Bellers also bed thougþçç upon educätÍoB !ûttch Èended Ín tåe sene dlrectlon as 0*e4s a¡rd pre-dlated, then. Ln his wptk QFaft'Ers in co¡mersF, faul tI. Enden asserts that Frf,qcrü Fraee told O¡¡en that Dellers had produced owears socf.al prograùe

a hundred years Þ.fore OrÉn. 4s E¡qden alsç'qxv clainsv-r that owen arways :-

41.. t{Ínetenley rd¿¡s ¡ùot striëqly a Quaker, although rher.r views on he shared relig{örlp rtfqr ryt¡evinä r"-ñrh. rnd¡rerlÍng tfght sf 8Þå[email protected]é one agedfgl qutde of hqbeû""*¿""|." Fron lÌi.nstanle¡rr*, * lts Eêåð'auåne-sJJiËdi.'- i[iä:iTi;]nt ü;d tu @ , 42. TIre ptrou3þshars, y*1. g r.. No. (0ctobe¡¡, lgr.s) , p. 272. 43. Paul,H. TUî, e=ttaker=!.iF cometg: @ 4Ésg39æq!. (l,ondon: s"*pso¡rG,.¡IlrgÇÇiio. I,r{., t93p). _- 35.

recogå.iae4 ttÍs dçbt cp Bellqrs. l4ânc also te.ad Bel!.erts work callfng

hïm 'r4 vedÍ-table phqno-nenou iA the history of politlcaf. eco,4.oüry".

lhere is' thefl' a cÖÉüißction betweÊùr Êhe SoeiåIlsË-Quåkers of the t¡rerrtÍeÈb century ærd ßheir êuild $oclalisn (ín effecr a mi¡rture of, co-gperatiaÉ- and thþpiqm) througÉ Ogen and Bellers.

Despf"te qhe fn¿dàtú¡ed adnnectiçrtrs q"tnneea Quakerisn and ç6gcerq for ßtte FÞor, tttè Soci+I,ipt-Queker Sociêry had set itself

¡rô heán tast when it eÊtenFted to errlist ttie afd of the Soqûety of Í'f.iends Ln ,spreeding'ftqe socfallst doètrÍqe. l{any of the SocLety ürere åctfvely engagëd'fit Capd.talfsn æd were Ìrot to þe expeqted to welcqre a ûovårrp$,t which sotrght to ettack the baçÍe of soeåety as they hlew f,t. Quåkers had a r?þutåËlon for beLng philanthröplc.

They took á,n activê'interest fP, sociel. questions, but nany of them :.1: weré vÊry 4lch a part of the tstablfshn¿nt aed,dld uot wish to sèe soeLety chauged Ín accorda¡¡Èç wfth sôcÍalist prfncíples. Durlug thè elgtieeçnth certtüry, de4f,ed access to poltrl.cs acd to a r¡$fverqfty-edwat!ærby ttre=.Test Aêr (1673), Qr+akefs had tuËnêd Èhêlr enef,gLes to the qutef tr¡ursrrltô of tradè. Many had anasseü great ftrturtes through çhLþpinS, hanktug an{ in other areas of trade as hoth nerch.trt" anÉ ur¿nUfáctgrers. ßy frugal lÍVing and by hard work theÉ€ Qqalcer husirresf qen built up f,ortunes whÍcþ they kepr w¿thin their fg#i[ít." dnd ¡¡lthin a eloèe Quakef cÍrcle by fnter- marrlage wLÊh othpü Quakef famtrles.

SteÞhen llo'.firhquse has reiorded his f-irpreesiuns of sornÉ wealthy Qr¡alcer faililies r¡hieh he vlsited at the beginnl4g of the twêntlÉËh celttuty. tlL ¡sas dl.stu¡bed by SoSP of the ttrÍngq he Þar+: 36. one expecteü urore sinplê ltvtng and self-sacrf.fice egogg foLk who prefessçd, rhe fðeâ of Quaker Ç-rristianíty and çqualf.ty befgre God. ffrus in the gfeat p4rsíon buflr for hiuself by Sir George Reekitr (of the fanilier RqckfÊtri Blue edvãrgtse_ aê¡rÈ fer the,wss¡1t rtasH) the vlsitor had a nàrbk bathroo¡o to hÍmself aÉd Fervants abor¡nded. yet he þrtd ü*dy çqqltt ' were ¡taturatly slnple apd pe-oÊle, pioul arrendfnË devoredly rhe dlagy Quaker Ueëtftrg fl,ouse in a llull eIrm. .+q

There treüe hËny Öther vçalthy Qudrer faufl,ras, the Fpys, Gadbutyts, Hmmtçees, a$d the clarks províde good examples. AlL ¡rcre {¡ÊfJt 4cütvç in spcf,al alleviatflþå, bdrt all nevertheless tied Ëo 3he capitaliat sydtqm.

1.û the $tadF of the soqialisÈ*Quahets eaþiral,i*n t¡as ,cloqer.y ld"¡fked wi,t*r r*a.r. ltorêver, as W. I,: H*rer oB8 of the JoiflË edÍtora of The Plfuet$hare egudlt to SheÌ*r it .uáç one of sêver wbrs bêing waged fn the {orLd. 45 lle dealt flrg¡ly wÍrh rhe prtnat War of the specf.es nhich he defiaed aÈ thç cLaiü of sosre fo live er the experràe

pf, othprq arld pqinrçd to thts' aspect of lifç ln wch-þf rhe anfnal.

ftÍagdqn. Man also particifeted in thif,s warr but there weçe thoge

rñp could loçk clpse4y át the fepqep drlving nÉn ro rhèqç eq.ds and rlho s*vqghË tq'etadfcaËe ÈhÞn. FeçJ.ftsts, hd ¡rae saying, r,¡tshed,to ralse naq qhove the {qi¡qal ,kingdonr to exanfnè why cerÈain actions

were dede and to 4f*ipense with thern if, they sere irrational. uan

qrfst not ftghÇ nan beca(tse den had nluds lqhtch lf, properly uçgd.

¡lLowed thçu üo eÉcåFe from tltq ,laW of tt¡e JuÉg[e.. IIêre wêñ.t on tp dlscuqs the ttr4ss ner ¡rhlch, he rnqittai¡¡ed, was largely res$onsfåle for the Sex trIar atid the CoærciaL War.

44. steBherr &ohhouse, Fdrrv yeaËs ànd-an Ep"i.lòpue (Londonr JåitrÞs Clark, 1951), Þ. 132. plçqghshare, 45. Thë Vol. I (February, 1916) pp. l-3. 37.

Ttre basls of the CIaSS trar \,ras tbe utge tö Éosqess, said llare, and. hed üeeú a rnarked fëatqre of manrs e*i.sËea.ce sfnce prç-historic

tfrnes. Ec fèLt thåt Èhe Se¡ß wår rras Þs economic battle beaaee.n. hale and feßatr-e. It ¡ras þéf.n$ lncreaqed b:r the growfng hwüb€rs of

¡qoæä, rsho were t¿lkifig tfre i.hdrrsc"t.i positfonq vacated by nên r¿ho lrad Joined Êhe atgly. Íülen these çn rer,urned to cfvi.lie$ life,

hê pte4ü.cËed, there would take glace a fierce eonfLict betrûeeg

rnen íd¿ aeed of tüork eaü l¡oüen with rpw prlvileges whp would use e\Þry

Ëêans tø safegu¿td thesp prív*'li*gçs: Ift"f !ùouerr eventualLy recei.ued

the vote Í.hey wouL{ posSess æ,Othèr r¡eapoü w;i"tb which to vage tfie Sçx rrar.

trt ls Rot creaË fro¡n thfs short df.scussisn of, the $ex ¡,rar hoq thfs seo4onfc conflict wag to be resøl'ed. ütere r¿onen Èo he excluded frgm tndustrT, or rcás fndustry Ëo be rr¡n tn sueh way " thaÇ there qers to Þe equal opþftürliÈies and renumeration for bqth flçn arrd r{Ònen?, Hate did dot ÉÉty. quakers Uade no distÍactfon bet¡úee¡} nen and wonen in the Meet{ng hQtrse, bçt perhaps Ëhús SocleList-Q¡alcer thor,rght th4t lrö¡nen had no place fo factorleg r ôt Ít sqem, Ín poLitics.

Sare ear,¡ tfte Oometcial War as aÉ outeone of the confllct be&fçen rrage-eaae¡s and capiËa!.Í3us. ltre result, he clalried, was ÈaË enployers la Bri.raf.tr ba¡¡deà tcgÊther Èo protecË '¡Britlsh Tradsr. Hafe r+ent straight f,rom this point to link tBritish Trade; ,Geman

Tradet and tÍ'reuch Trqdet r¡ith the Greac tr{ar, although he dtd s4y tt¡at Coü¡ÊetclaL War had precedefl the Ítar. He wrote: 38.

Every day of hleod axrd f,ife proves Èo rts that thf.s î+$tar¡r $far of Èoday ls,based upon and waged fer - Ac ff4ê phrases - vietogies of a tEtT iaatetial klûd. Iq ollr futpre Lsstres *e shall ÞrÍ.Ég fefisard facts a# *11I leavè 'the seeptics dunh. 46 Bare ôfd srqÈ guide his rêaderq carêf,utrly throrrgh the vertous sFePË 0f hls srÊq¡deÍrtr, but preå.trogbly vihet he nea¡rr \,ias Ëhat fn

$¡ttaln emptroyefs rÊrlted to prôreFÉ thenselveF êgêfüqt Ëtre rcÞrþers.

r.Êter thf$ the ErnÞloÏèrs of one üarion felt thar tJréy had Èa gFoup

Ëogeßher agaLnst Êtrë eruployets of another ftètfe$ or battdns and tttFt ft'Fas f,rts dre fesUltlug confll,eÈ rhåt dars eeçure{. gto-

teotlort, the:r, rrds oñe of tþe evùüs whlcÉ caused waËs. In a

lôEger artLcle he pfeht haÊ gefÌe 0d to saf Êhat t{re worké!Ë were

rhe dupes who âctrrally foudrt rhe eryçloye¡rs battles. tI{.thoFL

enployere and wttho4rt proËection tjiete r{ould be no Wars, foq What hqd the woËketå tö fear frorn eaplr other ønd wËeqe was Èhe tteed of protecttõrt trlth 4'ttritêd prôleÈatÍ,at. CotdLÈrÍes srd natl,sn$Hso

. froqld disa¡ryear. tre Gtreet lÛar was treatÞd by ãare as tlre flftb, af hfs seveir ÞraËS. XIe t{sked dilitary war d5^Ëtu rhê prtþal war, sayfhg tlut qfre Þlgcshshafe stood agâln$t dll rÍer t'as äA ouû{orn f,nstn¡nèaÈ öf balåer{sn". T,t wes pçsqtb,lti fof nen tq Uve in pëÈce with oae- qstttç.r ff they ¡øuÍd lfve 'tJust[Í". Ëhristrs.nessage was þore Íqpartant t.han Br{ttså Trade dr Br-ÅÇiÇh [resË+'ge, Eåre ca$tÍ"cuêdr a¡¡d because of 'Èhis th. n+qaa:iilë.vþrlld not cddce¡n Ltself wittr rffloÈsry or wsys'qf cü'tatnlþg it.. Ingtead SocialÍst-Qugkë,rs t{ç$ld p$y. rfieir pdrt in 'the eixth wer, the, irer agaib,çt tar.

46. Ib{d. p. 2. 39.

H4rê deecçibed the seVenth war as the ReaI Arnageddon. [conplete Its a+qF were Èhe regeneËati,oa a¡rd un*ficatien pf hu$qnfty,n. ttbqane.É Thfs ¡¡ar !F-bs qoË fought the Kfngdoffi of thë, earth but

aqFfost thþE áI.l't. Eare lnsÍsted thaÈ the battle was becq¡nil,ng clear

to uany and tha¿ for thgse;who sew thê f.Bsuee clearly there cou!-d be trs hesitatiôn absqt the part they nust plaV "ia Leçser wårs here belo¡rr.

In the f,frst íssr¡e of t,he Ploughsh4re the edttòrs had pro- mlsed to sr¡bstantfate the statemênts they h+d made coneefafng the ttfaQts ¡,rar wfth as rtill leatze tþe sçeptfcs du¡qbft. Sceptúes Èhere, cerËâinly qrere r*fthfn the society of Friends as.trell as outslds ft. ?loughgÃare opÍnipn had heen e:ç¡ressed at the L9].Í yearlf

|ÍeetlÊg atd thfs opittion had earsed dtsseasfo¡. It rùEs- decfded : to fotrt a cdþ¡rtttee, to be calLed the ttar ab.d $ocial. ordêr cor¡nnitteer qhoþe purpose was Èo exahf,r¡4 the reL+tlonehip het¡leen uar and the sosial order. $ub-cornnltÇees were forr¡ed to .inveetigate speieific $roblens; aruaueçts, Gradê etruggle, rggr¡laËion aftd eontrol of, isdlustry. A glance at ttre nahes å,rsoclAÊed with Êhese Cçstd.ttåeç Ëbows Èhat they were flougünhare f.usptred. w. I". Eaf,e, Robert o. MeuAell ahd II. L. t¡Iilsou all sqbscrlhe¡il to the QqakëFspciallet ylewPoist. rtr additisn to thesê thrêe c.smLttees there !ra,r¡ a

$ervtce co@f.Ëtee nhi.ch wss co@qFeil of reÞresentatfves fron the Menrs Servl.cê Éondttee and the Homents Seryice Conmittee, the Çentr¿l Education Çopml¡¡gq and Èhe Yàüflg Friendts Côúittee. Íhe grornd to'be broken by thÍs latter oonmlttee was fraught wlth d,atrger, for lts egþ-co.ttrEfttèeF fr74re set to d.lscsver how Qgak¿rs Should ltVe 40.

ånd whdt they +t{Oul,d.do with thetr {¡þge}¡. I'Ífstly, Êhere wab ê côümiËtee on ¿nve$tm¡rt r¿hi.ch war¡ to 6earçh or¡e the posèfbfliÈfes of a Èernane¡t &qard to cotrlecÈ statÍ,stics upon ,,non{f.Iitatry', rtsocf.ologieal or mÖtrÊ positivelï lnve5tneûttr. using Ëhese stat-

isticç, the bga-r{ woqld gfVe adrrice $pqt lnVeeÈqent ,for therthest

,¡¡pral pirrpesert. $ecOn4XY, tJfer€, rdas a s{rnpllficafi.où, sub-co¡n¡n{ttee whiett wqç to aÊvi6e those who fe¡.t thst theÍr ltves sfete tad ostenta,tf.c*¡s aud ¡rÍshed t'o cllankc thLc state of aff,alte. fhir{Iy, i

thet¡ was ån e:ÉPeÉi.ilþStal sub-conrnitßeè to inl¡eçtÍgatE $ù,çther , ft t¡as qdvtsable for th,e Society'çf }råe¡rds to sequre a Ë+&ler aÊ4 tlçh$r lj.fe thröqgþ asseciqFiþn wfrh e'irnil,ar groups to theùselVec.

Àt a eonfqrênce held at .Iordattts lloirel, Aprf.l 7, l*&Â, ßhe ¡rork of all ùe comnittëes r¿ês d{scussed. Íhe reeults werê åiicon- cl{ts{ve. Ffom thE origlrts of wer coinnif,ttee ca$e repþrËs oÍt Raclal

Antagorrlsm; trtar and PropefË?¡ Ë+re Cfaqç war; Modern trudrætrtali.sm aed 'the darçatiol of ü{ars; and LllqstrraþLqne of Tradê lùf.val.ry leadi.ng tQ !Íêt. Af Èer e dtsc¡rsstQr¡ of thÈ probJ-e¡n of ¡¡ar a4d socl"al ordér, ttre qoaceneüs of opLüion was:

We could not Sltoû thêt [he grasent social or4er naç its {qerritáble ouÈcoüe fü, war, yet the eQçllgrse seçfi$ Çtue¡ at lnast of Updern warst tftat they have theLr orig*a fn the çociql syÊteh tn which we all teo read{.ly aquiesce. 4l

The' Ésnttql,.SuþOqffifttee advocåted that rhe worker ¡reeded "å l.arge¡ ahare tn the coritrol of his work and lifëft. Gutld sçclâllsm f{as dlscussed. It wdÊ ät$¡ed that Quåker enployers could s€t an exånûÞle Èo other edployefs, but Ëträt. 'ra poolfng of Quaker

47. Tþe Plouùshare Vol. 1, No. 4 (Uay 1916) p. trz&. 4L. fndustrial iqteregts did fi,ot seen exactþ practicable at the present trto-nèntn. 48

Thefe tfäs üþ reporÇ f,ron the eomri.ttee oa cohpetLtioþ. Et +¡es stated that thèrc lfas qopê dfsa$reenent about the att+tude

tö be taken tslsaqdb qôüpetitioF.. Althqqgh soure nremþers thoüght

rhat coûpetitioa $fls, lü itsel"f, evil, others felr that H.ie WdÐ not so. ÐÍsagree&gilrû was also qpÞ4rent in the find,lngs of the $ÍnÞlÍflcatÍon St¡b-Co'h'qi ttÊe. lk çffiEitteç heÍ.ng gnable tq atrrivç at 4 srand¿rd epale of lc,ving føf qveryoue. rt was suggeeteg rhat

TprrnË ¡reople shoqrld he brougþr Up ro lead a stu¡ple ld.úE Þ,efore they þecaæ. irnbuêd wûth {.deas öf, l"ncreasfng expendfture as t}feir iacose$ inçreaseëi fçr the coutp*rtíffi f{ag Ëhat: the fopr qf rhe t{ä.r $,pitll l.f*" vety near rhe dlete.ü[i.natf,etr Èq fetå,l$ .for oür or¡ç. dísposal sucÏ¡ thJng5 es wê halç in e*çess of our'telloüs. 49 cqÉrurrigy livrng wæ repo4red qpor by rhe Expert¡qe*t $uh-CsrunitBEÞ. The Ðq¡kh&or.wE of !.lfe r¡as exanfned, fr belng suggesteq that çgnscientLous ob'5ectors mighF he bpoughr together in a like nanner.

Froü thfs e4a¡ùûnatÍoa pf the Qref,ker-soctal.lsr socLèq¡.¡ f tq afrUs aribltions a# inÞact UÞaEr other Quakerç, certâin çoü.clusfohs pÞsent thefrFélves. lte Sçciety of Friends, as a wt¡ole, dt-d not welcot¡e theêe ideas, for no$t of ítç æfihers \rcrer as Ttre plQu¡ùr:- rtf,ea¡.thy Ehare pofuiÇèd ost peopl,er. Quakars were often charged,r,¡fth accuürrLattng ræalth for rhçir {rtrfr, uÀË and tu üåny inst¿mces the$e

48. Ibld. p. 128. /+S. Iþ:[j[. p. L29. 42. were charges iustified. Problerns conneeted with Quaker acqqi$ition of, wealÇh dÍd not emergê r¡*th ùhe Qrraker-socíalists. Balked by rhe

Test AcË whictr cloÞed polfti.cs and å rmiversity educatíon Êo Quakets and hy fJreir o!,r¡r Ëèret which forbade theu to $ûear aa oath,

Qu&erp had early becoüe aqsoclateË trj,ttr hu$i.ness. There greÈ pp

anoilg f;hese early Quakers the bellef rhêr it ¡¡as not a sftt no

acqr¡lre and that, Ín fact, ghéy had a duty Èo be successful.

I$lèness aqd a lack of tnitlattvq webe rior ró be leuded; haËd r+ork ti€s. But norrey had to be earned iu the right way and speût fn the rf,ght way. lhis neant thåt prtces were to þe fa{r.and that mohey eaüiled wâs t,o be put Èþ Ëood rrse. {he fo:mer, J.ed Ëo Quaker use rthe of faÍr.prfcer, thè laftef to the þhilanthropic aetivl.tLes of the Quakers.

Ih, the fn{ustries wi.th ¡ehich they were connecred, QuAkef eüployers sought to share with theÍr çnÞloyees sonre of the profttc nade S the lndustrr. heckitts of Éull har{ s pmsperlry sharfnç schepe anô so dld Ror.ntrees of, Yofk. Penqioqår Uelfare schehßs, old age pension awd aecÍ{er¡t schernes were in operation Íq naiiy Queker factories¡ Têt thi.e wa* not Èak1ng thfngs as far * ttre Socialist-Qupkers l¡.rshed tq go. They wantqd co¡rtrsl of an iadgstry by {ts workérs, not re,rçly their pårtLçlpâtion fn proflt çhqrÍËg scheps. It ís clear thea, that as philanthropÍc as Quaker eúployers nèTe, they dfd pot wish to see'tfieir industrles tåkes away frÞn then. SocÍqlist-QEakers could expect lÍrtle help frou rhfs sÞctiog of the BrltÍsh Quaker uovêmêÉt ln their desire to have Quake¡s spæad the dqetrine of socfaXfsn. 43.

CTIAPTER IV

CONSCRTPITON FORCES DECISION .

T

From August ¡.914 rmtiL the lntroduction of conscriptlon in

the Spring of 1916' ËrtÈish Quakers and others wtro obJected Co !,¡ar had, lf they trished, plenty of opportgnftLes to involve thenselves iq rel"ief tüot{r. For those who dld not conslder that ar¡bulance work

çag wotk of, a nlli.tary nature Èhe F.a.u. provided one outlet. There was also vork of recoEstructLo¡l in France. wÍth money collected by the war victins Relief Fwrd, Frf.ends had set up å centre for this work at vltry-Le-['rancois from where they essayed to build r¡ooden houses for the victire of the shelling of both SrirLes. As more fi¡nds beceræ avellabLe ttre range of Quaker åctivf.ties grew. ì. Agrf.cnltttal nachLaery wa$ supplied together r¡f,th s,one livestoclc, so that the rsar torn countrys,Íde night yteld a llttle food.

Qgåkers also rant the naternity uing of a hobpital. BrË, again, asfln the case of Corder Catchpool, they occasionally pingd for work of a nore dengerous nature. In arr arÈlcle for the C$rtèütroiåry .. ¡:.. Rgrr4g[, Ngtta R. Nlcholson atrluded to this r¡hen she wtrote¡

Norc and again, Mr. X çd,trd æ, they (Quakers) get a little-t_tred- of the abeence of dangeri, they cannot fight, but they uûdèrstood on eoning out that thÊY were to be nearer the ehell.si,Èhan the 'covertfldenÈ atlaw€ the¡n to be; yet they do r*hat has falle¡r to them with ás ruany JesÈs às the ¡pn in the ,trenches aü,d with rå ã"cir effíc{ency. 50

50. the Corite,wprarv;Sêvleu, Septeúer, 19J.5, p. 369. 44. ArnoeËst anb+rance ¡rorkers qtd Ëe.çoËst!tretföü r*orkere, lt Éeens, thèt€ lüête nen rrlth a sen5e Õf advestürg ähd a #trll,iilgness

Èó htp ÉÞl{.eve rtte st*rerings of rhqse Êea!Þsr the beÊtlê 4pÉe.

tåeps S*o faetore nei[e then úafe Írt resso'Ê{þ1ytÞ*fet r¡orik het¡lnd thg J.f.tsgs. Ttrey cs{rtd nor fdgp¡, but they were anxfous tÉ shør that tüey tlet'è ßot cc$fdrds and thdt tþey çot¡}d pçr$oru rrsgful rrofk cloee* Èo tlte batrle ffelde.

Fûr çhose frlenaç *ùo ¿É¿ nst ÊrqsË érvþr qo Èhe carfttlsenr thete ¡fas o¿her Us€frrl nrorlt to bç dgnA {n Erltnfn 1tself. q[rç

FüÉT€R4cf #omr*t*ee for rellef of GerrFns, AuË,tfifliB, Iåu*garf.aae and lurk*' fn ÐúsE*Ese r|prke¡t ta atlgviarç rhe probJ.eos öf ¿llsas in Btftaf*p. ÐÊÈcn fa¡d.lfec ia nEe,¡t of help ha¿ a BrLFfsh nother a$d á8 alierr fnther. Iõfren tbe father nÊs f.nternEd, Þy the ,pritfsh eutfrôriÊleg, hê toutrd uor pravi.dç the ËecSçsrjr ftC.lds fpr tþ SÇeds of hås fauål,.y¡ In snah cas'es quahers ssp$hsd uhêF hglp th*y gpuld. sone þrl,tåsh ff,tr lles :enployed el{etr funesrf.Gs gÉsr to fihe ot¡Ëhrç€k of,,*ag, htÉ wtrÊF pär @aüe they thought f.t parr*dtiË rp ËfspeasA l$ith

ÈkeHE serfanrs üfthout pavfng theü Ëhêir &m, ?ág4F. lütemed åLtç¡rç rûêæ giveür toels and Uothing nêreri.ale by thg &hërËency tÉmd^ÈteÊ.

Ir¡ so doleg, fr hqfpêd these people to hår¡e Ê $orÈhrrhíl.e úr,rere#+ while thèy were heh,tnd barhed vitre.

Cofficrf,Sfton quÍckly chenged the âtÉru& of nalrf Qr*ê¡s to ttrese reltef $èåssrèF. En the F.A.tf. ál* ¡he ü@bêfÊ.sefe *dt co$ctentlera eb¡ectaüs and eeEe Seüe rot ÈeqbeË$ qf thg $oc{ety of Frúçuds. Eut nany wüo had üe+n cðntêútt to seîrre i* tae r¡nrt 45.

refused to sel¡rê under Èhe ue¡E conditions, parËf.arly brought about

by conscripüÊorr. lhey felt tþat rhe iÈcrea*ed pouçr:of the Arqr in the êffå{úb of the rhtr togetberwtth the Êerdcacy of the

ËaveÉÈqrent atld the general priblic Ëo coactder Þiilt ¡nEnbers âs t¡rue

cpÊseient{ote opSsqtore rrhile they dlsrúLseed ÉhoSê tn:Ërltafn ¡rho

wÊÊt to ptf,ôt& for consifence gake, as tebels, pl.åced thern in a posftion r¿h*efi neceseitatçd resigÉ,ar3qÉt freF the'$jrÍ"t. Fer sen* Quakers ia the r.A.u., cop.scrÍB.tiq' dsrnanded that çhey enllst,

peritraps iu aü arsf uedf.cql ünit, or taÈntn home'and fece tt * oor,- FeÌluçq,ces of rêfqsal. AfÞår conscrÅpfl,otr gas inttoduced, guakers coilld qeeu.sÊ ê*Þüprlrôn to en¿hlq thcs to sctrVê in the F.A.II. In o'tiher hrgnChe,g,of Q.uaker feltêf, rork e¡süFtÍfll rraxe trsr*ally obtaÍJrëd if Èhe coüscl"go,tíous obJeþror was wtl,lång ts gs,beforE E ttrtþunal

apd state hls case. $one Qrakers rould eoË dc thf,s. SçeAherr

Hobhouse, vhp had bees ÇIrêrrfitr. pf the Euerge.ucy Gounltree deeLi.ng rrtfå all.erts, refçsçd to continue ttrLs ¡rork uüder thc threaË of coqsçriiptiø,. Ee f,e1t f;hat it wae wrof.rg fpr e qerËcfenrlous ónjectof to ac,+epB +ry ryork or âlçèTiletfue gsrrtce f,rou a Ëtlbtmal. tße atguuettr f$ gsçÉ r,ras rå,å,È to do such wqFls, hprtever herrElesç ft 6¡€frt ÊÊÊË, rËsúd feleâSê qow, oÈher üåh for the a- . i', n flie posi.tloa, adoptgrt by llobhouse $*Ê ter¡Réd absslutÍ.sr, çthf,le that held' by thoee,uho acCnþBed erre¡pÞtf.æ,, from.-goulbarqnt setrfce, ftt orüçr to perfotll. work of tu¡tÊor¡äl S.m¡ror.terffiex:!, .nae ka,qsq ae thâ alt+natlï{eÈ foefÈion. Theçe rwo qpposlng vi.er+points cåused nuch 46.

conf,usÍÆn 1n rhe, ranks of censcietttoun çhleçtora thærrghpuf, rhe

&r. tlfthíq, the rsnks of the Socte¡y of Ftterrds tfreÌe rfere neûy

sBPÞofters of alterrtattïe 8ßrvice. rndeed Lt ffa,s t¡üþ quaker

üf.?.16 ttrp had f,raæd the part qf the exenptn^dü çI.Ense whfclr

dealt Pfth the wddening of, the slause tq f¡tçn#de $er{s of nagJ.onal 51 lú&rotÈSrcÊ. ürou f-ts luceptfon the Frfend* Ëenrice Copnf.ttee

¡csà áfrs*lurlÐt {n o*tlooh. 51 !Íhir,e åt êlrdäfe nsf,ûrätsåË t&,et

eeâkeËe had tfre riÊhÊ tö elternatf.r¡e sEnri.ee, it sqü#t tp hold thçrn

to å strfct iû.Ëerpret¿tlorl, qf the Quaker pe.eeÊ. tÈËËfnoftyi ûeb-

partl.ßipatlÖË fA å$ð¡ f,Grfvlty wü\åch ùtglrt atd tl¡,e þar effolË ffl any !râIl,. TLr"ie $ae ¿ tÍf.ffic¡otrt policy to ryhôxd 6nd was, pefl¡"âpâ df

ÉgeËsstty, a nfneri.ey vl*+¡¡olrlr. t{Irere diÉ {uekeæs hold the l"tne

1a wù.at díd or dfd npt oq*.ãfitsÉê firyolveffiüf f¡A thÞ wapl In a letter to Ihe IfrnFr; rhë-aÊsreüat? qf the F.b.Ë. e*rn*e r$nesweep{eg to trlllFtrate the tômútteÊts oppoaåtigr to É.on*eoùÈti\re service. IE was po{nted out that:

A qilneçreeÞer ¡,úro ü[dêrËook sucft sérxricE i.t the, fnÈerêsts qf hssatf.ty wouLd stårË opÈrati.Öhä ffi, hLs nati.çe eoast and h* shot oç, Ëlghq...f,Or hfs paLa,s. It ûrt$t be çbrrioqs...dfge $Ìf,qêpfrtg a*d ntne layiug tA cettalrt ateaç ¿re b¡¡t parts of a stngle -, schsfiê Éûd eerve equally the FürpgËëû'æd *rde of nrãr. 53 The secretary of the F.s.c. rqas corrèct ftl hfs ageettfon that ûå4esweeping Ì'lþs åû Ohil.lOUs exaaçl.e of noû*eôú¿tqst üork ç6p- ttibutftg to the trar effOrt, bùt tfr"re lrere $afi!, otüer po$ttic,hË

5L. -Vitþ.;Part 2, fr.apter V.

5e. He¿çafter ref,errcd, Ëo ae Êhe F.S.ü. 53: ffrg Tiqeq, January, 12, lg16. p. g 47. Ëttere the conaeÇÈion betr¡een the war and r¡ork of na¡lonal import_ 4r¡ce conld not be polnted Ee wlth such eert4inty. Oppments of

fhé aÞsolatlsÈ ÞÈ#dÞotIlt ofteü conf,,rooted aþ*olutlsre rùlth rhe that whlle Brifefa qoffiFxêüÊly srgf¡hent Ì¡4s a,t watr, ño work 'dåÉ freê pf some cosÈrf.þutlon tq Èh.ë war èffort, but thêt ÈhÊfê rdere

areas whlch allored cpnþcieÉÊtous objectors to give ÉêÍvt.që

tllith$ot conprons-siag the Quaket Þeecþ teçtiüonü. AbËol,uÊf¡iite

ugad thç Ê'ase ¿ff#ffieût tuhåle rçversiñg ühe conElrrsloc. stnqe np wor,ll except peaae tsorh wos tcle4¡¡ æd uqt4ùstedt cotacientl.or¡ç

ob.Jeetors sþould refuqe to perforar aûS wçtk under å äysrér geared

to ihç u[Iitary SEchJ.ae.

Ssclatiçt Quakers advoceË.pd the abtslr¡tfst BosfÊ*dû. they

ËaTr thê LntüOdrtettoÊ çf sltetuatlr¡e senrf.cê ës an aÈf@pÉ, Ëo rdiTr"¿dë aúd eonqugrt. Áf,d f,qççþsq, ttrey üelferyëd rh4r rh acsept

süch sénrf.ce releaþêú soG¡oü-e eLçê to perforn combaßanÊ seÍ\råêe.

Fno,n Fartie¡nent irËBl.fr lhe flguåsh$tÊ produced evÍdefla* ro Êupþort

the &oc¡altrgç-qr¡alçer âUegetf-pn. sir J. Irrfilton hgd aeked whether conEçíectious ohSeetaÌþ sdr¡¡.il he ¿l.lqrcd rq place bar¡ed rl[rê þenrcen the tæncheg¡ 4r f,ctfü, he felf, wtricU r{þßtrd âave li.fe, trot fåkê 1t. Í+ reply, Nt. TÈunaut, the tlnder*fu,cretäry of sÊate fdr !tar, saíd:

lGúçvs of rhiç cotps (N.q.c.) wo*14 .be organ;Í.aed fa rdft* to re!{eve coú*trant çol*iefs foË'Eenrlqe aü the front. 54

54. Ë.C. DêbärÞs, 5th gertes, vól. tloçfrr tçl. L06¿ (L1+ lterch L916). N.Ç.C. refêrs tq [hç Nffi-OanúeÈa*Ê Sqrgs fotwd shartly a€ter thÈ iq,Èrodkction of çonscrlpti.Õ4. lfsn ftt thfs body eoulil be oidercd tCI qlodr $tth dklüincs, but ppre {qr rëEulrêd tø firE a rffle. rt Ttås # p$È¡.et fot EeË rslrose ObJection rùqd tp ki¡.lfüË eü¡,Í. 49.

The lray 1916 edtrion of fhe PlorrphshaEg contaleçd an artiç,l,e oo Altet4ctive sefrctce by tllfford Allçn, thë Cháirûffi 4d a fourrder neúEr of the tr{ËC.F. S Al.leu w.áF not !r qua*Êt, but bs was early coÊvsfted to t&e 4þEalutflst pÊstfiw of the F.ü.Ç. aqd {üac one of

Lts chfef supFoËters is tlte ñ*Ç.f'. He ÞêSsû hJ"e atgr4lrent by atrackf,ng the lrlbuüels spt uÐ by th€ govêrñFeüt tþ 4êåL ú¡tBh eceqÞ- rfons üüder t&e lt{.lit4r:r $efirice Àet. Alleü refçrtred rd Ëhoçe çoEsci€ütiqus obJe*totrs r*re hEd been tmable Èû €écuüÊ rhe syEpethy of the Tråhrnels. Fótr sSCh üet tþete cQüld bë no s¡.tetîatÍüë service èt¡m t f tlley r*ere wil}f.fl8 Èo rnüërt&,e Work, of thi$ ûaturë. Es regrstced thae tfrl-eadsr hâd:g*t'fonm*rû Ëhe ldee-of altero,atÍvè e*ËV{.cer å cerçlÊe çhÍçltÌ dfvided,tlìs"O.ç. Bovebent trhf.le ât thF Êane rÈr-set È1fiÞ tóËüf"flcijrg the Ëtrblic thåÊ the Gover$nent lms $,rânttrrË Êo ob$ecte*5 the exÊ@tf.srs Èhef reEulre4. fçrsu*n$ th¿ ea4è ËÞ{nt of d4vletËrr, Alleu fidÉtëi.ge4 $at tÌtE qlausp ccrcerninþ alterrr*te servlse rEnoved for pr4etfqflUy all sbiecÊorÊ çhé opportunlfi¡ of eec$tirrg ehçetqtÊ e*€Wti.oq. Alled Éttl rsç Ë1ve eïerüFles of the confuaed rhi*iag, ¡¡hethef sfacere çr de.ljåerate, çf Brfttstt ffiÞt#als ¡úen facçd ùrttb ßhþ vagarf.és of f.t-te üfft{ça¡y SErvlce

Áccf ç êxeñpLtoË clf,uqe. Ilre T,riñulat, a prrrbltçetúos of the N-C.F. provided exaples ia plenty.

In eorrc1usf.qtrr, ÀL1en com,teÉded that conecientíouE obJectors were alrëady errægêS fu lrêtlenal detrrl,eë. they rere uortitg fot peace. He ashed whetfier those involr¡ed íu pronosqceEnnt€ uporr

55. .!l1ge.. Chaþter t¡I qf Parr o¡*e ¿r9.

uaË10Ra1 setrr{çe would aduÍ-t peåce agftatfoR as ûättgrrål ssrviee.

f,f aor, l"t becahe clear that tþ.e ser1'+ne to þe executed was to a1d thÉ oil"{tary iuaçhlne.

filffford Ar,lenr+ nrtlcle Þruught forth + letter frou A. StewäËt of $laÉEorg, Chu fêlË that altfictrsr ALlenre artftudê trae ûre

lüÊli,cÊl ottê foc å co&sqÉenti$qs ohfec*ot to adopt, fÈ ryas not an ÉÈtttüdè r¡hich he could Füpporr Ér tlre Foúenr. ge &o*#t that the ffprætrqBut shoültt allçtl çhieetors te leerte th,e cosfrtry lf rhey

HoþÍd aet ÞêËf,þra rçth çf, narloqat, tmportaä.Êe. #tfa çsr¡ld Ëaßeve

the arguneút ËÈe*'net sone oü$eçtótrt thet they aerepted çhe secur{ty add Ptfvll"ge* of Érltafn trlthout fÍghg1ng for ehsn. Ihe wr$.tqr

lndl.cate$ tåat ke rae ttt1 åcc6þ+tût, a profession, he etated, wh1ck afded tftÉ tlet effËrt. ff hs eould obËalfi altêfËðts s*'of.q* aÊ A ctcËk *t fiøntrf, be e rtçuaLl stet'', åpt a gtes rû{& rcùuld garre hiç f¿wly frou harring to rÉcePÊ úar{t¡. stc+'att qhowÈd an gffÍnity urth qlqqËh,e4are ëcôçrdffi"cs uhea he wrots that toteæÊË ä¡rd Fúçff.ts ¡rere the r*al çqßuies: Mflltar'f tettice ae $uch, thot$h pborr of the {,hË4sÈiås ídealr is Bâ *{ur-!hé' taktng of Ítteü?Fts and proffts Ís. IO

soef.å1tþE-{$akers beLtqve4 fher captrÊliðr cofrpeÈi$.+,É, qÊ* oae of rhe pfrfie GacËora tdrren prodqsed f4rs, bue tuey þoul.d nor heVe agreed rfi.th &t*fg* eoccçra{¡rg al.ÈÉFttåtfve sexd.ee or tháË ef,tltsü)¡ öSfilñiçè tras nqt ê sfü. SteJs€fÊr Éû faêt, áÊpeårÊ tO h¿Ve bffi 1a a cqäfi¡*å¿ $ta,æ wheû, he ñrrote h{s tetfgr, for ¿trÈItough he

5ç. fhÉ Ptô$pheþaFe, vol. I Ne. S tJ.utre XgJ.6). p. 151. 50. rrinterests Êcoraed &d profitsr, he nalntáf¡.ed that the

was engÊged iÉ assistins thÊ rich to rob the poorr, æd Ëbat he was not PreParëd, at thàt tiqê, to aþsridon hls wor*. Ttre Pl.o$phshcte al.l.sr*ed Ste¡¡artrs letËêf te päsÊ wf.thout cpuüÍÊ!.tr but the !"etter ö.f anottler corresp6ndept did aot receive

the sympatheti.c ansríer it waF s$pposqË to exFct. trÈ r¿ae ftom the

üdÉaEfng el.çrk of a buildÍflg flrs who srated thaÉ ha had accepted

alteraative servíce þn a ftr¡1t f,atrD. Rfs wifE $ás to eake up hfs old ocerþatiw.. tle aslced Ëhethef this constfttrteÊ a galrr for the naËlonel econery. Ia curt l*rgpage rhe eéi"tdr replfed ,tA frul,t gtoryef haå go¡fè tp the treuches - s þsfXdertg cîer.lr qrd hús wife have gone rqdet n*lltarp h{ {.É4ustrlal coÊtro}..tf 57

pl,ougEshare wr{ters wÉrè n,ot baçIn+grð f,n pofutÍng the I¿,EÈer aÊ those they coneÈdered résporrsfbte fdr $¡&gestLng

alternative sen¡lce to Èhê Êowffrne¡¡t. Édtth J. Wålson, thÊ aesistânt clerk of the LondeÉ leerJ$ !4eetlig, eai-d thEt Ír tcas those

'twhô becäree af àËÊ, sét( dr hoth have riöt Ëô üf,ke thé decislsn bet¡ùeÆ ÈTtB tretchès oË Ffltoç." 58 Older Frfepds, s*le cd.flnsed, tlrou¿þt of þi.l, senflicrÊ ta g[ard rôoü$, beeti.ags and the posstb-tllty df thê deeth Ëenalty qnd thêy dscided that thçl argt proteût younüHr Friendç froæ such su,ff,erlo-g. $he fië{¡ùtâ.1"üéd, it ttas 't¡}¡e tragäfiy of ,advancf.ag years Ëhåt rüeåIth, and honor¡tt and positiur anû conf+rü, gefn sueh ¿ hpld t'yomg r4loû us.tt Older Qrakers failed to real{øe ttrât Ete¡r are

57. The ËIstlgfushare, l. No. 7 (Apeqet, ¡.p16) ?. ?03 5Ë. IbiË.r p. 205 *1. t*iLt{ttg tp sactf.fice all thesp ßhiugs ¿l¿ uee ttçelf in the p¡¡te ¡oy of h qqesF fþr Êrqth." $g

Edfth HllþsÉ Ëtr alterûatf,ve sefrrfqe as a coÐpron¡.se beoqcen older Qua&ers æü üte Ëçvernr¡ent, ft uae the price +f aEp-

it¡têrf,eren¡ee ryåth t&ë st]"Ìüat'y neahfne. th* resul.t ûâfi rhet Éfrry valssble rtreq,h¿d heéq losr Èo.'-rlté, flÊ,ttt for geaeê *td slte regrE¡çqd th¿t thi.s LOss fiHmt t&a* óßhcrÊ had t':.- tç truke--"-- rpT th¿ ç$¡+e as{ - ., 't5l3t**'t our f,arË{cular üessegsr . fforever¡ ãtì.alliatfi¡ê Éervf,ee rrû* defeudêd Éy ë leüge Þedy horh of QuskÊrç trotstg aud old. tq a lettèü to trt4 ,f$tteq, soæ $ulkers gave tlre reasÞs for thelr suBpÖrt. FtfçtÍ,y Ëhey shq¡rëd thst they ffere ÉRtr{otlc by poÍüflrrg ouç thät ahcnrt three h.,sdred y6r¡,Èg Qsåkers Tfêse sawdqg f,n t.tte aruy nftf.Iç É fqrühsr four or

:.ì' five huütdæd. ¡rere oêcuplèd üft affipl"Êncq nr rgëÞ*tructfod work. ¡y glvfag theee figlrrea, tTtç al.tematlÌ{âtp noeght tc errür thâr rhe

aÞsöJuÈist poltcy of the ['.S.C. ms aot Ëhe ÉË]LÊy sf all Qsekers. of Frtqn{s bellemeü lhe,$rclety' ) :.. {n "freedof, of, csuscÈer¿e aRd the l{.berty of igdivtdsal Ëçriohft, rhêy satd, {üÉ ßftëy felt tlt*r thg f csnsciêqqe cla+þer çf rhe lüliçåry s€üvI.ce Ant provtdç4 fæ theEe. t'þe writêtt dedlorÈd tåe atti.tuÊe of, ßhose rrho re-fi¡sed eltcrnet¿ve

serrrtçer oLaf4tag thEt n#.y ûho {14 Èo rerë dofi Qrrakers.

5*. fbr4¡ g. ffiã 52.

For,

The acküw¡ledgneat by the Gove¡:nment of the possÍbiftf.ty of a hlgftrer claiq-.than its o¡¡n qn the-alle.gtartce of Brltish suÞjects is surely En fu¡df,cEelotr tåat thf.s war has been unde:rtat(en Ín a diffetent sÞlr*t frour aEy prevfous r,raf, aqd thlr the rÍgþçeousness and Jt¡stice sre priaeipl* uuderlyfrtB ql* acrion rhat has beef. forðed üpd our couotty.*-

Sl*teert rtames, cul,l,ed frgm a large area of Britafn, were attacite,d to the l,etter, although it r¿as clairned that the group spoke f,or "a large hody of opfirfdnfr. rt is clear that these trR¡r were trot only al.teün¿tf-r/1sts, hut thatr they belíevêd BrlÊaln to be fighti4e a defensivg wdl arrd thet Ír was a JwÈ war. Bråçai* had

.j Þ-eea" forced to take actl.on, it had played qo perÈ;:in the car¡Fes of the war. lhese fdeas !¡erq far $ernoved fron the outrl.ght ,dental of, all ûar whlch othér Quakers proudly dtrçÍued had been the pof*cy,of the Soclety of Frf.ends for hçtn4reds of yeaÈp. ffiË df,: the LnterestÍûg ãËpectÊ of thi€ letter, thougþ, fs thaÈ it shows clearly rhê,{d.de spÊEtruh of opþion preseût in the socÍety.' l1rete were men who enLfeted, men, rcho aceeptêd nq¡-a@hatant

: sewice, alternåte servlce, ,aúqla¡¡ce oq recortsttuction wsr*¡ rert

ùhO wot¡ld ost ,flghtr'but who SupportÊü a':lf!st TtAr; and me$ hrhö,held strfÊtly to drê,letter of, ùhe QudqeË pea*e tes*.ucùyr, faèing Frlsoq rather than coqtronÍse this testtuony. l-lost of, the absol.utfst coüscie¡û,üiorts oh$ectoßi ¡rþte sqcLalists, alÈhortfi the ahsoiütfst nãà Èo bç four¡d anorgst both religious

60. rhe rÍæq, 3 l{arch, 1Ð16. p.g. 53. aild non-reltgios groups. ân arttcle r*hf_ch appeared in tlre flOp,ehshare after the cessatùcü Þf hostitÍtfep, pÇf.aüed out that the absolutLsË could df.vided çl.ømnt be lnto three grÞ{Þ$. rhe dlfi.s{on$ were È,ot be consldered to la nig{d terns, ho¡rerrçr, for there r¡as rcvenÊnt hetwe@ the gronps which trmscended the boucdaltes {epicted io th¿ açrlcle. grclup ltte Ûargest çaç the ts¡tre grds# îtùich f,elf rhar those ¡Èo

aÈtacked freedpn ehoul"d be ch.aLlenged; t&at l&opr a¡rd deqocrac!¡ should Íèèelw fusË crearãeñt¡ ard that v101e*ss ehftLd be outlelted, for rlae rheither ft ratl.oilelr,Ëor eff,ectúi*ç, &or (accordihg Êt lçagÊ to good a, FlFpg t¿6 0f thê su${p} nörel'!. ro thp Ë**t lay rhooe !*ro the author called "goodwill,-itesrr. Ihey bettevéd that ottç ehould er¡ed,es I love on¿g ds,well ÈÊ ðEre'õ frlends. seclety couLd he

ÍnBrô{red, they ass"rted, if al.l its cÞru¡Êüeãt groups were enJotned ¡,ras to help. rt rtecescary to huÍld úpon the þood basfs exi.stÍng La eocfety rather tttæ destroy the bed. 0u the left sere fåe revolutLæarreç. I?rey were out to attaçk the lnJustices of the .: prevailing eco*offic structurei by atÈsÊþnt lf po"*stble, hut by fnvolutfon Íf neêessarl¡.

uespf òÞvl,¡n¡s te the dlffereneê$ het{.ûeeo'Êh* groupF there vras eff[ulty bett¡een them fir J4f1. Arl cþose Ëo rern4fu fR prfsoei. rarher than #ccept ni.ttÈary or alternative servfcê. wfttr tfme, thê niqsline .of df.fferent groups caused theu to fnf,ft¡ence eac?r other. fte 4ÉürÞr noted a Fôveneqt lot¡arde tåe left. {hurch of Euglnnd csaseieattous obJeeÈorÊ s!ùr¡ûg tonrards the Queker viewpoint, !ûhite tteeaged ''' $¡a&erp to look tol.th ffry narrhed dlsappreval oa such agnosttts sÊ.¡vçËe at the safrÞ Êine h¡¡na¡tftarl*.n SL

ñ1. fhe,Flqugtáhere¡ VoL. 4, Ilo.'6 (July, lglg). p. 123. 54. ile Èoted eLso ê left*lrard Ewlng in polittc*t thfntiqg. A feeLfug that violeace ¡ras necesâafy tf the visl.e*çe of cep{t4l agglnst Labour tres EÇ be teraf¡la.tqd. Br¡t the rrlÊer did aqt subserft¡e ts rt¡e necesgíty of, vf.úxenee. ttfe fatth recËed tdth Fûotellect, worh

arrd sy$paËhy tñfÉh aehLeve - for good ptr è$l[.rì ËÊLttar{sn ffrst Þe foqgÈÉt, hÈwever, ánd he advosq,teÈ ãü alllancÞ Ìr{th ÈhosE riho preached

VloLçnCe f,ot thle haftle. Êor tre qas cc¡ntlneed ¡}mÈ qnlees ãüti- æf.lltarlets remioed unf.ted, â further $âr çould bre*. putft trfrhfn 'se$Ên or,eight lrears.rtfå Itrrc arttêle, ¡¡lfttçü by teöBafd fiiUoüs, et¿tæd hle positíon äê É affrtsrlst. It prodnced a res$óftsÊ frcþ R-I{. Føx, nho wrote that he was â lefrfst æd thêt hÊ lfÉd beeç a 6påft4ctrÉ rëpfësentatLve in f{Ernil*¡oúth prfsor¡. }Ie agrced ütth gluoas that rçvölqÈåon was the r¡rate.hword of rtre tlefÈ" but th4t lt did not fiäd the l.dea of

' revoluÊldrr a pleâseftt sÉe. åm unpleusqfit çne. An tffipleagaût lä&tstrfal çysteffi had drfvsq th,e fçvolutlonarlee td their conctusf.oËs. rrrgy eorlld not prouls* ÊÉat ttny would frÉt usÊ effi if, 4 parti.cular

$ltueÈtoa depanded ar.nq. t'ox echped rhe ptge of sluonrs fqr HEtÈy bawedit absolutiEts, pledgf.ng thåt ttroçe on the lef,r lrere qovad by aÉr'if,tenge desLre to aholish t{llltariga çvçrTrrhetrê.s l'qf n{ltÊarism, he csrÈfaqed, +a,s the 'rscieÉt{fteelty otgaRieed braån crushl¡¡g depaftffiût of tha capltaliÊt systa*.t'63 ' ünity ehoqll b" eryhåplsed tn çrfler ttrat capfralåsn could be defeated. Eicfory would decf.d,e rhfch t facþl,onr Ehotrl.d trÍ.qmph. 62. Ibtd., p. 173. 63. the gloughsh4tê. Yol. 4, No. I (septeadber, lgtrgì. p. 220. 55.

lË rrill be clear that rhe ?losFryqhare eohnaced våeus co.nÈainsd fo both tlte f{ret and seeopd ôf theéÉ u,ro gtoupt¡¡gg. Sqcfalåsß- Quallers $âote{ esoÊoüíe ehærees $ust as ffiçh ås tfte rerrolutiopary g:oEPr ÞUt they ìlTt'Èd to sËÉtlrE #res* hy ncrrririolent ueauq. IÈ

waÊ noted êårlÍef that.w.ifjría ths Q,{fieås ho{y f_çself tBere were Rany pèÞÞlp q&s eôstrd þp EattçÉ cËpÍrålfsrs, bpt thts dfü üOt têad ts rytoLenÈ atÌÈaÈoüiÉñ beúren theEe people aqd åocfettst*Âuqkere.

Xhe latßar sought tú ct!4:r¡étÊ H,ot üö dÈttt0g. Guf.Ld êecfqlÍsn, $e{çh thn $ocÍ.¿l,fet-{++tpËs advpcaÈedr rf4s eËsbnttHllt¡ * æthod of oo,nppmfsg Hûd ryas tro.be ereeùéd ffpoa, the efi,*tltË str¡lcÈufes

of eo.'operatlsw cÉd tËäcç r,¡üf-ôBlqu. fresç, tf*p søvÉüehüs, h?dr

dtrrfug ßhÊ låtè nåþçt+eüth centrrg, ep4eerncd thçCIcel,tres ùr{th adsPtftrË uo thç socfêty fn dRlch &cf fsms [äMçi.vèâ rathÉ¡ rhffl pflreuing a ret¡olutiehafr ssHcy. Aftar üe, BolshevÍk r+vÞltrtloa in Sr¡csla' ltF,Elçu.gh$tinerc did actua1ly raeelvë letterc ûfch called for vLoleúeþ, bqt tts editorá,aÏ. cowerrt sëeaised strlctly :.:, paclf,ist l.R tens. ut

By uniag ttB exffirçs of, Çorder catdrpEgL ffid Êreptuea Hob-

house it is posefble to obtatn an fuslghr **rrfr rhe opfË*ods årrd

E¡perlenees of trrs abçoLutf.sÈs wttöse sËtitu&s tnrrafds cçssËlÈlntiotrs çþjection æ,tl soclety ¡rere ln aÉny nays sfnf,lar to thcee of rhe PlqúEtishåre. Both çere Q*qkers, GaÈchpqsl ftq[ blr* aud tOþho$se bf coevet$fon. they rerE aluo çoeidlfets, haV&É bea*t oBmÞers sf $e ledepêú.deÉt I¡Aùôur Pf,rty for a ¡rurü+t pf yeafË beföre rhè oüt* 56. bresk of üår. the early lives of theee &ro reri lrere vÊst[y dlff,ererrt, baÊ graduelly thett pathF convetrged {¡rtfl war a&d rhe coFscrfprion f.sE&e co&IeËÉd [he founey

Th+ wock of, Gotder G.ãùbhpgblin €he F.Á,.U. hao already heeo sbservèd. Ee rras ÞUrn tnto e Quàker fe¡ntly rfhoee cnúffiècÈloils wfth ÊhF sæiew of Frterda could bç rraced ro f&E u,iddxe of the geîêütÊÊfrth cerrtury. H,fc father trÊfF,Ëd êS A Splùef,tof,, bUt hê

trever estabJ.åsheå a pfactlce,'thë fqÉfly te[UË errfffcleg,Ëly eñdôy¡ùed fF,dake *his step ünnêcBssaËT. åfter I veatürè Ènto the hosteüt¡ l qh¿cn hunfness, proved $rmrrccesÊf,$ly, the fattur speËÈ up,Êt of h*.s days qef-etly read,Êng hls Sf&[e.

$Ëephen Eqbhousets hackgrouu.d t¡ae coryl,çtelÍ dJ^fferent. Ee was eu¡rowded by weelth är*d pfiv{I,*6e fron hlrf¡h. A Large part

çf thç finhkouÊe fortræe had been nade out o.f ËhR plorru trå{e ån Ëbe elghteeoth ceutufy. ff{åe rrþptrttr helped eo pr¡rqhäSe e cü,ü1trï hogse whùch Ãtephents fathet ir¡herlted a+* whf"dr ñtephen hLuBelf ¡.rcs expected to [¡rhgriù one {ay. Tlre fetnatr ffi çhe IOCA1 squircr rfÉ'fi very açti.ve in local politicS qnd fron thie þEse Þe esentually

çnqêted natl.onal F$låtlcs, Fê¡:vfüg ås I'I.P. fsr East EôrilergeÊ ltr the periOd LS85-1906. Stepheqts fisthhr al$a hêd Fa a$cesËf.y rirhich includH{ ¡mn of, busffless 4rd Meúers of, Þarlfaæo,ü. ü4 fic&houee, Eh€dr wag born ræp * f,ae{ly p,f wegl,tTt {rJ.th å rräd¿tton of þtlbllc servùçe¡ a f'm,Íly pf fqflgerice. Even froq h{,s hlrrh he ra$ sutrounded, by thf.s iùfluence. 65

64- Ëer ÉË¿r¡dfather Rtcherd Bptret (177s-Ïâ43) waæ M.F. (nadicalÌ f,or wfgenr hasqs. Together with u+*' ar.¡ÉEr åtr lt-"så. Pottef he was ffre.of the founders of rhs Mälehqsf4û ßqqFqi^+*. 65. LÞtd Wfßea was a god-fathÊr cnd Ëeafrf,e.ê r{ebb (þ{s êtnt) a Sqd.-pçther Et hts Angliean^ e.hris$ê¡tÍng. Ilohhouse wes çdscatedl ia kÊe?frg uf.th hfs eLevE..U ,u"r:;

poefËon; Etoo s*td F*l].f.ol Çollege, ûxfortt. $Èr{.Uå hi6 yeãrg dÊ

gron æd fn hts eaflr oxford days thrre wàÉ no sûgn ttr*t oæ daf he

lEor¡fld hçeffiè a Quaket, + $öcialfgt atrú an ab,söIÂrf,l*t obJeeßôr. flc rvåÉ # ffinber,,of, trfie Eton Rtfle tonfr*gçgre sÞd l¿ter hp Jrl*ø enc mlfOrd Ètffß Volunteers. AÊ ê hfitr at Stou he *r*(t reå{! Élat¡hfordts

ff+ËÍt* {q*,laßd aÐd vfsitërl 4êrûêi.s, eLrur sreaE ef L@dðn wkere oLd

EtoqÉ.an* haé fourtde{t a teú.ool mts¡l.mt. 66 ttçre FaË Ésrttfõg

l#$s¡¡sl gborrt tbi$r for, ar thet tÈnE, Ít lråF Qq:iüe demün f6T çqch youÉg æF to \risl,t sluu arças and t*.e ÊsrÈ is, Ed,scaÈionAl ryEtk emongst the pÞor. $ettlçrcn¡g, sqrdr de loyffiçe flatl, þfri€h Huhhquse våsfÈËd $hlle Ét 0*fçrd, ïçfe fçwded by ü*iverçff,y .nÊn.

IlobËouEe clalffi tnâr tt tûas I, sirÞËdrry Þooh, p*ckeÈ r¡p hapezatdLy at e raÍ.lw*y etat*sri þoqtt srofe vhi.ch ihanæA hlç Hfe, 67 l{e åook was A Ç,q6,çeqi$ton by Iæo Tolseoy. *fÈer æed*þË the book flnbfuousc ¡rade cettalt fe,solrrtlçhs thich àtrÊ pefff.uçqÈ ts ttrfs Ëtudy: thhetÈver hs tluuld Etpt ktl.l a felloç mas thÊ Ftavôcat1oü oT

eoçul+tonft¡ [or *ould h* el* his er*p¡nrt fêr $ÊFsr howçwr "$Bsttt ôÈ defç*giva they d.$rt sêeå; he *ould nþt l.fve a$ 4 ffeêIthy Lçd- lotd, þs.È trould Se*, employfrÉ¡TÊ $rhfch pfeH.üèd wâgës frore akfn rs ùhÈ# of the rrcrking daû¡ aËd he traul4 refrats. froh partfcrpaHofi

ftil rhe ÊsÉriceE of rhe ånpl,iern Ctrurch.

_ 66, Rohert BlaÈehford¡ !Þr*e,Fngtagd (tonåou, Claütàcr Prcec (c tû94).

6î. This ¡rort Bppears ín ttre tfltgqqar.y FdLÈioe of .lplgtôyts 4or,tE, 9d å. üaude, trâ$slpÈlqr nÊfnty 1s¿ã-37). oxfor4 ttüf,ver$try Þress, I¡ûaûftr, [. rctlford, gåde..vol. ir (193$). 59.

Ir¡ praetice, f.t wqs difffeult to follor¡ theae deef.s{one to Èhe leÊter. Þfffi,Èary craftrlng he did renouÊce, hut tlre scorrrÍng of

a fewr Luxuries suffLcedr aË tftät perlod, to fqlffl ths eeco4,d redþlÉttan. Se cÖfttt¡uëd ça vf.Sle the ånBåfean Çtrutch océasioúêlly, 4ldrough üprê aüd nsre he fslfftC hfuçelf aç Ë&e neúcr of å aqn- c$ttrf,ornlsÈ cofigrê&at¡lst. IILs reJeetf.oq of rntlitary p+rruits ted hin rô üesd varfsse pleces of euaþt llsÊraturE, bt*i ha coqF forfrd rheç 1a terus øf acqu{rtng ÉlrpêrtÍ, thè 4mhere setç Hfar fron be6ng 6t lolÉtoyåtÈs¡" firrougþ Joärr Fty, r.he renhef ef å l"pc*L goqßrset Q$aher fadi{lyr EoÞhor¡se ràs iu.troducet to lilar¡ricç Bowntree. 69

Iü turn, I'tacpl.çe ÍArrodncçd Sf+Ohen to his flrnt ftiêker Mner{ng. Êst noÞkoqee üÊs r¡sluFr*sse,{ nitå Ëhe g*f,ord $æeH[üg. lt Ìra,î ùqt

üHtål he took a poof.tfon ar ths Scard of fidnceÈl{É thâr lfÈûhouse hçcaüÉ a regul.*t Qlraker attçgder. At ths taupstead È{eëttflg H,oüFê he fsn¡rd the Meetfrg üre tus sçnrchlag fpr. FÇf ,two md thrèG qfiarÈer yêars he çcarcely u.teeed. a firgt d# üÊetffrg. Þurfúg thås gerloÉ he workçd €or rtç Ëoverqfie*rt, Þor hs ffi{þd rtr$t ftè ceptrd nsç coattüuE hts enpl,oyneut ãs 4 Êovamne#.t sorkÞ,r €{d detgçe biEsÞlf,

Èo tlhe êFtrtguel. aqd eoct¡. rork tn hfs ueigþonrhood. lh.iç wort, håd Sraduall.y takeÉ up üogt pf hds Èon-Ìrerkl,F,g hçFrs. Belng of a dstrl.sate cq$ctfrsr{ffi¡ hffiêyçr, it heeamp åwo+eible fsr hLn to eçû.tfftgé tÞ etofk the long hçurp. Ìühfch *-Ere dènædnd qf, hi&. He

ó8. flqbhogsEr qH. c¡r. p. 64 69. $sn ef Joshua Bolnttree, fi.f. sùd ldfd ld€fof qf Seerberougþ, Torks. 59.

dEcieledr thêrefgte, Èo .leave the Gover4æ4trs euçloy. frtren he resf^gned on I AFrtl' 191¿' he had workçü åa thë flelfl Sf educatloaal ad¡n{nie}ratfoü. .för se&û y+ärõ. Folloril,g hls æe{g¡atlørr üobhoüÊe paifl * yiçtt .to the tnåted stateç. Xlrc ohJeer of the y*.stt rrå$ rõ rrf md hêÈl the

breadt lrt Ãrçüth år#rlcarr Qnakerla+¡ a brçacft çhfçþ hEd bgcm parËty

csmÈed hy ear'l.1et erraü.gÊllcÊL BftrÉ1sh r¡f-ãårgrË iu the niUeæeaf,h.

Fenturr. ftt{s þurûey, tobhorrse fotl"owed \rrth 6¡rothGf. H,è *Þût

tö coristaü,çiuçp,Ië ro perforu tel,r.ef $srk amngsÊ åf,FÉütarts irt dr,ar

cfty e¡I6 Mdsleu ref$gess fleefng thetA befsre th* Bulgaü[.åhsr Êreetrç

aftd $erhq, Aftçr eleæ.lr mnths of thfq wp¡k he rètrlraed tç i.oudoa.

frghhouee lookd askqsce at f.t\* eqc,f"Êl coüdf.ßåüûs ef Ëhe poor thÇrr ç*ústl.ng tn l"ondon. flÇ h¿4 *en thece cáüdftdhûs tlefore,

but ttrlp ti.¡ne hE deeided that he htnt gÉ.ve .sÞ hß cmfprtaûJ.e

+*tste¡tc+ md llVe asongst the póâr, tahing È* ÈhE üödêtr fsr br:i.q neÌÌ wa:l of 1l.fe the uro-poraid per weçç ¿*ohretr. s.ls üfüd fiade up, flsþhpusê ngesreÉ for hi'n=eXf 4 fl.eç l*¡ a slt$ temenent frd d{ú ¡sh¿t he coql4 lo aid thoee aror¡nd him.

t¡hf.s work $ae iaternlfited hy tha trflat and, É,offiguse hçeän hie nork for Èhe al.levfatlos of distre.sneð elf¿ns ¿nd tåstr faff.les. tlåf,h ßBlk of conscrF#ü{.Fn ä#ßÉn{,ng ffirê fúsfioür ,hl.s q{rÁ tmf.Ây bEcane nrxtoue *our the paciftsÈ Fftitr¡d€ê erÞrësgeé hy thd.r Èo,u^. ïhfs ansletf led $ss tþ try eff psl¿ *trfggs :tq hLeh Þlaces so rhaf H.çÞhoræg trpUld þe fgnpred b)t the Ar¡thof¿Ëfes. &çee Èaotf.ês .ëEtry strengthened his trssolve. Hþ ¡ras nnre thån çver deferd.acd Ìs t¿he 60. publtcly declate hiç Þleqe with ottrer conscientûot¡s ob$ectçü+ and rû¿s rèfuseô sþEolute hf.s oÞjectioÉ to war. Iú A¡¡Ë$sq, 1S16r HoÞhOqse exmpßion rÍrder the ldtlLt¿ty servåce act. aü uËpaur cæ allffied ¡16, but he 4i"d r{oË takg advurtage of thf* PrêvåÉlof,-' feelÍng that novenent he' oUtry hsuu could cone tù the conscieûtldgs oþSeUg{ol4 f'f, wttt hls backgrot¡úd af ¡ryeaIth ar¡d coÍ&êqtioqs' téhÊf4ed frEë ruhlle

otåers ilêre $çrÞèc4tÊêd- pp AE h{Ë lscaL ltibsnalr wilich he deecrtbed. as betflg ¡nad'e fråfüly of loagl ,shopkaepers aF,d ÈtÉaêsdÞlt, he stËted thå grÓfiûrds fot hf,c obieeeton. lhey üerê deÈerffinad Þy hI^s Be'f"ltg '!a dtqciÞle of, Jeegs 0h^rlst 4d .. - Elil advop#te of latemaÈi6na1 $ocial;fsp.l' fiþ æeafds Êkåt hls reltgÍ-ous opinl"oas uere paÈfÈntXy rêceåved¡ hütthåthçtrasf*fernrptedbythetrihrnatrrnesùefs$#sfÉkqsusgesçed that c¿Þltalåsu ptÓduce¿ p6ry1tS, ff'r-effinptre in meltqn sluhs' a6 te'rtfble f$ f,fteår {rsy âÞ of wpr añd that the ürûtteh &hÞùfe fhpgê 7* h*d beert þüilt *e-ty tgereþtlvs w¿r"

HoÞho$se rrÊs offersd eæWtf"ôü, tf tre lÛ'oqld servê tn the F.A.tl. te rçfss$ ro do thf.s. shortf.y'afçEtÉer4s he recelved hls gpFsêr Botlce of cpl.l*rl,$, nrÏråfil he lgnoted. fftæiÌ hç faÍ'leé to ät his UuÍt, he was btçueht hefore a rnag*s€rate åË sû åbpeotee' f,lned ff.ve porm.de and handed o\ret tÕ t}re ÀrW.

Bçrr nost sonsçierrtf.urs oÞJectdrç, l{fe in the Atry cqþ* s{çted of csnftnedpnt Íß the Siuard röon; a moÊottrrÓus ê'lriËtÊËce mllr hrnken by ocCastonal exstÊiss. Hoühnsae $spetlßcçeË x¡qfe of

70. Ëøbhmrce, .*r--gå!.. P' 155 61.

the hrutal'treatneüt harrded ógË to earlfer obJectors, for the l{ar office had strongly denorerced thÍs rléatment by seprerúet, 1g16. 7l l{ost of the const$entious obJeetors had e lfttle extËa ca$h drd if

this for¡nd its wåy taro the hatds pf fhoee col*f.ers in charge üf, the guard roou and ç*efffse êBB¿1, snall fevoutg cotrld be e*âcted r¡hfch eadË life nore bearable fnr those tdeened to be soldlenbr.

Hobhouse formd thêtr by Êhfs ttüÊ, Èhê a^rüy had establlstred a

regular procedure for otJectörs. Refusal Èq t€ke a rediqal exafn:. {nsgloÎr or,weer a u¡Éforn consÈf.tEted a breach of discípli¡re whlch lrarreüfed a cQurt ¡nartf4l. &utr, wherêae pfeviously mea had often been forced fttt¡r rarf.f,ortns, he foq¡nd that üow, a refusal to conpl,y wfth a U,ilitary otder was greete$ wj.tho$t fusç by the A.rur¡.  charge was pade out snd a cþurt EÊrgla1 followed. l gÔbhoqse recêlVEd sÍx nþnf&g hard Lsþ€&r, to ,be çerved at I{ormood scruhs. lhe authprÍtfe$ shurttre{ c@Eci.Énrloue úJectors benseeU the erruy åilü civtl prisçn. After r courC tuartf.al caiÈç prÍson. l[tren tha's€[ttence wås cohpleted the hafr, måå seat b¿ck to the arrqr, court,'ÍBrsÍ.allpd âgå;tn #d rêËnrned fo pr{,åoa. soüê cornscief,rtioue ohJeetors werR êrtbjecte4 tp thf.s tr€ätfie$t fron the Spring of 1916, to ttre Su@Êf of lglg. !,{my obJecüors f,ound the return tc arrry Llfe providAd a rrRlcorue alteraÊÈive Ër Þrfso|¡. Llfe rf,ã¡st û,Þt e¡(Actly cpnfortAble in the guarfl rOoBS of Ele llaJestyrs $,üEyt but a qeÉge of free,úon pfevaf.Led which qoüüráFted strqngþ rfüth priâon llfe.

7L. LIl treaÈsett hÈd üot þêêü gonpletely remdved, hoûever, aF 1s shfirn Ln Part ?. Perháps Ëohûousers çoünections saved hln fron áBy hfuÈ of such treÊitüçËt. 62.

It was the silence rule ç¡blch appeÈre to hâve cau6ê¿ llobhouse

the gteetefit emcera fihfle he sas iri prlson. Ef.e second ço$rÈ ,Eartlêl Or[€rr he was seBt üo E¡¡eter pråsuft w]rere he se¡ved for

e{ght"nonths. Hphhor¡ee has gtvçn a elnplê rhough Bxpressfve ÉfcÈ$re 'hf* of cEll æ.d hts life tn prLsoe. Får$Èr he lpst hts uâtrê €rrd

hi'Eiaræ uerely a nuÉer rCI the prison guards¡ q yellûÉr üadge, ptrnned

Ëti'titç coat procl.ained ttttE rrr¡ÉaË. EíE prfsoÊ çelI neaeËrèd eevetr 72 feet by thLrÈeen. Fst fut*Í.Èure rhçre rqs å rooden table, g

stooL *Ëithdut a back a*d.a.hedbp¿rd. (hr e*tzT tp the prf.soü., a

prlUOnet g{veq'rherd labOurr el"ept ÞÊ a pta¡th üi{ËrÉ for a two !FË4.

FêËio4. &fÈer Èhis he lrsÈ Êil.ve¡r hl,s .hed-hoerd and áard dåEgfçÊs

thlúh, togetheF ltí.tt¡ es¡nè btanket*, kad Èo be Ètáêhed +tsúnsË*a

walr {n the dayÈlne. Ttre reüîatnfng,effeetã df rhe çs11 çpËsfñred gf a nherf' pttlqh housEd the feu boeks a prlstner could retafüs

e ptñË Fst¡ a htr¡nt ktife, e sFoo[ End a salË por. Þurfug the day,

Épæ 5uÉLlght struggted thËoçgh a barwd wfndçw seÈ hfgh ir oae wall. certaln ruleq whfch çhn pri.soner had, to obey or f,ace the periâtrÊr of aolitary cdnffÍrEqçÉt, were prÍfieed wr êards and lEft in the eell.

xtre food gtten to thç prfãsü,êEt çóaEf-*ted largnly of perrlCÉF nade wf.th water, dty bread srd salü. fiOhhouse r,rote that

gr{€ snt of hfs Ëhree daily walg consLcted of sÉch fårÈ. Ee deecrf,btd fl ttrpical dag fU the folliotr{,ng Éâñner. Å þell, eço&e hfp

7ç,, ffirefF wstÊ çfiqep.ttoûs. ftertrqnd tsuesëllrs bJ.ographer fëç6rde $Êt rrqfik R$sses,l (Eart Rr¡sõÊLt) bgH.ted the aurhcirr,å,eE Rfl,is i.nto.t3tgfng Bertr.æd herê everyrhlng he fianteds cell nap always fslillohed csnfortabty $rlffr a desk, ehnlr, hqË aftd cârfÊt...hC lras aleayrs-*ert gupptfed wx.Ëh bos&Ë and flnrÄæfr. aac rf nç ä-;;Ë Iä"e" qelL for fftrÍch he hadl Bo Far ? s Ë d å þeefr'r. A,ferrm e"nvt"È - cleaned ftts cêLl. se rca$ allo!¡eÉ to ltnep hi^e IiÉÊ, êË u¡rtl_l ßeü¡t_ glá,þt ftrst*Bd of eLght. Quoted fron Altm t{ood, Èèærer,g,nw*eri, the PanEionate sceptic (r,ooôcn; Êeorge .ÀLlen aac@11g 63...

at 6¡30.4.M. Ilrenty ninutes laÈer he gwtied $tre preylous trlghrrs

Elops. th.f.s procedure was foll"øled by an hourrs {rork, nsually the Èewltrg of gail Þags or coal saeks. Next ceæ a hreakfaçt of pcrrridge.

{he def progtessed througþ exercfee peråod¡ notre Êe$rfilg (for ahoUt

four houf*), üd fÍfreeÊ ro ftúçeËy nlnurêq lu ehapel. Ri.nally carne di¡ner (noetty þötaroes) at 4t3$ p.M¡, åfrër $þtch tfte prisouer

wes left al.øre lü hfs eel,l^ for f,Í,f,teen hö¡rts. l{qdh of thfs dry rras spç*È nndpr a wardenrs eupenrisiFû aûd êÊart f,röü the opportuûi.ty

to sütg tqruhs tn the chape!., the prieou+Ë had to *e¡nain sÍléÞt. $tnnday Eqc cþüsldsmd by Éäny prfçoners ta Be, the wor6Ë dsy or fhe week, Éor betng a day derrOt¿ of wor,k¡ rhê prisqiÊrs ha{ to sÞHüd far 66¡ç t1fis å10ËÊ l¿ tt¡ef.r cELlE.

Hsbhouse rebelled agaÍnst Èhe slleå,ce rnle, for he thOught Ít Ì,rroùg that pritorÉrs shoul.d not be all,o*ed to ceünffiÍlcare çl"th. 7s eq¿h other. rn a letter t0 t6s raÍ.fe, he iad.rateå tq her a,pd, of cçurger to tÅê prÍson authsrÍ.tles r¡tr.p çe4$orëd. tll n4f.l, that hÈ tr*d de.ctded tr spçak aloud (to UtmElf) äd tç corwnÉfqñre rytth thç other Frtsotpfs. Ee $¿S ,reflrrdë4 for,hf.$ [U,tende{ rehellfousnçss by Þed.ug placed l,r sol4rary cofj"ueffi.È. fuily çtrrougþ re*d:ing €üd

Frayëtr hç.recqrCed, could he kç,pp a grasp Of hLç sariÊy ln sucfi a Elonqtgfiot¡s'¡ .qdl+t*t exletence. A sof,th,ly letrnr raas all. thet uas allmd hin froui ho$n a¡rd sini.laÉlf he þaç only pernlrted to r¡rf,te æe lettHt each Rroatk to hfs r,{ife.

In his celtr fhe only other vrif,J.ng p*rHåFtEd rhe Brfs,ører wgs $pao. a eJ.ate provided so tJrat he, d.gþt Edcè f,oÈes.

73. Ifå[F dtÉ ffnd vays ¡ç qdüUfficate of,te$ îñisperiag $h1.1è bywe rere bçtng fi¡¡rB fn chqpgl oË h!¡ çlnglrg ffissaËÊc tõ fhc hy¡a tHtÊe. 64. In Deceúer, 1917, l{qbhqqse ffaished hís tefur in prison. Ir was têtrnísaÈed becaübe of {ll"-heafth. IIis ¡qothe,t nqd sone nenÊefs of the Com¡Bons and l¡erds Ìrere fÉ$tru¡nebtal in obtainlng his relêåse årid the release of fgt¡r otÅer oþjectors.

Froin the letters $rl.tten by corder catchpool to his mother dçrÍ¡tts hiq d+ys aê âq absolutÍst óhJçÉtor, ir i.e posslble ro obtatn a morÊ detailed Ptrctç¡'q of the lífe of an obJertor bprh fJn the Á,rmy ptH.sofi. Énd fÉ E$sentt+lly, hoæver, Catdhpoolrs acedttrrt is Èhe sa¡ne Sç f.Uat Íortraye{ bV Stepnen H.obho6çe. çatchpOoLts Broty {s nuch ro¡ger, dròugh, fur hE î¡rtered rhe Ar¡d tu, .laquaËy , LilLT alld r{ar¡ not released uutlL Apti,L, 1919. During qüarËer .i ËhtË t'r¡o *r.d a year pefiod ,Iû4s he F.ourr uarrLaletl {ouq t{@E drd Tces irrtetned in three prfsprÌþ¡ l{ornwo.od Scrubs, Ipsw:icfr and Exgtef.

' catchpoox. ve¡*t {¡to prfsüEr lfith the s*re sense of adventure that'had naËhed tri.s riritb'içto rhe F.A.[. te wrore:

It (prisén) ig a bi.g ad+enüEre €ßd $¡e are keen ro sqt ost upqn LÊ. It sçmds so finny to speEk pf ptûçot- 4S beÈag ùn arry seu.se an adùénture, but it reel.ly i.ç ut¡e$. thoqght of in tþe lighr of rhar ctrallenge - üqch nore so than goÀng,oÉt to the fËonË¡ fôf .É¡ßa$Fle, ,thp daqgerE âtre so ¡nr¡ch srñtler, mdrt, lnstdtoqs, tÞ"celctlJablq. Iltre equtpnenÊ. nqsr be qo g4t*Fe&f ss+$t-tqål. Thë uext dgy tt hiEh ËËåtlts he rrore; ARd nor¿ ea route for Seruhs. Eqleho! no¡¡ ¡-or She-çusca:i:rcri cussie.

t{e" seered, ablé.. !o ¡it3ust to trís contact úrÍth the Àrry without

74. GaÈ4hpool, 9p.. !&,, n. tnu' Letter dated 3l January, 1917. 75. IÞtd. p. 12?: IÈttÞr dafedt Isr FeÞruaryr LgLï, 65. too nut*r dfffLculty. Peúheps the arubn¡latce wor& had equfpped hlm to tâlk tS, and 4H.x wlth soldfers. In tåe ffrlal part af Çatchpoolrs 0a

1lúo FroEts he rtrSÉeg, of hls early recèptfon by the Arrc¡6 As llobhouse, he formd that fefuFêl fo obey qn order waç tièated ás å qere formalfÈy by this tiæ. fÍhen'ashed to:'wear lûalçt he replied, "*o" Sir, Irrn sortT to give troubler.brrt t cF4f t eouþly.[ EâFÉy uesihers of the slctety of Frfeüds would have beern çhodrecl ff ttr+y cout-d heve kno¡r¡l that eveptqnüy ueúgre of Éie ino\renesÈ would respêct Ëarik, for one of the obJecta of tJre plain languÊgs trsed by Quakefs ìrås tftát aL1 æn shor¡ld be tr-eated gs equals. Indeed, Cat+hpool wes not trnpresseÉ by one of his colleagues whü, I'otr{ttëÉ the word rsirr fro¡¿ a concepti-on of priaclpX.e I sugpose.tt [e seened to feel'that conscfentlous oþjectors, Just beeause they were Egt soldfers, ehoul* bÊ smartê¡ ln urarner thas eeldLerq. It fflled !..lru wfttr regret *hat sone, obJectors nere ûot mgrë cóbcl.l.atory Èo the Army. iÎê úrtote: t'Sone slouch, walk out of, step åüd t**.th hsnds ín pockets.'r f¡r ühe sane jl.eËter he vèntured thê r"usrf. uhet¡ ttI'tanklyr,I lovea úie drillfng in the lJirit F.A.U. 'r ' ' Preperation days .r'':il6 errá tn arother letter, hd codnentèd: ttr fgrcy I shoultl heve inade a good soLdier, but for thfs tltesorne conscietrce of niue.t 77

Catchpool always soughÊ Èo be Êeêt åttd tidy and was proud of the

ì fact thet ín prfson he boaÈted the c.l.eanest a¡rd besÈ kept cell. Hfs attiËudé to othêr co'nscfê&tfeus pþJecto.Fs ls irtËere$ËÍÉgr for qrålle

76. Ibid., 'pp. 115-11'6. Letter dated 23 Jarruary, Iq17.

77, Çorder Gatc&Poolr l,et fa tdns (Loqdor: George; AI"þfl and ,-P.' 35. 66. they were obviotrsly out to obstruct Èhe Arury, he was not. They ,,slouçhed and walked ouÊ uf steprt wlth a pgrpose¡ to be as unl"ike soldíers as possible. Eê, t'erhaps, Wanted to íupress dÞen the Aray ChaÈ rniliùary trafning ¡¡as rsmaftneSg apt the o,nly ¡neûts of aquir{ng the ànd discipliner Whtch the Amoy Èut so üueh stere by.

Cgtchpoolrs !.étters shqw rhe day to day life of a prtsoheç r"rho had ân eyê for detatr æd who expréqsed ûrder Êhe ruðst díffÍcult condtÊionÇ thé a &ellnÉç of sencltlr¡e, lltêrate had coafLned fn JaLL. Readfng Þto?Ed ån Ò$t&er fgr Oe.tchgool as tr dtd f,or llobhouse. Hfs book ltsts çf wart$ed loateriâl seiit tô his ¡nother were long and included

norks oÊ the Fernå+ langbage;. EÍsrory and II{sÊoriqAL ftcrlon; Theology; and.worke x.u the $rench ldrgqqge. Mçst qf 4re letters'he i¡r4ote from prison iecluded hfs tfrouþhÊ$ on the bpoks he ¡.ras readlrç! ard he tq4s partÍcularly interested in poÍnEing out histo{ical eventrs ,wh{ch ' : i:,,t ..'.,, - l.'. ,. , illustrated his thq{¡ghFs. But ¡rhire rr¡ch of t^rhat he ¡,rrçte !üås iq ê Literar5r v'veip he. drd record narry lncLdents fn prf.son rife ¡¡hÍch night haüe passed r¡nnoticed by a less sènsitÍve nind aod pen.

I{e thought thät híþ llfe'f.n prÍson was in nany ways sfnirar ré that of a no,¡rk: cæ.scientfor¡s obJectors became',,temporary car6elftes,,. of tfte eh*olutist obJector he wgote. Ee ¡fa.g a

ú¿tr to wÈo¡t the sfnfUlness of çan seeüg so aflpal]inq Qa¡-tre ûr¡ËË srruggle agaíasË ir, wresrle rs dellr¡er the world-bor¡nã ty it, u¿ghr arrd m3ia¡ strugg,le as never before flr anvtnfn¿ tq. hie Ì*tè.r hèer¡râ ga|| æ f.t3 feeis irr¿t .,*icbroe lesg pould be ço hf,iû drifr*qg rci,Èn,,the,ride - iot sterürfng tt. ,Èe to breaãr gxha,bilagl-ap,p"r.ntfy "!Iqs ir. =g jqet¡e; cffi du* ÈÞ,il=;e;;í;;;" a''ü,tÞ dÌffÊ r,trtó sone xrutet hacko¡aãer, of-aræmatfve $ervice - good, usefuJ-, fnterestÍng,-butlet, obvio*s r"*i""-- vlctíGs_to^P. pîlt:$ ashore_- roi-t ii-"õ***, less thq the uffKrqt srruggLe against irr" ifo.ã.-79 -'

76. Ib{d., p. 101. tetter dtaÈed 1,6 Apgtrst, I9lS. 67. couparfng I¡i the absoluËí$t h?fth the errlcreçË Order of ¡orrks, Gatchgool wes. ssekftts¡ Tlot onÍ)r tO d.cqw atreittùon þq tþe slrqiltctty æd,,h+rshqEç of prlsoe llfe, hpr a1sö th¿r þr¡e ahsolutùsr sêrvl.rrB ln prispn wçs pal(lng ¡ posftive årr4 ttot fiêgativê coaErtbgÈíon t0 peaçe. ¡Iust as nË4fu9 reuove$ thernselves ftom so*let¡: qo Þrqy for the weÊld,

sç the aL*çòltttfst.Wàe ê4surfqg tbat SOtef|trçrè ín the rFþrld rhere wås

''a p"ket oF men wlth peaee ia thefr hearüB who wesld ppoelaim thl.s peêFè t¡tdef trhatevqp ctüqrnstâncss çhey fa,tnd theusqLyee.

.,:: 'tütrI.e tle afforded *u aþsolurlstç these peacef,ur inrenr,rons,

Catúpsol nust hþ$q hnøcn that thers Êetë soae of thar nuober ¡rhpse

objecf{ons ro rt4ü rrere q¡p¡E,.rqlitfcal rbþn ¡eti,gdous and utro had

Bot peçce' but rqvotrutton fs theLr heårËs. Certätal:r thçV obJected

to the l0at, but prÍ$af,åIy they pbjected to lt es a capltalfst wa(. Gatehþpol, howelrelr \ilas e ùe¡iher of thê $sc*eùy ,qÉ ¡,H-eûds åüd of the I.L.P.,;,êJrd was there.fçre ffr a posiÊlon to hrfng spæ ltarqo.rty tdqn tlie

cËôscientf.O.rrs ob$eÇüfo.n moqefient. Hig afb, thênr rûås tô unÅfy nÖt to dfsrupt.

urs aÅlegtaûçe'to the move.rænt, an a whqler was tested orr Éuüefqua oqçaetans. t'he period sf hf,s [ffe sÞenË io the F.A.U. ùas cont{nuelly conieg baek to haqrt trfu. Catchpoolts persoúa1 releasE, hi.s þother Ítfofüed hftn fs @e of, her letters, was the

$rbject qf nuch diçeurålon by pêople fnterested ia spctrÈing rhe freedpË of fwrlsoüçd sùJeerers. In t'eply ,he urged rhat he dld not

wf.sh to Þe gfven sÞècl.al treatnenË, aor did he welçôme quest{btis abor¡È hl+ posttlæ þelse aeked ín pørriaræct. He rold her tt¡at whet tt Ëad'heer dqgge$têd úe ehfllp Snc.rdea should ask such a queqtion oq hie håaùf , he had ÊrrltËen to ttre M.p. esking hfrn nor to

do thlp. - Perltaüeotarialts' such as lrevelyarr, .Po'd.gqnby and Sngvrden, 69. he felt, would be do teÈter to contlilre äÈiítatlon for a uegpt:latêd peaee or to e¡lpoSe 'sécret treatle$. Q{egÈfqlrg about epnscientf"ous ob_ jecrors he consÍdered ill.¡tfùsd É¡nd he dld not e$Êegt the naJorlty of Èf.P.rs te Ëe ùrflr¡e$ce{ by the førr. Ihe nost thðt csuld be hoped fof nae Éqt thos* f -!f.p. s unsrnÞathetic'to ,tåe ppftscfêûtfons objection soveænÈ worl,d ÉdmÍç thaü dbJectorÉ rhonês! lrsfe fanatfcs,,. $,+õ hþ coqcluded that;ruore syüpåthy qight be farÊhconiþg ff thoçe working on hehalf of peace r*ould coô,centrate qa, a.reas r¡ñåch äùght bring, the war to a¡r edd. For €atchpool insisted tåat:l one ',!r1.. 1nd,, ofilf. Èþ{¡¡g I ,carç abour jtrs the ending of this qi,üf-qt rrêr." 79

Iúen,the Arp{gÊ$ce èa¡ne on Noveúçr.J.lr,1grg, catehpooJ. waç Ín lpswÍcþ He was Jal1. r4ted by tþe rrs$çpecred,new.s. a,s sootr ss the Á,esÍ$rwrr Chedfaln u¿sÍte¿ htn 4n hÍs cetrl 0arclrpool aekeit him I,f it t¡ouLd be p'sstsle ts hold f, Çet*j.cS cf thaeksgiVlng. the servi¿e rûas arranged, b.ut its content dfsapÞolnter{ hin. He wrote: ttre'çhurch !ûas retqp:"g rhanks for thé grear vfcÈg{f_qf ttre Brirish Ãr*y an¿ Brptre,,wñif"t *y o" .ãtin' *ffiiti:"":ä"f:,T. "gacä sooã,o' ir"'' Trr* thougþFF, or :a-o^eo1utÍsrs nàt.rÊlly rurnql !g release, but 0atchpool fe$t UlÈg,.lþ,comparipqtr to the endlng of tþe war, the posÍtÍon of csnssfeftËtous objectors ïr€6 trffial. AIso ttrere was the p,óssi'bilft¡ that eÞascrfplion mlght be contiqued,i tenpoçgrfly or even mÈde a perEåneBt áspect.ofigrÍtish l.f.fe. It did;nqt do to ratse hopèe çonqer.alng an garly rèIease, for CaËchpoof.,reçorded: crushed "pr$$-qtFr on the þatglefÍerd^rs dlanders'dranders- hasr trfs{ElrhÞd here ar Ére hallor no*.,T{tfl

7-9; IPI$., p. 72. LeÈrer de,red Z ùÈayr,tgLg. 80. e*41, p. l?1. rerqer {atçd Zp úóve*Þ.r, rgla. 81. Ib*d., p. L36. Lstter aate¿ 3 Jæ¡uary, lÊ1g. 69'

ÊÞnever, by the end qf Jau,uary tkere ry.äË rsllL no geøeral releËse f+r çqüEc*entlot¡s ohJector,+ a{d 46¿"¡r*otr dné Çrbere beeehê

æçtled# Eþow thelr f,urufe. Hé fs.{ðd lr 4lfflcu3t ro nqdèFÉrawd l,Íh,F ouJe+tþrd þere befug kqpÈ f,B Frfåson. the øtry uçtfïe, ha corrld pf thiák wÊs oÉ+ t# sFdrc. $ut qütlt flvE rnonttrÈs *fter ttfe årffi.süi.ce d*Ë teleæê cerÞ. Ofr tg-¿pg,x&, tgt*, cÊrehpootr bçeaær ofice agafrr, ê freë s*¡Ì. 7Q.

CHAPTER Y

sçc$e$T - qû&Ffi aNÞ t{08ß,ù füå{"8

rrou üç vety'begÍ.rmlmg on the tre*Ê I{er ehere !Éäs rärk of

phaæ. Aç f{rsn Ée çordE üefe *poftçrn ta a räúç$er by a f,ew äüd ¡rete unhear{ hy ffi úashilxg sff to Érår få. paßt4sttÊ ferþr1r.

$orêvèt' ss Éhs rf$r 4råüþ4 {Ê #$ äür üor+ ffifçÊs rüeuard*ng peá,se

a4¡s fre*rit frpn frflft,f üãrlürfÉ of ühe üorLd, b,oth bellfgetenü aüd gume fre*trÊl, of the pe*cs ovqft*rêf !fiqfê rrê4têd wfth ÊqBplcåCIa Éa cer*sla rt$aÊtÈfs: 6ef,nqn dpcilqratf,o$n ffiüê thþr¡Êht hy manr

tp h*'êI-eve'r Mßpçrisrec qÊd sót ovÉ,rËËËes sf pé4æ. ñ.ro+ ßom rhe FoWê gàf'B hÉs tçafgÈ Íst pS*aE, lreesag#e nf peaae begm, to

poul f,Brq.Eure+è f#óe thþ uqltÊ4 süâre$. fi$ËoP€an çEç*âtrf,ste gnürered ffigêfhef md ta^lhed df pÉace. Åfrçr rße eplsfr+vj,k revolHr*o$, råp aar rsçderÈ Êf ft,qn*ta ÊgggëËüçd gn4ag fôr *11.

Í&erH WfÊ þ0&*qtaLrç dtþIpmatlc #cacê fioffiêæ l's ss,ilÞ øf r¡ft"tch the

no&üåÐ çf furüÞÇ þ].Êyêd a kçy Ëcl.Þ. &v#ü qlh,er thßßs aËÉ Heartöhed

' dte lÊét ef F+,åce dr$ç¡rËts ts bi q0 þe#$ ÞffiffistÊd. frpt¡ever, none

sf th* ätæqÞËs prcrie{ fsrÈfrttr. tþê rmar dragHe# Éffi ßhri.t taroryry, sensiË$ fhat +t ürâE ttæ tþ fetrèËt and ll.cB' {tq r+q¡¡sdsr Éüêtched *t tdflconre f+urçe*n foflnts. Ítnthfs tåë Þaffi of þe glsq,f;+q,fi,sre $.t {* pqectUte rô sãe üie atrltsdë qf Qtrakêr¡soeiel,f,*üs ro *oæ of these atm@teü pçaçg S,qvas; fhe Éü&1êÊS cf BeäcÉd*tÊS md the o$Íatone &ey- expresee{ qpon se d{plpqaff.ç n*ahtüerry iÉird*üÞ* tÞ preredÈ fqture w8rs. ¡1.

Arrfv{+g ar a f,ornura f,or Feäee wåË dffff.crrlt, bqt Eøffi fdea

of Qnaker*soefallst thtuktng on tkp suþjecr cm bç gathered fron rwo

þsok revl.e.ns u&tch åËpêarêd r* &e Pþurhsþare,l $a tnt¡e få,rst coh¡,

aer*e* a book þy A. J. "fø¡rdbeç ffiÈtrlsd fr+,ü-gf,.*tl¡F,.ÊÉe ,Êhe,S,är. fn fevåøclûg ttlflE t¡çtft, Jöffi ¡¡ary Fry tôd{ þxÊÉptfoüt ßo tåc t+sf"q616¡¡*' t*only made &y the a*rËhor that úÞ c#qgçrl' rs tri bla,w for çfte rhete sf tftts nqdüesf,.t' ffirE cor¡ftÊf$ f.mptt+ated ran* Gurq*y, btrt fçllffiftË

H. ff. Braf.La.for4, Ék coqrte*ded tfuat¡ o&"F0nSibflåry i.ä fsf, Éþfq lvtegPîeåd, ånd as mch ffflrnþCted rüf.th d¿V*Aeüds as 1#ith Ðreadrnllghts.h 83

rfk pne Ëespec,t €h* df,ê agree t|"&+h Tory¡tbee, dher he, sa{ð that t1ç setlo$el.fem at thê heart df Ëd$[ df-fffcuttlçHt. titm implfeatf"on bÊhiÉd rüf"s wss rhgt hefore a t*stå&g Þèåôe cquld be Hd,itg, B Éerr rñs{gbt tuËa the c$¡s$ pf *hè.rpâr ffiils$ þs oþtaiffid. fo nahE $Ernsry sol*ly rês$oçqdþlç fot Ëlre çr*tbtç* of ro*r cosld only lepd t+ a rdadfctive $Eêqê þhåëh ÌFqül.ü hæþ rsÉërcu*si.s,ps Lagêr. she imdlcated tfiat ehe fçlr e¡niüal wes responqible fot the $ãr, the c*pr.têl hêld b,f husJ.BËEõren everyFheÏe. Joh¡r fiëtrtþÉ Ðgtl{br, fa üer'å€røå&8. Íqw¿rde fl laeFfuW:tetfÍFnqnç, a bçs& çdtted bg t. Rsdßû ÊBatdr, fotsd ffirê Èo &i.* ltktüg. rhe bqek

ü8s a coll.çsti.u of ehqft cha.Þtefs þy Ërou¿nest people iq thE pe*Ëe nÖ?effiË. Barlmr dÍ"d uot of,fê,r crirtcfsg Er êgrcefiËnr oh, åll Èhe chåÊ&ers, qft€ñ ærely outxiiül¡|g rhê effrtÊqßt.

8e. ds tkie jouËËål wäs üa*,rthly çÞneÊr$ed n{th recónsËwetion ærd r¡rltings c9Èeêrüi+g peace t[bvee wefe ñeerc*, iÊ $aq nçceÊssry ro gLêa* F.l.os4FhaiS S$fjilf.Þfr fçq¡n prrch sôrrFççrF A,ç bçok reitrie$rs.

ß3. ffitç PlepÉS,ärS Vol,. 1,, NÉ. 1., (IÞhmaqf 1916) p. 31 12. Ilèlre?er, ffon the inrrodt¡ctloa and çoüclrrçiân of hÍ.g artfele ft lË çLeat tkat noet of the opfttrøes coÊtåi$€d in ghe Þook agre+d r+Âth hÈs otnn våe¡çs, ÐE Èhe erúJect$ df*csesêÊ. WtËh €. Lowes Ðt6&-

ín+Òtr, he agre+$ theç thê fti.ctf-on wh*dl led Èo *arc eor¡Ld he

sFûól¡Èd fry lhsm* reâs,@ w.H,ch ts êtso huoa¡t chartty. r C. Ro*ep

Êtrxroüre artf.cle ðrt Natlóü4$ty slgo fo1hd fåvoqr, for it ained at prdeteg {rloF,È thÞ ßfrfrnw åtsèttf.oü, th¿e påcÍff,çi$Eê rrËfe toq rcçå- þopplltant, dl#rega,rdfig ¡¡ç cla;iüe of t{üd{sÊËgf,l, tqttrflgf . tn [sdeÉ Bu8tËfi.tÊ sÉtÈIÈEÊftt fföÉo$als, üeÈtöBalf.td.ep weËê Èo recÈÈve

Aue ¿Èitei*efon. narltrr ffÊõ trùÊ as hepFy wÅÉh a clrepter FrfÈiËûqë: fte I'rèedoa'o.f thê $eas by E. üldebstton. #ê c,oumeüted ìhat tç tr{se$?iltlå'É prot*de alçegFËtÊf SkÊûåq,t rgadfng for an fiúSlf.,*}rþañ'r. Ë{debetfoü HÉEÉttèd thaÈ BtÍ.tieh uaval puurËç:1sag çqutvaLent

go Frue*'*.äü btli.fqrl.fifr iñ *hp srinds of tt* freutr*l.e. Berlæ ûå4 r¡

saylnF, "ttreatrtrg Ëhe fiqÊStfm 1ç Orye t+lÉf.Ch wi1,t hAVç to he Éqüåfêly faces lrr, the¡ ffiBptf.dçtdidp after t$g ç6ry.'¡ $4

.Ir rrfiEliÍ he thonght thet J. A. HÉhpnn'+ år*tcftÊ öil mF 9îeû Ð-oqr woçtd tffiI¡ê bËê4 flotthy #f cffiæÉÊ by g üostäld^EÉ{q6âh#r fdË the {lrßher ËåF a pronÍtân$ g¡1ld $6ciêl*st *d naürtai¡nsd tÍiet, rrÉeFe çffi. be EÞ gecurity of durahi.ç fiegce usless the chief ècoaoBd.c

cau*Þæ o.f, ilisc¡rrd. øoug,üe3Éoîs-åüÇ-tê6or,Êd.rt 85 ,lEt åarlort"teeQrded

tlr{.q vtesr. a vlen,.expreseed eerrsl-s+Eßrly th ftê, ff,#ffit¡phatë, lrttftçur ç[email protected]Út. othçr ar$ip'leg hy Ë. F. fitilHefor4 núd Phf.lf.É ft¡*æ.den received

${r. HuotE4 f* Thê flouÉ$hare {nehru*ry, 1*16} g. 32. E$. Ib,{d. P. 3? 73.

&o ça@É,t f,rûm Bar-lon, although the förurerrs adrrbcaey of, ra permar¡ent intèrnat{må¡i, tråhrslal, 'to'be, {f pbssl.þf.e, electfye, wÅËh a0 oþLlgptory year's úÊI,af þÉÈote wär [+y b'e deel.ate{t FåÈ a çuggestlon vhtcll rþut4 he *etcþte to ql¡Êkèfs, fot thete waô ä long assoef.atfott

ÞeÊl*þen qsêketl.st aqd "àtþittqtf,8dr. Soctsus¡-Qriåkqr$, lffth thefr enq.hasùe sn, thg E:rd ûor ecor¡qric qq-e.Fe1tatfqg between frgtioçs, *outè alço,welçoæ a"dhlttât{on, but qô{rld Ët*ess thet ecotonlc prob- leffi WËÈ åe qolved f{rst befpfe f"Ètérü,aü{orte+ tü"Ibunåþ were f,o¡¡npd. rftey noulfl n-ave ä€teed t.¡tth åFû¡l+ $*onden, though, thar ltIhe qestfnles of N*ttöne have been trrnËed Ëd kffiÊs, açbl*es dt¡d plutocrats,

€ild ttiey havE eagh fêllHd. l& q,¡Et trow tttrcl t$e Þ,eopt€." ç6 .Ftûû Ëheçe r,qrô Ëþdk rçvle$C ùefra{.n ddpèèts of Socf.alfst-

A+ratqer tttl¡kl"aÈ ßüt *attÉüs of, pÞeüÞ 4fe {fscernebl,e. lß ts elçar thaç qheÏ e$d nBü ttant 4 rri¡rd-Lcçl.Vç Peqqç. t{O: rtafioo' it rfas argued, had the ri.ght ço fugçg¿ ærhB upon snothg?, for no satf,ß'ùr was totatly tln,ta. vol*d Ld ttgê çâuces nf the v4r. Further evÊðertce çf, thfs artitude le aqEf.låble i¡¡ {he'P1oughsha:e. the resoltrtions of the Natfcùal Ðeaee tþuncfl, thtctt spoke êBS*nçt an anti-Éçmåq ftscal policy end againèt Se sÊggeBtlon that the Allies should qilrex

€ëttsen Ëerrú.gofy, reqeived epp¡qìilAl ft'qq t&,e $ournal.. fne coeaectl.on betweeq eeonomicÊ and war lfas poH¡rced r¡pon by l{lss Fry. It !ùEs a me$sagê Hhteh eehoed throggþout the pages of rhe Þlauqhsharé. Looklnþ tårough the ageeda for Hre twèlfth sesslon of t$ie ñational Beqce Coafereace, the editar of the Jonrnal reÈretteð

86. -IÞ!d,- P. 3?. 74.

thåt he saw do ffinÈioû ef, a proposed dfscussioü,of êcrxromlc prok_ lens arrd tJre eaqsatipq, of rraËs. fn srBaniaed world eeono4¡, lt rûaF ÉfÉfiëdr {fould reüorrè &e 4Eceesf.ty of, uar. F&on¡sshere ponftl*üfts¡ €nÞt&er ãrËi.qle nðtnFtrsed, ähffild thl.4k l¡*h¡ Èo l$h ËÞ thè ergen.T.aat{eü,s of så,tlo¡ral fnduqtrfes g-rh rhç S[ÈH&¿tfHÉ¿[ qcoÉçnl_c rhç t{liçte ffÞçÊIñtplãrn of b{rld. &4t rsttrI bê a *rtch nÞfer ü*ed feâ{_tã be $-rüåEeêfi. ¡t Ìrj,ll. rÉver IeEd tp nsr. 87

taçfc ro #hy dfsctrnsldq *f peacr terffi br $çei¡asisr*quqkçrç

theat trãs the ÉftÉËÊtr of êcorrrüf,c þIanaf¡Ug o* É,{Èotrld Þeale. Wirh- oEÊ a cl,auñ¿ çü fhfË äfiFe,çË cf lnterteü+çü4!. ltfç ft lrqs fRlr thät. aq FÊqcÉ sêtt¿efi€nrt could qÉqceed. Fsr if it lriä trse tå.ac eßRnqffit wÞlq ptoËle& cfre of the tqst çåüsêô of ner, thgt &Ese pfþh1eûrs håd ro bê rgüffi€ú f.f tkre wås Ës'he laetf.ag !B4es. f{irh thtc {il ¡rtud, J.r Í.6 lüùerêstÍ.ñs rq ftor€ rhe atrfr¡¡d*s expreeeçs ü fiüLrrçqÉhsþdÉq pËüa *gardlAg of the geeêe ptopÒsålÊ rned* durfçg th6,Wâ8.

Plôp+riç4+Ê.üä*cÈ{on to the Fopers FeËÇe nessågeç of July, ¡.915 eg.d $eeçrþstr, X91ã Ìresç not enrl.rely fsvoufeble, al.thouÉF rt hoped th4È uâs ltr. ÂF{u{tâ ¡roul4 Båy ãtteü,Êflon rü soüB of the Þoiu,rs ccmraf¡*d, fÉ Èhê pnopoeets. tÞô ÊetêêttdtüE {iere gÍ"vçu fron thE PËFäl hefisädeFt

Fltst tl*ç tr*çdaæËrá"l Þernü shalt be tl¿*u the *þf41 fotqe of +ght Ehoul,d replaCe the natet{al fptcê of aifirs. aÈtlt

Ihe sugreuaay'€f--rråÉhtr o'nrÊ estnhli.ghed. .. 8ß the,P.iLou¡hshare- 87. Vql. Z¡.Nq. tr. (Fehtuary lglll p. 3 98. Qr¡orêd fn fhç_Båorr vul. g ¡g å, lito. (gctoeer, 1gl7) .p. AFs 75. 4ê Flouslishare interpreted the flrst quoÈatiort as neaqÍrrg that

üen qÈe asked to lay dor¿rr their anns¡ and ceaSe Ëo ei¡force their w1lt or resLst the wil"l of ôthçrs by the rse qf Bhysi€el wea{rons. Araulq,Éug this, ffte 8oçiâllËr-quakers eai{ thar. the pope dfd {tdt real-ly envLsage the cornplete re*uacf.a.tion of araangnts qor did ,he give aftlr detaflË ae to hor,,r the greet üofal conversiob nècessary for çuch qct{oÈ caqld take pt4çE. Ttqe}r clåtned that he etill thought {u

terns of arnies end b,avies. Àltlrough h.e WfShe¿ for a reduction ¿n

size of theselhe stiLL sail É t+orld ruled'by rpotentaçeç and autocratsr. ftre Ploushjsharè êsserted that, üorel. fotêe wås not ,ran alterttative æcns of obtalning things thåt are rrórmally obtalued by physical forcE. tr 89

conLng out agåinst arued l# f.n the foru of a'J€ague to eirf,orce peace, tlè Journal inslsted that ttr:is was-trcertafrtly not

Èhe ¡noral. forGê Þf Right." yet the naln argnrpnt agalnst the Poper's propoôaLe tça.s thåt they llere þpËacÈical. TheOreticalLy

they werç, not r¡LthÇqt vatrue, but nar{y factors of peacenakfag had been overlooketl. speclffcal-ly and predictably, rbe plolipü.sh¿rre dren atte¡ttlon to the omissÍoq of the tçorld qqqnomic etruggle. A real peace needed ttgô Íüpoftarrt fngre{ie[ts, tt ventured: the reÞlaceæot of tt¿¡le rival¡y by wor{d econg&tc co-operarion and the qubjuÈatlon of ÞerSdSÊI" qationalisüic af¡ns fOr the good of all. SocÍal1st-Quakers, thsn, ¡+ere aLafng at the S6pe the cfÍt*clsu$ they leveted at many Quakêrs. It rrtas fíne to hol.d peaceful

89. .Eh¡C. pp. 256;X57. 76. senËíEefttsr þut these úêfe noÈ Uucli ese ¡,rfghoqt Spæ ?t'acttcal pÀa*. of oÞtalerng þesee. oaå of frre naln oÞJecrs of the Ëocialú"et- euakår SdÊ+ety, it tras claÍ,roed, wås to hrÉ4gç the gulf hçme¡*s splritual idealç åü4 SrácÈtçal polfcy. SþÊf^.êH-*t-QetahErÞ Hàfê npÈ afrAld ro get rhË-{Ë haqf,* éfrÊy.

Ffeside$it WLlssÉts foúrÊeen potgtã diil noÊ producê a ggêar '.: dÉql ot caffiuË f-xOt *tóui4çA+fg nttfere,'&nf a fÉry of'tlre Föå$fê l*e,re exanÍaeü qrc ipsfnüt fÞtnid $sÈtfng. thç ftær deatfug rrfth oþeß. trEo dlplo*acy tho$€F¿Ë üo be of u*Jor f@rftåÀæ and tf ff cout{ be fr¡lflLfed, ttrert tfr{e rould be a &rþqÈ BtèÊ fsü{rard f,pr htr¡¡aç1¡y.

HçnrÉrer, Srq P.hoßÉhçÞárq dtd not fsçl thar th€ døy qf oFen ff.plorfracf hqd errived'

WtÊh t#g'rÊt...wê þðve te da* fi** ardo*f, of füoa+ who ùtÉnlc the vtcto{f *parsff wqa...*rflr' êf,€ åfufay$ f,pptoprl,4t€ fo hüds, and ttrat,,ôo Iülg aj,the srds dre tTmsÉ ef ioffiæf.àL áfrd Èät{.Èrul epp*em tha düploqacf c#qqË þÞ hsnebû. Eg t&e e@tator e{uaeed the cürûçrg sf iüteæðtt"onar, po,Lt*f.ce rlate.rüätfona& ãRd thÊ wÊrs thëf ptodtrced ¡vi.th scononf.c cnrupet¡.tf.enr.

fi{ploqäcy r¡ËSd,to-thecq..ends.eorrlfl Uot he hçnest. lüEsn, tr4 asked, wpçld üks tkt{oil of þeuoct*etc ðOttrol p$ç f*.rst ttlngB ftrst. 9t

Arthur Ff.ach' ln pn srtfcle rrrittêrr aftpr trhe .A,rÈåeûfee, sarr rtool. d[plouacy a6 thê pf saÞftalistsr. ,Þiplonacy wf,s becrêt þecawe fûa$ tfre sËls waË ,åfraågêrfhf.aÈp ft capftållsts could for thefr owr¡

'8q The FtorrFHfhere vor. 3, ño. å (Harch, 1g1g) p. 50

. P0:.,0rganlaation forued ehortþ +f,ter rhç onrüreåh pf r¡ar nafrtry bf üibçr41 ard r.L.p. !if.p.e. rswortatt Ëúer; nlõe-fuårr""-iii* rseveryan, A,mhsr Þorrsrnby, E.Ð. uÞrèl afid nåüFår Me"Ðor*¿å. u-P-c. qütf'-ç@sêrlÍ.Þt1çttf.Et ** 3nü agfFared fot B ilegoËlåteË Feece. gl'oqçly a*qoçf+tçd qsûe çbe q.be tl.ü'c. tree ËtFoe{ræo ' si se*rer ireatres srd ¡he læ,f.sretqee up+ü open'dlp1oüacyr. 77. ca4venùence. He did rrot bel.leve that parls qould provide a right- eouf¡ peacei

lhe Sçrkfn€ of E¡r.tfaûarioüal Çovernmeur uill be sfrnply tJre e*ecgtiqh of pol{eies protnoted hy the s tFoageqt coÞrùçrèìi.o-aflf Çary powers {$' S¡st ad has heeß the caçe in the PAFE'"SlSgtns rL Again, the poiÀr côntlnually haunereê at by plouehqh¿re

r¿riters ¡sas that ecohotiç qtrÞstiaBg shguld forn the basia of any peace taLks. rt r¿aÞ felt that open dlplpqac]¡ vraç a ffne sdht= ineht and one Êo ôe srfÈpoËre{, bur rhat it $ae imposstble to h$¡e such an open dÍscussion Þf fÞrèi;gn poticy utl.ç,ss econo¡nic dÍ.fferences at hoth A local and ínternatfonal leveL were sqlved.

Ëoint trso of lùË.lçOnrs fourteen points waç cohcerned r,¡ith free{loE uf, the 6ess and ft seered to presefit dlfffetrltfç$ for

PLo¡çhshare wpltep. rt wâs arg'ed that iri ttnê$ of, pEEce The &ritl.sh have rrevëÊ denfed to ány nât{On. small or gfeat, freedO,U Of,,navigaËloß. 9e"

lte editorfal wr{,ter etated Èhqt only fa war tirÈ di"d bl,ock- ades Qccuf, for thea qhe freedo,m of, thê seas was fnpOeslble. There

!ûas a se&se üete of tåe rlghtness of Brltlsh controL of, the seasl hlg[ways. Briirfqh fair p¡ay qard Ëa lr rhá.r êll comeree passêé free]y al.ong the sea-Laneõ d4 ÈÊuç of Fêace. the asticle elai¡ned this even thougþ at the ead of Èhe diçcr¡-$sion ôf his strbJect, Ë1¡e r,¡riten pointed oÈt thqt coaling ståt1ons, çonügrdiåL and naval bases rrere sp,ecr.fÊeå1"1y for the purpese sf securigg tredq rgutes ?¡fticf¡ were used to filrther

91. Ihe Plqr{eùtehare Vol. 3r' No. 2 (Mçrdr, 1918) p. 50

92. T4e RtoÈ$s4îrq Vel. Xr Nd. 2 (uarctr, t9L8) p. 51 ecoftasf.c conpÊt{tf-þ[. When the çernffir acked f,or frEe,il"* ,f J: sçêñ rhey ¡tættçd lt to lncreaee thêr¡ trailiüg area$. $Ih3t Êhey really rreant bÍ the Èerq wae

The se¿ ts frç,e Ée g$ ønly úf îre dorúnatç iÊ. If rre dc ftpt dcnlnaÈ dtr fÈ cCf, he one day s?rut Èô t s. !frey Ttf,#t .tÉ he ahls tq enjoy treeüoft a$ in ÞeacÊ and doqfaåfiü,ofr fn uãr_ tlsFe: Érc¿¡ea],trr ttri¡rk çhi$ í.s moratly due to theu. 91 there certqlnl!Ê Rêëg rp be a clash Sf Sçgti$çÈÈ Iå rhis,d"iecuss{on

of thE f,reedpn of fþe õêas. fieot@fc ao*eparä,L*.eq Woþld âÞttrê thÊ prqhl€m of free&n sf, the çeas¡ nlatried iBç, ffquphthare, fet Èhs aFtåGre sÊef,E*r4 ço argfÊbrrF ä 4*e,{nfÈrÊ#ïsdnesç çn the psrr of, rls frÈçlsh isfch wa* oppçe+d fts Gilè ,qE,X.f*6h çrilds pf thê Çerwaas. tïls tr¿å far fåmsuçd frqn the Jormalrs fhe$l"$ th4r thê caplcal.Lç.te qf, rhese

*n* oüher trêt1CI&s eâr¡*êd the tiltêHrêt{ffial friatåçn l#ts& led to $a,trs. Ste reeþTdl of eeOnOmie bårttere Wås potnt thrêe sf l{f.lcogts rpintrfst md rlfta**sÍçrr of -thi.a sr&fect qgÂrr¡ tuûned eÞogt ft aÉssrtlon thet Çerfrmy troüld çof,ßf,ÉH* çepnom{ú war after tfre pråÊeüß firr gro$Étr"he4Ê war hqd ended. Fe ufged f.þat econoü,e ptoblèqç ü.g Enlryed heforq odmr Fêdþe Ffôhl,êflf,, for,çcpnomfc ¡üåF råé ptrt of the F{ht the ffÈsþ*,t åËd tte fuÈurè and shUr¡ld not,be thOfidif of ås soæ

glorlot$ td*^atr" tâ be re¿lised at sefie far*off dête. Ìürat n66 aeeded $âF Apt a peËÈy aff,Eir sf ÈarLffs or bÊrrier$i rr coffi#fctel ÈrefÈteÉ¡ (fet)...åll modera WÉ¡s g&. ütx,tå refçréneê tô +rttåfn, lte plbushshsrë alluded to $fr E&ard Careçñ aq _Fãpreecia6'w&.er násfficfãlfy-wtat üre Çe¡*raæs thirlkt. (tÌ nÊ adwcatçd ¿ù,at the Allies fight for'eonÊ¡ol *6 ¡þe',verldrq rde. pqtÈriel*,'afüêü üse trat. yet tne lðr*üsel ¡eeræd to prsfst to dffiçll Èpçqr Gçrnffi, capftalisn rettigr tha¡r Bråttsh a*, thfs partlcular perlod of the Ear. (i) fhe,Frou*hsE¿re {Aprfl, Igls), p. 5g

S$. #-r.tfd., f. 5r 79. .., (åre)... CoÌtq€tfrêd, ¡rtth eôo$ç{¡É,csr 4úd** ar,{.se f,ro$i Èhe Þçrennial. struggle tnf"fr the eapttal*sfg øf atrl naüloms efe urvriÅtrfag tü lay lÊlcú. å5

rÞeEe $rreelpoÍ,x,tpr re¡s tlrp oÊlf oûês dilscr¡s€ed at 9[s

lç,g,'igrn iü'rhq,,F4or!4ÉFärÈ, huf tr ts clBar thar çlrç årgq#enge

$$ed afÊ f,he #á# ä,s Êhaå€ proporrnded agatgÉt f&a FoÞqrs.peÊr_e ffiHqagÊË thçre ¡{as È.nffi ,bst i valt¡ç, Èo ÈhÊf¡¡ thgy dåd. ao[ rqach de\urr q8rçç to thê Ëôor qf ¡¡*r. Í¡r sçraÈc.h ttrê þwfuçe ryffi1d,not brf.ng p€aBe üof preseixre lË. proposal ,tnfqfuë lhe rhÈt thene,shsE¡ld bè â Isagpe ro Feaëe ûçt ¡.f¿qh ngory crlflÉlgçþ 4n Sre Ploîr.dhSha*e. 1.. ï[. ðþthåeh-].ürrence pOlated oüt that there were fortg-ç¿gh[ çOvereign states ie tÌre worl.d, el$t of rhåçh $Ére'ftorÊ Þoüêrful thàü tlle ottærs. g6 Tte,qgeetfmt pos.Êd þe was lrheühÊr thçFF Fqretfr¡l. statÈF, iséivfdqeltry çf i,R acçord, cogl.d be cootreef, þy çrc*eË ÊËésF-s. fl,ç ÊoüÈggsted rçq #f$"Ëy of,;,rhe, Etate to r€istraftr the iBdi1rt,dual çq4 &A lack Of Eny cp¡ttf4lizêd, goryeñ&nt,to $Rrfo¡e thfs tEEh aga{-F#t ar¡lgg natÉoÉs. tradÊëd, tke

Âçq$ne eûpporter$ dtõ not envfseÈâ ç$þïr a bÞflÍ. rhçEy hpÞpd ûhåF Ëhe nariffis Fotrld baûfl toge&Ht ÈB pbË *rËsÉsre gSüü sr*r$s wdrtcþ thregtene4 to cêtt!.e dfsFgËþs h¡ förce. pçttrtek-¡,effrqqqê $a,s dr'bÍ,ous thå s&ptt sbtltff oe th* intetaaffü*l Bndy ¡o dprer4å4e 1{håêh $raÊe ¡tas tfte aggressof 1u tåe trÞþÈ of a s$dÈeü oÉrbreak of wåf. $e f,elt rhåß. s-kÉtlful df.pt$þats rror*ld trÉedl¿ h*voc l*[th :sqph Ëerüe ås r]tef,usal gubqtt ,,reçdrr ¡g Ée ¡natt*Ë tq afbtrfatlqn,' aüd. rp a!#rr. &td rhs Iatter æ¡r¡r

95. Ibld. t. 59

9å, Í1d9. ApF+n¿ix 80. tûe fiÌsf açt pf kontftrtrÊ$, a d,eslar4*leÉ of ¡raf, åøêrat i{dtoílûËpt1eq, eÉ rftè *åpptch' of $Eåçaüs. rs rhs S{eÈÉ sf âÊrfËÉ. 97

As for thé ÍüËe,fÉatfffirl body uh*ch rfå$ tç dEct{e ßhe aqrio,rr Eç þs taken fr f#at¿þcee vùlch rhrsgtened the pÊaqê of thç worrd,

F#th{ck-I¡ålçrËflce êrgüéd that on$ a *Èrr,.r+];r fÉ,êê fÈternat1ona1 body puodgce could å Juõt deelsion. Íftn Þcdg ás Sr.uFofiÊd, uorrtrd Éöt úêaëh a uniffred dÈcI.siöË. ¡t ¡rqg14 Þo the vlcttn of p,n*ççnre frou tlnet'f*ctr pOlftle[qûS. Êsve¡nusd,ÈS üohld üeleggtê.ç hffi tþ açt. If,

rh{ô xråÊ Êr,lffiÊrl ro happen, rheü, the pdr+rfsl npd^ona åÈ ,rhþ f,eague Tdþu{4 sçe tha, lea'gue fsr rhetr sqÈ sÈv€hrege 'tô kçsp *qwn the ltb- êrfiy Qf sUÞJent r4GçÉ arrd pf FËçplËs çtt'qggltng to he ffep." îhle Bbr[t r.rlgh* ptodrce p##ce for q tÍsê, ffie t*çr4d woql4 hc tu â BÈaçë of rnsrgþle çeaÍ,lfÊrtut f,or uhfch. r¡l,tluåËd$ úr, qorr}.d çal"y free rt- eplt by a freçh deveËÉêtf.ag cÇnftrÍ,.cr.r, Ðg

Ë*v4üg *rposad whet üm csûÊlde,red rere rhe ryeãk Ëþ*ntç {,ü rhê Brofwpd tg,Egüs tp klfotce P*ece, #**.{ck*[aff?e,8eç ¡réü,Q of to uakp dffi ËT*BÊsttðH$ o# hfÉ ovnr on tne s*"I*pü ef Fe¿eç pBqþÊãvåri,on. fu rÈhe dÉffËÉd rêf,l peg6ç É# free co-*çËratfÖÍ of &e þëoËlÊ e¡¡FreçcÍnB

¡,me.Éf thrqq*h fteç lnteraat{.oÉel *flerd.tutt#m of êål h$.frds.,, lÐ

üÈÈflg #rfË dsfsn¿rfom, trn *,r6red ú,et coæth{ng fd$qd dræt afr f$"gêEHåtåünal làn ûgtrÉË ¡fEÊ 4Eê{Ëd tq Sreçefiþe,ÞSæ+. IH,ç trA}t eoültt$ ef a c+qntry rffie Sust +RH qlþséF.t f.n n*ç$.on4å lflfê qn* aû lntrÈH,åfd.dbsl, L${ FþBrt muld ffily þe çËe elenÞnr in {*reæ{r*sna,l li.f€. & zut fçrtr4tq Èhp E¡EàffiFIë öf ttrg,GçrerEl FoEcal Hflien as the gl. {ha fåE'lr$$hare VoI.. 2, Nd. A ftlereh, $ell Þ. 49. et: IbLd. p; /i9.

sÞ. trb¿d. Ð. 49. 8L.

othêt ty$e CIf f.tlstf^tr¡tLorr wltlCh was ¡reçdçd {n the wotld. PethfClç*

ådiüre$Èe ttâE êar,ifificed that *te e¡dstê¡Tce of th-{s hodg'had ae*de the orrthfeatì, of war r¡ore dj.f.flÊulÊ fn L*14. 0thsr asÞeeüs Õf ÍÉ.rèr-

¡afflónal, Life shèet"d te nads oppn and a,ôt be tlre sole È#s€tË óf ËlpJ.o- hats, he ltrotçr' and er*gge6tèË

e publtc f,Öruü... lîr $htßh þënË{rtre rþþrêserïtâtÍvEð of the peeþles of tha EçvçrsåÉft #ÈÊt+s eftq1,I eseerible a$d Ëlrìë *üfÁrç$Eloû t0 thetË freÈ{d&Êt PoÍnt of vÍen. lffi 4e heHeved $#t thte wsü}d malte the peopl.ç #f þþÉ cgl*Ìtry a$åre gf the probleæ of agþther. ðuch r$#çrstandins çould atlow prç&.l,ens ts be setËtred Þefcre çhsl tef,tüeg 4 çffiustfhls sftuattdrt. If rhls Forutn faf.Xed to prodræe å Êql*rttoh ta ä gÍ.vqr pÉphilër¡ theü úqeorrüs+ coutrd be nrade to 6nrrrü* of Ärttüf,å+,[os nnd t4lËcl^le pf torrctllattsr. He was ho$eful that st¿tE$ ¡co$ld abide þy ths dëctstdüd bf ttésë bodi.es. If lta.r df.d ocpur, Ïtonfever, ft r¿oul.d be the dtrty p¡

thoeÈ statËg t¡oÈ lñrrÐlYed to acq{$åi¡tt the{t ÞôÞülace trlth the facts reoflë of the eÊe.é fil dlsptrte dd to iüfprü Ëhçur u¡hfch decf.sÊon hy iatprtrátLmâl lh\¡êsÊigiat{ont. $hsutd Èhere be a rffiæri.uo$s dSrëeent sn q&1c&. sÊãtè ¡oæ Èr*í.ltf , thërl thf$ q#auiüt¿ty wor¡ld be a {eüeffiilf.rffi factôr åu the {ispnte, fof lt wsld produce tnro ef,,fests.' FlrsÊþ,

Eseh ãß ñrreËrûÊlüfr.ûß! ver$dt wwld hold 6rçeß Írôral süäS !ùlrh rhe bel.lfgerent popuLeÈLon. AÉd seesÉülyr thÊ ÊãßreÊsqrr ståtÈ would flf¡d lËsêLf t¡tthoet frlend"ç a*d trithapÈ af.d for thè proseurtf.on pf the .rrêr. Ër¡tui¡tg hùs fôlth fn theçè ¡"p 6s¡eäres¡ Fethfck*L€Frrence

dedl,gre$ fhet force f$ ttrë for4 of d}ítåüf âctlon ag¿lneÉ æ äggúesÉpr trås ¡6t&ecÊÞ6aÍ1, for lt only droræ a ËtdÈê Þo nore deeperate rêsolve.

1ûû. -lþtÈ. p, 50 gz. If sËeteç ¡tot fnr¡olved ln the conflict Çould ¡rot reAch a $ndninpu¡ verdidÈ cdncerning the êggressor sta,te, rhên these st'tes ahourd remain neutral. I"ocAl tÉsuec shou¡.d nÊq be all_æred Èo beeoüe qþrld ígsues. ¡{åny of, the þorçte reveled at Ehe LeêguÊ ro Enf,orcç Feaee cçuld be leveled at the schepe petürlek-Lawre4êe. propood by À tetm such as "çogæ iü,tentattønal fnve$t*,gåtfqn,, wås €a vaËþe eç rrrefuþal. to subniÈ the natter Êp ar&ftraÊlonr. HElr rrâs the rptbl,fc Forumt he advocatçd tp be gathered together? l{ho ¡ras to deei,de who uare to be the tgenuf.rre represenfatÍvos of the Þgople-ç of ttre sdvèreig¡l çtate*? fle*¡ *ot¿ld a :lf$alg¡ ffçe irfteñrattóral body he seÈ up whfú tsould be free froq úre iÉrf,Luence of the states fron which the meúers of the body aäne? ,would thfs body, f.f f,errued,

be'óle to cor]-ect arr- the f,gcte npëeçFêry Eo üêlüÊar.n, winhouÇ eqrÉvocatfoa, t¡hich waË tfte aggres8pr sfÉqe, frd woüld Etateç pass 'oa 'çucb f¡rfçrrratioû Èü theír poþülatrone wfthout q{¡grlfieattón? fethlck-Is*rence drd upt rnræstfgate theqe polÉ.ts rn .htç arricle. ' al.l rvor.ce $ê Þrrt hls faftb fü rhe of the peoprer ia botJr betrrigetenr aûd nor¡*ber'llgerent tdec w's båaed upon Èhê prenfse '*stioïrs. '*re thar wanted ¡rö-o*e fi4r eaÞept arttesr p44 certaf.ü eufi,,inË dfpr.ouratS, etateçúe,r¡ a¡rd cnptËallsts. rvoLce If thè of the pêôBler cdUld Þe heard, then Ëhere would þe no war. The Le¡gqe of I{âfr,oûs eel'sed dtviçlqn rçfühÍ.n rhe soç{ery óf FriendE. Å Friendte rnagrre of [atfottg öomitq.ee recefved crÍtl.Êf.sq ¡¡so The P3.,ftehsþarc, f,ôr rhe co,tqitree BriË nöt ¡m sfffctál Qu*et body, Sut peçs1y rhè orga*f¿aÉdn of a few Frfends. Irl a lettçr to 93. SocÍa1ist*Quaker the jourtraL, ¿\nnê *erloW ri{¡otçd fron the naqffêsto issuéd by these Friends:

[*tê agree that goodtrill q¿ meral inflqeece are the eesentiaL hases- of ¿ l.eague of Natl.on"r-lot lre capriqt exefi¡de the pooe{bie neeA for tné eprcise of ecoüoplç pressi¡re, ffid eveû, fn *e l-ast resort, the uge of cuch isrce ¿¡s Bay beeosç te.cç3Î"?,,Êg rgstraiq the evll dçerr eqd ro upriotd tne auûrortty cf the Lëague.' fql TttÍe, s¿J.d'thç wciÈer, ûâS not Quat

ä: ffi ååä.*iå ilå:åH,*:,1"*å:ïi.î:ãl*f "ffi*_* arm¿rnents. Ent FrieÍds...halrB a highet hold before Éhe wcrld. 1ä? "inf"-i" The pl0ushËþaqe agreed wfth ghe wrfter, argu.iag rhat rhe League nfshr harn tl¡ulté(l suçcese.with f&esç nerhodê¡ But that toor&lng througþ rçrarvaÈfnn and the kft,ling of oenr r f r reoql.d recefi¡e not fulL srrFporÊ frod qsäk*rlen. t{ar $aS a uoral eViI. rrhfch rtris not æasured Èy pqúerc 'fti^lled, or sþrr¡ed or Êo$rns deeËroyed." It suggested ag alternatlve:

the oaLy kind of, league ¡¡hfch Qqekers *Utht ro he inrerested *.n fs oÉe n'âoee funcfron *ä quiæ oÈhen¡fse, nareLY a Fo.sftlvely Fäctflc one.ui-- rerrovr.ag sccoefonq f,or r{ar by AüüntÊtratÍ,ng to ttre econçnle needs of at,l gglfons UeneiiËEstfy, seiectiff.cally, rmfversally. lû3 proughsharers Desplte rhe co¡rdewuÈicr of the Lef,güe, it recefved endorsemerit froE tha aajority of Qsakefs. A preosal put fon'¡ard by thc ud.nerity plougbahare pafry tfr¿t,equal distrtbutior¡ foorl ¿*rd ra¡s of môtËrfals chçRrd Þe the chlef, worÈ of the League, waF not discussed at, rrrê l$ls yearls lïëetthÉ. rnstêad, coÞlalned tlæstùshere, he the lrÍeet{,ng hsrteved the Çe$er}arrt ro be ra step

101. Quoted !n îhe .Proughsharë $or. 4, No. 'r, (February rgtg p.r0 LQz. Ibfd., p. L0 103. LbLd., p. ll" 94. Ín the rÍght direetionr. rn soçew*&at êf a epiteful vefn &e PlouÊhshare declared

We corrfess thå,t ,ÌFârct fron t&e possibili.ty of positive world .econouÍ.e co-opeËatie,n, the' dref,r Oon¡enanr atrd d¡g,disc{läclan upón tt tiave no futeresË for us. ¡ult

Ffo¡[ rÊe foregof¡rg, 1r fs clear drac the c.,rtrdtr årg.rn*nt used bf $ocialíst-Quakers agafnst the pëaee Éoües arrd the plane to æaintairt Þeqce. srtce the l{ar $as gver, waâ oae concerafag l0cal ard vorld econonfae '&a ,ra¡r . ?Èß suïtf rle ef {#.ouetrs.hare rras Orgáh of Reconetructfont and the basÍe of this recoÈstrueÈfo¡t,was

that thêre shæld be a gtre*Èer sharfng of thg r¡orldrn ecoqout.c

fesourcës aqd a f,¿lrer dtÞtflhution of the wealth of, the,wor!.d. ploupûshare To thece.ends Ttre dlscr.¡ssed egricuttura!., edueatf.o*tal,

polÍ.tical aad economi.c rèfor.ø. rf pþuÉhchtre ref,orn dld nor coqe, rhÊr. trt dl.d not really üfiÈter rùen peace ca¡ne otr ¡üat instftutl0ilç

any peace del{beratisns &rought fofth. HED,ce rhe seed.agly ea110ue rtçàtúerrË of, rhe League øf, NarÍons bf fhè Flpqghshâr*.. For a* AÉa SçlÈer'rlrrore 1n !{åty, l$t-€,

wtrerì thfe great Eurppeaû coaflict is qver the r¡Orld-old *truggle bctnreçm *lAVery aad freedon r,r{.ll cmÊfcrr¡E to Þe fgpght out ôn Fåe þqg¡1" field of iadqçtr?. 105-

?o sun uþ SoctaJ,fst4afref thisrklag upori,worLd peace, aote nr¡St be taken of Íhe,Plou*ûçB¡ie,rE tfourte.en pçintst. Pofot one fi¡sieted, that iqdo'try rfa,€ necessary for human rhat survival, so út becape a duty for te*,, and co*esÞo'drnß]irrr

,Fl.ouÉhshêrq. 104. Xlie vol. 4, No. 5 (Jme, lglÐ p. lg2. lQs. lrre,_P&ousqËh4re vol. tr ¡{ü. 4 ftfå¡r, 19¡.6) p. lû7. 95.

ûaÈíoÊs to be induqtrlôtrs. This lett qÉ te ûhe second pol.nt trhlch

declared that becausç af regl^mal and clLretfc dt.ffe¡eqces, Ëtrere

wete glEat discrepa¡tclê,e h+t*seq indfvåfuâfå Ë¡tthiû a flatim, a$d þe$sê€a. natisr ab,d Eâtior.. lrtle poltÉnø shpulÉ rpdsass these dis_ erdrysncf.es, sqid ,polq,t rhaçe. ¡h¡r,had püevf.ouslf pilÈ thelr faíth tn ¿oqærce to perfor.nr thj.s redfÉrrlbr4tiaË., þüt comêfce had eor*ght tó gFÍn, e4varrtages for iÈsÊlf, r4Èher th#t te benefLt nankfüd. ffiren comerce fEi.ted to secur€ rchat, it dçÆf"rÊdr; thçn út t¡¡rned ¡o qrorld rlar. IU brÉng gçace, thea, it lyaç fiece$sary,Èl¡at eaþh öbtêfur

Iúìat !ra* ûecessâry f,or surtf.val. &1c af,ptted Èo both uåp, aåd

û"atloü. Qnly fn'tetrnatidnat. eo*çPÊrrti.oç döuld Þrdlrg ranfstnú pçaee. FoftrÈ four dea&+ wi"Ëh g&&,Füçeqo4 Ff l.qrd; $eê and gky. ft tr?ê Éaintained thAt lq üattre all fh.eee wère nom¿Xly fæe e,,cept for roccasidlal oatburstsr. tst pas through politi.eal lbstituttoraç

gustructêd frædom. ge¡¿g{çs thÍe was neèeÐsarlr, the Ðf,$Ártent rno coatiattqd, for firo em 'occr¡,Þy* esre plgcË at tb,e gÊjhê tldÈ.r ptobleur gtrty ltre could be solr¡ed þ ecCnOUtc pf,anrrfag for the ¡ùtrð,Ie eþrld. If this, was acëprn$[{*tçd, lgü,d tea aÉd alr s¡ÞÉp , ËpchnÍ-callyr frëe. The PlouHrÊEere s*rggesËeô lmc ¿*t*örteltãeridr as a sp1t¡Ëlen tó rhe proËlefis cofr.cÞHlûg,1aüd. wtth Êcughlp p'lanûrng eceü#ic barrleç would ceãËer c.ffi,flqdèd poåat f,-itre. püless nêÊ*oqs fêfrtÈe to ftelF othersr ÊçsrrdÈfe'båËrierÞ Ere u*teåsöd*Le.

Open dipJ.ot[Êcy was dlscuçsêd åfr goÉnt sf¡. trÊ ¡ras not She fntduttfes of diplouats whtcb rüÊff tÈrpüg lriFh cqveûtlonal diplqftacy.

Just like ar¡+tes, *tËf.qF involved, ln tcoærcio-poltticalr cofn* patftfon dÍd aot revrael their plann. Þlpl,om¿¡s ¡tosld'Þe honeçt ¡s&ren they wotked frou tihe basfs dvocated by tle PlouÉçhaæ. fhÞæ w4E 06. ttopentt d0 ûeed for diplooaey to rþe åq the senÉ¡e of tha wireless r debates by which Bolshevisn entertaltted tltg !'rgrld' ltre sevënth poffrt shå$ed disagreerrenÈ $lÈh f[il"eon¡s SanpionshLp of self-deterÉÈnatf"o{t' A warnlng trri$ given agafnst Éecentralizatiøû. By eetf-deterni,natf.on, cotrtemporerfès'üefitt the trefioval of ruprelfacy, f.t \ùas Argred, but uf.th wörld ecou.o4lc Gor operation "se1f,-deteruf¡,atf.o¡r trtlt appeAf å f,er!û sf selflçhúess"' uqder rfie tlÈIe of flaúet4r,fl; Fêderát*on' poiut Etght naln- rq{ËJecÈ taÍned that .f.trwas Éçpessêtr Èo raåee tlrg FeoFlesr Êô equality by econontc plannlug. trùth the rEeulËAnt eEualf"tyt feder- lcould a ated cotÍuromue.alÈre be esmbXlshed 4rd tjrese çould forn laague of, coffionrpEälthet f,romwhtch ilQ ndtfon rrfll,be exeluded exçêPt qo undet extraordfnery circurn*ta$êet.t Îhë, Ê+6t¡F.q+are gavê lndicatlocr as Èo what these circuEÈtáecqs sÈËht be' LlquLdptf.on of the uotopoliês sônfteqtëd wi.th rmrrëtáty exchange

heCIrreen ûatíöns was ttre strbjeet of pofnt nine' Inlhen thia was -accoryLished, eo¡uuereial freedon Trå$ i@qcnt' As for the hf.gh level

of anna¡nente in tfie wotldr Pe{Bt Êet¡ insiqted that thl.s t+tprrld drop tabsmfdltg draustically when peopl,e s4il the of armsr folloç'r|ug the adoptlon of twètld.*relfarcr. Ail¡toêt'êtlc gqvËfrrüenË musË be destroyed rrC'erdeÛYr whererrer ít is f,uqürdr said Poínt' eLeven, but oet by force' Austria, Trrrkey rüay lef,m by Ëhe terrihle f,ate of Rpssla fuü Êot to cotrduct thef.r revolt¡tio¡ts.tt Fot thp pttrtocracfes, Eritaitrt F'rdtce to AnerÍce and Japa$t there .Búbt be a peaceful ctrange froa capitdlls¡tr socíalieP, gtaßçú polnß Êr¡elYe. 87. ,urthrn any natfanr Çustohr áÈd convent{on divi¿e peopre, patût lnsisted thirÈçen, but as rhê bâ€fs of Éhle dlvlsfqn Íç qcÞnqçi.c¡ eçononlc þlannlng câ* rç'40r/ê the proble& ae wçlr as the rÉor.itical asd ,str{fet nflltqry r*Trich ErTseE frou åÊ. A,lsp rhs ttra clesses (csprtåIísr a¡rd worklng) musr bç dçerrofed by Briagfrg bsth tsithfn ttrre frane¡çork of ¡r*tio*ar fadr¡etrial ggflds. rbÍs mrst bE done rNo r¿ithout rrJ.oleace. one geed Be ktlJsÉr. Polnt fourteen was merely an s.tqiíssion that i.Fhe ploupbstiare pr,gf,aü'& would not be rcalf*ed eærr.y rn a wBtrd tshtch \,?Âs sged ts thê e*istlÊg patrern. ts* fulf1ln€ü,Ê sf, the polats üâË poselhls f"f uen wf.shed md ff they éF@ryåefed thefr èff,qr¡u wfth rfnnef $Sfr* ttual forcleçt. N+rê, Fheq, wlthfn $fF plo.,qhqår; Fraretaerrt e*Frèsqëd ld tfte fa¡nor¡,s fom4È rreed prêsd.de¡tt Þy Wt1gqü lç to be found Rot Önly thn 9Ocielü.st-Quak*r fornr¡lö fÞf Bôrld pe*cer but also a resu,sre of üofft of thelr bâEfc aþfI0nopþ. frêrç Í.e t&a f&arçtence 'pon úndustrtoü$aees¡ Ëhe codÈåttr¡at üepetiefffi of, the Ëeçesälty pf ecpnoü.c ÞLeüüf8g¡ Èhe etreEs{,ng of lüternilflonax e+-operaûr.m. Again there is the belief th¿r capltau.st cÒr¡peti.túon pfedqces uar, that aoptallsn çf, the ftril.d*s+c1alisÈ verleülr *oçI.d Eslse thÊ ctæs îvqri sdtd tbar ex'l e'hanæ vses to tE FeecêS1¡i *ftd accoupl,ished wltheut kil¡.ûg. Misetrç tbe religÍ.ou$ is bapis of ç&e Soctety¡ epárt €rcn rhe refernnce tq ffñfièt sÞirltual f,çrèest whteh appeêre {Ê $rè cloËlng ppraBraFh. Haviag decrdêd that recaÈ$Ë*rction r#a* the ült neäns to çecure lFçËtrd peacé, i"r surprfsitrß .f¡,Oupbshaqe fs not rhBt f-hp concçr¡ed frsel.f qore wirh thle rec¡ncÈructfdr Èhfrr ft did upon tåe peare &dves produced bf trhat f t deacribed eq the rprld of r*¡ræC poLf.tfcç r. gB.

çHAPTER Vl,

soclAtI$r - qtaKERS At D ffi lif.c.F,

rn this study, soeialists aad Quakerfi have maínry beeo lfÞ&ßd togerher wfttr the so,eil.a1isB*qüsttÉr $oeieay wÈich, alrhoqah ir røa derigaed to brfng socfelism tó fte Qçatrer mveqeÌlt, r{åË Þre- donlne*tl"y Quaker inspired. te¡ tHçrp fi¿rs íÍrother orÈanluatf-orl _r,rhicft btþEght soeia&istc ¿ud Quakere togê{ftér. ltrf"s was the N.€.s. rËe nÊüùerbhiP rrm lergely conÞosed of $çclel4Etc ard owed its formatLon to fhe tr.L.P. and parHeútarly Feüser Btoclc¡¡ay, to the edftpr of thfs party's pnbllcatloûr fhF rqþosr Ié4Sr. 1Ð6

0n ¡.? Norernber, 1914r sihen ooRscrlptlon w.ås an Lssue, þut not

yÊt 4 f,act, he adressed to hi¡nself a letçer in,rhe 4?bôur Leader {n ryhich he sugge$ted thå¡ æn t{to lreËe nÞü nflllng to serr¡e as

cornbataúts night fl.nd ft r¡seful to Í,Õtp Êugetfiet. As an opealRg .': ge8turÊ he asked f,or those.hetlreêû f.tre ager sf 1g a¡rd 3g to sead hin thefr Éffieç and *ddrgeses. $he reepo6,eê wa6 i*e.d.i¿ta a¡¡it the 1vúers surprfsingr 300 repliç,s èade by teturn of ,post, Qutckly a Iletlonal.Goqnfttee was fsrpeit frtth tlífford Allen as f rs preeident 4îd fetaer troclctay as fÈs hongrafy secËëttttry After fte'fdrst'NaÇlonal Conf,erenee¡ the Fello¡rshÍþ iseued its initiaL stateænt'of FaÍth. , This statensnÊ showed an orga¡ri.z8Êiou of wide dlnenbä.rons in tefus çf uedberchlp. For útle I.L.p. -sobiallsÊB æd Quakers $¡ère tt¡B trqa largeçt coqo¡rpnt gtgups within the I{.c.F., :. ft opened fts rqrrks to othef egciali.stg arld to no,n-Quaker religlous 106. Boulton, Op. cf,t., p. l0g) ta{.ntai¡e .iftag l.i.¡,.-pg6ers nade rrp Segl¡,t¡ro*ttrlrds of, a roral me¡nbefshtp uf slighrly Le¡ç than ldì¡Ofl0. gg.. ,lhelgÇetenenÊ gtoups of all types. saf{, q"'¡to*g?.*Srintqgn Fellorushtp oÍ.Tfo ltkety fs an organtaarton * catled -"**"rfprfon,unüertake ¡rÍ,'it*ry servics ?"i" tn*-Àu**[-If"pã"-.. ¡rirl refose f,rem co'n=*tenårä*L-fo.iu*s trho bT:T". ro beår arns ¡hey_cmeider huniã=ueJ." be sacredr ¿urd ïffii:.iü"åÍåtf; :, to say' tïqu sh+trt.beeiËåf,ff Ë,nf:-li {tr;;* tá(å,rã¿ wirr oppoeè evely efforr to {nrroduee ëorüÊrtl.*.nof, ortiii""y $honld ì.*¿ce inro ËritaÍn. çBch eff;i,1¡ tg.*ue5tãüilf, they lrlxr, lùarèvér the goqgêrlbëuçes uay= ber obey tn*ir eqEcfenÈtq¡s-ãË-ÄIËäffit". eoûvrertoü,e fårher th.æ' tne äo,nnaudu rn the.da¡rum. of L$ltr this sraÈeæ&r ffa$ ftade ffiüÊ co4rehensfye by rhe addgHöe gf a Èlärçe dèallng w:tt& eltçrnartve gefraice:

rn nflitaryffi. ffiñS oarh. ffi.ilHffir,HiïäS-çqnåäê¡"arrd;;i. to tte fndfviil¡¡atFFtr decËtü-*"o fudgerneqr oã ,"O.il tËã- Fçrlowçh¿F wår ndnúçee "o*,*u" ;;ilriå";üqsry coryt trËerp"uppoít 1.etr?r . àiter¡r"t¿iÄå-ri eerv{ee ínvofyl¡1g a drqtâe of occrrpatiotr.l Tåårarv esê sÊateüÈü.tü ûgËq ngt fnrnqlamd wrtåquÈ nuch dfscussfæ. and decåslods were fnvar*,61y rroted fn by a efngle rrotçi thè execuÊfve coßsfstlng of [3 gçnbErg. Bêårfnd rhe poucy adopte{ þy the N-C.F. nä&'he seec the fdfluÊsrdr of, Cü¿tfqrd Âllen a¡rd tenner ts¡ockrray. Xt is noticeable thet thê ofÅgÍ.nal baqls of the Feuq¡shfp wês dü opposirfafi. to coü¿tant een¡iceeFr r¡a oqly, but that thEse two nerr erænrualry changed therr opirüf.düE ço coincúde ri,th Èhe noreraóical meubers of the søcf.ety of Frread'.. a meettng bet*een AIleE' Brocfrüay and ¿ gro*p of, yora6 Qrrakers Ín 1915, reet¡ltèd 'day, fn.Qsaker representatÍoa upwt å cor@itteè u&rose function nqs. to brlng togethei d:irreree groups of oÞjeetors trnder the N-0.F.; for !.04. $uoted tn Gratran, Jshü, f[. Çona tf^ðn Londo¡i, G*orgq Atlen æd lfqffi 90. It was cøasidered that the N-C.F. w4€ the nost suitabLe organ{zation withÍn r¿hlch aL1 groups could wot*. togg*er. This first açt of coFoperatio'¡r led to the ptesende oa the natlgn¿l coffiitteÞ Sf three Quakers¡ À Barrett Bro!,Fn, J.P. Fleteher agd Ed¡tard Gnrbb. freÍ¡ lnctruetpn wÉrs ¡¡art of movs tq l¡iden the þasis ôf the I'e!.lowshlpr. followlng thé succeÐsfuL ¡rork of ghe co-ordigatiprr con¡rl{ttEe. Barratt Broun and J.P. Fle.tclrç,f ûète bpttr of rnilftary aBe, but Êdta¡d ÇruDb wasl oLd, be çooç{derêd far oi.ltrtary "Lready'Èoo So serv"icç. tle bec€me the túèasurer Qf the U-0.F., a þÉltl9n hq held for the re6Ë øf the Fellp¡¡ehiprs e:rf.steçce. ofåèr Quakers Fho çef,r¡ed, aT sohe perlod, on the natåonal cofuittêe wete Alfred and $da Salter,

Jgan M. Fr¡,r &eodora Wtlnon !ü.Lson, Alçrander C. WiLson,'æd ,' rtË' l Er¡gh Gfbboce.

úlhile there nany, poÍnts of agreenett. Þetçr.een-,,thq, coWtr¡One{rÈ g1orrps whi,c¡¿\ coÉstituted, the N-C.F., #e,f,e uere als.o ue.qy proÍnts of

. , irt. , , . disegreetnent. , Àltç,¡üatfve tsenrlcè tûå# ail issue gh. ch car¡sed dissension fron tñe:verJ¡ early {ays of the FellotrsfuLp. Allea srd

Broc,tclray rdere both of tÏe áso!.tttûst persrlasioa, but while expoqnding repeatedly the evfls of alte¡natfve âÉnüleêr they maintained thät acceptance or FÊf,uqal of suctr sçnrlçÊ !üas a :nattef- fl¡r,Í¡*dü.vldual decísioit. Itt IhE:TTibunalt tlr* organ of, the l[-C.F. , ary¡reraæd, od 2l fiêpteober, üitò;'a eårl for u¡tl"ty bl r#e'r Érocla4ay. Also

108. Ðr. Saltêr;€f,d hi.s wirf,e Êere bqth Soçtreflç¡-Qqakers as vaq'BáriatÉ:urotvnrrrçbiIp Joæ Fty, rneodöiå ttïúeæ ad Fd¡rard €rubb ¡rere contrÍbstøo Ëo.@$[¡fu@.. Ehe'eutfror hàs fü¡nd noevideqce tô'L[nk J.8. tr'leFctrer, AI#faSdér Wilspn or $ugf¡ gl.Þbous wLth the' SocLaf,Lst- hrgtere.: Äfter lribunal edLtor B,J.'Boothroyd followed ç1¡s: first.edltor, $I.J. thåúerlaln to Jp$J.r l,yÈta S. $¡[itht E Qusker and ædçr of the F.8.9. became the edf.tor. 91,

cqaËqfaed !ùês a rüa'rn1Ég that any êtrënpt to for*e s.Éfforur$y would be a¡r Admlsst@ thåÈ absolßtÍstó trad been, copq$ergd by the saúe spiniÊ qf $ilttar¿sn $ùtch they wefË out to defeat. Ilris sane e¿ftio,rr ea*fed ¿ ÐÊssage from clÍfford Al-len whlch was brongþr to N-G.r. hea{{uar{elË þy a conrscí.ent{ous újeetor reCentl} releaqpjal otr tenporary furlçcghi fsr thfb hy date Allen lrqË 4 prf.soner fa lfotry¡oãÊ ficrubs. the nÊçsege read,

I want Nat{eûa1 Servtcq&d to hp treated úrfth tfe umrosË care. I doÊrt r¿ant then to fee[. that theg prê oqE óf f,t. .Gfve t{rçnr úorê atteptio* thafr us men r,uüo hçte ref,rtÊéd, ... I an æEfous tø kesprSþe racrtr* rÞgéËhêr árrd prerymt dlvfsLon.

National Serrråçe-qeü Wëre,,thqse *ho ,ttA¿ accepted work of û,etlonal seryice under the ÉonÉ Offlce Schene ¡,rhiCh ca$e idto operarf.on if. Au$rEr, 1916. Thfe sdhéfig f{åÊ net the flrsr ro

arous. the ís.ue qf plternetffe s€.l'vlc* tüfthftl the FeJ_trørship, the s[.c.c. for had sorn df.ssé.a.t as also kad the aúulance work such bodies qs þf the f.A.ü. Ðd tbe Fl_r9t SrfrÍ.sh årnbuleç¡ce fór trtary. f,6¡¿grrer, rhe H'oürÊ 0fsree seþere, which tòok obJectorþ çg.r pffson of and placgd theg Ín ryqrk cárys where they were ernployed, for qxanple, on road butldfOg, proved to have a wide appeal_ f,or : cgRÉëisdtleus ohjecrors. Ad¡öèd stqtuõ taÉ g;iraén ro thê sehene Nqrmatr, ¡ghen C.E. â foün{er ne¡¡bef df 1}re I{-C.F. and a rnenber of íts fraçlonal exe.cùt{ve, deei.ded to ËEcept thÍs r{ot'k. In'a leÉter the Trlbrm,al gave to he his reassns for accepÈing. Firstl-f, he did aot conslder Euch work to be an qr.fêrÉatÍve to nirftary servfce.

109. Ehe .îribr¡lal, ZL SeÞtrerber, lgJ¡6. p. Z. 92t It uas only an alternative Èo SnÍ"son wóf,k and was p4rt of bis prr¡lshment- rf hé dld aot cbject to heidg rùade to rdork l¿ prisop,

he díd trot see hçr,¡ he cqûld obJect to this work. Nornar added,

hOréVer, tåaÈ there !ùAg spre cencer¡tr that tåe road-in Stæseg upCç

¡ùich he waç ?ûqïl

dÞIÍ,Ê,htful though {Ë is ro bê free after Èhrêe üaarhÉ qf ttöss *ðltreeqmenr tn Jäfl thÊre SilÅ b€ no eürreqþ¡, of ' -prirüctple ... shor¡ld 4t be neêessçry ço go back to ptÍq#, back orre tçåtr gó, hbd t$at tu thlr$eeHpg of raoÞr þf thqce hêfe €,Ë F(èser¡p. J.rt,

,Êe ç!¡Þrþçsed hebe þerhape rhe fee$nds of p¡ny tuho h¿d had thêíÈ f1Ëgü çCIÈfæRtqÇiþn wiÇh þrtson lffe. As rhe acco¡¡nts df

OatchpooJ. and tqþhhrr$ê Ébatrr thete ì.¡äS a sençë of releese r*hçrr {rèy rÈÊurtre4'¿g the crpfriÞAfaù|vely ffeer armos'phere of the Arny.

Für fren whs coüld accépÈ thë Hoüe Offåee Schere, tlte $enpe of freedsffüust have bçen i.ufÍnfÈqly grçüÈer; lCa¡ry öf thene þg beller¡eð thÊt:theï'!üere vutlotrrg *n p++eÏ, Êo¡.eËies and ttrey were srill worlcÍ.4g $ut thêir prfaon qënrÊnceç. oBl*ers had always heen rrllttng to ecqept alternaüfW Sçrvieè¡ but ttrtçlhE¿ beert rëfr¡çed rheu. thçy bqd nloceeded lta fhe Army ro prtron g¡¡d.ngw tound that tþy cortld ohtatn rüpr& outd.de rhe prieon walls.

trt lfrll be renembêred thþt it wag the euaker M.p. rs lt¡ the tiberal Party Who hgd beeg rhe prtmË rroverq in the ffght tO e:(teûd qconscÍeace the wordipg of the çlar¡set f¡ the Hilttary.setv*ce Act to ''. lnclpde wsrk of naÈional tuçrorÈance. Ihese Qualicís'.and the section of thê SocÍety of friends for whteh they spoke, t¡elçWê qny schene

1J.0. m. T*ff+gl, 2* ÅrlsusË, 1916. p. 3. 93.

rrtÏifeh allowed more co4seietrqfouç obiectors to ffnd afr 4yçnüe by

whiú they èoqld serve thelr cowttr-y r,¡ittrout viÞläBl.ng cohscieÈce. Wrthfir the pâges of 1,he fqtbqqâl it is Fopsib].e to çee ¿itre oonf,LtEt caused hy di.sagreeæ,nt qvÊ¡r altematlve seftice bgmeen T. E. uáÈvel¡, rhe chÍef spokesnan of çhfr sqfll€ërs rn the Eo.,dÊ of tommons¡ &d tïrç eb.SoJ$ttstq oo rke N-Ç.F. e¡tççutfye. rd Jqly' rÞ16' qt'teil t&e paqþçsak for tËË lroqß off*,çF sche're t¿crç üel-î¡g dfqcuçsed, Èarvey Sþùe a &etter to thé editor qf ïFre Füel0eêd Þft*r Tr$brilrå'r. rhi' letter çüBs â fprrher telteË frçu G{_lþert Þlurray.lll The tno lgttece çÐntqined a plea for consc*Êr¡t{Ous qhjeËtOrs to accept ÞrÞq¡t of trårional finportärcÇo Qb$eeturs had näde a ptrotest against cûûäçÌÉprfoq¡ T,trrrfay naiqtathed, Eqd they werhe nCIa utrdertake freç to sueh qdfh. Alludi,nB to the absorutisr cFy rhat tþe Governdeñt r,r's tryiag to divfde the qonscr.enËtoue bbJectton mfrêbn,tr,äarvey said thpt he weË gonv.i.qced that thfs was ûot the caçe. Men rsþe cor¡lit not f{ght shoul.d urrdertake the ïrr{mbbf of Itfers a."6=. Lt2 A teply fron åctlug edltor, B. J. Boothtoyd safd that al- rho'gh rhe Tribr¡nar dùsagres rçrth narveyr lr uu$t be stated rhar the novenent waÊ vety þateful for the sûçrk he hed perfoüne{ in parlienept for the benefit of, eonsclèntü.ous obJectors. Thg potd ralternatÍver was oilç whictr qdttor r.he þeld up for exfl"inatlon. te f,eJ.t that

ItI,. V{de Appeudix.

L!2. tarvgf_ glf e üeúer: of the pålhan Coffiflttee, a âoar( of Trade Cortni¡¡es ú.hich sought tO bring otte"åff.wlll.Íng attecnetivè qenr{ce Éç accepr lnto conlàcÈ ¡¡fütr ór"ic* wHo ,wet'e wfllfng to supply tork for thesç qeq,. 94. ê,lterûatÍVe Senrtce was foi.eed Épor¡ obJeqtqfs. If they couLd not find rt ur coux4 40È aceept it, they lderq put into the Arrny. rt ,nas crear fron tåis thqt such service !ûas part of the Mt,litary Servicé Act. Gtlbert Murray said a Fføt{àsr had beeh paüe aqd thls wâE rruÉ' hut tHis rrâs no r1¡æ t0 stop prg¡êstf.ng. Npü until the

eviL of nflÍtarlsË was defeated ÉoülË the obJeetor ceese ,hr.s pfotestatfcas.

ltlhfle qre seeÈfoR of Ëhe Qþ¡aker Fovepeü* supppfted altern_ arive service, it ìras s** thet Ëhþ $0cl-å¡.1ÉÈ-qsakers aß* tfie gi.5.g. Þefe äbsoLutlsr fn outloo&, dd Çherefôæ ¡rphqld the poliey os tke Ii[-c.F. ê$ecufåve. On 6 JFly, 1916) çhE gÞll"ulshtrþ öf ßesçnettttatipÞ, the tr'.g.S. €nd the N-C.F. madè a Jøåñt deçlafatfoR çgafÃåt alternative J'13 "sn¡¡.e. t.l¡e *tgtatories ef the F.S.t. {&fþ RsherÊ O. }leonell, Èfig sêcretaqÊ ar\d 4uþett Feet, tge organfzlag aecrqtary. Doth ¡nen trere coTmected with the SOciallst-Quaker Soefery aqd Þeet nnaË ore of the Jstnt edLtors of The Ploughsh¿re. 114

r+a$ abreenent trf there hetrr,eÇ¡r th,e Socf.¿LÍst-eq4here Alt¿ N-G'F' the t*re QD {$ésÊfon of aLternåtfu,Ëe s*rviçè, re!.atiorlg beffieetr the Èlto EroupF ìrÞrG, dqt *f.thopt frfqtlon aR oëC*S!.ons. å Barratt Brown rgsigned frou the retional camûiitteê Leca$6Ë of dfs4gteene¡lts p\¡Êt poltcy and so flÍd ahoürer Qqaker J. p. FXetcher. Tbq latter reslgned Ín .|uly, r-g16 over á comrttëe deci^sfm rhaÈ tþe N-c.F.

1I3. rhe FeJ.loWship of Reconcll-iatfon wss ad organ qhich eo{sfs,Ëed aattou of Chrlçtlen pacifÍsta. Ìt brought tþgeõher'a ¡*f.de variçtr çf deqontrnatiotr*. l¡4. Vüde appeadix. 95. sheul4 Seek secqre ¡q f,or consc{.eÊtl.oUs oÞJecÈqrç the ê¡e*prf.oÉç $hish thef Êsuld aecept. [þ ¡çsoür¡Ê**n td wrir.eh he toqk,excepti.on stated.

That wh¡.le the F'e[lhqefuip sh6uld cçnÊ{nue to yþ,it$ Þríncipte ohjini Áa õæç"E". or Dfilitartçn Fnd the spiaqd of Facitrsr viÁ,¡c, *r shqçIä uahe eçery póðeíble efforr, Þi-'--' pellsd..el aüd eÉrer aÀæq, to secqffê,,f,ar ËË::i*iffi :åiffii,milmå.# tl*n* rhrch rhey åFÞt{d }rr'ur taÀ iirur¡r¡ef*. ot cen co[sc{eütipqs*y àpcept. lLS " rhiê repxgüatfon v/aa refÈ¡rrd tr"by- (arfiått Erqfi,m. when he explaåned ùhê üÊa'ñq for hfs sür rÞ$ågnatlutr í,n ¿..letter to the on rtåtitnal 7 Jurìe, 1917. IIe ¡vroÊe that he,had bçen ccruÈenplarfng qfo[s ptèp fôr ngarly á yeårr for he fsü¡rd o*üqêl{ h*eou[ng sore ang herg Ar odds rrÍrh the ,e:Éeritfve çodftt€Ê. Iq nhe Áutsur of 19'Í6, this co@1Ëtee had Hrtdorsed the polte{r +€gardtûg poltttcal. actfon fol'ulatnd .fuly, ft¡ ¡ 1g16 and h¿d voreð- out by e*g6ü vores to three ê resolutlou" Þy Barratt Er.nm opposttg thi*, pOlioy: thl! Fettorçhip qake rurl.Fertqry1h.+ a pra-etlqe of gtvúÉË T¡ro"qh Sreçsl *a"ri.nentiïiË,ir"-i.is aeèrf^ñgs ådd rriùunhlç to the ag,¡Ress of nenbers, brut na&e ho efforß", ¿dr+*t qt ffiaire"t to. ellev{arë Èhelr- cçnd{tÍorri, or obùaiÞ- }-"i-tien *9ryirF.s of æy &l*dn devoting rts ereætiÈ solelf ËQ arq$rfæg¡ the puþliç cõsctence-tiu, qod cm,scriptiçn f,e¡ ç¿¡. 116

He waç urrder üa illq'fOns thaÈ tt¡J.s was a ûlnorlty view- pol.aÈr þt¡t he hed Eonne fiuppçrters engrlggt absoluüÍsÊ objectors. f,rliüh $ribert Þset he fel.r ,r$ociety thet tþç I$-ø.F. bd ÞscqÈ& e fpr the Pternqtf.ø. oI Cfuelty to 0OüsCle¡¡tfous ObJector5h. Too mueh

I15. The ftibunef, 3 Áugust, 191,6. p. 4 lI'ê. Ítie 1tiiÞr¡üal, 2l ,Juø,er lgl7. p. /r. 96.

o,f tfie Fetløishf,prs tf& $as, :tqkeü $p, $.tthrfulüf.rtatfgg agaiast cor¡ditioqê Frisoþ. änd the cqndf.tiqEç cf ¡¡or.rs caeps used fq the Hoqe Offfee schepg. 117 $æphen [Iob.hoqse supportÊd Earrerr Brorm a in letter whdch apptared tn. the trf,huqel d.n Ëard¡, lgLh

I Wtlte as ffi rrho h¡s fe¡,t Èltå hrrrdens caût br-q$¡on $.fe upon borh Þodi n*{ qer"rr quÍrtcr.entty. ¡6¡ irhffiik froú acry preiongatf^on or qBç e{pÇftreneer ^BËeAtlS as I kn6+ I shall prdlÌtü f,ron f t...howÞver, S tlroutr^ä nost éa,flieetXy FÍRä.d fhat the N_G.I,. qp.d those paclftsrs ÉufiFàaf.êËefl wtrh li.È shsutfl not i3'H":i;ifl*il$rgecurrus tþ retease or

Hobhoûse Çse*inusd. hg f.ndtcarxÐg rh€ eÞfeoç* fqr wh*oh the Fellewshtp shoulö stri\¡e. f1rutty, ÍÈ stteuld af.r* tç l¡htng together and support alL typgs of cosscleütf.öub obJe+tors and thelr assþciätesi and, secofidly, ít should wÐtk tdqrôrds a negotlatec peacq. trn the saffi f.Esue, FdHÈeË Þfoclaùay, wrftf.ng f,forr the Gl,Brd Roþnr år ffreÉfer, çaf.{ *.tåt ttt4re wås only a very sqall quhb*r pf consqfentúoue sÞJectprs pgison ln *ûo d{d Eot !üåBt rel.ease dtrd t{rat noet of these n¡n e¡çpeqt-çd hktr friends m Fhe ours{de to werh to*afds this eud- Hm¡evqrr B*Ëratt $rovm, f* hfc letter of restrg¡ nation' charged that the Fellm¡shïp had €sÊê to strange leiùgths aS the ËesgLt of lts desi,sf.Q* to tase polirlcal aêri_Qrr on beharf öf èanscieÈtious obSectorg. He alteeÊd, that rhe ft-C.F. ha{ fnvolrred

1L7.. 'Yet Sne o6 She results of hevirtg J.{terete wäs thaË prison condítr.sgs üea tn Jafl r{ere exposed after the war E&house wäs very tnuch {û,to!.ved ,io, ptfsqÊ""¿-tf,"i rafot. g¡dg-H"uüãiu.. dÞ. cit., ¡rp. L75-L79.

118. fhe $ftUusra1 , IZ, March, trg17, p. 4. 97. itself with tlar Office offielaLs. ?ersößally he cAuld h4ve no pårt ih actioas whlch sought to uodermltre r,¡hpLehearüed rejeccton of Conscríption aqd ¡¿hfch sewed Ëô eâse the worhlng of the Military Sert¡íce A,ct.

The F.S.C. endorsed the opftri<âre Êgpfqssed by B*rratt Bronr, attbough {'t wqs ad¡aÍtÊed rhat soue Benbets sf ít+ g*ecutíve wæted as of,ffçial note Ëð seþr þe to the GøIfeünrecr requestj.ng fhe releasþ ofcon.çcientÍousobþctors.I.¿9InadecI'aat1c1sefitto@1, .T- the F.S.C. Få\tþ tùe main reasons for fts áttitude fn opposfrlg pdl.ttical actlor¡,for the rel,éaÉê df objectþrs. It feJ_t rhât the Soøiety of Friends and co¡iscfettÍous sbjectiog Ëere too çt*osely con¡re.ted ín the pt¡bl{e nind ar¡d the.soé*ety df.d ÊÇt wish ts cosrplaín 'toó loudJ-yt abost any suffeftûg Íhvolved ín hqlddnB tq lts peeçe testifuo¡1y. 4ppeåJ.sr rherèfote slsÉ.n]-d cone fÉon npn-Quakeró. Further, the tr'.s.c., belfeved that an pfftclar appear.fof rer.{êf. rnight result ln the releese rreJ.fglousr of ÈonscienËlo$s o&Jectors otrl]¡c The dêclaratiÒtr conqinued by s*iing that c.t lrás .ng. c@-ncPrn of , Êhe ôf ['fierrds .Éee floçiety to rhaÈ Ëhe Mil{tsry Senrige Acr ryaã rgustty ad-ffi'atsteredf .' nre socúçtx âtood aga{"äst all sar æd co$sqflÞtf.n and årou14 qor bê satfsfied Nrir. both rrêf,å etrr¡çfnaÈËd. NcÈllt¡¡g less thaü, the couplete reped çf tf,E rrfli.têþ servÍcë aqr waÉ requfred, iòr the F.S.C. waoÈed'all æn t'elf.eved froB çouscrþtl,orr, trgt Jqsr co4scíênbioué objectors¡ euotaüloÉs,üfotr p lEtter by, i.p. Fl,etcher were Lnserted here tô nake th4s poùrÊ. Ile vres i& pfi.Èòn Es â cdrscie¡¡ttqus obJector, but *a¡i he sttfl âdaqïårrt th"át the F.S.ç. should npt lssue

119. Bêtfatt nfsnnn, f.n fact, was @e of tbe'men who thd's deç¡4r*Èiç*. sf,gþed gg.

4[ apÞeal fqr fhe re.lease of prísoneÉs. Flúally, the declatati,on lûsisted th*t evet+yttrfag shouåú bê ÉenÉ €o iÉf¡-ïênÉÊ prúlts opJntron Êo¡rerds a betùer rplterËtqtdl*lg of thÇ c.snÊstentfÞns oÞ¡ecmtts pe6it1on. IË r*As ah eslighÊÊded fi¡blic r¡o*tsçlÈ*ee.trbfßh *outd dF.sÊÉd 4e relpase of coqsÞt#tlnus oüJe+tPfs. rhe posåtfoRiadopteÉ by the F.S.c. wâ,* bd.tterty atracked þy

' j,' j T.H. FerrÉs ie a letËêË te fhq qf{bï4j*. Ile s+f¡l t¡ret Èhe Soclety ''t l. of l'rl.pads ,: Sttow wa& a de$ile*aþIe lacile of f*ä,th anÉ upr¿l ' ôoHËå*Ê th#ü I utÉEt sôt¡ Tftll åxltr me Ët¡F sfpotf¿ffiE| Ea hof4 the+ !B tq Èhe çøodemattræ ÈHéY dg t¿ötdy degêrr¡e. Igo

ËÀ atgug* thEt dte E.öefÊty of Frf,endq stêtêd that LÈ nust Rot *ok the fiove$fHçn"t tS 4o tf,#È ¡roÈ co[dþ&#..ít for lrs uistakes

th+'Ë !,rês agd to 'ç¡qt4'E Fhéß# çf Publtc, opfnlæ rrröfigr for lt vor¡,ld Ìrorâêh ffie uñ+ln FoFlütçn of the qsosale*ùåo*rs obJeÇt9r: Fer¡ls

: dþagrÉÊ* tt{tå tbþ¡,. feffng Ëk*t thçre ':èould bç no better way of t¡lflflç#pt*qÉ prrblÍc oÉfa*æ thåü.tg hçldrng up kefore the p¡blfc

tbê FovÉËü$ÈfitfË wtongF. {l#Ë it ÇÍr¡e, he 4sbêdr that GowronestÉ. of ev{tr if,tçüÈ 4*d tpre to csapgç çrt¡bllc ørtnl+t fer the betËer tha+ dtil Soad Coveææ¡rts? tver$orre coüùectêd ptt{¡'the conscienÈious obJection solrêFem.t shauld apk fer ßhe ¿elease of prisoners. If

ónly quaker$ $efe'fúiieð'thëE "ÍÈ *qvlit bÉ thaç ry"tt hatdèr for ttre GovEFSeot to eodtlúué to te#tæ,-th* ret*asç.of, nat-rellgious oBJeetors.

:,

1A$. ffieÉç*Þg+*gr l0 J&lüarvf lg[t. F.''&. gg.

asother reÈËer" thf.s ti¡ne frqn a Qqakerr A.R, Eçtoyd, v4ro rûas a tnesher alEü of rhe ü-C.Ë.. And the F.q.R. r êndotçsd çhe ectfóÍ of tbe N-C.F. Eft iæ u$e of.pÉlftfeag €êtlod Ëô secure the rç1¿"ru ,, , oÉieççorb. Ee çuerosed a wfiorrar- to Ëþrs effeet l¡htch he ttad proppÞed pç96s at the sasr $fwt&ly lteet*rrg afid !4rrcþ Ïüpd þç€s

rnanÍøor¡qly adçpted by ç.lrat l@etúng. Tþe uçnorf.al reãs rtor priatàd Ëv .æfbe ttibunal.

cl.eat$y, tåeü¡ âs fraúâEåÈç #tBv¡n addtted, tfte op{.nfous rüttüh

led ro hfs reelË¿çú@ tlet'ê rhpse of a ¡ni*Oråty vttht* ttre F-C.F. , qêle HIE vtêtcs shaffied Þy th* F.S.C., büt tçtc Was a naJortçy deqfEtort qÊe. æd nEt a rrr¡anlüotls 8i¡tri[ as the exeaple òf thê EaËt âeVon

launtäly Meetfng shoued, thÊre were ardäs fä whiott a. w,ffiiåÞuç gqakËr gíveq . rtqte Was +gaÉ*eÊ the views of thê F.6.ç. üt fs al.sc Ínteres,Èftrg

l r *hot¡lÉ trrave þueù tahen bI *heç¿of¿ wilqçú llÍ$son, üut ptç ühfi*d ro takB ttre vacancy. 1?l , let rhe Þlaoç was fttrJËd by Ade Sa¡.rer, a sucåetrtpf-Quaker sq, rhÞ Advieory corracfr of Ss_g¡gl¡qhffiËg. By rhis action iç wðufd appçar that she qfsf41etr i egtçed urúrft Ëhê H-Q.F. Êo1Ícy t0frârd6 coËFçiçtrt{o$$' ob lecrf.or¡

As tlrls euçelry haç qhown, Êhe couiü6 togeÈIrer pf €üctåltÊfig !üf,s áüd Qeakers f.or brought Eþouß rrfthöw spqe dús4grdtêneÈ+È. .* exanple of, th{s rcas further ûIie'n dlffforå 4lle¡t, r+ ai s,peü- lêttèç rp (horgß, ; r.lovd advocatþd Éork strl,þÈ b1r #sotut1Ëts. Ee feLr ' çhê,t oftlecæfg sÞÐu,ld r¡ot rrofh L22 "øsçfeËFiolrs wlttle in Frrcon . Alfred

141. {+rraçt Sro¡ut tti$ trot fesi,g* fton rhe H*¡ rñù, is€;{¡;i€i Ë#"äËrnø. Ee smrroJå3åË tfi,år$åf o,f tlie'l{rrireré Ðtrriçto,a anå-or-_rrrã ft.lä¡íoeh"* Efirnch. LZt. The ftXÞtrtral, 14 Juu,e ) LgLl. ¡r. Z. 10Ö.

Salter di.çdgreed ¡¿ith Allen qrrd i$dicate{t rhat there Drere oße or two qn othérb çhe ùaËfertel exeçr¡tlve of the.d-ü.F. r¡ho felt ¿s he did on L23 the s¡rþject. Ee wåraed Ëhai norte pf the Q}rd

n.s rhat with ab*olutfsrs co¡lflneá lfi 3s dtfferent prisone thèy were

too widely sepatated to qqke quch action +f.feeËve. LastLy, he etaløed thÈtt üen needed prisoq vorÊ qo help the¡n keep theÍr sa¡rity.

once agaiq Êhe darç*t6 of putrtAg fqlVård a quaker vièn qn conscLenËioüs qþJEç,tlon and çqaerf,Þtjûan ffisË þe çttessþd. Ihere rdere the vlews ts ôf thè QÉaher M.B. aflal ÈhÉ sectfô¡r of the Qqaker InþveDent for whfch rhey sp&e op such strb¡etts ås alte¡narÍvi€Ð, a.beolutd.er q¡td poltüfc¿l actåou f,or the Ël*aEe ef co¡rsctenr+þsrÞ ö&$actfon. ÎþerÊ w€ãre the radieal.nenÞers qf, thå F.S.C. aud thþ $.Q.$., nho eharç4 ê gïeeË deal wlrh the eoctr+Itets fn the N-C.F., but qrho d{e+fifeed wtth theur oE occa6!.6ns r $oflÊti$es ro the point of resfgÉåtfóf, fron ths Iü.C.F. natÍonêI executfvei. Itr au orgarrlzatlon whfch s$adnsd the. tühôl.e of ttte co*gciEntioup,oblqctfon úovenent, the soclalÍet Quekers appear to he\re operated, as qn e¡<Èfeüê lef,t-rtfng.

Yet f¡divlduale t¡ithiq tke J,¿rter group had &.vergenÈ op:i.nipns ebout ¡¡{rat the Çortect peLfcÉ.e* Öf, tHe$e orgaqlF¿lJ.gts shouLd be. ft{E

(short) 4hs ter has sough't tp Éhow soue of th,p points of egreenërtt aild dilsagrcçpeqt beËffeeü soqÊat*sr*Çuakere ard e*rer grorpÞ wíÈh,*p. the

ä[-C.F. andl soçê sf tâe rrqrk pÞrforæd by oeuberç qf Ëhe flLouÈhshare gfs{rp fn thd.e larger boÉy. 1¿$. IFtd. t p. 2.

L?4. q31r"I q-üetsd fron aû F.S.S. parnphlet which c1aå.,çd that l$6 çf rh* ASå absol¡tistç g,haç.q- relfg,ioq nta= n$"r,w, **t" $uqkere' FánÊ rruo TO rHE PRO-BËIF{KEßS

ïou Èli¿t Ín civlltan lobbÍes, tltrlLe the baÊtLe-thr¡nder rol1s, F¡rg your LtrrLe ÞarÈy lobbies, $o to sÊvq your Littlè souls, TËeat{,gg Englandrs deaËly Þèrfl Lrfte a roprc f,or the polro; telf óf you - tHe recordrç t¡rittefi - lataly 6Èrode to po\anlûg Street ånd for lqve of kirtle Sr¿tatn üallowed at the PßgtilE8r5 f¿et Tlrgfng hln to check the tsgttort luaÊte of our errÞerfl.otrs FIEet. Had your peseioaatê prayer beer grantedl And t&e Kaieer gst hls T{Éy ïet¡toü. cfirshërs night ba pl.anred 0q our ft,otLøc fqnÉ today And a gf,eatfql foe be aeking BhAÊ ]iou $ÉnÊ fer traftorrs ?ay. Uleeppoinred uirh rhe I{eYy, Tou in turn were keen aþoui Itrttfng. Thonas Ín the grâvf ¡ Ireaviug f,h.ohqs up the epoui, r,þ$t tf adequately afded he shpr¡ld wfpe the straf,ers out. Itell ocr ¡æmorfeo ¡nay be rottsn, Yet theyrtt sri.cb ro yeu afX rtúfrt; Not so soon shall Þe forgötten ttrpse .whoae hearts trerE fixed tote tlght Olr the sal.vage of a f,eÈish tha+ ¡þ.e t*iunfng of Ére ffght. I,lhen the Boectreg blte the guttor And we Let sur tong$es 6o iooee, franker rordç I hope Ëo utter [n the way of free abuss, 8ut at present r a¡n badly haryere4 hy the perry trürcÈ.

Ð.$. lhirty-rrf*re Uembers- vgle{ agaiust rhe sêcpftd re*dúag of rhe l&i.Lftary Serviee ffill. P{¡nch 19 January, Lgl6, F. 4{. 103.

fXTAPßUR T rrE På$sü{ç oF lfrfr rfitÏfaffi EHßVrcE BILL {No. ?). I When ttæ l{f.tirary Service StÍ!.(Np. Í) sá, resd for the ftrst tf.rne i.n rhe HsuËê of Ëopnons on the 6 Janoary, 1916, l0S neúérü yosed agafnst the measure whfLg 403 ne¡rbers voted v+tth the Çoyernment. l,tleq the Bfll üãÉ ædd for a second Éæ (IZ iïánuary, tgl4) tite Gowrg.Eetrt votes l*ereaged to 431, but the antf,-coËBcrfpÈforrfst vote fe'l drarnarfcålLy to 39. By tåe th{rd readfng (å4 Jaru¿ry, 1g16) a üåâBre batd of 36 ueúb¿rs lrèrtt iaço the divtslons oppgsed.to eon* scrlptfon' They n'ers f,gcê4 by a deÇrgâÐÊd, though stflt ovenr¡héI¡nËÊ gÉ$rp of 383 go\¡erfttôlrÈ eupgorters. 125 the prínci,pel reasotr f,or the &.clLûe ih oppoeit{on nuffiers das tbe Lqss of the ïrtsh l{etÍo*aLÍst qiken vote thç eqtrefnhçrü rernoved Irelàad fron rhe seoÈe qf tþe Blll. å7 crr*t pf rüe IO5 oppositfqr vdtèB rscorded oü the ft*st rEading &a{ Ueen casÊ by lrish Natfo*atúEt florrÞver' neúers. on çhè sgcon4 arrd rhdrd readlqEr Ëfle ïtfÊh l{sÈlonElr.st yote fell to trcÞ end üle respecti.vely. rå6 John Bednondl ]e46[çr sf dre rrreh Når{ssa1lsts fq the Èouçe qf compnq, statêd the lrts,' Þd'itio* torr¿rds çdúqcflpÈfon durftt*, the rêadÍng flret of the BÊ'*. Aftçt dectarteg th¡t he ånd his sr¡pFarrers uere agaúrrøt cor{pulsëry ürr.¡d.tÊrg serviee, he wert oïr to say that¡

125- Ttre figuræf g{yg" hqËÊ do rot füêlude the ftvo te.Ll.ers r¡çcês*ary khe,I å,uy vöt. f* ta&,e¡l ¿e parllaneü;;- 7-6. A. Bydl.votg$ *gsinst eorecrfptr.oa on the firsr second rea$fnge. L. Gtrtrelr vömd ag"inçt êû{ read{Êgs. ii*ã*"re eri all th¡eê 10/+. (coâscf,dptlon) 'rwíth æ it is a qqestioË of q,eçþs$ityr afld aot of principlë.. It i.s a questÍæ, of degree.'r Iå7

Bednondts argunÊnr, trtanr ïÊde that rrqåand did not nèed conserrptroq- se fer-t it had etrpph.ed an, iþFrësnfve nuniber of vol- qnfeär têcruits already and th¿t cooscrlptfÖs wåuld 40Ë þtovlde å grþater Ér¡úeÈ. tne ei sañe tå4ê, he ímplied that there ûighÊ hÊ eccag*ùns uften cons"ifpiføn füaütd be peçessary for frela¡rd. ïn diff,are¡¡t cÍrcqnçtp¿ces coûscrþtiott for rrer¿nd vouJ.d be brorrght ín rrÍ.sh defence for éFd l"ith rrish appnova,!., but it should nor he forced upon lreLand by a Britlsh gqvêrffient.

{fte rrfsh Nationalfsr lêåder shoneed clearly hy his atrítudç

to cottscrÍpt{ou 1n Esglarrd that rhe prånclFle of cón$c{,entlouq obJecÈton do Pl-f,,Fed Part fn htg Eqrtl-conscflprionist ser¡rti&enls. He potnlud out drrrlag rhe secoad ¡eaÉfqg çf Èhe Bitl thät fr wêF apparôat afÈer the ffrst readlu6 th# thËre $BS 4 SôJority srrpporr

for coüsprlptfoq àüongst the ehgl.$,sh, gcorrisfr and Hej.Sh neühgrg. fs taboqr ld.F. ln fþposfÉlofi to the FtIl ttad uuffierçd lesç rhan half qeúership tihe of the PåÉf.êüÊÍtçårf Laboqr paçty ¡¡edno,hd ¡nâlJilÈetnÞd, a¡rd SO*t Af the Ë*rty'srreepoaqiäLer le*Êars häd voÈed f,pr conecrfpticrrlZg

12'7:^-9. ts +. Of 0. Dehetner Ftfr& Sqrfee, Vel. L;KI(V¡I, coL. 5 January, 1916. 1006,

Labour, party 1?9. voriqg ü Êtrë firçt ¡eåd1Ëg! for, tËB¡ egptnst, thitteea¡ nan-Ìr.t€rÊr^ sist. rt ¡,las c0núe{Ê1enÊ for Rçdqo¡tc sttesg that- le$e rhan rhe Laþoer tç lrelf uÊñef.s ha¿ voiå+ egafilËÊ rlre SftL aúd to pl-av dom the fact tË,at rbore voÈÉd-çÊarüÊ! tåe ttid"ãrfå.ïriïrâþe or friLl. Itqdrcad.coi¡ld, of cour$e, deífue".iregponsåUl.e; *y-*.y n* rc-etttd to, bur Ëe*derepn (cheirnan ót r_ah;" fãliol ¿i.e *nt íri" * the fftst rge-df.n-B,. -althorrgþ f t ¡råe- rett troun' r¡rar he srrpported the fleaÊ*r*¡ ngtther díd Ë. Biace a'üaboui n"óe, ãi tn" Êorrernæar. UacÞontld (fre¿çrrer of Låöq¡r larty) ,prc¿ *S"in"r. 105.

Furçber, most of the Liberar. te¡¡üets wrid ha{, support.ed the rrtsh

B€Use¡ eaíd ßednffidr hãd voted ¡rith th* Êor¡e¡¡unent. I'or úeee reåsoas þe called a trqce with thê ûqver,nnent f,q# progoupÇEd tñ*r¡

Hag.í¡rg qadÊ our protee_t, both by speêëh eftd by voËe ia the Lobhy, we say n9!v ttrat -tffil our tqrr vote psaierr i:r$ä. trfç '$ir Edvratd tarso¡r, the r.rfsh ltrntoütst leadetr, prêosêd &çd_ mnd to uake rke populariry oË the Eiil. r¡nanl.nous b:¡ volgntarfly brfo,gf&g rreland rmser the provfstons of the Btllr hut Rednurd was uqÉoved þy thle propoaal from his old adrerspfg.

ReqÈond hueu that the fntroductforr of, ccnçcrf,ption f.nto rreland would har¡e bêên meÈ wfth def,false. ttr* Irrsh NatfonaiÍqts chosen had to ÊÉÉpörÈ Érê vok&tarf Flsten early 1n thA Ë¿r and €r¡ppoÉt for thiE fue# hEq fewarded rrlth royal. asÊe¡rt f,or e Hone &¡"le B{..11 $hfch he¿ hrcm ruched &rçug& Farl{aruçnr. lto lmediate

results èfl¡è froq thfs Legíslatloo, hç1er¡er, f'r EO¡qe RUte Woqld

not he fntroduced, sÉÈi,I tlre æd of the trar. ßedmomü mpeatedly urgéd [rfshnen to vÉlufiteer f,or nf.tf.tary eefvf.ce f.n the Ërltfsh

Armf I although he eçgetted rhat rþêEc dräE Èhefgby hecde henhers an Army. of rrf,sh rn the lürroductf,on tq a book cqú¡cernleg Êhe, explofts of lrish reg*rdeütË dtrrfng tËe war be trote¡ rtftey (the PeoBle) rrlsh have, for the ftrst tfiüB iü tttelr hfstoqp...pqÊ â nå.Èfonal atily fato the f,ield. rt 13û

lzg. II. of c. Debates, Fífth set{es, vol.. I&Ifltr, cot. l47g ll Jan., 1916.

134. u. ulphagh, ÍtÊ trËsh,êq,rhê FËqü.r (!ødon¡ fiodder and Stoughton, L916ï f. 6. 106. {rÉth regirreatÉ lrish urtder X,rish qf,fic*rs lt was pertraBs poesihlÞ to arþue rhat thLs ecustituteÉ an frl^gh arpf, but if, san* had beea scrlFtion lntrodüced fftto rïe,Land ÈhÇ ¡ryrh of lrfsh freedon boqld have beqr etpesed. Irislt NatloEalists, thêÊ"¡ frÈue agtå_ conscrlptiopfsÈ while rrelæd rras inclt¡ded ú¡ the propose& ìLî.l"ftary Ser?åcé BÍL¡., but thetr opposl?fo,. eqdéd whee tbe Gor¡er'nent decÍded lrelaad that ¡ras to be o,nttted f,ro¡u the úÊaautrÞ. Thg Nationaliets had comittçd,¡ tåre¡nse].ves to secur*\g Eæ ilule Èhrough legfslatdon Parliancnr â4d in tlrey dfd nor üËÍrt coËþèrlpti.oür Ëo threatea the prögress thêy håS alreedy nade there.,

Ín 191'8' {-loyd GeorgÊ, in au rû replènish 'ttêüpt the ranks of, thç army, ex'Ëqqdd fhÊ M{litåuy $erv¿@e qpw Aer. xh* provls{ous . appl'fed ro rrçtrnnd a$ *¡ê11 Ês te the rqs,g of tþê EdËif.re. rñÞÉfarellf oppositlon arode i¡r rretand.and tr^ssldßüt ranks cl0eed tþ f{$t conecrfption. ãre tkurcft, fu perÈrcularr played a proff.Éent p¿lrt in thtc opposftlsq. A, vdlr¡RÊåry Elud rElsed to counter eoppulsory servf.çe reached guþ úflftary â of å 2S*¡eS0. Res*Êtåüêe rrss ef,fg.ctåve, author fot aç otre hap qtttten: "OûûscríptfoË, tr€s cafrfëé Xtr parllarrent, hut trås neve,r puf l,nro Applicatfetr lU ry parish of trælæ4.rr L3l tr{trere .ûsqqf th h¿d held back, Lloyd George pft¡qged foruard, hUÈ çl.thout sgccéss. Rednpta þad been çorrç,ct ¡¿heË he eaf,É,conscrfptio,g ge¡ 1¡qland wdul.d msn l,è$s a¡¡d nçt Ëö¡rê rÈoöp$ for th.e ürftfsh

I.31. Stepheü õqptrn, Tftç¿tlq,{*etprsf g¿q¡t of (Lpndpa: ¡úÊeÐlil,ao, L923). pB. Flt-l$. lr,eland 107. L37' Arty. The þ¡ßæntÍÒq of cotr,seriçtipç tç lrel,and produced nothfng bur 1lþf,eeIíng and pçrhapc frelpe{ te tafte porrer fro¡n rl¡* ha¡ds of the ruoderatÊ forces led b¡ Rer,ðuond and But lt trnto thç handÊ o.f, tnote e¡ftfenlst elenÊ¡¡te.

TI rÊ Á, sûall rtnr#et sf tabü+r M.F. fr¡frç had vot*É agarnet the 0rr Birl lts ffr'Ë re+*ingr dfd not îotè âga*,h ou rhe gec'qd ur thr"rd r$ readfÉgs. rhese ehetent*gîîÊ sn*ü*pu reflectçd thç reslgsed approval given rp cossertpÈi.{Ë aftër *he fd.rs.c neasuag b¡r sw sectians o.f Labó{¡r. f&4 Aego¿Èh fçlÊ, ÍB Àrgget, lg{S, t&,at Ëhe mFin oPpoÉition to conçêr*Êfiø ¡*pt¡.ld eoËë f,ron orgaCIlted lehonr æd f,ron the lr¿sh l{aËT^otral.i"ats, althdngh h* $åô C¡rgfe of, the,aflr!._ ÈÞqscriÉtfoniçt feel.iuge of qofiå nemh.er-s of the LÍÞeral p¿rty. r3F He resolved thç prohlem of trlsh opposLtåon h,y excLudfng lrelañ.d. frqn the BlLl' Þur Lahour had to þe lnöþèd ûry a diffëreÈß ærhþd. 132. fhç Êslærr¡oent rrça çeJ.L a¡r¿re of çûre posetüJ.e ohJentLon to conacriptfoü 1n rrel'qrd. Th* $hf"ef seeteiäry foi trel.*er-g¿*roe l short, re¿d rhe tahtuer ¿ ler,têr froþ rhe Se*i-lg Gonstahul-ary who úr*-ú;ut"iJ*. reporred rher ÍÞtå* ;*:dirçd ag¿tqsiïon*or*.príoü I aûd thêr ther-e wbrs- ûoç^q+eîgh. rroopq-e,i q Îref*ra Êo f,orce the æasure on th,e çeürrT. caþ. â$/€ Uf¡$t*s td $ät rgr.e., 133. J. R. Cl.ynes, tü. üudsett, tr#. trh+rrte, ç. J. ï{*rdle. 134. Netther tardle tor.korrr¿ ygted {Eäf,cst Èhe qee$tre trht"çh brouehr rn generat cga¡grûpttoh rn fiay, rgi6. ïuirne rú Ë;il;" on this üeaqurq'the fqLrot¡rng eonvérä;üfoq hope...(lf. tools place: Gotd,ctonp g.ab): "r rhorrre) Tçixr b; es hsieir"i...iä" the conscr[pttp* of srealth as he fs f,or dre conscr¿pttm *e*.i--ffrå*"i-¡Giiäniy, þut the parrv wout! not Êupport-ËÊ.rr"f rr'"JårE clear roor-iuis--ln*, Thor¡ae had ,C. accepted cæÉr¿Èttpn. *., ,¡f lq$ale, Flfth Berlçs, Vol. LlüQtII, CoL. 229, /* May, 1916.

135. Vfew* expressed fû ä Letter Írrittea by rhe Ffrst Lord of thé åsqlditfr tÞ Adriralty, A. J. ïalfour,' QsoæAr' fR fitry Jmklne, Asqul^th (London: Col,ltûe , l,g6ti, p. 3Ï4. 1Q8.

At t¡ùe annuel Tradee tiaion Cotrgreçs held at Brlghton, fd, Septeaù'et, tgls, a resolntfqn Has pasaed ühich condemêd coqtscriptlqn. The reeo'r¿tl"ôn ¡,ras teryêred hy the lnsertf.çn of a sectlca ¡ahtch said that to ¿void conscrfptf^oÈ, the voltnfltÊr? sl¡stèft Du6t he uade to provldë úûrF dRF. fllere ûraÉ fiotre Hpåc.e gfven té sr¡Þportfd.g Valuntârf recrtråtæút thatt there was tÞ cqF,deiw,iag con+crlptlon. lfte resolstt"oir rüås a olld stater[ent aga{nst co¡rEcrlptfs¡t. $hort!.y after the lr,rdes unl0rr Çoqgæss ëTìded, secret a æët*rrå took prece beþüeqÈ, AsqulÊh, Lord aad repreeèntatf.\Fes of the 'fi.tchener T.u.c. and the Farlfamentary Labo{*r Party. sy tÈre crose of the neçtfng Labour had agreeê to help rhe reerüfttng drive by holdlng recruf.tfrrg metlngs. ør l,about.plaç* forns. There w¿s r¡oÊhíng Rerr fui tabgur Leqders speahirtg at reeruft{q,g ggth drÍVes. As eBrlï es Augtrst , LgL4, the Labour parfiy had agreed ta co-gpeüåte in the resruitfng cafrpalgn. IlffiSver, where r'abosr rspr€senratr'ves had previousry spoken on rhe þlatfortæ of other org+tjzetloaor tbÊy ü.ow flgreef, to recrnit through ,*Êtlftge spossorÊd by thair own org¿xilÍzêtloûs. fre f,onfere[ee whlch fncluded tbe ¡æetfirg wlrh Asgufth and I¡ord Kf.tehener al$o dlsçuesed whet actfon ehoçld he taken çì¡èr the antf-coûscriptlonist resþtu¿fan passed at the tradee l&¡iort Cougress. rt Tqas declded to fern E corrüittqe. rrr Êetober the 'ssci.glfst li[atlonal Ðefence coffiniÈtèer produced ft* flnds fn the fqnn of a ¡¿4ifesro $åieh saÍd thar åf rhe public rçfçse to rÊ$pÖEd to ttreir coüitgyrs call, the EatLotr ifl¡st aqd ¡rill clafn thàu on otúer tÊrns. 109.

The narrÍfesÊp also poftrte{ ouf thêt:

Britafn hatf-arnred âtd r¡sLgg half, her ãå5" i,ffiä"håHiitiãffiill.' the srfirggle. Nagåorral sefrfiç4 is û,*r only a d4tp þqr a rlghr. L36 F'ron the marrifesto it iâ crEar that the ârrti-conseripËlo{rist parts of the T.IJ.C. resotrrtûidn had bee¡r f,orgoÈteû a¡rd that thê eell fqr vqlunteers rtolr ea¡se forenoçt ih laboq¡r policy tohrards the war. ltre iurroducr{on of, the Milfraty service Bill hy As{ufth ot the 5 January' 1916r howäÌrerr proüFÈçd the calling of a confereuce fpl.lc¡aing Bhe day !úrich ¡ras attêtrdEE hÍ trade turfonlets and þy parlrarneuÊary metûers of the L+bour parÈy. lhls coÊf*rance pasáed an afiti-co4scriptl0nlct resçluttoû, aad dectded ro üppose Êonscrfp- tton hÏ çvery Po¡Eftle ûea[s. tae rçco¡c&eÈdaüfqn of the reqolutloa

wÉE that the Parl"iæhtarÌr Labour Party.should flght ßhe Military service Bil.t Ét everr sgåEie. rhe votlnÉ ¿n favour of thë rçsolution

ras Ínpresçlr¡e¡ 1r998rOO0 to 783rQ0O; but rnany Labour M.p.rs {üete

agar.nst ¡he rcsolutü.ob.. At a ûeeting of the three lahqur execr¡,tfves

prfot to the conf,eæ*¡çerËend.erson, .a Lebour æuber of çh.e toali.tfon Õabiuet, had spoken ia f,avour of sgm neåçute of c€nscrlptfon aed hfs had argx¡hnts been eupported by othet Laþoqr }t.p. r€ e,d eo¡ne of the older Lahour leaderF. rheg trred rp rrfn othsrs to agree Èp a lf.pLted for¡n of coascrl.ptinn by the ar$¡ueqË that åf l.aþour srood out ägainst coerscriptfon they ¡sosld brlag a geeral çlecrl.on *a q,hich at¡. thn tabour H.P.|F woulð loge thettr seats. tïl

136. Quotod la Eoulton, oÊ. ciÈ., Þ. g5 137. $earrice^weun,.pt¿rl,Eq (ignz*e+)vol. r (I¿mdsn: I*gsro a¡rd Grecn, 1952) , p. 52. T- 11.0.

Hesderçon tnrf, even tot'd hig l{.steüerq, thf"h conf,erertce con$Lders r ¡n'.r oF-pose this Bill x shal.t, tef,uce to âccept thelr declslon.r* lgs

üespite HeudBrsonrÉ asserÈicn Èhar he ¡¡ould ¡tot be bor.rnd by a conference deçfslOn trhich raß çËt&ter ro hic mm oginioner hç dld not fsel. that he could contfnue 1il *t# Govertrcnt îûhen the perliaffintary Labour Farty adopted the recomeÉdatlsn, of tlre to¡lfÞrenee. Iie wrote to isquf,th on 10 Jañrr¡Êrf, lg16;

IB eosåeq$ence ôf tlte deç*Eioû¡ of organtaéd L€boEF to oppoae the Hl<erX $enÉcË ntfl I hevç Ao alter¡raË$e b(lt to tendBr fou ur¡, rsFlgÉatÍ.oÍI...I st¡ppoftèd Èhe.,.Ef.X.L,ie ßþe CaÞ1net, I shatl càùt¿we ro de ilogçe A6 gre repreee4tÊÊf.ve of, uy"O-f"-[nå*- const{tuents :;oE the grorrnds of, nùlttary neçesåtty. Ilg Itendersþnts leËter of tæigaaÈfoË-rrgs folxot¡ed by ntnrlar : ,. . . iomrÉlcatfons frqn 9I. FrEee €frd ç. H¡ RoBerte, the otåer Lahçur nçúeto fn the çoveräænÉ. 14q

Fq.cêd r¿ith thase rest#åttons euit lahaur opposf.rioa to qaHfnet co'nocrfpt{cn' th* decfded that Àsquie[r shoqld esilsf¡,I.t the

r-ahþur M.P.'s and r¡lth Èhe l¡aþ¡t¡r sxecutlve. Durf,nB etre coqrse these pr:f.r¡e of talks $nw&* recotüc that the l{frrf.stÈf Ffoêirèdf

13Ê. ÊÈotEden, 0p. c¡te., p. 3Så 139. Jenkffssr Ð. eÍt.r FÞ. 3S*-lÞ0 140. Brace a¡rd Ben{errou did not vÉre or rhe flr*t teaêtnå of the 8f11, bur RoÞerts did. HertdersoÉ ¿td uot, ta fectr:vgio-orr elther th¿ f1rsË ot third reading of thä üfil, ;årpir"-rfiå úÀdd*n," äseerÉlo¡ thçt $enderson, t...rhrer¡gh atl the-stagäs sf thÊ- Riii votçd Ín êüÉpdrË of it. r Snm¡deq, oÞ¿ ef,t., p. 3ð3 Lll.

Ëi-:lirå H ïå:,".enåïåiîi1îL "Í" "ffi Hi:." lurluq rhe War onryi tã,ar auenduenrs wä,rtd UE introduceÈ obVfetfÈg qüy possfhftiry of feduprrlal confi¡tçLod,; thät &e trrau¡natrs wosld Þe etìrir andi not $Htary cÉürr8¡ and rhåf; oppoËÊtrråty won3d be afforded ro Barl.faueåt to ÞÊrèûgËhen the cr.eü'e cxeugtlng couecientiord* dÞJectorÊ. 141 TheËe'trrofilñ¡Ê€ qüe,LlÊd rhn dsubÈs of $he naJority of, rhosç ueerfng, at rhe f,pr at a furËher Jor.nt ffietÍgg ft uas decideü to advtse the three Labgur qå#€rs of çhe GovenrnÈqr ro l¡irhdfa¡v tåeír rseigÊattons. lhe æúelìr i$vclved fUllomd thfs ad¡rl,çq.

Dfffercnce of opffrl0n orer thê w¿r and eotrecrÍ.ptl¡n was Mrch in evlËeúße at t*re ¿¿ur¡¡l LaboUr Farty Co4fereqçe hetrd at Brf6tÉl latê f.n Jnnuary l+ttile thê lû1¡^rar¡ $ervf.çe Bfll üqS Ëtttl hefore

Parliaænt. A resoluçton whlctr preposed oÞpqqi.tíæ Ëo tfte BÍll ãnd

agfrart"m lf thÊ BLll becaæ larr hed ço be separated furro nvo påfts hefotç å vofê sorild be tnken. the Ccnferetrcê endprsed oppositiqn ro the mssure by a vote of 1r7tr6r000 to lÉ0r{É}0, brrç refuEed to

figlrr for repeal by e vore of, 6491000 te 6141000. Ll{.Z sno¡pdçn,

MacÞorald a$d år,rderspn of the rndependent ï¡&o*r parqy spoke +g¿{net Ë}re trar, agefnst couscripttesr åËd agaf.ngt paüiÍctsntf"m 1Ë, the recrulting eaûpafgÈ, h$t ãpart frôu sêcurfng the resøl,qtto4, to oppose rhe MiliËaqy sarvlce ßi.11, thcy had no sËccé,s6 rrirh qheir

å*ti-¡vrÉr resolutÍoBÉ. EeÉtrfce I{eÞÞ rççorded f.t hEr dlary oa thø

31 Jan$ary, 1916: "three q,rÊrrers of Èhe dë,legateÐ naü,ted no

141. showdeü,, ó,p. çfF.. r pp. 391-394. L42. rbtd., p. 394. 112.

trÓsÞLe either ¡ri.th lûrnifiorls ar the Milftary $ervice Bill.rr 143 rt is egaÍnst thLn baekground of coË,firsiør aûd of,ten hoståle diffeæ¡rce of opfrtåP& ffiprr# Nhe ranks of LaÞour that the wirheriag

away of, the antf-eoÉncrþÈ{oülst voh ln BerliaçeüË must be aeen.

Cdm,ferences m*,$ftf pass resalutiods agEi.a€È th* lStruductJ.on of,

côûsç.riFlfoU, but tahpqr hafl three ¡nerúers iü the GçùârFætrü H¡re

Ëuþ,ported conecrlptûoÉ. l&e Aqnual tonferêncÊ voted overwtral.ufrrglp to kçep these ¡ren tu fhç Goveru#ûÍ, brrt voçed 4gafnst ä qeqâpËe eþ{çreed by these *r* ilrr. $'esptte th,E anÇf.-tvar reaoLuclonç sf Êhê Frirf.Eh Labour lfoVErænt prfor to th.e irfr, rhË n*Joritf of l¿bzur orgf,&{.Sat1çürs hat ÊoilF to belf.eVe i.R g War of defence or theÈ a r5rrstr trar wås þo**tWle. lhese vfeñ{S lEd Wne Laþour M.p. rs t0 ffuppart conscrfptlon' for ftèf åÊueved çh,at ths ca¡¡pe wès fust, thefefore,, L44 thè cåuse mrst ¡-e won.. ]fsy of trese sren had gttÞportêd the

troltntaty recmlÈirg systeu before the GoverndÉht dêclared Êhat rhJ.s uethod coutrd *ot provd.d* çh* req4fßçÉ tn¡4Er df nen. ttre willfngÉßss

to iucrêase thnlr cpmltænt to reqfidttïtg darir¡g Ëhe latter pqrr of l9L5 lodtcated fttat aqru &Éhrur leederÊ ptgfêred a volunta'y arry. flouev*9, otce the #overruent appealed for cmcçrrûtLo,n or¡ thê gËowdF

of nêcesslùy ard e{f*,ctucy, lt ËäË df,ff,tq!¡lt fot those who hed spokêB

on recruititg Platforas to eÞÞæe fl qeåqure ¡ahÍc& tåe Gor/eurneut cLal¡ned

fras lreceÈsary lf vlctory ¡râs tÞ he edrÅurred. .{gquithrs promf.eefl !{on

143. üTehb, Þp. e+Ê., p. 53

L44. $ixtcea teho¡rr ill.F.râ ryotëd for the ffills G. ï[. Bar*eo, ç. kl. ÐdtFrünR, il.8tlcê, Irl. $rçoks, Ç. Sratc-an, ¡.. fiall, Á. n*"e*""on, J. Ilodge, J. ttGrady, c. II. Robetts, J. E. $niion, S.-tf: làyfoi, *. loothlll, S. lfafefu, A. WÍ.lkiä, üf. T. lËleon. ¡.13. oyer sodre !ùayerèrs aad froro thls poinÊ Lah.ger o,,fpoe:íti_on t¡1 parlfaneot

ceû'tered erowtd Ehê haÉdfur Ef tr.L.p. ÉÊilbers and one or .oro 145 me¡ùerç who supported the wa.r, frut objented to cofrseËiptié,,. A.1.1 seven parlÍa$ent I.L.p. Meffiefs of vored agefust the Setr¡"Íêê L46 Mtlitary Act at EÖfie sÈdge of, íts ÞassfrBe through parlianent. Ìü.c. andersoq a*d phÍrfp $nqlden !ùere thê chief epokesnqn of tåe r.L'P' durÍng the cotrgcrlptlw dÞbåtes. Nq nenber of the i.L.p. spgke during the first readlng of the Efll, br¡t Anderson noved the reJectioû of thc üEásq¡re ffi içe åecdtd readfcg. IIe toLd Êhe Gdnno¡tÊ that r¡efversal- condcri,pt{o4 Would f,olJ.o¡r if rhe Eill" Wep allorcd.Èo pass dú to the statüte book. *Anderson saÍd that the Billr attäctred qa,by ,rapart aûçfent rtghfe of, Briteiu¡ arid f,ron its eilttary Érspects altpgether f hellerrE it eSodies rhe H7 heg:iûnirg of, lndr¡srriåI copser::iptl*t.,,

To enphasfse thle atgÌ¡nreÊt bs quoted the septeuiber ediËiog of outlopk: Trade tlntoniåm - rhêt €hê¡.ter for ç1qdËers and slTit*,Þütr * ts i¡pperflling,9qr.exíerçnce acd by iti acrfqn ¿ troË of out Oationêl eoirl hag Þet i¡.. gne- rergË¿y *r¿_-"*-o;oil ** eradicate ¡hÍS state of fdt. Martlal lar,¡ t¿iLl cur6 ft. AndeËop watred hÍs lleteners thst gr¡ch a4 attlÈude to l¡ahÖur ntas dqhgero4st

To{¡'áfe 4aft,fng fof disasÈêr trf yog. try. a_gnlr 1o the rËt€s of rhe 4rmy to çþe qçn tn the workshope, factorte" óg roftles. lhey ¡síll not eùmit to thåt. {OSe L45. j:11,S?t".1 3nd F. Sqld*tone supported, rhe,gåtr, b*r rvere ¡rarticularl.y,:s¡¡649 oppoþemËs ëi cói"[ii¡ilon aud eoqsl.stently voted uith the s{,a11 uaJorfly whfcl¡ OpPosed coascripÊ!.Þu. Il.G. L46. -Aod"""or,r J. Pêrlçer, P. Sto¡¿e4 and T.-Jaþëç, Fdçhardsun g åtl t¡rrce r.-ilr Iljll=".s,?ry.ç "eadü;;;, srÈ YT:y*M"cDgaaId m the firsr and-seeona feadiuæ¡ aÈd J.R. Clynes os the flrst æading only.

147.. Þ_pbates, Fiftå $erl.es, ltol l,X¡n¡llr 1460, 1I-0: Janu¿ry, lglô. eol. 148. -Ibld; r. colqr L460 - L46L, ll January, L916. tr¡.4. on the srrbJect of, exÊrnptfoaç fron Et¡F Sill, Au.derson feared that eny uaû çngpgêd ln trade ¡h104 4ctlvlry uo.r+ld be at the roetrry of hÍ,s enployer pílesÉ êxemÞei.oüs rûètre uEde *solute. Teüporary e*êøptionþ, he f,eltr,rnÍght lead rp a rtr4ublesotuer enplpyeE b€fag fqund expe¿rdahle by hiS eryloyer aud fqrcçd fato the årUy. Ttrrtg ¡ aEderson was aot çwayed b3r the prç$å,çec co$cersi.ng egnsc?iption mde to LabqgË by the Prine M,lnfstçr ehurtly after the first readfng of the tfll. Ee felt th.e rmaeure Þeforê the toueß lrqs Jî¡Ét sne nor€ stëp tdrr*rde ggueral cottsctrlBtfon, å proqess ¡ftfch had t+eêf¡ Ëer tg hotfoû by the ìü4Êfo4a-1, þgister fn 191f. Andesson ruEs satftIy çonqewd wtth tuCusËrial coneerfpgiqt eç h4s sFeechee fn parll¿ueÊt sho¡c. Dçapite the frovernueçtto insf€tenqe thgt flad.qstrial conscriptf.cr ¡,Eould tat ensue frou tire B{11, tle çt1}tr belüer¡ed that tnduÞtrlall,ets would aE6{pts1âÊe the Äcü fot tkëfr sûl uFÉç. '

Bhiup Ënqqrden atss *Fohp durlrg the secoÈd readtpg of the E!.11. Ee *¡Ade hle posftiõrt go the Èovetf$ertt aqrd l.ts cofiscrfption{.or policy ctrear #ten he told tHe Gonffiohç, f, have tever been a përÈy ro tbat ptedgq.l4g I have ¡refÉr heW a party fo tÌre toalftlon Çovernænt. I have tle$gr accepted the politleal tÍuce, agd, thÞrefére, the Prlne lfl.nl.sterrs pledge hEs ns hindtng effect ufoo.. uÞ.

149. Aßqeltfì pledged, ffl Uovèüber, 1g15, tÌ¡aÈ 4)last àrtênpt would be rnade (fh€ ÐErby $clrenEl to brúng fn more singte æn by' irolìiritary æctwt-tiag, til, tt*r¡t,¿r-rr,rrrãl ;ã;--- hadi tô"efÈest, ¡narrl.ed .ørd-efngle." . :iüarried æq ùoui¿ noÈ,þe called out, hotoevgË, pnÈU. the eirrglÊ uÉril, teepgnded to ËÞeiF Çountryrs cell. Átrtertatíoe fÍgúçep sþo'lcçd ctrat u¡rried nen, secr¡te ift tþe ttcn¡trçdge ttrat singlc uen t¡ould be called flfËË, ltft[ sËtested ip lari¡e. ru¡údrs,, but that nany si,ù91é üefr h*f, r¡ot qoûûe-fçfwárd. lhe redemptÍprr of the Pfl,Èé ¡#sttster'qpfe$gp providËd a gpefùl slogarr for Èhe cÊrtrçcrfptionis,til it $re slngtre meþ,r.¡_ou_1d¡{9$ eal*tsr rhry nugr be fç*cþç4,gF tåe prourise..Ë.o-.lhe merriçd üer rra6 brokèn. 115. trqndm spake lrith conterryt of, the fígutes pfodqeéd by Derôy Seheræ.: t'?o presefrt, çhe st¡ch a hotcå-potch mass of contradíctory figure.¡ to ther'House of, Como.ons iF En fasult to the f¡tteuigesçe of Parlíapent. n

He codtlhued by explafntpg why he obJecred tp tJre figures. Ihe*g r{4s no Índfcation of how üaÍy consciqgtlous obJectors were inclsded in thê &rby fÍgrrres and there úerç other gËoups lncluded uho ¡vould her¡er forn part of the árod f,of,cee . Gover'ñeuß safd 'ïre that there l¡erç hundreds of tþous4nås of sfrrgle.npn of, ollitary qge who l¡ere hOlding back, but no¡høre"flíd &e Çsvefnrnenr 4ef,fne rhÉ Lim:its þf thiq rarlr.tary agef . rt srtowflenrs opiufo*, if the €o\,*rnn'nt Wlstrefl to rriÉ the ¡yar by fightÍng, theffi, ft Eõoul.d coaceütrate on provLdlng bore mua,itÍods. Hore neÉ éeeded çrely to lead the Gonernpent, to ïrasçe tråtrpolrer gB such vetiÈurês ás çalÍpoli. Ttre Governuent {.ndfsted tr.at ccnscriÞtion had thç general co¡tpént of the cor*ttf,r saf'd srrowdertt þut Èhrs ü+s äqt so. At Èhe aÉrËal Labour petty c0nf,erence a. large rnaJorfty h.*d csÉdemed coásçripÈ{oa. f{e e¡rded by sdyfng that the real reasot Þehigd the rnove¡nent tq¡errrs conscription was thaÈ the conscriptíptr,ísts wlcihed parli¿uBpt to "put f.nto their trands å Ët,rong weêpod for erfotclng the l5l' chalns of slavery on the demoçrecy.ñ

Together nith Iú.C.'Andergou. aÉd T. RlÉhardson, Snürden uà¿rttafned 15¿ cq ânti-¡rar atti,trtde ¡¡tr¡eughoçü t.¡.e wâr. 150. g"-Îf ?eE$,+æ, Sth-$pr1Bs, vol. LÐ(vur'col". l7L7- 171.$,,L2"c. Ja$nrf , 1916.

151. I,Þf9:¡,Çsl. L7ZG, 12 January, 1916; L52. I{.C¡ .ánder$ên el.ected after (Atterclíffç prvþÍo+ -shèffiel;;the war had beg'n of tãê"Årrber, 1914). L16.

$rese Een lrerÉ 4gafåst the ÊÉÈry of &rf.tafrr ÍoÉq the ¡¡ar and agafnst ary fa\rohüeEçrit ¡¡lth recruftfnt cånpd.ËnÈ. üUrlng the three readfngç of the se¡r¡ice utlftary Bí11 they voÈëd agaånst tbe GoveroEe*t aÈ et¡ßTf o,PfôfÊtnity.

Þe remafti4s r.L.P. ÞIerÞets of Parl.lauem't, $vho toq*, Lfttlg f¡art fa ar'*scËiptlq debates fn the ,Èouse of cqñdmcr bad a variety

of BttlÈrrdeE tdrerde Ëþ war. Bpth Jq¡¡ett ärid Ra*sr)r M¿cllonald

iûSisÊed thåt a1çhoU6þ the $af had rèe¡¿lted fro,a sê€rct dd.þIogacy uhtqh dfd of tftey nor apFrovÈ, once enterçd íntô, *re t¡ar ha{ to bs FPP' J$vett' chairñatr of the r.L.P. helð that Ståtar¿ was fåghttüg a Ee def,enslvê wer. reffised to recrul.t for the â,rruy bgc¿use he $as csavtnced that partiefpatlon f.n recrultirrg oould oürly lead to lafrqur aÈceptance þf conscffpçlçn.

''f.og heve ßû-opeüated ln the ¡raüúonal effort þ qer_ velr¡nteers,'-_tg GovErnçeür ryould e a)., '*rd shere respofisf,hi.tfty for tiiç failure lá get sufficiêJrt EeF. _ you cfûn$t aff, oÞppse cogpulslont'. I53

Itrê stateÍEÊt waa propheüí*, fqr the Go¡¡ernnent did rrse thls arg&Setlt to Wln waveretsi to its slde. Jowett, howeve¡, tooft AO Þatt f¡t the recnrftf+g eaqpafgrr. He ¡*rote in tlæ Bradfo¡{ pf.onger ln JrstÈ¡ 1915, thar he deptored petÏfods rhe t¡eed tO fdrce ¡ueri únts Sþe Arryt

['rrder tfte thte*rs of dfsnfsssl by çnployêrs æd,by, gptal ÞFêes - ,gaùg #rhodà pxêrcieed by peogle too Old Ëo eilI.t$t p¡r uhö þelpnE tq theieFx ffio pa¡rtrot ertll,Ët. 15¿

153. T:*:t BroeJt¡ray, ggeÍatiqn Over StxÊv years (loEdon: George Allen æil lfirln, 1946Ð, pJ*0. 154. Quoted ln Frockwayr p. l4l. trl7.

Jonrêtt üas ofeea aeked by hfs crltfcs how he cqurd oppos€

conscrfpEíçfi and yet belleve l¿ ratíoBal defence. k coußte.Èed the ärgr¡FeüË by saying that tpnscrlption *tës aot Rëçe$sary for rhe defence úf Ëtltal.ü. I*þss rüHo ¡rdnÈed conscrfptfün waated Ít for the defEnce of Êrltala. Ihose Ì¡ho wanted eonçcripttür wåüted it fqr thE fnvasist of Surope. Iq parllæent Jawerr Voted agalûËÈ the l$,lftary sernvice Ftrl ôh iÈs ffrst ffi¿¡ readlngç. Ransary ll4cDonald hçLd corrpLicated vletrs öù. Èhe r,rar. ITC was ah¿frFa¡t öf rhê Lagdur pdrty on thê outbreak of war, but repi.Hrre-d hfs crhálrmanshf.p on 5th Augusr, lgr4, when ft hecarne eleåË rhet thd rnajorfty pf the Laþour Farty, snayed hy the s#re patrloric fewqpr whích held rnost of t&e Co{l6t1"y ar thls petfod, rrere Supporters o,f the wqr. Ífte actual reeigÈ.erlø caüc tfhen Êhe Farty verôed t{acÐoaaldte propo+àr t¡ráf he, on behalf of rhe Farty, $hould oÞpose the ßoverü¡nentts $Éf èfecs.t demaad. MaeDo'ald re¡'ainÈd trèåFutëf ôf the Labprrr Fårtyr but formd thet nore qûd nrore, hfs gþt¿-r{ar vieûn led hirtr to ideng¿¡y htuseff Wirh tþç I.L.p., a sec¡fo,n of the l.aþour rclth whi¿'h had novÊüFnt he þed ura4y differencës of epfü*o* before the rr?â1. He acceptêd the r.L.F. pósltioa agaf$.st fnvolveueBt fE the recruÍtipg ca$paf*þ, although he suppl.fed hfs o¡ùn def,i¡,lrion of, ¡&at rêcfsltiBg. corrÈrituÊed Ee eoold r¡rlte lR the l¡å{cedter piqef 16 July, 1915: 'tßpsê who çgr¡ enlÍsÈ, ought to eqlLet, those Ëho aue worhíng fh flurrttiön fáßtories shourd do so whole-hearredly.rr 15s

-_1¡¡. ^ Quoted Xn Lord EXroÞr (18üú11919) (trondsûl Ccl.lins, lg39i, 118.

But MacDopald refr$ed, to go oEto a recrufrÍng pl4rforn fird

say this. rhe difference betf.een vlerrs e*pressed in a hwÙsÊapêr and sl,til,ar vLeWç g;f.vén fÉOm ê recruítíftg hall tnay üot have been very

gÌeat' þut mac$oualdrs bouadary ¡¿as ths rècruiË¿rig platform and he

neistalfted th:åç ättl'eude throtrghout the war. Desplte his non_ patËlcipattörtr in recruftfag, MacDonald felt that wrong as BrltaÍn had bçeu tö €åter the ¡rar, it shorrld strÍve tp nln thn ça¡ ¿¡4

cqnclude a Feaee ûhich ¡routd eqs{¡re that the folJ,y qf lsar would be

åtrcËted ln thE futurg. rtris optaion tgok hlfa fnto the g.¡.c., as orÈaÃisatfon donfnaæd þî Liber¿J.s áfiË one ln dhfch !úaeËonald fe¡.t Hose cofüfortÉI# thau wttu the çxtrehfsËs iË üre r.L.F MÊcüÉtråldts ohSectLons to conscripÈÍon r¡ere thpse Ìryeeredly Ëåil.re,$sed by other neúerç of, the tr.L.p. in pprlÍ.an¡ent: thet cotrÊcrfptfoË Úas urtnecesperf. atrd.that if thç teastrre becene la$, iûduÞtrial conscriptlou trould foll.ø,r. lle alço prop[resied that if çôfisêriprioü !ta$ tntrod*ced ít woutrd þe co&H.rrsëd after the tçqr.

Itr lfecDonaLdtE nlnd conscripti.on wse l{tlqçd rrith tha secret forei.gn polfcV fthiEh he insfsted had cA{sed the trry. IIe ¡râ$ convlnçed that êaft8cf:lptfoüt would qnsrrê thet rhe sas kl¡{ of secrèt dtprøncy would operaËe ¿f,ter the ¡üdr. If this ¡+Éfe a.llqçed to happen, then

ÊuroÞe would once agåf.ú be set oû, ä fûå,r éÐürÉÊ. MacDrÊäLd equated coßscrfpËton ¡rlÈh nilítêrlÞq and felt thar lf chsctÍpt1on uas brcr¡ghË into BEirafn, nilirerisn r¡ould he steryqd ø the Cowtrï. lbe renainrng ¡rp r,.L.F. uenher-ç of Þ¿rllaænt diü not ågré,e witft ttre of,ffcf.a] r,.L.?. ättf,tuds ta the !ùâr. Bóth J. B.

Qlyues md Jatep Paçlce¡ Supported the ¡¡*r. ïhey edopnéd ÈhS öfffcial tabor¡r P.å,"ty pollcr tnnards ttre trar and spohe ar fecrsåt{fig 119.

rnêêtlngs. Çlytes, frl a L*ttçt to the @nçral- secretary of ,Èhe. tr.I*.p. år the r.915 r.L.p. *o*.ferêqee held at Notre{.ch, a eonferÊrce rrhttjh cl¡mes was urable tÞ ÈtHefld, rcroçe råaË although he agt*Åçltl* Ëhç tr'L'P' cotÊe' lflg f'he *vtl€ qf seotet dfF]ogÊcy¡ 'êr åf¡{ the arÍ,* raçê, he disegreed ¡ü{th f'ts atÇftudÞ tslr.¿rde &üíraÍnrÉ entry ftrfq the v¿4r and oa the srúJecr of reqrqf.Èing. He bertevcd that Çqrmaçyrs qcrftui* rq aqgFst' 191¿+' ¡n¿de gntrr Brfffqh á neresÊ1Èf ffid thar to secgfç vlctory Labpur s.þartd be willing td co*sperate *{.th other partles ttu thê rêcfuiHflg eanpaf.qn. Clyues $trote,

th€ge vúerrrs are coÊstrstenÊ wfth the BEH.oüç af, ä $ocfati,Êr hrtreri the ctrolcà ri **"-rileä. hef,tceen peåçÊ and wer, hut hetr*fgå peace årrd çubrqissùou to the. wap_ndter. $6 ra hls r{çmoirs clyrree wfore thrÈ he ,nÉ6 soÈ csrsorçd f,or hre öPfnions, co^tfnued 'rI ily ûenbernhLp of the I.L.p. ¡çlth d*a¡qEf,y ãtother word of, crlticd.gr f,rou anybetf.$ IS?

Lord El.ton recordn irr hLs bfography df, Bansay t{4cÊmptd, l¡orcrrer, s6üe that delegatee to the Lgl6 t.L.S. Confereüde seriously cçn$ldered novrng a resoltrtion to wtthÉ¡sTd sqpport fron Çâynes æ,d parBer. Eltoo clafns that lfacDopatd aç,ted as a p4crdeqsfter and *çucnetred i.a quaehlng the proposal.

CIynesI agÈpbLoglfaphy contaÍns few referenqes to eonscrfptlon, but 1û dæs say that he thought vealth should Þe eonrscrlÞted. [E wrote:

R' clvttes' lFmolrt vol. lggz), n]tfåu.J' r ftondone Hurclrinson fr to.,

157. Ibid., r, 197 leo.

ÞIelt {ere to be f,oreç*, aga{uer rh.eír ¡¡{lls Errd c.ørvictfot$, out and be Slaugþtefed; pockere !o ,go Uu! Éu of tlre ffnqrc¿eis t*ho Jrrgàd,-,-iág: sefel.y et hoüÊ ust be kept sacroçanct. ClgÊêts nÎu ¿."sefted that: Þatllsmeat we Lahour tfefrÞçüs fought Èüe Comçcr{Þtfou Sfll iÉ all lts Êrages,.rr *59 &owevçr, he vqtd ¿tBaù'Ët oin dtÊ fírsË ßâillûå âf tb.e BdLl., bur did ûot rÖre tÊs sÊcond ead oft thfrÈ readings. $at he d'd vorh w:ith thë âûtf.- consçrtptlôÉfÊts.ós *oþt of the dåvfslwrs at the CohhiÈtee,sta*F.. clyûêÈ r,rês cerüålnly lf,, a dqlÍcqte poslÈfon ¡rf.r'h{q the r.L.p. HfÊ suppsft.of, ths war affiçr4sred !ûfth Êhß vtEr¡E of nçst other r.L.p. Bëühërs, werê lfto ttlâshâraedly anËl-na# åt tills SÞrúod. As rlowett bad Éredlcted, Ére LêÞopr dêÍþerç trtro teok patr úû ¡þct1tfti¡g caryafgus found ir *åff,lcur.r ro oI¡posê ßqrrefase4t appeals for c*mncr{Btiørt. parker *ctual-ly voted wtth thè Êovetntrnt e¡t.çn ã Bt.ll gener*l congcrtptfon fot bas intrþdÉgÈü by ûsqulth on I Maïr ¡.üI*. Clyþec voted agåiû$t rhe extonÈfon of cqpncrlptf^on, bur ft le perhap' *gt cÞinc{dencq th*t sar&.Ër and frryoes acdefrtêd, Êqvern_ úÉtrt fosts ln 1.917. 16Ð

158. Cfð¡ãêsr þÞr clF., p. l&1. tr59. [bid-, p. lgg

I'6t. Farker þecane a Lord comfssiouer cf the TrËæu'y tlyÈas 4çcepæd e,pqåitfoÈ as Parrrerfu;;.T-il;"*Èaqf {!,gr.7}. of foËd (19r7-r$r,gl. to the +q*¡¡¡.*+tuÈer rhs tr-L.p.- -=ay,-Freqovêd ÍtÊ *,*pporrp+f,prrrhr, ¡f.E¡r raE:l{'eEparker 1$1,7. ^w ff,o¡Í *n LZL. ït ts clear, horever, that e1¡rttes e:leggerated the Êtres,gth of Labptrr oppositlon ro conscriptÍ.an rûen he c.l.aí¡qed thet LaÞour ¡nEúers h¿(l cotsfstently 1¡oted êgflIfrst the, qeaçurþ. Jtrfit aìî¡èr hålf the faÞpur ld.P.s actuar.ly voted for coäecripÈfoü,. the tûtâr Lahonr opposftion (sevffi cf 13 I.I,.p.) on ths first readf.tg f,eLI to 1L (six l.L.P.(Ínclude* o,r* te,ller) oh the secoud vote and to (fncludes stx one l.abour tel.ler(four f.L.B.) on the thfrd vote. rhroughout Êhe three readfngs of the Rflt, fffteen l"ebour nenüers had voted agaÍ$,*t the **11r ÞuÉ ou,ly eir of then had recorded a vote êgaln't otr each of the three ¡¡¿fn df.v{eioûs. t6r IIT A group pf l.tþççåls conslstêftly oþposed rhe ldilttârr sÞrvice 8r.11' of toho¡u 2å vote4 agafrrst on aü three readÍu,gs. The le¿def of, the group a+d by thE far nost dfstfngufshè4 of then r+aq $ir Johs $¿ñqH.. Aç IIsn* $acretaçyr Hre had held an important Cabr.rrFt Þgstr iü L9L5, when cçnectfptlot, rras beÍng eonsldered by Èhç GorrErfrrnent. I{e f.¡ldtç4red hfs Ahjectroûs Êö cfrrscftptioÉ durtng tåbûtet $eetiÉ86 ånd at that Ðerlod he lw¡F rror the only Cabfaøt U[q{.sÊer $fth obJecti,ons to cflrscrÍptÍm- L62.,r- Ðr. Addlson records r:::.ì.., that four nÊúers ,pf the cabf¡tet had certaia objqcrlons to couscrlptton: tnrd, FarcoBrtr

161. [I. AÞrüham, ü1. Adapao*, I{.C. Açdersm*(fetlcr secsttd vote), J.{. on the paiker*,ltpres, r. el$*o$;;. *-:üãã**, F.w. Jn¡serr, J.R. IdacDonald, J. Í. Rfcherdsr't.-d.ät"rgsoa*, goo,rdEq*, J.E. lhonas*(tellet ou F. rke-thfrà il;¡f"¿tr'C.*ñ"*e áEd G.J. Wgrdle. * f ¡d.p. s r¡hc rr'ted, aå8d4€t on ar.r, three readf,ngs of the üir4. . L6?.t. Addfson, FþldrfÇq FioF,f¡ft$An, Vol. I ([ondo*r¡ ¡e¡kinp, lg?4), p. l71 tertert L22. Regiaal'd MeK*n'qr $f"r t{arrer Rsnciman and s{r John sfnön r.€3 Only $irnon, left the 0aÞiner becãuse of ltfs drrti_conscriptionf$t vie$s. Bunc{naq and ücKenna dfd not oÞJect to coùrscrtptfon oh Þfiscf.ple. lhE for¡¡er argued thar the 70 divislqrÅ !úiqh Ritc*rener dçntan{ed wsrrld take too ma''y r*a a*ray fror ar'å¡&nt prod'etrm,. I{d(en'a bal{eved Èhat ralsfng rhe di{fq¿{hß wsutd crfpple rhe cotutrry fiaancially an¿ ne€ül a reductf.on la aåd, f,or ErLte{ars arfles. Howe'er, Rrrac{.nan, McKern* a¡rd fiarcsurt found that they eould support eonecrip- rron by the tiue Asqurth fatrorhrced the trfilftary $ervr.ee Bfll 0n 5 JaÈFaryr 1916. L64

John giþon sfr raised three uadn obJectloEe ro conscrf.pËiolr. Firstly, he objected on príncÍ.ËlÉ. ås he eaid o4 5 JAmuerl, durfhg the first readirrg of the ,rlheré Bf.tl¡ are äonte of us nho regârd thl.s pr¿e.cÉple of, voluntêr$r eftltstment aâ a real" herttage pf the BrLtiãh pep$le." L65 Secondly, he dfd Êat ágree n¡ich the figdrês provl.ded þy Lord Derby which þurporred to shor{ that 65dr000 efi1gle nen had not volunteered. sinon safd f.t wÊs açt eiloügh to su,btract tlre flgrres glvetr by Lcrd Ëetby frqd those eallected for rhe ltetlohal Begister. 166 prop xhe major af, his atguneñt wãË that tretEyffiSr ¡ùerchant geæn, þeü other protected in Þosltiaq"e and coqssfenttow ohjectore, icelqded 163. Ttre f,lrsr deÐmlseioûèr of Tdorks; the chançelror Exctrequeri the Freeldênt ef rhe of the Bpård-of tri¿å; end the fio4e $ånrerary. L64. Þ. SF srron*-it"r RuncÍ'aarr an{ sÍnorr{1frns,r S+.i +Ê., çrey, McKeqüa, suotnffiã-ieitinanon" o"Ã"-iuu csñser¿prfoq issue and thaÈ &frrerr had i*dicsÈèd úät ¡"eh-;.'*iat trtrh support the negeure, he t rerucraÊce dÍd tot reer"ltt trå t.lÊh the covernûÊRÈ lf the four resignatÍons were accepted. "ofiu--ru"uia g.Éfth 165. E. of, C. Debat€, Seri.es, VeL. I.HVII, col. 976,5 16,6. Eqacted-ltr Jtrly, lgl5, rha tsatlcnal_ ßegfstratfqr åct was ageped' eafd tha åoveranent, te sqFFly accuratÉ ffgrrres Þár¡-B6FËr resources of the of the countrl¡. rts oppmenta salã thç Act waa the first,stage to rse {ntroduction of *ooåIiiptr*. L23.

Ín th,e Natiçnal Regrster totAl, could Eet he courrtèd as part qf çhe uriasiag 65o1000. 0tly by s$ÞtractiÐ$ Ëhs"ce clerics, Eeåãçû aftd qthers fr6É rhe Natd'o'nat' Regf.eter Ëorê1 âûË rhen suhtractr*g the Derby ffg¡rres'froa rhe fesqrtad.È total qa cÕ$¡.u esËifrate be g{vet çt the evéilabl¿ æn f,or nilirary servfcq. ãÍuonrs thrrd obieet{on to csgq.fip¿ion çae that he fearsd for the r¡qf$ of the courtry ff, the $111 ¡vas paseed. hçl*.eved fie that the tahour $Ëi.ons had showfr qu,t-fè ëléårly rhf,Ê thcy tse¡ê oÞFgsëÈ rø tåe æ,aeure. $T.bon lläe ppposed noÈ ÈÞ Èhê war; for be atated frçque_atlJr durfng the debates th¿t he rranted Èhe cor¡rtlT to be strang. 1ï6rérrêrr dfd he uot feel that cúüscripÊfþn ¡rouLd provide srrengüh; ,r'he 6çghods r¿hteh thts &tl1 Fropoges to adopË arÊ Ror Botng fo rnake our co(mrry strongÊf or 167 ra mre *¿çE¿.rr !{ry ¡{.p. wh' 0Þ,sected to conecrfptf.on edroçd gfuo'nrs f,ear thêt the rcecure wqrrd drvådeffis corfrrrf' $fr wflffad ñyles' Liêf, .lones¡ I{,.G. thençer,tor,r aûd R. D. Holt a.u r.ndtçF,t*¿, 4¡*flnå fte ftrqt rèâdfqg, Êhat çhcry believe^d ûatfonal dtgr¡[rfry tçould fpllfi,¡ ttrê Fåg$iug pf rhÊ Bfll. Ðurdng rhe sÊcord readrng, &{hêrarc placed ress enphaa{e o¡r thç threat posed å,y coÈscrf.ptf.ffi tc üat"I.o*al unfty ffid concentrrtd nQre o8 rhe posstbftlFy qf åÉd{¡Ef,rfâtr cûËcrfprron forl,wfng fn the s¿&* of, nÍ+ftåry Ço&$rñr'fl. Rich*rd Ln¡Ècrtr. J.M. Eoggç drd A.G. Ëanæy aJ.I. cxpt*sed the opi¡r.toa" thAt tha Èill could fprn rhe ba*ts of Índustrtql cgÈserlptåOn. Ei¡ro,E aleo prlt forward thte vlew dren he

C. Ftfrh $erÍç"ç, ,, ¡"nuqlf7.rrlã,or Fbates, vot. rEtyru, qot. $S46 Lell. epoiçÉ en ür,ç see€Èd readj^-qg. flewÉver, Asqutth prom{,sed an q¡æ*ftçnt to esÊqre t&åE füeËç lrauld hê'*o poselÞillÈy of indusrr¿al coûe crl.p.* È1ffr Êrislcg oqt of tbe pf{ng}ç BilL. T{.M.$. saÍd rhet he, aud other r"fåerals fpr rchoE hç spoke, uçúe Bariçfded þy the prlue lg,Bleterre ÉrqBtse and thEt ftþr¡td they *ot vote agafart Ëhe ,til1 0n lts secoiid readlng. I'68

rn ovetruted, D. BoulÈon places þçth (,hrrsÈopher 'Þiecff'øn tr. Addtsq arrd BEluet Keny*¡ fiøong thosç imdepeRdeat Liberät$ whq opposeÈ the BiLt. Both vored for rhe filll sr frs flr$t two readi,ügu, ho$rrever:, t{*tfçh hardþ mekÊË then opponente cf caÉ*crlpßÍ.oü. Ðton Àddtsffi,rs âutshfograÞlrv dt fs poesr.bre ro see th¿r he had shEF rêservatlonã *sut conscf,lptf.gl:

fherc att Bçbß s¡e¡té,pts 1t the ßt't vhtch a gôâ4 üüly sf {s F 3or 4f!e. ¡p i,t .t"nn", ft could cerradttly Þe tued by an e¡rploçer ae qr iqctfiiffirÈ Ef lürtqbtriãl presäurÁ. 169 Addfson nroüe thfB on January 17, tg16, sf,Èçr he had voted tor the BfIl on 6 Já¡rheqrç but he had deci.ded drar eqme neas\¡re of eoÊ$eriptl@ lfäfi nece$safy x,ong before thfs dåte. on JuLy 2g, 1915 he told ühe ftör.¡se arrd nore partfcularry, *Èh{Ëc Knbers wtth würdÉ I heve ¡¡orked for ßaty feársrr, that they €üôu'd keep a¡1 opea u'nC on conË€riptloû. He went eil to say thåt the vlewÊ pf Èhe vôlunceeïs et the Front ehould be caÈvassed. Àddf.con wæ of rhe opiuiéfit that thEy of,ten asked rtfheü ete tïröse at hone who haye not cofnÞ fnfrr¿rd gofn& to Þear their f,et,t sharelr 178 16g. fre other nenberc vJele probahl_V $tr J. E. Farlorr, J.M. HoSEË trd G.c. Bees. lAese neh togertre, triú I,f]U.n. cpÉsèrÍ,pH.on t&e Frftgç reted "qtryr on ffrut f"aaiag;-+*iåtn*+ on rhe eeæ@ æd d{peåÊiefred wlth rhç æ¡rdmuÈ" *eäidine f.*¿r}st"lnr votel agatüet oÉ the thftd. conJ""rpt¿ou 169. Addfsoû, gp.çiÈ., þ. ?ffi (Londou"l?ft" L25.

It waç oq, ti¡e grounds of sffteteùrÇF¡ houeyçr, thar Addisoe eúdorsed conscrfption. H.e t+rote!

The eeriu¡s defeer of üte ygluu,tå,rf q)¡cteffi ss tre saÌ{ ir ffiIþ, dnd an Lr wsg Aätnþ o'BerÊted uildçr tke ktùy &ctrffie, *a" tf.a* a great au¡iher of heen yoqgg nen jofaed $þ #ho coutrd b* epared fËeÞ'vit4l- fn4ustrleç ffid thaf umy whq cepl4 haye gone and. g9&r fo have epüÊ d¿¿' not eürol. L7L Tlre lndependent llbefã¡å t¡hd voted against couaerlption mere: sydner Arnold, Jo[rn Bqrns, $if. w. ffi. s¡].eg¡ E[.G. chancer.ror, tr{. Clough, ß.Ð. Þenta&, $fr W. A. ßeldêr, ñ.J. 6lænvlJ.1er4.G.ç. Fen4y, f,!. J. llsgge, R.D. EoLt, Edrfabd fl. Jebfir l"{.ef JaÉêer ,Slr. ,E. t. Laffi, T- Lough' sir l,Ielter LgncÍ¡r,as (,&artlepool), D. M. M.sotr phtlfp Morre.l.l, R. L. outh*afÈe, Ar*ür ðbenreÏl, H. g. Lees_Snf.th, J. H. u{þitettoræe, seary wfuf.áqe (}rfddrÊsÉüro), L. r{É^Lr.ians (carncrtheË}.17â

a furËher grouÞ of Lfbefals rylr,o" vÕted agafnsË constdpt*oü were thosg eonâected wåth the u.D.G.: Joçeph ffing, arthur pouspqby, Itf.drard l..,ar$ert arrd Cha¡les lrevgly4. parÉy r8 Al$Þ fn thc hi.baruJ. uere foE*r Fr.p. nrfuq were 4Êübers t'he of soerety of !'glea{¡*! J- Al1en ßaker, r.F. flarpy, Afnor.d Rormtrae aü.d J.[f. If'llËon. The f,lrst three Frl*cds voted agalü8t thé Afll cn all of Lts three readirtgs. But J.lü. WtL*on did rrot vote o¡r tJre naÅn dlvleioas. 173

Iïer,e, then, ¡vas the sum of, the rnesfstè*cê to cotrscrfptfunr 1n t&e Eouee of Coffions. pas Ît coryopeS latgely of Liberals rrith ¿

171. Addlaon, 9p. c'fË., p. 1Zo L72. B- r,eés*$!Ê,Í.ßh F. caæ fron the front to cEet hf.E votep agalrst conscrJ.ption a¡d ryÖ"e hts qniforp ss he d,lû sq. L73. WllsOn o¡ly eþpe¿ts rq have h*en la the Hu¡se :on oËê daf lü,Januarg, X9J.6 Í¡hilß rhe Mtlftar¡ Servlce ¡ SttrI "* b;il-¿*tul*e. *å iåfËä*åå"å*ffdft!+.$"äl"Ehil*Efffirfod oecur on rhis dare. He spoke L26.

handf,ul of r'L.P. ineúers aad aú even sn.LLer number of oÈtrer Labour party menüqrs. rhø In Latter parÈ Þf LglS, it had appeared that the opposrtion to coÂÉ¡çriptrou was mo*ft nore wrdespread tha' this. haE It Hees skprûr that for varying rÞaÊÐhs the lrish NaÊf.ffr.Alf.ets, LaÞour and e"ên netúers of the tabfêcr had opFofrëd consÊt*'pt{on' Gtaduålls, hq¡cÊver, thÍs oÞposition was eroded atray. fhE frteh Natfonalistç r¡gre.,p¡êÞÊred Ëo oppdse coûSçrÍptÍøt fpr lreland, but wçte not rrfllf.og to sÊand rlfrh orhef afii*conscrlptlonfsÊ èlêuenrs rrtreq lcel,ffd t¡as pnÍtted ffon Ërc Efltr. Lahour never fotué.d a r¡¿ited front agafnst conscrlptÍoÉ,. lhrougþout ßhe pfgg¿gq of tt*e Bfl"I, [abour M.p.ts wère almost equølly divf.ded nr¡¡¡et{cally into tt¡çEe VhO emppofted conscrfprion êþd thôee who obgected to ft. gutqtde Far&taueçt, L$ogr confereaces ÞaSsed resoluttons agsfnst conecrfptron, but confÈfêrÉcÉ decisiqns e¡pressed fn the forn,of rçconnend4Êtorrs, did Rot htnd M.p.rs. othèf f4Ctors had to þe ,[email protected], espeetallÍ the:U.?.rs .F ¡lersonel viêr¡S aûd üE vfe*+ þf therf c'Bstftue¡¡ts. *rÍtics of the decisions of Èhe CqafÉrç¡rcÊ could argue '.ïr.c. Slao that bee,aq$e ngrry T¡ade UnfoÈfeÊs were at tfue Front, the Confere¡lce declsíons dtü not ref,lect true Union opfnion. Íie fnplleation rm.&rlyftg this erit:lelsn wås rhat the sordiers wor¡r.d have voted rnaÈf¡uor¡sly for cûnçcriptÍo'.. I{hether or not thfs.r'sour-d have been the casê r.s open tq dispute, but the irnporËant polnt to be kept iu nind Ls Êhat co*fefençé decisíons agaltrst consërfptlQn trere ignored by a large ûüÉër of Labour M.p. re. 1,27.

Even the frfuh Netimalist and Labout Farty vote copiþfned courd p.ot h¿vê defeated rhê Bill, although ft coulll heve beefl ttrre decfding factot if a substaúrlål uuúer øf L:iþetalç had also OppqËed Èhe rñeasuËê' ÇabineË dipserrsio'4 Þver coriscri.pÈion and the expressed opfnforrs of urarty l"Íberals before thç litÊrodu.cÈfos of the !¿flitsry service tsill séÊEed Èo {ndfcete that nany Líberal_s would ofpOsp the Bf1tr, bur ia Êhè evÐt the majoríty ef libetals voteÉ f,.of consçrfptlon.

LV Mæy M'p.'s rúr0 opFosed çhè Milirary Sërvice BÍ11 were cällêd pacifists by çheir oritics, although very f,ew ï{ëre. ttloee who opposefl the BÍ11 general,LV did so þçca[oe fr.uteant a tro.sç of freegonr afrd þecause Èhe uould Bl11 div¡dè the qo\hrry. S?¡e Quaker flBúers r^rere agarust ar'1 nar â¡rd 80rre r.L.p. Bêtibers gere agÊinst the fûÈr Þårficulgr th€rn beipg fougþt, but mqst LabOur l{.p.,s and non-Quqker Liberals supparted the wå,r. Rf.chard Laggert, a staunch LÍþeral of ernsertptf.n ,seconð 'pponedt said dur{ng rhe rêadtng of the 81L1:

do tr tot +greè T"rith the cqrqcfêBtiou* obSecÈór. rf r t¡ere.,:f-stllary.egê (He jOi wes i wo¡rrd so ùyælf,, but. thé dougcientÍous obJe"ipr-is ënrítled to his opÍni,ç¡r. Ll4 J.E. iloþge dutlug the same read1ng aleo said he woutd go ts the Füoür if he were nat too old. (He r*as 43). He added that he a prfde felt for the Scotrish regírùents and for Ëhe Ehplre. H.B. I,ees-Suithr as êlready indicated, caue difeetlf frog the trenches to oppose eonscription. Mr. Lough told the Eorrse on thè lL, Jartuary:

L74. qf Ðeb u. ÊIqg, FifËh Series, Vql. UßVII, col_. L46g 1916. 128.

I an opposed Ëo corapulsÍoo, but Íf I r¡ere assured that coryslefoR r*as aec,atssery to r¿in thls war, I should, r¡fth rçlucteiçe accept even that bad systen. 175 E.T- Jphn spoke for hrnsçrf and other opponents of rrr conscriptl0n r+hen he çaidr h4* VOted t$rrcË agairrst this Fill ...... 1t does $ut) rot fol_lorç that rûe have 46y douþË as to the of, the 176 Justice cau*ê for wh{.ch rre are ffgÉrtlag. r' Str Jottn $inou sho*nd thet hê obJected to consçrlptíonr bUÈ not to the *¡ar itself wtren he Joinëd Ëåe Royal AÍr Force es Ê dsJor ra r.9r7. gnov¡de' Þhrllp beceræ the ctrlef voiee in suBport of the conscietrtiotrs objector parlÍaæ¡¡E, in but'h. hLrn""lf r¡as ûot a paci.fiFt. trn his AutoÞfographv hè wrgtei "I hevê ûevßr.tal*d up the ãttitude of the extreraø pacffÍ.st olhp obJects ro war in all L77 ngssihle circalú,sËance1.'l lte esÞhaçised hi.s attftude ro extremÍsts shen vrÍtlsB later about the absclutfst obJector: ,,r

Èever agreed srlt& the attttr¡de tâkçn trp by thesè absoJ_utieÈe, although r hdd th,e grqatest r€Epect for what ÊheJ regarded the 178 ss right cÕurce.t' Snmcden obJecte{ to the rrar not as a pacifi$t, becauee but he fert rt had beea sÈarted by cgptallsts and the sêcret dlplonacy whlclt:arose out of capiÈ*liqp. MacDdmald and Jcncett tÞöught thp wçr nr¡st be won. Iüel_ther dpoke at âûy leegqh or the Ër¡bjêct of rhe cqneclentious obJectoÈF, âI-thou$h ÞÎacÐmald had a ton in the F.A.tI. þacÐonald hir¡self trlêd 175. Ihfd,, col'. 1516, Ll Jaruary, lgJ_ó.. L76. t. äf F,Þåetes, 0. Flfth Serfes, Vol. IJüÍVllL, çol. LOZ¡, 24 Jqflgástr,,|916.

L7'7. Snow&n, o,qi clt., F. 36â. 178. Ibid.. o: 410. LZ9.

pa ánbulance to Jofl unít th DeceIober, I-g14, but l¡ord Elto4 records thar rhe nilitary êuthori.Ëles fä Belgfuru poasldered that hÉ r¡as ,rtoo dangerous a petrson 179 to be altwed wrthÍtr reach pf Èhe ,{estera Front.,, hiå ÖtttBbrsts' Deepfæ i¡¡ r*t4r agå{ããt the war and hís deÊet¡rlnation oor to t*e part f¡r recrr¡Ltfag eäåpåfÈp,6, MaêÐonald vas willifrg Ëo sêñre åþsngðt the rav,*gps of vtar ¿t" åg ambr¡rarice wotker. !,racDonald alíd Èot ca',õfder hfinself a paetf,íst. He wrote fo th. gqcfali.et .RÇuiéwr la þetoher, lgl4:

For nryself I c4rÉot aecept thet doetriee (1o.tr*tpylaurl. it i""-eneqg1trg f,rorn the qpfê¡, evolutlort cf 4e world, f ¡rafr foi ft...t$t ft hä$ uoË-ys¡:--- glvç lt tbe hOmege of o¡te who"grg:...I is w-orkùrg; for iË erúodinent, Beyond t-het I'Cf,nsst go no$r. 1SO l{acÞmaLdf e urterå4ces fu ?grlia&Êat {urÍng the trer bho*r that he $qE nof+ intereeted fn the couplelnts Of eoldtefs.: thän thosq of çcnÊcfqntf@s obJeçtefs. Ile ralsed poiate åbor¡t vlidolrr* pensi#rs, soldfer?s ÞenËi.qnË ¿nd kfn4rçd prebleu_: þûÊ fpnvard by soLdf+rs or thetr fatflies, üorrt he rtfely spoke dp the subJect of, conecJ.entiors obJeeËors.

shared nany Of Joqett MaCDonaldrs oplntons durÍng Ëhe war. Ire ÈoÒ was l¡ery hteresçed, fn rhe welfare of dhe soldler¡s ånd their dependeatç ånd r,rhen he þa6 nöt ðetoqtirc{ns dre eecret fotergo policy whtch he cloirned, r,nas reeponslble fqr the wpr, hfs ÈarlfareEtqry spaeches 1¡erË åhouÊ these peöplê.

L79. Ettófi, op. cfF. p. 26g. 1.8$. lÞ{d., p. 243. Jolrett was rtôr pacifisÊ a as evidencêd by his support for a war of natÍonal defgnce., Ile had s)¡Þa.thy for thoee fiho tqetre p¿cf.flsrç, arrd rrrore however, in ehe gredfeFd pfo4çef in Jrge, 1915: No ouÊeide power, qo t{r¡Ean Aqthoríty, is entltled to eoilpeL ä man to {o th¿t- áeatnst which his sor¡l revolts. A uas trad beËger lose hlp tife tharr,hÍs soulr átrd haüy æD in rft:ån ôorrrtry E1II, i¡ tGf a"p roi*êd þy the nadrreËs gf thêir ruXetc Êo f,ace thp altÈmÊtivë, c.llo:usethe bettçr þ.att. lgl

IÈ seehs cleér, thert that many of thoge r¡bq spqke and voted agafrst cøscription so ,oainri because they ¡sere pro-vor.ntårr.sts 'r

paclflsn. JsrêtÊ an4 uecÞonald toolr sp â rÊarÊ central po6fÈr"oh !üfthlÉ the r.L.F. æd Latter 'pectru¡ü the nê\rer ide¡rÈf.ffed hrr¡celf completeLy wtth paciflÊt ele¡neqts çl.rher wfþhfn or without tbG tr.L.p. Snotcden, perhaps was cLoser to the Saelfls¡-¿onf[¿te¿ raokâ çf the althouglr r.t.F. he uafirtaíaeü that se did noÊ share the"*retgs of the absolutist objector, $nowden more tharl aÐyone else ghsryÍoned

L8J.. Quotêd fn Brôckr¿ay, 0Þ. çiF. p. 141. 131.

Ëhe'Ì cause perllaænt. Many absqlutlsts 't¿ betrleved, as drd $flowden, that ttre watr was a capitarist r'¡ar äq4 they r¿ould have no part r,n it. rf thçB' it is a110red that ' thls oþJectfon td å paftlcular rrâr eqíef,iltßtes a cqûsci.ehtioqs óÞJèctÍon, $ücryden ca¡r be safd .Êo ftavié beerr a cqrecfetrrÍOus ObJector. t{Ê did $.ôt eúräce the pactfísg vhlefu opt_ lðfed al,l. ¡rar, b{¡t his ôbjectto¡f ro råÈ GreÉt I,Iar was unfl{+Ctr1gg. v

Dufiae tke pasÊagÞ öf the lrri'lir,ar] Senrice Bfll (No. å) ¡ conscíÈrttfous oþlectfþ+ wês ãt ísËue râlÉed priaclpally on thê çççqnd reading äËd ãt tlte Çop+ñtree stdge. sír JohÊ $l¡rron ref,erréd to cons€ierr,tf.ous objectora oq lL, Jacuary, 1$16. Ee ,rrae thþ f,ffst uerrber ro ôÐeak of theu at qily leagg¡ årtd he çhdned that he had $ohe Éyüpathy for tgenulüÊt oüiectore. For çhirkefs he had no Þ¿)tfetce 4rd waütëd provfsioq,s fn Èhg Sfltr. harsfi eÈDügh ro dpter Êrten' though Ê9t too harph to forlag hardsrtf.p ta gèf¡rr*nÊ ce$ss. s'üon sard that he $as awar6 that the excluslüÊress þf, ths QçakerÉ in matters of co¡lf,cÍentíouc objectf.on þas o\rer asd th*t tbe Þrohleu eould *or bÉ eolvéd as fÊ hqd bÊe¡r r.n fhe MÍlirlq B*tot Aét Çf L802' when qu€kere aLoÉe had b+en graaÞ4 ç¡réqpt¡.o,fl f,rom ¿oúäÈ. HÊ ¿sgsred the Govetïannt that ft vqpld heve çg uatte.the net ¡4der thdt êver befote to lbclude n1,1 thnse hrr,th coÊficlentlquÊ oÞJectio[rs. ogr 12 Januery, 1916r Af,nold Xqn¡tltree, a ærÞer of öae of ßf"ttalars leadfeg eualter f,UÈlieçr gêve the Quaket viewpoint on war ând conscfeuÈioss ohjåctiûF. Hê Èa{4 that no-oüe sbould be nede rq ffgät ¡¡hen hie oonsciénce r0ld ftÍþ that thi,p we6 aorally wççng. 13?. Fr¡rtherr he pofnted out that to uake every uan ê soldlef !r4s to deutrçy lnd*vü'dual fraedon and to cteste a nrilftarrsri.c r¡attoí depeqdeat upon force to sè*'re {ts eq4*. fte vfenrs he erpressÊd, said Rdffntree, had been held by rfron Quakers the early daysr. trnlatr, ewakete uräiÐtâfued, wês fû dlréct côntrãsÉ to tfte teBchings of Chrter. ffhfle holding srrlctly tç thefr pgci,ffst prÍ,Êctples, how*uÊf,, noltlrtrËe rreFt o¡t' Quahers lrètre Ìtlllfng to Éerse: 'tA largÞ body of thêse cpnrscl.entio's ohjecÈsrs rf¿rnt to se¡r'e thef.r csrmtry f+ a trne of trfer ltke thre fft ttle 0ßst effectfve way tfuçy cat.'r He pointed orrt rhât rrhÍ.lst he spohë man) oþjpctors ta fttlitary serv{ce ffere perforning valuahle setvice in the Frfends .n:t arubq'ancE srfgade: have Éor ha6 to be4r arûs, but they have.done ¡r¡bat ,r'u2 they csr¡ld. Ambr¡larice trork was not the oai.y useful serviie that Quaft.êra wçre performÍngr coþtlnued Rowütree' recÞûlstructfgü raqrk had beeu carrled o*t tn Bergiun and France a8 so'n as tha bett'e had mor¡ed on. He atreesed that fn thç later work Quakeus h¿d rerêfvèd valuable aLd fron Mr. s¡¿p1sy, Lord Derby ed others.

messêge ltre Rouratree gave the House r¿as cretf. As a body, tåe Quakere r,trished to eaüse the Governmert as lfttrê troubre as posefble. hey had developêd their dnrn way6 0f servlug thefr corrntry without violatLog tbé:Lr paciflst princtples ind alJ_ they egkèd lraÊ ço be allo¡red to corrfinue ro gfve the service they fs1¡ abLe to glve. Tiris poeÍtion r./as suoned up very wel.l by Rormtree when he sAid, ,,I âm one of those r¿ho feeL horr rnuch f c¡e this eountiry.rr- He fel_t that

1E2. H. of c. Debates, Fiftlr $er1es, v.l. Lxxvrl col. 16g5 12th Ja¡ruaty, I9L6. L33.

û¡ost conscleatioqs obJectors felt thtrs way and that they could nqt do ed.ough to pay back "u¡hat thls cot¡ûtÈ-y has Éone for Èhem". ftey 1&3 rÊfie¡Éered thoËe "who are dying for then fu¡ the tredches.'l DespÍte his generalizaÈlotr thaL lgost cotrscientious objectors

felt as he dtd, Reqrrtfeê wa$ firare that there WÊre Soffie who dJ.d not. Theee üert Ì{otrld not accepË aübtrlancÊ Òr reçofistructíoc worki fçr they feLt that þy accepting it they would eventuallÏ be dragged i¡to tbe

ntlitary orbít. This vier,¡ wae åJ.feq. to RorúE^trêe: ,rl have been Ëryf.trg tó $adersrand it in the x,aÊr f€Ìr daye because r havë ofren 184 been in çorfllct trith sorag Of Ëfuem.¡t Not only would these

extreudsts not serve, he ¡oent on, but they were will1ng to be persecuted for theÍr belíefç.

the netr of Wtrop Raw-atree Spþke nere basically socÍaJ_ists r¡tro

¡voqld oot f{.ghr becalrse of thefr humanltarlaa belLefs or because they

refused to take part ùt trhat they described as a cepLtalist r,¡ar. But within the Quaker body itself Ëtrere Were eocielists, nakfng fr

difficult to put socialigtÞ snd Quakere into dl,ffereût compartrnents.

Attgüpts were nade to do tÏris, hôwever. ' ' ' Durtng rlsq Corq$t rÈée srage of the ì4llitarry Servf.ce BflL, u. Jqynsoq-Hlchs suggested an a¡nendæut r+hiah çould only hEve granted exemptÍon:

O4 tJre ground that the applieatrt !üås on the ffftqenpþ da¡, of A.rrguoÈ, nlueteen hr¡ndred ¿rrd fff,teêBr ê rneúer of, tåe gipcfeßt çf Frfende or of sry other recogn{?êd religious body 6üe of rhose frnda¡nantal' tenets rs aa objecÈÍ.ot to ell r¡at. 185 :

183. IbÍ4.r Çg1. 1686, l.Z Jao,uarg, 1916.

184. fbfil., co1. 1686, 12 Ja¡rrrarp, 1916.

185. lI-.^o! C-. oeþatee, Flfth $çrúps, Vol. I,)lWl-IL, co!. 4ZZ, 19 ¡anuary; TgId. L34. iloynso,n-Hièks cailed the rslaclçers Bill the chaf,terr and cLalned that enyone could go before the trlhütalç artd srate tbat he had a Êon"scfentfous objectlon to war. illç ohject in.bringing f,ortsard hiç a¡neûdneRt, he safd, was to narroÌr dolln the tr@er of those srho could tBply for exeryt1m..,,Everyorls, thought Joynson Eleks, shoul_d flghË for the state arrá:espeptar.ly the soclálists wrro çxalted the State ahove evergtþing, but would ndÈ fldË for.lt. SpeaÉtng ffo¡n a Quaker vfewpoint ãrd, etholng mrch that R$ûDtrçÞ had set4 during the sec,orrd reading, T.$. Harvey cáEê out the anendrüent. ag4inst He seld that although tÞ socfalists took ,felc â fro4-Tçlíglaus etandpoinÊ, he that they had e rfeht tq cotrsideration. xhey slncerely b.elieved that they were worklng towards d greater under$tandÍag þç¡geen úatfo¡rs. [he noveuent to confine the co¡rscfeïtlor¡g objection exempËf.ons relfgtous ts Þurely argsni{¿arfþns f,af.led in Íts ohjsCçfyeS. As-fhe Qrraker sÞp&Psinen Índicated, tþçy .$eüe qor in fa$#rr of .socLalist doctrine' but they fett þow¿ Ès sustaiä rÍberty of Eoqsciertee. They could 'nÒt sqbsèrf.be to tixe vte¡ç thas " socrarfþt coür.d not have a co¡lsciençe, Ttre Gqverqpqnt itsçrf agreed thet 1t was ínposslble ts separate rel{.gfprþ frm hunànftar¿áp conscienßé. Honer L*r¡ stated durfng the debate oú Joyq$W-Htrcks the amend#Ítt Ëhat it was possiþle nÞt to confine eofibcfeFti.ous obJectioü to relfgfous groups alon€. there ¡¡as, then, tfttle support, fot an e:cclusfVe relLgfoqs exenption arrd the anendmemt ¡,yas defeated.

A Quaft.er arændsprlt Íra6. passed and Ítteorçroçateè {nto the ÙtiLitary service 8111. T.E. flarvey and A. R0q,r4ccee put dorrrn án aùendnent rÈsch rtaâ sltghrly reworded ¡'y the Çosètn¡ne¡lt¡ Èut which gave quakèrs qrsst q¡hEt tþ of they deslred iù rhê èxenprlm clause. l_35.

The c1agEe tnhfch hecame parr èË the Bill read

Sw¡¡ ç-erttfiqate of eqe4ltfoat rnag be abeÞXute, corrditionaJ. or teüÞptâtT ... and fa 4e cqse of art apÉlicàtå@ æ consclç4tlous grornnds, fiaS take the fþnn

she part letter of the BilI. {umderl.úned þy asthor) was $Êçsf,ed the quakêrs. by Agafs thls êrûçûdmrt polntgd to the desfrc of rhê Quakers to sérfi* thefr Çorratr!. thpy felt tlrat tf tþé posi,tfoñ oÞË* tg co#scfentfous obJectÈrs wefe *$creased¡ thef,. n€üy objectÞrs r¡o¡¡ld he able fied to *ork r¡hich urôuld aot Ëlash ¡¡lrh their þacfflsË princf?les.

Ilarveg suggested tþat there rrrere nàqy $aye in whtch co,q,selgatious objéctors could setye". [he mO dccupatÍofis he drer+ parÊicular atteRtíon to rrere au:hulqnca aild f{re-brigade r¿oÎk. Later the Governreat fourd Less cou^genfal, uotk sqch ås ülgre-sweepifig for obJectors who sodght work of natÍonal lrnportaa,ce.

, Af the típ, the arnendnent üreq pasçed therê r¡rere n8ny hopee artactrEd to ifi, sir Eerbeit sarm¡el, the fi0he se¿Éet"ry, dÍd nueh ts._ epread optinféË ånong objecü+rs vrhen he safd that ,*rk of 4atlonajl importaacer rsas tò tie fnterpreted iu. Çþe Wldest poseible tErns. ne .e g414 the exarylÉ bf shoe.:Uaker vho ¡ra,g " "o-üsà"nti6us obJectOr. the næ 'told If ærely the' tribunal that he ¡¡æteb tà continue makLng öoots, ttre Èrtbr¡nat''r¡ould probåbly eeud hiE to the arüy. rf ,. horever

L86. $if+tàry=Çer.vice Ac!. 14$. 5 and 6, George 5, ch. 104, 2. CerÊfficsteF of Exetpfion (3). L36.

he said that he !¡sç a çqfiÊêientious pbjector a¡rd $/åBted tô continse

nraklüg boots wtrfGh he consf"dered ¡las ¡¡ork of äâÈiona1 frngioftance, thea the tribu{aL ntght ray

I'¡þfIþ Ëhis ls not ¡¡or{c of naËfonal ifiForqance, ff you say yórt are a consci.eetious objector, and ohJecf tq þeoon¡149 a SaLdbr, yqu ¡*'i1.1. phtsirr Jrôur e*etrptfon (sle.) j.87 f{þn the ttibqûal$ began to opêtate., hcnuerrer" it rcras soh4 dfpcoverêd tfrat the lsosE wordfng of the åxenrptÍon clauça made ir easy fof trfbr¡ualñ to {utærpret it in aqy nray they chose. Herüert Sau¡elrÊ €ryleßation of the n¡fde ra$gp of wþtk,oÉ;aatfonal ir¡potrt¡nce rf,{.sed hope* whåct} *ur* ,o* dashed. OÈher p,pend¡rents r¿lped by the aût1-canscríptionf.sf group in psrlL¿neq.t rfere t¡nguccqc$fuI. c.p. Ttevelyâü, Êrrggelred that coJtçcúedtf,oua ohJectorF shoul.d be &le tþ obtÉin e*ehprío4 by aff{rrrfng thèit oþje,gtig-r, doctræ¡¡.t decfgnçd, for Ëhe purpoee. ir " ..|': $sotUer 1üea, Þresçnted tiy R.L. outhgâttë rûå,s täãt the conscientious

óJecror çhou1d swear before tç,ro Jugtfçþ* of the peace that he lrssl a genufne objector. TtrlE oaçh, he clatdBd, r¡ouJd belas bÉnéfng es any other gath, legalLy áccepted, wsich ¡ras .nåde in a like Ran'Ãer.

: BotJr thesË sÉEgestfqle'uerç Uracceptâþ[e to dre GpvernnrenË. In reply ts Mt. Treræl,yan, ffiñ Her¡bert $amrrel sa,.È thêt íf they agteed to ftre suggeste4 amsf,drþnt:

IW. 4. of .L,DÇ{ates, Flf,th $çrieq, I,XËvlll, col. 4å1, 19, JanuarTr 1p16. 137. there wçuld be a verJ¡ cflrslderable nuúer of, Ecconeed^eficlotæ ohJectore r ä¡rd íÊ Þf$t Þe regarded as a ¡nerê þåtteË q.f by ært of a cerßaia.clapç r,l{e5çrn, to say,"' do not w4tt to señre, md ell *nn" have to do is tþ ca.t¡ ôarsel.vès ednsGfént*,oue obJectorg r' and thetè wJ.J,I hç no furtlret trouhLe, but rru eháll be esp6p¡rr. 1gg

outh¡valÊets aæaduent was refnâêd ón the growrds Ëhat, as I{al.ter r.ong (presidenÊ of the Local 00c7efi}fiËnÈ Board} put lt: äobody xrtro hss heerù corine4ted åg lËÊB as I haræ wf.th thê adnlnictratton ob Justice iu oçr Þettf Eessioþ,¿l CÞl¡rtÊ r{&o does not trç¡rgr tltEt thera erÈ cfËÊuthst&ees trn nhich the taktng Qf *r oath iS regarded l.rt certai4 CfrEles with a vÊ¡Et ahffit of levtrrÏ, ãnd tÞ r€gard that f,s suffdcteht .ptoof of the eristánce qf sËrong conecfentisæ fe.elfng is proof whtch rurÉt he fÞrthcoÉfn"g fn qthetr ways - l.s wtrolLy fnadequate f,or rhe purpoËç. Lgg

GoverrtñeÊt oplqtfür, thed, r¡as i.n favosr óf the Quaker aæadneqt whieh úrôuld require sotrê sef,\¡lce fron rhe øbJector, but. refused tç accept qny fteasure ç¡hi.ch çould have nade ê¡çenptl.ou toô

easy to obtalo. lhe çovêrnnÊüt ctraf.æd that golegË exeftþtfoa r,ras difficult to seçr¡rer the Bif,l would create a vâst nurber of ohJectors. rn effect, Èhe Govern¡nent had begrrtr with the asqurnptfo.rr th¿t rÊlief fro¡u co¡ibatalrt service would neet the Reeds of conscÍeritlous objectore, but bad fotmd Êhat this wäs no¿ the eaee. Non-cotrËâtants frere requLred to petfom atry nflltåry dctír¡fty t+hfcfr did trot dertand that they ff.re a rifLe. Many Quakers could. rrot aceËpt such service.

Their spokesnen in ùarlíarnent, therefore, concêtrtrated.' upon wLdening th. exnption clause to fnclude work of nâÊlorlal inrportance. 188. Ibfd., col. 44g, Lg Jd.uary, Lglú.

199. Ibid., co1. 465, 19 J€rruaflr 1916. 138.

CIIAPTEN. IT

PABIÍAI'ËNTARY ACTION ü{ BEHÁT.T OF TITE co¡isctENTIOUS OBJECÎoR - I As håd beerr predlcted by ¡flafry of the oppoûrenËs of con_ scription' ofice t'he fdea of eonecriptio,n hed beeq accepted and J-eglsLatfön had hee¡¡ euacted, there ffas a sorreffir't to extend the ÞIflftary servrce Aet Ín order to brfng i,¡r uore nen. ûn the 3 May, a Eerç four üosthg afçer he had roved Èhe fnçroductfo¡r of coa- çcriptfop ir tþ* Ho,¡s" of Cornrcngr Aôqufth qoved afl extetrsloR to t,re fr'tst Act. üe wfshed to brlng 1â the narrfed ü{ên a*ed 1g*41. t0 exteÉd for the dutatrfon the of wêr reû seruiag in the Arny wtrose terûs çf eenrfae ¡sould nornally have enprredi Èo recar.r trne expÈred ¡nen whether marrfed or srngl* ff t'hey r+ere r¡nder 41 when thê sf'' nas pañsed; to revi'e* uedlca' and qetrÞorary seftff,åcates of exetptlpni to f,or¡n ¿ spêeiar reeêrver co'posed of civi'iårrÉ¡, but r¿ho *¡qqldi.,he avaÍr'ble for rmndr.te ca*-u' Hhen necesaalT; ard to be abte Lo tran*f,er terriËoriAls wfthouÈ tirefr Fer'lsÊf'È. rhe nunhet of nen inyorve4 rq the exteùsiofi proposals fra' ðot ErÊ8t and agy crhance of blockfng consçription had passed after the i frrst readipg of r,re origfnar yet, 8f11. suÞstanrÍally the s?úe group of nen thåctr had sÊeadfastly opposed the ffrçt Bi1l, foughE the extensÍon prgposals clause by clause. Ihe¡¡ dfd so kgorríug that there ¡ras little they could do to elter parlraibentary öpÍaÍon on co¡'scripÈron- philip snoradeu sumed up thÍs feelfng when he wro* fn his AutobÍosraphv: 139.

0qce tJre prl4ciple änd pfâctfce of couscri.ptfon had been accepÊed by Parll+qÞnt, there VaF ao Logical, grouÉd for oppositt{r¡r to its exte$Eiotr to all cl,asseç of nen çlthiq Çhe age llbítr.

4*d iþ.r¡fdenÍng the Act there Wqs só@ hÐpe Èher:

Itre e:çtenslofr of coÈscrlptl.oo to all r,l,açsês lÚas, likely tg AdvåAeÈ ths rDoyêEeAÊ for B4ace by negoÈiçtíme, erhí€h þ tüie tÍne trad assunæd consi{erable foræ in the cou+try. 19S

0p Ëhp day the neeF propçÊa1g en¡Se before rhe Hou$e, the prohlen

of the' conecleattfoq$ sþJecÊor was disÊtrssçd: Sfr Freðerfck Barrbury x¡ished thar ttrere had beet a clause conce¡otçg $Jectore fqr he fElt that Èhesc üÊ*t had gadly abusedl the prj,vllêge whlch çh€ GdveÌÈüénr had gtanted ttren a¡rd had shfr*ed, thelr respøBsfbil-iÈy. A Laùour

H.P., 6eorge Bartres, pledged supÈort for the ñe$ sÍ.rl, but safd he r¡anted the claüse conceñiug conecledtlo$s obJection in thê prfneiple

$flL e*üenilied,r so tlraÈ dore nen niÉg êóæ rüithf+ tte Êcope. He t4ga1 dlffêrêntlated heftreen the eotacieqtfor,¡Ê objectorr, uho he desctibed as ÞelnB a l{sri 'lrho through írurard feeling talæs hls sræ*rr and an obJector wùth 'rsttroûg gocf.al or politfcal feelings" nÏro ottafned his con$clentlous ohjectlon througþ e*tetrusl seurçes. fÏører¡er, he felt that tlte latter shculs reçei.vd "Ëoile é¡¡e@eiqf¿" elthough he gave no fadfcatioa of t'rhet form thís e¡rev$tfop EùðuI{ take. 191 J. M. Hogge cl¡ose thÍs debate to dræy atËeatio¡l to the ttfbr¡nal* establfshed to decide uBon e¡(etrçtfonË. ge wanted sepärêtß.trfbru.als f,or

çogaciel.tÍ.ocs oþJectolsf f,or he tfiought rtç .qen llho sar upËü the trlbtrnele tùerÊ not 4u4lffied fO praroua,ce ön,nqtteüq È,f cotecience. Bqeiness

L90. Ssorcdêrr gp. clt., Þ, deû.

1Ë1. n. of ç. Ðebates, Fifth SÊtlee, Vol-. LIX!*I, colç. 52-51,, 3 l4{Y, 1916. i 140.

GÊTt' he rþintaf.Êed, were. ùot the best people tp ert{uire iËÈó á gåars çonscÍe$ce.

rhere w*q no divisron on Êhç fÍrsÊ rëadi'g for the üreäbeft did not have the 4i.11rs proptsals hefore tþçu in nrfÊing. However, R. Þ, Holt movefl ttuþ rej€ctlð¡t of the Éflt on 4 Mây. In ao dofng, he rrarned that he erd hfs fr*g,# wsr¡ld. ffght ¿ü conrn{ rtee f,or an e¡ÍtêrgÍod of the èlar¡se deali.ug ¡¡lth cof,ecienttous obJeetors. Ihe üotÍon for reJectioE ¡ras secdted by H.S. Leog-s$fth rrho fett thac the B*IL would provide few e5¡¡4 gErr. It 1üæ Just anotirer whf.tÈllng away pf nel¡.r$ freèds¡n. FUrther, he lndicated the econoUf.c folly

of takttç #rry narried, settled mëÍL of good ræ,sns. As {¡r the derbates upon the orr*faat Mflftaw sen¡ice B'rl, there Ì{ås â prOposal that only ærrbers of the $octets of Frfnnd"q should obtain exeuptfÖn oà grürnds Qf consc,lence. on this occasf.dÉ the suggestÍon r¿es nade by R. Ms*eil. ThLs ¡tço a Lost cause, hqrever, for thè Gor¡ernment h¿d real.izçd at rhe rÍlqê of Èhe ff rEt Bf t l thät such a cl.auee was lgadeqüaÈe änd, although lrÍaJor NeWUAt r€ts$rrectëd the Ldea €'r the cowrirtee $tâge, the aueodrçrrt ûas renpr¡ed after a soæwhat Ledgthy d&até.

rt was durfng the Eeccrrd Ìéad'üg of the Btll thât Jeoes parker, aû I.L.F. nêúer of $te l{CIüsêr nade lt blfien that he would î¡ote fof the &f.Il. I{e had been caÉ,âl€tènr e osponeur of rhè earlfêÉ cÞesÈfl.þ,e rfaÉ gf'11; vótrng aga{nst ot alr the three þai* d{vtsfons. yet he ú.ry dpetared ürar be +ras caüv¡Eced by the Mílrrary aurhorrtiêF Ëhar 141.

ttte extensfgq of, Érc Act tras A fiÉcessjity. Ee Fas Êtill 4ltti-cçnççllip- he tionisÈ, uaintafned, bst treqBgsity overn¡led alI else fn the pfêsemt q¿tçt&stances.

When the voie w4s täker, it ehoWed a 3Ag*16 dfrrlsion fn ff,vour the of ÞrøpOned extension. For rhe anti.-cøscf.lptfotrists the buLk of the votes were caçÊ by tttoee rho bad oppoüÊd the çrigiael 8i11. oüt Í¡EPortant +dÉlti.cæ'¡¡as J. t{. n{ilsËü, a Qu¡{

at the Ço¡nnitteè stsgÉ, the cq¡scienrrous oþJector +rd his trnafusüt receúvgd nere årËettlofl. Joseph KitB alleged Èhat althougb Uae generaLly It ÞÌrppoÉrÈd Cllat obJeetors rærê Sat liabJ.e ro ,Ëhe ûeeth penalÊf, for dlEobeydûg ArtF örderc, they nêfe resularly ËolÉ that could tlrey be shot for iûsubo¡diaattqtr. te rrffrred a clause inçerËed tr¡htcü' çould dèfl¡Ìitely stäte tkat these æn wo.*ld p,ot suf,f,e¡ rt¡e death glv#r! Peflalty or be peual cprrrrtude. sir öeorgë Çäser the lloue $ecretary¡ gô\¡ê thÉ çpverfiæntrs ågguraûcê thBt ftrç foruer uould not be. finpoeed *pon obJectors ånd Êkåt the latter rras tËrghty unrikelyr, ltre clarr¡e was not procee&d ufth. ' tnce againr T. t. Farrrey söught to éxtead the alternative sèt.1rÅce avatlahle for ðöûscientfOus ob$ectors. Ee mved the LâZ.

folloring auendnent:

A eertsffcate of, exefüptfon grarted r¡nder secrion ruo, srb-sectiou"îli,-ãt ;h;- ;;i**ipar Act orr rhe grduÈd of_a ãb3e.tläo to the ugdertaking of coúatant"o¿r"íenttous etther absolute or condit{onal., U"i,ituä'u-""*"rrfce-r.oì" conditíonal cer-,ff,f.at* Ls-ãiär"¿, rhê condftíou gpoå ürhi.ch it íg i"eo*.A shall be the perfo¡rû,ailce of çore *prÉ äi-aatrpnat lffi";ltri:Jtå:.ffirîl' tfiÏ"ive senrtce trtder rt trras clear, fiaiå,tained that the N.c.c. had '{êrvey, been ag, urtf,ortrrnate ud.stake. Ë[owever, ¡nosÊ of ttlè conscieutlous qbJectotfs probrens cosld be rêmoved ff his elausç rrãs áceèptëd. the cLause fecelved ro4de support åmÞngst thë qlttf_lrar grCIuF! ltef Jones, Philip Morrell, R. L. outt*traite, phllÍp $nowden, J. H. úIhitehouse arrd J. I,[. wflson all spoke ia fevorrr of tfle proposal. J. {ÀI. lÀIÍl_soû nris. concernéd abouË thÞ econonfc wastê of havlng obJectors ln üre Aruny: the 'rtrn interests df tr'ë ecoaor*f ft *s ¡üch better to fi¡td theee neil work they qan do ín England where labour is short than séndlng theur abrpad.r, The flûar¡ci.al reward for work performd by objecto's should be no *ore thaÈ a sordier eqr:redr he cont{nued, sû{ rrrey should be taken as¡ay frã¡ü thêir horuês and put to ¡¡ork Ín trar¡spqrt or dock brigadëÊ; ,,a for h.e tt{ougþt Þracttcal. test f,or coggÊf.enea fs ¡rñether a mån 1ç ¡¡illing to nake a sacrÍfia".rr 1g3 tüal'tþ'r h"B, Ìrås th€ pr-ånøÍpar speaket for tlre Gorærr¡nent on ilarveytç aæncl¡sent and upou the sl.rggegtlóh$ put forrüard by +I.W. I{flFoB. He raised obJectious to bdtå, larqety ad the $rounds of the difficulty

o' of c' üebates' Fift*r tl May, t3ï;. 8eri.es, vot. Lxxrfiï, cot. 10L6,

193. Ibld., çol. lglg-1030, 11 Mây, 1916. 143. ÍmplenentÍng of such schemes. Asked, tr,I{lson horr, withflit canpulsÍon, co0scieilËious obJectorç could be kept ät Ëhefr place of qorlr ühen they were perhaps being nade to work at aû occupat¿atr tö ¡rlrfch they took exèepÊioÊ. Wilsorr ðid uot kuø¡, bur he thoughr çhat the Loeal GavernüÊat soard ot the soerd of Ttadé cotrl.d take cherge of ohJectore as ably a as "prlEon warden or a uflLtaty off,Lcèr.,, tanrey Witb.Ére\,r his areftdnetrt after l{aLËer Long had spoken on the dtfff,eultfes iavOlved JS puttlng such a Bpbeæ fnto opetÊtfoÊ. It fir¡gt be reuembered both thet Harrrey dnd Wilsotr wefe Qu¡kgrs. groposqls Thê1r show cl.earJ.y the gulf existÍ¡rg hèaoeen the *êctisn of Ðove¡re4t the Qualrer for sftich thêy spoke ¿ad the sectton rþpresçûtþd by the s.q.S. oÍ rhe F.S.C. phrllp gnwden agaün ralsed a pr0po*'41 hE hed pur 'ohlch fqr- \rard ln thë orlgJ.nal, BÍr1: Ehat exewtlpuç on grotutds þf consclence coùld be secured by a persoh sweårÍrrg ¡o hf.g ob$ectforrr he,f¡re two of rhe peaeer JüËricêË or rn urftúi+g or orðlly before fl Èflhl¡EEt. cowosed of úot leçs É'tran ûro reputablç persons. &é saÐå fate befplr Èhle pçpposar as orr the fårEt occasfon ft wäs r¿¿sêft¡ ft rrãÊ $6t proceëded Suc*Ì with¡ aü äraêñ.dneÊt, claåS{ the GbVé&SúRf¡rr üadÊ exeuptioút too eiEy aud open to aþuèe. hlherr tfre third and fåüel readiÉg of rhe Sll.L wae heatd., tt¡e favnur vore iü of thp æåËüre fell tp lso, bqrt Êlris tr+ç sttll e huge najority over the 35 tiho reÊt iÈ,to the dfvf,sfþrú agslüst Èhe Gowrn_ qÞttt. gr,&rp lhe eEttf-lrar ltÈit fougþt täè Bllt clal¡se by clapeer Þ$Ê had accoaplished lfÈÈlç. Ho,$êvËf, th srd*Þ trËd çhon¿n up nmy of tÏtê L44, fnadequac*es of the tribuûal* and there were õoïûé M.p. r$ ,raat.*ched thls ho6y $ho ço had alsp shocn cotrcefü ahout the cærduct of certafrt trthuhale. rt r,¡6rs ¿rt lást ådnltted by nay that sornethþg should be done to ÉecuËl Ereater $tandårdÍ.a¿t¿Òû of triHq¡qsl decisfqns. The êçVÉr¡ruentrã csntrlbutidtr to the eauâe of clårfty îres to itsert a clauee the eecËi'on Ë'Hr into deellng with conôc1eilËlous obJeerors sËat- fng quf.te clearly thet triôr¡nelg coqld gr¿lnt atsoluç exerüptlorr ro a¡r objeeÈor.

trI Af ter th6 påsdf.flg of the MíLtÈary $ervice ßtll (No. l), parlf.anrentary opponents of tne ÉåLI t¡fto were also synpêtherlc tb ¡tlt¿tnË cpnsclenrfous oÞJectors, coflcentrated their stteuçims on the decLsiotrs a¡rd conducr of the tribunalc rofttch þad been s€t up to deal wfth eüê@tlöns from uttrùtara sênrfce. 194 Íhese trlbt¡gals, r.t nust be ednittefl, had a dtfficult tssk¡ for ÈÞ arrfve at the ev4Lu{tiw of q ,nanrg coascfence {.ùås no *êÊl undert*,ing. r{nd the Àet rdith lrtricþ they had to trork cfttalsed a eorsci.e¡rce çls¡se which uras fcr from heiag rhe aqne of clarrty. 1*5 e¡re of the nett ârguærtê rafseÈ ia Parlfanent egáfilet trfbural.s lrag ttrat $rey ¡¡ere allowed to iBterpret the clause lri,thout sËécÍflc in8trußf,iofts f,rôE the Göve¡î_

æüt orl natËers of luterpretat{on. Íüa[ter Loúgr who was preelde_rrt the Iocal of Gsvernüent Board, the Eovenrúènt departneDt responslble for tri&wrals' replied to the crf.tLcien by issulag a serfes of

194' Ttrf's wae also the case oqtsfde Farlie¡Eent. rhe lribr.rsral, for erçafnplq, carrled page afrer page oÉ Èhê eub5;..îï-inuä¡åËquacies of, trfh$nals.

195. VLde, part 2, tltapter ¡.. L45. f''or¡em¡nmt eircur,ârs w&fcrr he stressed rvere mrly reco&¡ûe¡rdatrqns; tfåbt$elÉ gere srfJ.l free tç inrerPfet as they rsislred. IÈ the cflfcrlars, walter Long invf ted the Êz"ibunals Èo take ¿ further r,ook at the exeFPtÍotr claupe a¡¡d tp nake theÍr çxamlnatÍ.e:rs çrfth toleraflce and fmpartialLty. Ite ÉetteråÈed the procedure cogceraing thÉ holdifr$ of sçssioÌLÈ i,n cauera. Sose trlbtqâlÊ had dec;i.ded thet all hearfnge should be held in thir ray. thls waç wrong. Cert€fü prrçF of ås exanlnatfor¡ could be hel.dl prfr/ately, but only in ekce,pßCoÉal clr_ cuþÊtaÈces could the *rhore of tHe proceedÍ.ngÈ þê trêatÊd ln thf.s wøy. J]96 Íhe lätiüpde aff,orded tribr¡nals ia their ÍEte4'rètÊtforl cf the tcoqsclencë clauser l#d näturally üo diff,ereôces of iuûerptetetlÈn

asohgst Ëtrfbuilals. nq¿¡1 A ertetüprêd lû oue paft ff Ëhe country üight not sarve recefved hts eteupH.on if he lfved som*wtrete else. ffiEre \Íere exandples of sfnilar cqçeb bÞfeg fudged, dúffarently fn tqf$Ê only a fet¡ ailes apart i¡nd tftere werê eveu examplç$ of thfs anron$et Éeqple resld;ing fn the sámê toÍrn. To go â stegÉ fsrtÊþr, thçre rsærE dt"fferent decfgdons nemþers for of thê s¿ne farrlly, t.

I FhiltrF $nædên rafçed harry qæËt{ot$ tË ths fi.Þuse cóncç.fBtrtg thè non-tmfformtÈy of tribuaal decÍelons aqd Èhe way ún ¡*tlch t¡Lbtn¡als hed pard little stteËtf'üÌ to the wordfag of the rcorñdtieficë crsuÊer. Alrhóügh rlie Goveranenr had decr.ated tÀat aþsol+te exerrBrtlo$ nnas he argued on Boesúbl4r å9 FÞbruary, Igl.f, hle reeeerctreÉ had nrrt .;

¡.96. Ihie clrcular wqe lçsqed * e3 ff*rch, trgÏ6, otåers f,ollsh?ed BF rrêÈeasit$ ar@e. 146. uncovêred o¡¡e case ¡chere euch ae exertrpÈlou had heen granted. 1g7 Eg gave the House a verbatdrn accounÊ of OËe ÞaftlçuLar tríbuqal prø- cêedings r+hich had appeared tn Ttrê ltnes. Snwrdep constderef, ftlat thls rûas a typical repgtt of how so's Trib.uilars sougþt to deteruÍne A gEnt¡fne obJection to sdf en groqnds of, co,necíeü,eë. t{e felt that the nan in questf@, a collfer-l4rnpnãri, hed a¡rsweted tntèllågently uan*er wtrictr should in * havê EatLgfle4 the trd.brqral th¿t hls çbjqcttglr was gequine- rt Íe worth queüing q¡.tensfvely fron this epreode a,ç shows ft cleerly tåe type of qUeçtio,tfrrg to tøhLch cpnscj.entlotm obJectors rtere oubJectÊSi

Þld the nan oþJeer to så\¡l.fr.e life? 'rno i worrt{ enãeatrour to Éåvç Lifé evþm at t*lç rfgk nç oÍrp.rl Would he obJert of'- ItNo to befng eÉgêged tn pfnBsweeþluåi-- if f were a!,xsued to s¡*&ñ ail. oi.nes oür *ñ as as the enehiee.rr - werl Dtd he obJeet tç serrr.J.ce ia f,he ñ,.A.M.C. rrles would ? Ít not hê prÞpef fa âcçotda¡ree ofth hy convfctfóng to heat ttre r¡or¡nd of one tan ltr ôrder rhat ir. u,ii iotiiot worq¡,ds on a'tother.rr Did he I'r. feel that all me¡ fn the Art¡¡ tgete heathençr, hord no brlef for any other uaú!; qöqÊcfence.r, uo' |i.ärq;1i:::$.ËJ;"9*.:"ï ffiffi ,*:: *g:f,,ou beË¡re.en tlre aggres'or arÌd the obJuct ct itre arsåurå.,, Í,lhatrtl f.f the uan had a revolver? would not sacrfff.ce ny prlnc{ples.rl ïou enJoy a scrap? rrr do no! psfnt arfsÞs. rt doeg nçt eriþracê takiag of Lffe.rrFlqk--that ' rhe rf soæone_hit you rrould you rrIùe turn the othet cheersl are talking nom of t"ttng life. fi"a Eaü that dèsef,vês å thrashing, iç aaottrer macter, but r object to Êhp laking of Life.tt 198

Lg7. yet shor,tþ áftentÉrds åþsolutê. e:ÊtrpÈioas the fssue appeared. rn f,irst of, the tibûial it was sÈated that óu going to-vot. prÞss, l.B casee of absolute-e@ãEã- been grarr;;. -iþgC$ili, 1, No. l, I I'farch, J.9I6. p. 2.

L98. Trê ftrqes, 28 Febrr*ary, l9lË. p. S 147. " IîrLs testLrnon]¡ did aot obtain an exeftFti,où.. l&lle &any ôf the faets äurtoundíng this case are aot kno¡ru, it would seen that the tfíbuaal could have thought rporitrcalr ttre msr Ìr¿ra a Ês oppoeetl to rreligioust a obJector. T!¡e reference to 4rç turniaÉ Ef the cheek received an ¿mswer whlch shøved that the nsq obJected to kÍlllng, hut Ì¡as not convrnced that non-v'.lençé Í¡€9 â sOlutl0n for evety problen rghere confliçt arose. rt *ey he\¡e þeþn hqËEst of Ëhe n¡a' to speak of Éoteone deÊerving r a thtashi¡tgt , buË Lt rr#s not a sentÍ¡nenÈ whfch wouLd appeal æ a frúunal in tþe aerly daye of the MilitafJ¡ Serviçe Act. At that period ne* thöught of a pacifret r.n terms of what they kuefrr of the SoeieÈy of Friends. Thls nan dfd not speak as å uênþer of that body woUld have qnêwëred. Yet, sone of tlre qs€Êtio¡rs asked by çhts ËrlbunaJ., especially the one cotrqerüfutg an atte@t on the parÈ of Ea àggressor to kilL souê üeúer of, the plaÍrrtlffts fanily or rhe one about sotdfers be¿a* heatheas wetre quesrions t¿håCh SeLd littLe f,or the infel.lfge*ce of the trlþurral üeúers. Begularly Èlris type of, questroÊ Ìrâe asked, howeysç, an'f, brougtrt well-earaed deffston from fite TrÍ.btriår. It ¡ses the Gor¡ern4ntrg cqÊteËfi.oú thet alghough there were sonÞ discrepar¡cies {n the ftndfngs þf 10ca1 tríbunals, ptrovisión hád beea nade f,'r appeals thrpugþ the aBpe¿ls rribunarç; aad 1f satis- fectlon codld not Þ€ dbtsÍaed at rhÍs levêl, rhÊû rhêre ws8 a Central AppesL rribunal whích could be conçulted. $nowdea l¡rslsted rhat rhe aPFegl tribr¡nals were as arbitrary as the locsl ou,es. Hé said tbst $*rrey Appear rrlhunar, h*{ decíded: "that the åct doçs not pe@t L4g. exe@tion frø¡r noü.-cçúatant dutfes in the ease of a cpnscfentlþçs obJector.u 1,99 .Apparently his crftfcisn was jqstÍfied for $lr frerhert NiÈel.d, a right.*tf*rg coaservêt¿ve M.p..f,r}d €h¿lrqan Bf ú¡e Middlesex ABpea¡. lrlb{¡Èalr srètèd fÐüedletely afÈerlsards Íq the Hou$e that, in hle opfnfoür oaly a coqdiçional certifícate çould be granted to corrscieutious obJectors. thfe ttËÊ hf_F côpteqtlöfi evÞri rtrough he had heard l{ar.ter r,o*e *dË¿rting th# Ërotrgae*s of EOnre trlh'*ale drcn decrd*ng abouË the posefb*lrf;r of ffi,çofidtËii.Þrtår. èxeûDtfoas. Ís duÈy "IË theÍr to deal trfth the Âct *Ë peesed by Parll¿rRëü!.rr he said. 2øO

issue raÍsed. "{not}rer by the Ênti-wðç tÎ.p.s vras th track of -Ldbour r'ptesentatioc {rpor certafn .trtbr¡n¿rs. rftey pofnfed out that the GoVe¡raeot had recoætded that there be adequate Lahour reFreÉeqtd'ttoR' hut that thfs ad\rrcå had not b€en fpug!ûed by cettatn tribqnals. .ff. C. Ándereon ralsed thfs pr*.len wtren he asked phethet the Gswrqmeftt na's aùare that Duubattoa Trlbunal Þ4s corûptsed of, a glue rnerchanÊ, a butlder, a facÈor and ñro l$vyers. ra reBly f. McKiunon-l'rood said that the Gorætnrænt !ËE åÌüÊre of thrs a'd *rat he rdag fn cornqmfcatÍon with the totrn cor.r¡¡cí.tr in questlou. Concerning the conpúEf tion of trlhuüêls, I.*rd ltraverHha¡n, a forær I'Í.beraL M.p. gave thê Eouse of Lords hls perso*al recfpe for cttoosing ¡neúers. IIe r¡as the Fresident pf f, trfh{rnål, he såid, and he had heeR tol.d to choase ,,bpth ae far as posslbl.e fro¡r sides Of polåüÍcs.rr He contfrtüed,

19$. G.O. ts 4he llansard, VoL. 1, 6 Aprfl, 1916, p. l+4. 200. IÞid., 21 Marcl¡, lgld, p. 45. 149. fhe fi.rst pqreË,t I esked lras tü.e for the.4riefog, CoË¡çervEti.vê M.F. Ìrho fteye¿ an-excçllBni-i henbar o{ tle trdtunar, r{r. Eaaileçr aarc+når, ffi-- :#i;tr 1å:::då ff"*:'wt FsoprièÈorr aüd he Perhape a LaÞour Ë@re*éûratrv¿ occçred g'mr+het* on hfs 1f l.lçt, hut he dld he rrorrlÉ be cpæwherç Ëear rh€ hcttôm on thls spatre of v¿l¡¡es. Itl reallÈy, ûroêt triþrnial seats frent tp local digni,tarleB¡ propo$ed, &en bf the local. Conpernaffvè or l*i.heral á,ssocLetfÇ[¡ ånd local. tradenren. ilhere were eleo úeû codnected t{ith Èhe l4gal prôfe$sloü. f* üåny cese5, the latterfs Legol trÉfqf$g helped tQ rêsrraLn the nore extrerue r¡ierffs of sone of thelr fellovu ttibunal' nenhêrs' ¡raf,y of utrou þad been active in recruftraëaÈ drlvês and lÉro srÍll consldereq rhät rh#y werè ehgsggd fn seû¡rfqg Eêtr fot the Arny.

Afrer rhe peçsfflg of, the amendtng l4lutary servica *ct and ü¡e Gorærnrnent cf.rcslers ¡utttcfr foll.o¿ed Lt, there !0æ 4 rnatked decrqâse fn parft atrerttary queç tløns concendrlg trr.burär. decf.g i.onc . Snd The Trtbunal, also gave lesc qpece to La¡upsonfiry tffhütÊl€. By July' 1916, the flodd çeased. There ¡serè ótttèË üêasöås for tlte cÌrange of, ernphast* those b¡ cçnÊerqFd wtth rhe fatE çf tfte 66,pç"fÉntÍþsþ obJector. Sone obJeetorr hsd üeên ÉêÉt qa Fta¡tce early fut Uay ând lh thg sane nonth had coue the declslon to courtÒrûSrtlal oþJectolìB Whþ rë,fuced Aruy ordêre and to trançfer then to cfvf.l Frfsç{ts. fresp is't¡e' tendcd to forcÊ èöücefir wEtr trfbrnals lato the backËround.

afll' rhe c'd'tp $,flspTd, vol-. 1_(EtrospecÈive $è,r¿e* üo. F), octofter ffi'rn tnu r*ords 4 May, 1916. 15q. Ëff¡evÉr, there f.s no dor¡bt that the Gorrerfi¡¡eñt elrÇulars helped, irt ssç degree, to stand¿rdise tribunal decisionç. Éhilip snnvden, ¡¡ho had rêpèâtedly ra{sed quesËl.one on thie euhJect in thé ffp'drons, ÞaT.d a rrfbute ro rhê wor{t of, l{alter Lung iü his 1\utob3oëg&.. Íte thsught that the Fresident of the LocaL Govettnerrt Eoard ltas dorte tÞ see Et¡eh that Objectors æçelved a falr hêarid,g. If hÍs täFttr¡ctio¿e had b¿en fo].lowed Wre cloeely, $noúrdetr cegtI.il¡Êd, Érea maqy of the prsþlens asççciated wfth trj.hufrpls cçuLd have been reüoyed. TT.I uhlte keeping å warçhf,ul eye çpoh rbé workl*gs of rhe 10ca1 a4d appeal trtbunalc .declçious and the of, thç ce¡r.tråt Appeal Íribunal, M'Þ' rs a¡rtl*rar were sooa gnde at¡are of a aew proÞ*eu: cølscieptf.ou$ ûbJeetors rvho hed fiet heên grflEte4 çbsolute e*enpÈfon aad who had ref{rsêd rton-co¡ËaÈ#tt or confoatsnt eerrrÍde were being ârreated by the polLce 4s a,baentees, Ídprisoned, brought Þefgre Cosrrfi, ffrted a[d théa harided or¡er to tbe .ArrÉy. tßIe Trib,st4l first drÈw ãtÈe#tiort to this problen in irs Lrs{rê of, 2e þrfl, .l,916. It rgporËed thar 30 merdrqss DI*C.F. ha4 been tFeatêd ih BtlË wäy. f'ron Aprfl, 1916r {rnsç¿6¡6 were t€gularly asked l¡t par_ liáderÉt eo4cerniag tdú1r{4ua1 csnecfeFtroÉF uñjectors. was it true âËked the antf-war ts M.p. thaÈ cerÈaln obf*ctnr.r* were þeftË, kçpt iü trlf.çary prisons' üoü¡td in trørs and bef*g fed upçu bread and ,,atçr? on 9 r,tay, Atüold Rffiettqç reiseÈ thë queetloil of nüethet ay .-cg$sclentioue obJectorc ln sh. Àruyrs cu$toff ha4 ûaen sç&t tÞ F"'nße. 151. rhe GoverilæRt qnsrârered aE Ít had reBlf,ed tp näny otJrer questroßg conceratng oÞJectors: eüquf.riçe r¡ere beipg gade. yet the avalanqhe of questions contfRFêd fltrd Ealter Long had, ûft nore thaü. oae oceaçfo*, to ask thet the tqCIhçr of É$ctr questipnÊ be curbpd, ¿s it fnvçlved a laÉge a$oucÈ of work and invoLved Gpverqænt em].oyee5 ffi,ing a ttaalth of enquirieb.

Soroe iuprovênèRt irt the posftlon 0f arreeÈed oôJectore F¿x¡ affected by çhe !üar Offfce in the f,stu of a ft€rc å,rdy order (No. l0) dssued oa 25 lday, 1916. rhit sratéd thät tn tr¡e év€ftt of a Þteach of df^sclpl.ine by so&eone çho elaåÞed at û.1ç Çourr_nârtial rhat he üra$ a consêiefiÊious obJector, 4 rer¡i df f.¡prisønent qquid" fot10u aus not a ter¡n of deterrtfon ae prcviously. Thç prisorr Sêûteûce wouftf þe se'"¡ed la. the uesreat civll prlson ånd üat fn e ü.llitarï prisofr. queetton fha of t¡hether neß ¡rhs érai.hßd to be conpei*atious obJectors had been s*'lt to France ¡{a$ êf&frt,,a'ly resotved; ttæy had. Snmcden fstloped up rhe questf.ons eckéd hy ¿¡not¿ Rslqntrêe gÚ. g I{äy Þy as&itg the priue MinÍster r,rhetlref the ref,qê aL ot rhese fiêrr to obey Orders iu Frarrce rrou!.d !.ead to the #eath èénËence. AFqot,th rcÞl1èd that such an aåsuraftce wes ruìfiêcegsar}. ,A, figtrth latêr, hoyevet, 14 such men had ttre d.earh pgûal,ty passad upo* trtßh i.n Fnance. rhis wa6 aF''Osâeed uy R. J. TçnnåEt, tÈre ufrdet-sécretaùg fot wat, on t6 June, trs16. Førr days earlÍer he had tôld ËhÊ Forrse, I assure lry right hør. Frieud...(Mr. ..."T rtrere &årnee) ls no idrenülo{r oe ¿e"îi*g wf.rh id;--. 152. (the ¡uen sent ."-91a1"") tn a*y way harshty, trfJT:"ff::rï:'r$d: qäåstrqq- or therr'

This follo¡ed other €r¡surancçs that nêrr ¿¡frs profêssed eonscfentÍous objections to r,,rar rould not be sènt to FraÉße. In the event all 34 cases lrere corwjrted to peaar, seh¡ítude þy thÊ cowrander f.n ghief in Fratree and thçy ¡¿er€. refuraed to Brltain t+ rrrtdergo thefr punishrneüt. lhe aer¿s of, thÍs relþase fron tf¡e death penalÊy did not please tolor¡el Grifftths who askeg,

If these tþfrty-f,our Sen ere senteaced to death- for ,{isoåeyfng tlte orders of their supefior offi.cers, ühy âre thèy not shot like other soldlers? ZAj

Tkere Ì¡ere many eases of, the ÍLl-trcatment of conscÍentiouç objectors raised by t{enbers of Farltamsnt, not alr. of, t¡hich r¿ere açked by nreribers of the anti-¡aar group. sone enqufries cåné fro¡n Meuibèts [nteTested the ín fate of thelr conqÊitueîts. Qeestians were asked of both the civil et4 railftary åuthÖriÊles. lfary of these cAse$ trrerê êfther evaded or reErdíate{ þy the Governrneflt, buÈ it had l to be agreed that softe of the caÈes trere genufne dd that lLl-treêË4ent had occnred. such ft'e caõê w€¡s the trcêtænt of coüFclentÍous objectors at Prees lfeatjh Çanrp, near T,Ihitchurch, $htoprÉrfre. Thê matËef rras fÍrst rafsed by Phrlip Morrell 0a 26 Juae, 1g16. He asked $rhethêr e nur¡iber of obJectors had been,

zez. The Ç.0.fs H,arrsard, vrl. r. (seetÍoa 15 May, r-3 Juryr 1916) p. 4A.

2O3. Ib{d., p. 4t.. 153. Kept sone tiqÊ without foo/, ÌüÊre þt6sÏrE6, kicked do¡øn, and r¡gdæEsed aqd scrr¡bbed w"ith a stlff sin!.þrqsh tiIJ. they wêre bleedíng. 2Ð4 { '-! sore and He aIEo ¡,¡i$hed to knmr drether a certaÍfi Lancç_torporal Earker gave ürls tre¿tment €bd if fhe æn were refu$ed a court_ nartial hy the comanding offlcer. Thë, ÇOveruær¡È eaid it would make euquiries.

After the necessartr enquiries had been nådé, J. H. fennaa.Ë was abLe to tell the House:

It ¿s urldet¡:i.able that qrrdtæ force lra* u6ed by Lance-Corporal Fårher, ¡,sho rras cerried a!ü4y by excêss df äe,ål åq his effortç to sarry out the 1*$tructlorls qf his EupêrÍót of,ficers. No neræ¿uetrt faJury ,,c"s r.iriiÀte¿, honrevgrr... 2{5 IIe conrinued by statrrrg that. B+rker had crippled flnge¡ç ahd it was doubtful whether he ,sevére +ould have struck Þlowsr. Bgnrevér, Barker was ro be dieciplÍned for hfs *cËipûs and he wour.d ûot be placed fn a posltÍon !ühich turvolyed co&,tact ff,fÈh conscfentfous obJectorg. orderç Írere to be issued tttat obJectôrs R.urd üo 194gér he f,orced by physical nettrods to obey Àtny çrdere. IusubordinaÈión wÞuld he follwed by cOurt-marÈíal.

rhroughout rhe renaindnr ôf 1gt6 and iE tfte eqrly uonrhs of, 19L7' n*y çther ca*es of irr,-treat&ftt nere rarBèd Ín the HoEse. rt t*ould seem that no$t of these were adeqúatel.y ape¡rered by etn góvem_ ûentr for the origfnal {ustrsns $ere üot usualry pursuêd by the a*ri_

204. Ibid., p. 41.

ZQï. Ibid., Þ. S?.1&. fçHümt quatfng by rbe lras fron a report fssued çeneraliFf-i.úEl Con aä¿iãiliËffi, ì,IeÊtçfü Cgmund. 1.54. war groqp. Ho¡¡everr on 4 July, 1917 began a deries öf, questions lrhi*h Were to rÉveal sne of fåa ¡aost sensatlonâl caseç Of ill_treAtme*Ë iavolviag conspientious obJeetorÊ durf.ng Ét* Çüeat war. I"rr. Neqdhan asked Mf. $tecFherson, ttre llUder-Secretary Éf State, vþether e,Etracts frou a letter written by a cerrain James Erfghtrnor+ hact been bro¡rghr to hls attentíon. Chartres Treystys *lso asked about Frlght¡rore who, he said, had provød the gesui[RtÊes of h1ç qohscientfous obJection to war by suf,ferÍng ttro terup of inprisöäasnt. lrevelyaa aü.leged Chat a¡¡oqrg pther forns of fL1+tre¿¿q#qit, the &aü !16Ë kept fa a pit 2O feet d,eep altd 40 iuchee by 1B fuct¡es rÉdê a¡rd full of, Ì,Íafer at She horrom. It was also reported thaÈ Brightwrq lÛ¡¡s to be Seqt to Fr€nce. Fufthef questims ,fotrlored by tftrtteho¡rse oB the S Jqly êqd by Captain S, &ryn and I{hftêhouee agai.rr on the ll JuLy. llr. Macp*.lersoÈ þrþmised repprt,'but a f,ull on 16 .Iuly ln regly üo othçr @Eftfgs by i{þitehouse and r. E. narçeÍ, who venüqrëd the, lnfornation thêt th€ plt was 12 grotmd f,eêt beLov 1eveL, he stttl had rrothfûg Êq rëÞorr. m l8 July, I'fr. sfacphersffi did gtve åu. dnscer to further queetiaþF f,rou Whitehouse'árrd Érney. lhg latter spFplled ftrrther facts cøcernÍng the c4se. Ee stated th4È Brlpþtüore had beça confined to a pit 12 feet belcnrr ground. lç¡¡çI for 11 days and ntghts and rhar on f,our of theee days he nae nade to çtasd ankre d*êÞ ín pud and uster. Ihe Under-SeereÈar1¡ pf $tate for tüer hâd Èo ado,f* rhat çhe allegations ære 'sq&sta¡rtiqlly cortrect'. Erigþtuote had aot bee¡r g{veu a cor¡fÊ- ûêrttel' but was dealt rriÈh by hfs coumariding officer, who stipulated dête'n¡1orr. llnfortunately, he ¡ras rtot held ln tfre detentfon üarracks 155. âs regslatims ggcphetson denande4. aafd that the matter $r,aË conünucicated to the authqrf.tle$ orr 28 June and that staff offi.ers !ùére sent that day to hear couplalnts frop Br{ghttrore and oth*t objecto¡s at Cleethorpes Cåfrp, LincoX.Rshåre. TenacÍously, tfre antf-¡¡af Éra,'p ÞreqsÊd the BridhÈmftre ease in the Çomons. Earvey, Joseph Klng and tlhirehosse conÈinued their q,uestionib€ oÉ ?3 Ju1y. In reply Mr. Dtaephersø sáfd that the treatuÊilrÈ of BrÍghrrore ste¡med frou a feult fn cpEqulf catf orrÉ; fçr the eontenrs a trrlar of office letter dated tg septeuüer, l#16 fhad uot bee¡r bfougÉrt to. the. attentls4 of Èhe officeÍs ar Olee*rorpes Catry. å06

$e reported that the offi.cêr regpona{ble for ttte off.ssfe{r. w4s dangerousry lll at ttre noætrt, so tre did noÈ r¿tsh tp &üelJ. en ft.

ðrfgÞtnore r.¡as fsolated frsn the rêst of, tle esnp bF abquÊ 1S0 yards.

A pit, ¡ llttle ever fiue f,ee.ti deëp, nee .gfvea hln to occ$Fyr büË hç force vas uÉed to malte hi¡s do tfi{.s. Eê {¡ás gfvet ht^s rptioq.s ahd f,uel for coohÍng:

Ee spenr_verf little. tire ln tïns pft aÞd Brfncipat.ly efiÞteyÞd htmetf ft eoeÈrag hls oeale. Ëe hsd a rþ.oÈ io ¡¡þtch ha ñas Ínfotle{ he cpgld rleep, b*t fefused. He was vÍsited by the prderly officer aqd askod rvhetlrer tre hed pny coupLafnßs and eftsays replied ao. StrlcÈ f.deÈructiong riare glven ;H'*ÏLiä"i8å' tnuh? ¡nÉlested or ¿n anr r{e eaded by sayíng rhåt thê Arr4¡ co.mcfl Ín ùö wÊy wÍsþsd ¡6 &fê¡rd the "hÍghLy irregular actLot,' whlch h¿d takea place. Altho¿r#r the GoVemtnent ¡,¡ere fçrced to aduf.t there r,¡ere frtegularities in the

Z8â. Vide Apperr6{x. 2Ð7. The C.0.rs tlanÊard, Vol. Z, p. 423. 156. treãtment of Frightuore at Cteethorpee Caup, it r,rill be ftoted Êhat it uråÊ loaflr üp ad¡ûÍt ttrat there tr¿d kee¡r ill_treaËflêEË. yet the poor argunent r¡sed that ordeis r¡ere giveür that there sas to he no ill-frëaffi*aÈ qf rhÍs fiãrt wae reatrly ã pi.ece af slfgþr of, hand. Tkât orderÐ were g*ven drd not nearr that úrcy r,rere cêrrfed out. I{t6¡, lt nt+pt Þe asked, dld Mr. }dacpher$on conçJ.der TraB i.ltr-treaËnetrt. Ih repþ ro qüeÉÊíoüÊ thÊt ErÍ,ghtøore þe releaçëd and gtven an aÞeo¡'ute exe¡nptfon, ít waâ sËõted by the undêr-$ecrëtarf f,or ooar that the Écu had already appeared beforç thÊ CentrË,l Trfþr¡nal ¡ùich decl$e¿ üut he was ftot a cprrscientlo,{s objector to mf-tttary sefü¿çe. Hto releaeê, thereforÊr wÊ8 fruposaible. Bstr Macpherson ended by saylnF that the offfcers rêBpo¡tslbLe for his treaÈBedt h4d þÊeu relieved of, dury and would recêi\¡R tro fr¡rflrer er[ployrneq,È. llet the Brigþrrnore case dfd Rot dfe. ta ¿6 _Iqly, Seedhau úade a furfüer é¡rquiry about Sr5^ghtmorels .future d,d on 1 A¡rgust, he açked whether the resulÈ erfghÈEorers of, corrrr nârÈf.ar. vas known and rchether his health had been iryafred ãy hte trpãtnênt àr cleethot-açs. Ee was told thâ,t the court Martlal had uot Èakfr place and chat as far as the Goverùî'teÞt coul.d ascertêip, Brf.ghtfaorê wå.fl in good heelth qnd df.d ûot a#fÍ)eår ro have suffered any tll cohsèquef¡ces fron hls ntl.ltary detentfon.

It was suggested by T. G. Tfckler, the H.p. fot ç11*by ín whicr¡ ççnetittærlcy Cleethcrpes Cerrp Îilås sf.ÈHated, thet pnrheps the officërE f¡¡plieated f.n the Btåght¡pors fnctd*ur påsht be rel.nstaÊed untir f,utther enqulrfes ¡çére Bádg. thç GoVerqpent sÉokesmen replled rhat rhe æn 157. had h4d anple opportunity to reply to thê charg*s tafd agâidst then a¡rd thaf no f,utther enqulry rùâs flecessary. But TÍckler retuñed to t*rs topic on g auguer øtretr he askerr f,or a prúJ.íc eilquúry into the €leethorpee affafr. Itls plea ¡sf,s üet fifth a flegatåvs reþry fron tke Govefirment. r. E. Harvey êeeÐs to have had the f:inal $brd orr tïre eubJect rsdren on 23 Octoher, 1g17, he asked for the refnstatenent of the offlcers. *Ie argued rft.at the wideepread prótlcltg gfi¡en to çfre War Off,tcee t condemratiqr of thç Ections of thsse æ$. hel beer¡ eilf,ficlent to pur an. end ro 4åqr of trrn f.rregularL$ee which had been erperiqnced Þy BrÍghtnore aüd otltqrs. For the Gorærnmenr, lhc#tdersaa sald thac since tm exanptrÊ Had þçen nede of rhese hen he raas wfllf.rtg tQ recoüslder their rÊinståtedætt.

üJectforr Or¡err,uLedr In Boultoq sh(E e thè Brfgb,taçre case frorn the pof^nt of vlew óf Brfgþtrnore hrËsçrf. de tecord[* th.È Fri,ght- hore t¡p6 ftom llanehester &d was ewloycd as a sqLleiforrs clerk pffor to hls eÉtry fato the Arnry. trfghtnore had çerved eight $onrhs of a yearts fütention when he was gÍrrea 2g days solftary cofrf,l[èmeÉt fpt dlsobey{ag orderg- ïû was beper*e $¡ere $aÊ tö gnar{rroorn crelr avallatile that he was ordere{ to be lnÉa&ed f.a ttre pÍt. Bright_ notre q€¡rigge{, with the help of a soldfer ¡+ûo supplÍed hln Wtth a pettctl' atrd a cigare¡te packet, Êo scrJ5ble a note to hfs f,arnlly to fnfOrn the¡ of his condi.tfcEr. ThÍs lettèf, ËÊS sent ta the ldenchester Grrardfafr. Boulton giræs the 1etter ;in full, but rerevart detaüç of hls coufineue[t wflt suffice here. 15ð. I... foünd the cp¡tf,fneûeÃt ttag in a pit 4i"f. stårred at thê çurface ul tir"å"- feet hy rwo aûd_tapered oi.f sfx tã-trro f"et faches hy tI fnckeq, Iiarer was srürckr but they eor¿rfnued u$rfl *t l*eÀ 10 feçr The bottod {c futl er;åter aûO !ufp.h¿ve r ro sÊåûd õÈ. &rp strfFs sf *oòd iff day long jusr above fte t¡atär iioe. trere is no roþm to t¡alk about, qn¿ fnpossÍble. €itt¿ag is ltre surr beaås ã-owel *e toÊB day tftere eiä-try cae :li::{-fh3 look i:ii"-:ä. "åðrlo at' Alnea*v' r am rhrs statçneüt of hís positÍoa was gf.rren affer Br{ghtnore h*d bçeÍr ln the plt for a r¡eek. Four of theee dayS Were sËÉrxt stafidfÉË ia nud a¡td rraterr urtfL the pieces of urood were insarted. And after 24 hours, one pf thè strfpe of wood ferl f.nro Êhe water nhen the cley fell a¡¡ay,frop the sfde of the pit. Efs posirfon qrae nÊde üoree,.,fiheo he r¡as told thatr hiË frvç fer,low obJsctors at t'he c*wp had beeo shfpge{ to Í'faace a¡rd shot. r** sraÊ r'rd rhar Ê çfnitar fate.trould befall.hfn he tf cpatlnued to refuse prders. ftr reality, the other conscientioqs obJecËprs *ere çt111 at the Êary. The p¿rallel betr,reen the lffe led by ßrightrnore fË the ptt whÍch was dug for hfu á¡rd the ltfe IÈd by the trçogc fn rhe rrençhÊs fr in maily ways åq obvfouÉ onÊ and perhapg t-brË das thç thougþr ot the qen Fho Sut hin in such a elÈuf,.tLqn. fn trencltes qPn sÈood for houre in m¡d and rested upon p'qfiks &oçe ffid and Ì*âter. yet, e$ the aurhoritfçs adnttted, was lt äöÊ fôf Èhess officerg tÐ decfda persou,ållïF rhê Fa.y 1n qùleh Brightnore should be treãted. a. proced_ ure had been laid our the eveu"t ia of a uq' faflfng to cÊrry out

AûS. Eoulton, pF. eit., p. 1j0 159. orders becauEe he elaj.red conçciedtio{rs a objectf.on to ¡{ar. Ttrf.s phquld have been fo110re{. rt t¡as claf.¡ued that the ner* regdaÈious r,ùere nat lÜtowa, bl¡t tt rurnt bè teærbered thaÈ they had þeen forn¡r_ I"eted nirre norrths before the ürlÉhtûorê f,rrcfdeqt. ffi

Ae early as 1 l{ove$ber, 1916, the eubJect çf, disf,raadrislag co&,sciact{ous obJectors nras rf,;ieed ru the Eoqse of oootrons hy R. lfct{efl and 0olonel lete. Tltey wanted thoqe who had obtafned arr *,reûptfon frou con¡hat*rt servlce oR grormds of cgsscÅenee to be excluded frorn the votftrg regrsters ',€W thea berpg conpfled. The $peåk'er ruled thar they cûuld ra{se the satter agafn aÈ the co@*ttee êtage of the RepresênÈation of the pgoples, Bill. Mc*efl did raÍ.sÇ tJre questiolr agaia oa 26 Junêr Lgl7, d,qdng a debate on the rèpfësentartan BlJ.l. fie proposed the fol¡.wüitg

a¡neqddrent! .. A Berson shall ao' be entfrled ro qr parliametrtary he regisrered È0 vots êt a or Local ãó"fÀr*qt el.eeripp rf hÊ has beeR *x*rpte¿ o" conçclsûtique ltr"îr;ffi-** of úJection tä n¡.rrtary çËrvi.ce for *'hfch., Sur^çpr $uctr obJrseriÊ¡¡ tu,Àuiá-aã"ç been liable. Z*g After preÊenring thè arend¡¡ent, I{cNei' gave hfs opiniotr of consclentlous obJectorq and expl.ained rahy he thought théy ehould be excluded fron the vote. fle felt that sr¡ch Rêri tendéd to harn the fof $tate, they ref,trsed tq cone Èo ftõ ald dqrùng a perÍod of etrife. lltÉs, Êhe burdeq of protecti+g thè stare felt, Wq others wüq ¡rrere

eeg. É. of, 6. *êhite$, Fffth $erieç, VoL. XCV, 2É June, L917. col. 30g, 16û. prçpår*d to nake a sacrffice for Èhe coffine nëed,. ççnsclçfitlous ohjçators dåd nor sacrff,lÊe or inJure the4selÍeç, orr" the coufrary, they aeü¡alÎy benefJ.ted fron thetr üon-lüvÞtvdæqt Í,n tj*eår goustryrs f,fghq. Havfag uarrçfl to hls su$Secr, Mc¡Iêfl Fot¡red $cer¡t on ohJ€ctüre, cLalmtng gritef,.q thet altfiouglf hed been Ëotrerant srr.th €uÊ*r üéÍr, ft was çlear that tt Qsð ê töléf,ã¡tce ,rtlase.d wfth eonreBt'r. IhE najor:1ry of tþe Éritieh peopte wærted the war wou, hut äEaÍbçt thfs EäJofi.ry viêr{ ¿ Tg ryft sfralt heç¿ful of, ren retÈtng uÞ a L{ttle ctrctruscrihed, fgnoranr, unl,rsË*id¿-ä-tr"n^ doghaf,i'ü rf theír orun, aatrr si tn*"e so far Es çrç eaü Judge...eläost úii-";ä:äiE' Af,ter thrs dfatrrbe, Mcl{eít coaeluded rkat tkose who dtd not ffght for rhe Stare sh,ould ñot e¡rjoy frs prfvilëges. lhe p'r+.ReiÐbr speaker agadnst the sfiþndnent w€s Lord Hugh rils speecJr 0ecÍ1. !Í€s aü irnpreseive defence of Ëhe obJactorrs freJÐdoæ of cpfnc.ou al.ttrough r Çecfl po{nred out that he fn Èo way shared thfs opinfon. lffis uafn ar$ment was that the objector had &ne notilfng but avtil. hiffielf of, an èxenÞtfm fro¡r nflitary servÍce græted hf.n by parlfarusnc. ¡cas rt unheltevabr,e th+t wtren a ¡nan föLlohred rutings the of Farl.tamenr he wåe petaltaed for hís actións. To cecL3' thle seeued r'ç1aÐsgréss to all ttre prtuctp¡es of legLslaÈloË, a'd Natiqnal rtl JusÈice*. ceptarn Gfyn, an rr{sh N¿troaatisf, safd that eonsclerrtious obJectors had the coffiagÊ çf the indfvfdpal to staad ag*füsr th+ cro¿d. ì{as rt Ëh{.s typè öf coura6e uûrro prpduced freedon.

2L8. trb1d. r cqlsr 3u*313

All. I-bld ., col. 316. L6l-. lhe actisg Chafrnan partf of thç LaboUr ¡ Labor¡f û[.p., J. G. Wårdle, hoped thEt the aændûent ¡*Auld not be uphe,l.d. T[hen Sf.r @orge Qave, the üo¡æ $ecret¿ry, 6poke for the GQ¡en¡¡seat, he argued ln wch the s¡qe way âs Lord ce"cll had do're. He dld not thlnk the êseü,@üt shor¡14 go thro*gh. this was the GoÌ/etanÈntf s posftlon and it waÉ reflected ln the votf[E! l4L agafnst the aæn?tment and 7l for. tet this r¡as only a temporáry rgprlsw fqr the conscf.entious úJçctpr. when the arnendneatÉ¡ câh* tB be cørsldered ín e rater stage of rhe Bi'lts Faseage throu$r patltaæn"t, $ir George yoUnger brought for¡uard,ê ï€ff aærrdmçut tthrch nas a *orùfnatfon of tbe one proposçdl by Udtett â prevl.ous trÌd anendrænt of hÍs ç¡sn. Thls sought to takê the vote fton obJectors r*ho had Joíued rhê Arrüy¡ had refuEeil to obey orders; and had been cofrrt-nertÍaLled. lhe anerldment {¡r the fom subni^rted younger 4ew by wÖuld, ff adopteê¡ disfranchise mre æå. For theoreÈícally, tb,ose obJectors rüra hed eùterèd thé Arily were soLdierc' wlLlfugly or othe¡rriÉe. rf t}rey were Eol.dJ.ercs then th+y had nqt rêcêlved e¡(Rþptldh a¡rd \rere not pravided tor in Mclile{lrs proposal fot ffarrchise èxclusidr. In sçconding thts a¡nendtunt, $lr. G. KI.aIoch_CookC .ai¿L,uu,ed to the receât rejectlon of Mcl{ellrs pfopoeg}. Hê eaíd the aændÉent ftad treen rtrghed uporr ühe Edgee becasfie other busfness had b+eu conpleted eettler than expeçÊ6d. Ihus roany guþportêrg of the EçqÊurë trÞfe 4p¡ prepared fot the ï0të. 4r.so the Geverntr¡emt had rprrt çn tlç L62. wfi.lps t . Kfrtloch-Çooke eofltÍnt¡ed his argüueÉt by referrffrg to the spÈed wÍth rshtch Cárrada lrsd hrouÉht fn ttre dfsfra*chfçeueüt of cö¡lscientious objectors l

Caqgda has formd.no, difficqfy ¡a d$,sfrailchfslå.g coü'scieutiotrg obfecrgrs r äild ùtry rrrourd ilï--f,h; canadiáfi,s dfd ¡rot-take. rwp dáys'fn eoud.nt-io i-- . :ffi:ïT:lffi *T##åî#fi"ffi ffiJ.ffi :i.i¡l.i, Boqar L*rr, tlre ch€s."lr.r of the &,*É{rË4uqtr, soughs to exþlaût üha GovernoÊpÈrs use of, the tlhrps- IIe f*rdrceted that the Goves¡rmeRt had had tg abide by reeotrffirrdstioaq the of ths sp.ea3rsaes +od,fetç¡qe, hçt Èhat in the Extenslen of the Municipal. francht*e for ¡roqerr it ías &'çtot¡s thët a'maJorf'ty of thê flousé were iË f,åvour of th+ e¡(ÊÊnsion. A sere technicerrgy courd uot stånd agatæt tke r¡ill 0f Êhe üäjoÉry. ggce rhe precedenË pse êBr, ûhç esvçftþ$Ët goutrd not hord s$ch a rlgfrd I'ine rrrith the dï.sf,r¿nchiçement of, co¡tseientåsuc ob¡ectorg. He copcl.udçd þy saylng whips that r¡Quld nÞt be uees for the ner¡ änehffi*s' Éddfog tþEt ahsoluttst objëcrors finEt be curbed or they vquld f.ncrce$e dramatf catrly.

Again, rhe prlecf,þal epeaker agåf$st the *uendue+t ças Lord Ceell. fllO argnrmenæ r.fêrro vfrtüally tlre eage ês he had used previousrÍ- A. Bor{*tree also spoke agairtst. He CIade it clear ttrat he had üo sgftþathy trfth tke abôol.urlqr, IJ bÉr he dld rrqr uish ro see I ,i ths dfsfra¡qtrfsemnt þf rftose vho had. ÞErf,otted $ork of fietioûer.

2L2. H. gf C. IleÞaËêsr Fffth lo*. XðIg, ç6¡. 2û, No¡etùer, 1917. 'erl*r, ll*', (1) tatra

tfhen the EiJ,l ffnally received ass¿nt, Èhe clar¡çe affecting cortscfenÈ10us obJectors wes, to a large e:(tè,nt, in the forar proposed by the Governneot. A large body of, men !rcfÊ to be d{sftanchÍged. included Theçe all conscÍentious obJectoro f.n Ho¡ne sffíce cahps¡ prison; all thoae Íu all those discharged frorn thê ar*y orr grounds of lll health; all rhqse gfverr absolpte exewtldb by the trfbunars; and rhose who had all apptrieü to trúÞunals oR côneei.eü^ce arrd other grotrude and who had been exedrpted on health or domegrfc grotfrds. However, the disfrarchiseuent dfd rrat apply to æn¡bers çf the N.C.Ç.; urert ¡lho could prove they had Jofned the Army oF the Narry; those who thé F.Â,.U., Jofned thê Sri.ttsh Red Croae or pther rrn{¡ç of thÍs LyFp; or those who had perforoed $atisfactorily work of Èâtior¡âl r,uportatrce grørted by trÍbuuals. lire wf.vþs of objectors wetrÊ not to be dis_ franchl.sed. A five year period of disfraoctriËeüent $qÈ suhstÍtuted year for the se\ren perlod previousl.y suggesrÊ.d. Ttrfs perfod t¡as to begin aftef the c!.ose of the war. geri Ðêúe lo be givea å year afÊer the pro\re end of ùhe war to tO Èhe Cerrtrel frlbunAl thar they had L64. perforued T,tork ÛhÍch would s4vè theþ fron disftanchisement.

oÈe eonsciehtious otJectorrs reaction caû, be seen fa the .letters corder of catchpool. IIe had not hesrd a1r. the det¿ils of, provf.sion the when he nade hts comerrts, but he was greatry aff,ected by the pfiactple involved. MOst men âffecÈêd to take thê ûattqr Lfgbtly, he wrote, yet he could 4ot do thLs. rf conscienÊiçuE

obJectots fûêre to be derfled åcceqs to local polítfcs, then an

lnportaot avenue for usefur çork by the FrÍenûe would be cloçe.d. I{tr1Le sone objectors qçre unable to peff,om nflftary seru{cA, t¡e

contfnued, they were artxlous to petform civfL ¡vork after the war¡

It çeeus almoçt to anör¡rrt tq 4f.soÌr[Íng us as Elgl-ishry1tr..br¡r ir Ls becauÊe w. õ"" çf Bhgland... thai $re ffUl*"ãt5reatüess'. 1 ': toçal gove¡nne{rÊ, røas fndeed aa f,nfortant ,eLe@nt iïr the plans Frlendtg for hetter scciâl csndfttons and i.È sugt aleo be pointed Qut tåat loçal goveúnüehr wqa of equal r,Fpqùtagce to socfalÍsts. They Èoo hld nade nuctr pçqgress through,local govero- ¡ne¡tt elçctfcËrs. rn:flïtr:ation f,4Ëç 10ca1 governmedt bod{es !ùas s ¡lsfluitê progra¡¡ne t' r" r gt aduelfst I speLaliíçts.

J. I{. Graham, fn conscrfptÍon ærd conscÍènce, felt thaÈ r.t would be Lrnposstble for:'.ihe Governüênr to pr¡rsüe the policy sçr out fn the disfra¡¡chl.seæut elatr&e. The war dtd toù'end technleally t' seprcrüe"r"1.9ãIr'whrch mtil ûeant rhår rhe ccrrtraL Trlbt¡nal wourd have to operete fqr à furthet yeår ¿É order that objeerorr nighr

Ê13. Gatc-trppgl, LåtreIF of, ¿ prÍço¡t-er, ÞF,,,,4I:46. luetter dated 4 F'ebfunryr'19,1S. 165. pro\rê ËhÊi,r rtght Èo the rrote. Ttris ¡uould he sr fnconvenfence fçr Gçr¡ernil*nt¡ the F*rtbetr ê chgggq of a cq,çcientious Òb,ectorrs rê$fdÉnce r'Þuld üake .bfin tt dffffcr¡lt far to be denfed tbe vote ¡gless ths Ççvernnest wrphed t+ keep strf.ct sun eillaf,ûe övër hfn. A f,urther poirlÈ, and oüè nade iu Çhe speecrr by tord cec1l, was that thêre we,re DFIty qtlrer fiçä wtro had heen cp$rr_Dartielled hesfdes coÌiscient{Ous obJpctors :

Ihqre a¡a algs thpee ¡¡ho havç foeen fns*lbordi¿¿te^ and d$serËgËs, æd all fftoçe *no f,avä-Ë;;--*-*' senrçüeed f,Er varlous ß*lttäry cri,ms and fo, *f*1 Êet-Érely $xfrarr usi c{.vrr, tûose gurry of criúfnaL vfce of, ürn ü€r$Ë md- UOst atroclouc kind - all thece qaf hevq oote". ¿U"dlrselriü" tt,35 be¡1.hentenced by çlvix lrfbunals, suen aË pickpocketç, roþþels, all Èfiesê concemed la fratid) acrs of rrLolence, ih"sà anfeat€d by the nosr cdroue Lgsts, .h;;ræ"-or"n¿ *raor* honest iip' - ;fi-il of,f,ences ilT¡-1".rff,s ".s;"y ;;;;"-"' If thÊ.Gove,nqenf r,rEs to dlsfragchl.ee tho-se mþo had beea disobedientr ergqÊd secl.l, it shöûtd f.aclu{e all rãose he llstçd. argt¡ü#nt lttls {ûan eyçe*þy f,or rtfe cotrscfenËl.otts ohJecror dd. t]rfs, tçBether rtth the Fåssâße of tfrrc and ttle åfpëärerrcê of nore pressfng prcûlens for Brftatn and f.ts &nptre, helped Êo end dre çnforçÊfie1r of this vl.ndlcÊlve ne*srrÊ.

v Xhçre çere SonÊ atreËÞüs tô iücrcêËe tü,ê aúti.-war group fn ¡frg *en $(Srurt by uiho stood at $ar-tLne üy,-electfo¿S âs Feaçs-þy- NegotfEtion candldateË. ,ôue of these qf,$ Albert fnylor, â. cün_ scienÊfo[s ohjector, r,¡ho corttéSÈçd the Roseendale dlvtstorr of

¿14. H.=9f C:;Ð,eÞatÊq, terfes, Vpl. XCïJ(r eoL. þN, zt r{or¡eqÈern rffi'the IifËhËos;;-;¡-i,";ä-;å-ü'¡äiå"il ås naiaÈained rgre by Bou1ton, op. cLÈ. , p. Z7G **-p. ZgZ f . 166.

Lacashfre as ¿rn rndependent $ocÍatist and Fèaëe-b5¡-Neg6¡1âÈlons candidate in the wÍnter of, lgl7. It was reporÈed i¡r The ?rflt¡ûal that he ¡ças the $eeretarT of the Shoes årtd Slfppet ÞIotkers, !Ínion lü $o'É*adale *rd Ë sêsber of, rhe urr,tlah $pelalist FarËy. ¿r5 Hovcesèr, Taylqrts ccr'sç{6¡¡rotrs ob$ecÊirn to war r{€rs üoi recogafzed þy hig loca1 tr{.Þ¡le,sl. áHd he $qE art¡estèd as an abse,EtèÉ o¡¡r the dey he recef.vgd hfs oowfnatf.ort Èo coürtê,st f*te þy-eleçtfoa. ÐeepÍte rhis, the c4nPaf#r conÈr.nued¡ rn Tay'rorrÊ ahserrçc Çharlçe ftoÉea Bqxton spent a great e'ounr of tifrÉ câ$paåsûlüg on hfe þehElf,. Tt¡e,Tfihurri,l gave cone indi,catiorr of f,afl.orrs platf,of& tiihen pfi*tèd it exEacts fro¡u a speeeh he nade befpre hfç efrest. te asked hts lieterrera åf iC r¡ee not tf.üe the wotkefõ wq¡fus¿ for rllen_ selveç. llere they prepared to 1e[ the ¡eer go m ffhéü ít ¡neart the loss of thûusdndo of llves and of a vÊst .åFor¡ût of üoney? He remturêd then thac thR lÍv߀ arrd no,nay of ¡chlch he spoke were larggly provided by the r+ørkfug elsFê. Á,frd ütly were thë¡r ruaking theea sAcriffeês? In order that COneratrtiople cnuld be glven rq the Bræslans rt4nd fenr qrTler a thfugis*. &or mary dr *rosç rho had gone the Arry saræ inro to ,Belgluu thou$rt tsday that thls was why BrfrÈi"u tr€Þ still át ¡¡ar? The r.¡prkers of the t¡qrld hd 4. qu¿rteil rfth eBeh aros* ,naster*c1*s'ËEr. othet, çtrife hêtweetr the ïptr they did aot ff'gÞ't' Íhey uped the rrork'ers åõ påt{sc fio sêrve'rthetr (uaEcer-clacs} i*terests. rr 216

Fron prison, Taylor !Ëråte + 1çtter tc ttie electotatg:

e15. he,{#.buael, 2g Jhauary, lgl.7 ¡ þ. &. 2L6. Ibfd., p. 3 L67. I $o aot Loqk upstr nynel,f a$ a nêæyr. f a,n pleaseÉ tc dêFy rhe lltrns .t t.te, and coneequéqely slreU bear the prmlsúreot t¿:içA osr faiËhfsl çEnredes who have gpne bÊfore. I[or,ke.re, !e are ffghtlng your flght: wúrr you pl.ay your S"rt ão, yeo,i - ::iJï:Í"flli. H;;3'il;:iliffi"ä-, Tåi. no quarÉêl. [key havç been taught to hate ue a6 üq heve beêû teught ão hate then. Ïou aTe-strôËg; rise ¿n youi streü,gth and a3u¡$ ir your^ygre rhaq thrs heùí;h shall ceÍUte. ¿Lt ""; Ar rhe elecrfon Tarylor polled lrg00 votêÞ, whlLe, his opponent J- E- ldaderir 2tr8 sir Lfþerar. pelted 61000. rhe flribqnal cpmeuted tb.at the \¡errture had beert eçeful for propagødå Surposes. À d,atly had Fppe'r been cfrcu.r.aÊp4r fa ßossendale whlch cÒ&tarned pe4ce wrf.tings¡ on the êrticlçs horrors to which sol"dlerç were subJectçdi and reports on the prof,its 'omÈ nade of, fhe rar hy a çertafn clase of people. rf the Tr{ht¡aÉ4 wds not uudul.y fungresred rriËh the 23 percettt of rhe vote galned þy TayJ.or, phllip $$onrden, tul hiç åutoôioeraphy, thoughË the perforû€,Ece [rI. of Blaad, a LaÞour and peece candidate who galned 33 1/3 Fefcenr of the vore *t a by-elec*.on hérd ar Keighrer in April, 1918, ttlag a rem¿rkable EckLes¡þænt. 219

In ÍtE fssue of the ?Ê tdarctr, ¡fll7, Sq TriÞt¡nal re.ferred to by*efectr.orl a at stocktsu*on-læs ¡rhfeh wa,s beltç contested by Edwaril'E¿ckhor¡Se¡ e eueker, whe ¡ras dtaÐdfüg as a peace_hy_NeBçtfation candldatê. Backfto$Eçr it lras feparted, was Coüvlnced that peace wpuld

217. Trlbunal, Fhe B Febn¡ary, tgl7, þ. Z 2I8. Ihe Fiûes, 22 Pe$*uery, l9l?. p. l{aden YlãÈount Hcrcourt. I succeèdqd

gl9. H. H. Sowprrrtlle (I,ih.) 4rg73. I'[. Bl+rd (F+ace) ZÅ49. L6å. conÊ if flegotfaËion atte@ts wefe rnadê. fire Allleç shor.rld state clearLy they that !ûere nðr wagfng q åggfefislçe war; f6r peace dictäted hy one eide r,rould eorttefn the basrö for a further rrar et sone tlme i¡r ttre futü¡è. fie also stood for the reÈ$rf¡ of BfåttEh libertfeç Loçt durl¡r'g the t¡ar and f,or f¡eedot of, the press. othst points of hfç caupaf"gn werê support for aduLt suffrage, reconctliation in rtelendr beneffts EFe4ter for nother aÉd chfld ærd a change ln the ed*cattoãaÎ systea as çèË out ia a 8111 reçently brought foa,rard by Í'ísher. llç was opposed to å¡ry comnerçiaL t¡ar af,ter the r¡¿r. 220 pethick F. W. LÉrrrence, nored eatlier aq a plouef-ishdre contributór ôf! the subJecr of an E¡tforeed ?çace afid ås a pf,omiÍent r¡eúêr of the U.D.t., also fought a by-qfçstlür +s q peace cq$dÍdate. IIe stood for $ouËh Áherdeen Ía the spring of 1g17. pethrck-Las¡rence was a cdrrseleEtious oðjector too, b't he was not calle{ befote a trihu¡r¿r until rhê rniddle of l9l.s when he was aged 46. te told his tribural t}tat he did not obJect to ail. warr but he dtd obJecr ro the ooe ttùen herng fougþt. Ttre tribuoar. classed hfru as a politÍcal yet objector' offered hlu èxerûptlon lf he would ¡rccept work of national ÍfiPortance. ltrfs be accepted.

rn his autobíograpby FethJ.erc-Laç¡tre[ce gives a saryle of the lÍterãture he r¡sed at the tiue of the South Áherdeen by_eLectiotr. 221 ile shqr'rqd that there ¡rere two aLternatlves Þefore tne country: ê peaee, uegotiåÈed or a period of rrar for nonths or perhaps ye4rs.

220- Resurt of tåe $tocktou-on-Tees erectid¡ri J.B. Iùatson (ç. LÍh.) 7 r64L, E. Backhouse (peace) 596

?2L. F.W. Fethick-Lawrenæ, (London: Ilutchlnspa, 1.943). @ 169. aegotiated peace A did not mearr eapftulaÈion to Gerrnarry, he coatinued. ffritafn should iqciçË oü certafut p€ace tern¡s. rt was Ín a posltíon

to do so' for although Gernarry had nade territor{.al advances, had ¡n¿lntaf.ued s$FerJ.oriÈy Sritafn at sea and had the blockade. He rhdr felr BrÍtish teû[$ should be the iBdepeaaBnce of Belgfrror; the evêcuati.grr of Fra¡rce; $erbia; and other Salkan States. ïhe TreûtiÊo go shOuld to Ïtaly and Russla ehould be al,lg¡¡ed free pa6sage through the Dardouellês. PethLek-Iatrrence secured only 333 vctes in the election¡ WhÍle Frofesçor J. R. trÙatso[r atrdrndep*ndent Natiorral polleÉ Lrs07 arrd tf¡e LiÞeral. viCtorÍuç Str J. Flennnf.ng, 3r2g3. lhis rsas ê sübstantial defeat for ?ethÍck-Law¡er..e, f,or he on$ polled 6 percent of the total vote. rf i.t wee ihpossible for &n seeking to join rhe anti-urar paftÍ l.n thê 0omons get to th.eæelves eLected, ttre stasd whlch sone

nei¡nbers of thfs FârËy Èook ln Farltaqent caused rheur rnany dÉ.fficuLËies ln dwir constltuehcfes. E. r. John, a. A. t{. Il. ponsonby åüd R.L. Rer:e Outht'rulte enpçl.led frOu the Líberal party. C.p. Tre'qlyæ rr*e reefgn esked Èo by his cgnstituÊilcy assocfátfo,f, hut he refuseü aqrd Rahsay McDonalü was dl.sor'rued by the Liber¿r Earty. 222 The reAJ. tÊst, holüever, cøme wtrÊn tbe GsverqÞent Celled art 1a elecÊioû. 1918 after the trtrictice. Àhny Of tke 6¡¡1_r¡àr p¿¡rry IoSt their seats at this electÍqr. Of the LÍberaLe ufto tretre conËi$teaË oÞpaÊents Ôf conqcrlptiotr and had sþ,o¡m soüe Sy¡pathy for Ëtftalnrs cppecieutious obJeçtörs by speaklug or vorinF or t?þêir behalf in Parllaterrt Ë. G. Chaacçllor, iü. Clough¡ A.G.t. ffartey, f.Þ. IÏåmey,

222- MRcDd$äld $âÊ a ne¡rber of the r.L.p., bst iE the 1gr0 elect$.on rhe LaÞpsr ånÉ Ì.fber-al €andidates rn ùr.cester sçaÈ) {a dor¡bte trad ruo taggthrr to defeat thÊ Coüsèfrlãüfr¡e c.andldate. 170. E. T. John, I,ief Jones, Joseph Kitgr T. Lough, I).M. Mason, R.L. ülÉr_ r¿aLte, A,rthur PonsoRby, Iü.¡4.R. priqgle, Ar1old Rofrntree, ,Sir Johrt A. H.B. tees-$n1th, $füoft' C.P. lrevei.y4n, âüd J.fl. I{kftehouçe all Lost their seets ¿a 1916. 223

Me¡úer's I.L.P. of ParllaqenË wtro loet their Ëeat' fn 1g1g t¡ete l{.Ð. ånderson, S.t{. Jt$ett, J. fieùsay MacDonald, philip Snowflen, 2?4 æd lho¡nas Rictrardean. F.I,I. Goldstone, â üenber of the tóour Pârtf, al.ac lqst hfs seat,

It wosld be wrong to aËsuue that the only reason for the defçet of these úÊn r¡as becar¡Ee thsy tvere hembere of the ðritÍ-rar pqrty in Parliaæat, soile for b€úers, wüo had vote4 agBirrsç eonacrfption and agaLnst the Çovernmefiq on etÍrer iesues qon¡recterå Hith the brar, were *r""a.¿. Zp5 Yet the reJection of eorpe of th,e arrtf.-war €Tgr¡p by thefr locËl assoeiåtio¡ts ç@stitupacy and the well ûxroqn gfitl*r¡e.r posÍt10n. adopted grors by the effe¿ted the votlng atËir$des of åq ëlecÈprate fluehed victory and f,ed r"rirh wfth $l'gf,rs of n*fng Çernany pa,y eßd of hanging the Kaiçer- Even tho¡¡gh c.Ë. treveryaq, próù fn hfe election r.it*raËqre 223. qo l¡.b9r_â1 ædren* of rhe a$ff.-war gro¡rp dferl before rhe etecrtm: J. A. (quater) -giî*I-rn -Êt*, , rn "lulyl igrai tr.Þ. ocrober, tgr7. É¡e folrowlne ar¿ nót ce"r.-lå-ãi""ú¿"or,n.úl-õurru*, ß:tchard La*ett, philip morräli, A.¡. $hemeil.' å44. Jaæs parkerr wtÌo left the antf_r,rar group durÍng dre cóurse of she war wåF eleeted fo-r the c**rãct m"rär*'oii.ãFt* 1918. J.R. ölynes, riiho i" âlso took Co"orail"-a-äOr,- after opposing consctLptíor was elected for East lfanctrester." '

?Å5. J.II. Ttromes ([lb.], elected aÊ þerhy. He was secreÈary the @neral of Natimar uatø ár naurayråo-ä¿ DerÞy hras a naJor ¡a{bnay^êeft!{e: J.ü. Hugge ([rË.], er.ectäd for Eäst Edrüburgh, sydney A,rnord (Líb.), erected for'úolmford uiøsrø cf yorkshrre. 171. óf Prusgiü aggressfoû drd pråised the Brrttsh rroop$, there ùgsr have been narty utro read pa4rblet his nho dwelt n're on the passages Þhfctr denanded tha repeal. the of l4tlftary Serrrlce Àer; the ead of the Defence of rùe ReaJ.m Act¡ *16 r.he freetns of po''Ëíca' prfsonere. fris st+*d duriqg the wer ffóuld.aÞt ç€Éi.ly be forgntËêþ eo ôp0ü. after it ended. fütereetf.ng one óutcÊtnç üf the grouplnp together of l,iberale and lAboqr M.p.rs oppoâftio$ l,n ßo ëorecriptfqÉ trqs thqt sûüé t{þç¡at6 joiaed the Lêþour Party efter the w4r. It would riot be correct Êo atrfbute this çhange enu.rely to tß.efr cf&non actrÈü rr oppos{ng ttie ¡¡ar and cotserfptifll. R.L. Q*thw*itê, for exaaple, left the Lrberar.s þeeause he dfsagreed ¡¡ith their laud pollcy. let ft cF¡xnot be deniçd that the sh4rfng of a comnon causÉ ÞlAye¿ €oné pârt {n the leftward ¡noy+#or of these pollticrarrs. rt uir,l be reæ¡nbered tår¿t one Fropeh_ shâie coffientaror derected e simllar polfticat df,verreet aIüoüB ÈoüFcierrti-ouo obJecÈorÊ. eed rs Amo,rrg !,fbErel M.p. who eotered the Labour Êarty áfter Éæ war r{erê Ê.T. John, ¡iiho stood ünËtrcqÉ$sfutl} as â Lebour can4{date fn 19lB; A.A.W.H,. Fqnsoúf aad C.f. Trevelyan uho JoÍned. af,ter the 191fl electiorr;.Joseph Ktng atrd Ë.8. ¡.qEe_Snith becæ ueqÞers fn $lg; $. ArnolÉ JoÉæd in Lg22t aod R.Þ. ÞeflaaE rda6 é Laþour lf.p. tur IgZg 227

226. Bertrand &¡ssell plgo provides aa exan[¡le Áf this. Dt$in$ the war he cEæ' to helieve that caprialinu led-to î¡ar. reaÞor for hf.s ehauge , Tf'fs was ong from tiberalieq tã-Ss"*.Ifiuu. IÊ fF irirere$rlag to [ote that at that period he, lik¿"diÀ tã"i"ii*._quâkèr$r fir11d-socl,qll.gn. irlooà, pp. ctt., p. l;ls edvocared Rfchard Lapbert 227. JoiAe{ üre Labour party durtng the wér. PART ]HREE

- L73. CTIAPTER I

cAi\iADIAN QUAKIÌRS BEFORE TllE GREAT I,¡Alt ï

'fhe society of Friends in canada lras not a unifíed body during the Great Ttrar when conscription was introduced into canada. Two imporr- ant dívisions had occured in the níneteenÈh cenÈury which Left it ilI- prepared to meet this char-lenge to its 10ngheld peace testimony. Methodism, wíth iËs emphasis on evangelicai.ism, was the naÍn cause of the division of 1gzg. This new, dynamíc force from England attacked the Late eighteenth and early nineteenth century quietism of the society and caused division. An orthodox group which had responded in a i.imited ü7ay to evangelicalism formed one side of the division, while the HicksÍte (or Genesee) Eriends, who had rejected evangelÍcarism, formed Ëhe other. There was also an element of Anglo-Amerícan friction in this separaËion, Hicksite Friends claiming that influential English Friends had interfered too much in American Quakerism. ït is sÍgnificant thar the HicksiËe Friends canada in kept close ties vTith Quakerísm ín the united states, whiLe the orthodox group, although influenced in many r¡rays by American Friends, tended to look to England for guidance. rn L881, division occured withín the orthodox group. A surge of re- vivalism sr^rept through this body carrying most of the members with ít. Those who resisËed formed a conservative group dedicaËed to maintainíng the simple '''¡¡6phip and way of r.ife of earlier Friends. Those who ¿qgsp¡sd some relaxation of the older Quaker tenets have been called progressives. 227 227. Termínology used here is as in A.G. DorLand, s=ociel{ F#ends ( {_g¡€_tgll.f ^iLe ?q (Toronto: Macmi'l_an co. of canada, 1927). Huiããfter-Gfñed Èo as rDorland,. conservatives have also been called liiLberitàr-"itiru progressíves been cal1ed Gurneyite. have L t'ly. 4nd arthough many of rhose iovorved came Èo regret the rift, Friencrs i' canada continued Ëo be divided into three groups until iong after the GreaË hlar. some uníty hTas effecËed by the eo-operatÍon needed to exprain to the GovernmenË Ëhe views of Fríends tof¡'ards rnÍ1ítary servíce; but although tenËative steps towards unity were taken by certain individuals between L9L7 and 1919, ít took the orrhodox and Hicksíte Friends untiL Lg2g to agree to hold a joint yearly Meeting. After the divísíons of Ëhe nineteenth century the progressive group emerged numericaLly stronger than the other Ëwo groups, statistícs are scarce for the conservative and Hicicsice Friends, but statistÍcs are avaiLabLe for the progressive group during Ëhe period of the Great war. 228 gigutes suppLíed yearry for rhe canada Meering (1917) shor,r that there krere L0L4 members progressive of the group rÍving in canada in that year; the year of the introduction of conscription in canada. More than haLf, 579, i.ived in the area which was the responsibirity of the Yonge street QuarterLy rvleeting, whose principai. cenËres vùere Newmarket' Pickering and roronto. 229 Tro other important Quarterry MeetÍngs, 228' rn 1890 there were 839 HicksíËe Friends Pelham Half yearly in Ëhe canada and Meetings (Although three piãp"rraory meeËings in the Perham I{aLf yearly Meãring were u.s,e. ¡,råerings). Dorland also Dorr.and, r5B. shows Ín Appenaix (c) that ãi-arre Hicksire prepararory meetings (includÍng the three Amerícan "i" 1890- meetings) were discontínued after This would seem to indicate that trre ,rimfer of Hicksite was less than 839-in_-i.914-19 Friends period (Dorlandrs figures were taken from 1890 Genesee yearly Meeting SiatistÍcal Report). 229. The smai-r meetings of Manitoba (HarËney, chaín Dand) and saskatcher¿an (swartñmore Lakes anci jurisdiction Monthly Meeting) ar.so came under the of the yonge Street Quarterly Meetíng. L75. trtlest Lake and Pelham \{ere arso in ontario and had 135 and 159 members respectively" The largest membership outsicie ontario was Ëhe BriLÍsh colunbia Quarterly Meeting. Thís Meetíng included vicioria, vancouver and calgary in íts total membershi p of. L41,. From these Ëigures iË is crear that most of the progressive Fríends r.iving in canad,a ín r9r-Z were to be found in the provínce of ontarío. The majority of Hicksite and Conservative Friends lÍved in this province, too. 230 The figure given for the membership of the progressive Friends, in L917, probably represents as cLose an approximatíon to the actuaL mernbership of this secËion of the society of Friends in canada as Ít is possible to obËain. Friends counted in the yearly Meeting statistícal_ survey ürere possibly those knor¿n personally to the crerks of the pre_ paratory meetings- The membership of the Hicksite and conservative grouPs more is diffícuLt to ascertain. Figures quoted for the conservative Friends ï7ere recorded in LBgg, whilst those of the Hicksite Friends vTere gathered in 1890' rt wouLd be erroneous to base concLusíons about non- Progressive membership in LgL4-Lg on these figures, but as the general_ movement of the society during the Late nineteenÈh and early tÞ¡entieÈh century, in terms of membership, ïras one of decline, ít is possibi.e to say, with certaín reservations, that Ehe combined membership of these tvTo groups was probabl.y just under a thousand in LgL|-rgrg. Trius, the total actual membership of the society of Friends in Ëhe períod of che Great trrlar was less rhan two thousand.. rf this figure is conËrasted ü¡ith the cotal population of canada in 1911 (7,204,g38), ir is clear rhaË, numericalLy, Friends were of little significance in the total canadían popula tion.

230' Norwich Quarter contaíned most of the conservaËive Friends in canada- Dorland 257. All Ëhe canadian nicksiÈe were preparatory meetings in ontario: Toronto, irlest Lake, pelham, yarmouËh and coldstreaa. 1 b,id., Appendix (c) L75.

Further, it is apparent that women, ehildren and men Loo olcr to be caLled for mil-itary service are incLuded in the approximate Quaker membership total of 2,000" The number of men di.rectly affected by the

inÈroduction of compulsory military service, therefore, \,ras very smal1. Census returns for the period L861-Lg21 can be used to clarífy the position of the Society of FrÍends at the time of its confrontatíon ¡¿ith conscripËion. It wouLd be Ínaccurate, however, to use these figures \,rithout qualifying them in certain \,rays. The statistics supplie<ì for

the Yearly Meetings probabLy show the actuaL number of members v¡ho

regularLy attended the Meeiing House, whiLe the census returns show

all those who claimed membership of the socÍety. Regular atËenders were obviousLy included in these census rei:urns, but there must have

been many ci-aiming to be Fríends r,lhose membership lyas of a more tenuous naËure. Many of those claiming membership woul"d be people whom Friends calledtattenderst- These vtere usuaLly either people of other denominatíons who were in the process of becomíng members of the Society or r{ere people who, for any reason, left an area where they had been able to worship in the church of their choice and wenÈ to an area where there r4ras a

Meeting House, but no church of their ornrn denominatíon. If they found that the ways of Quaker worship ürererpt too dÍfferent from the ones they had known previously, they rvenË to the Meetíng House as rattenders,, t Many attenderst !,rere thought of locall"y as Friends and it is possible

Èhat some considered themseLves as such. To Friends, however, they

$/ere not stricËly members of the Society. In many cases their alLegiance to Quakerism was not strong and they were an unstabLe group within the 177. society. A furËher group who r¿our.d cr.aim membership of the socí.ety when confronted with a census formrwould be those r¿ho had been born Friends, but who, for some reason, no longer TrzenÉ to the Meeting F1ouse. This míght have been because Lhey no longer wished to attend; because they had become rattenders¡ but not actual members of some other church; or because they r.Íved in rural areas far from a Meeting House. This last situation \^ras common in western canada, where Quakerism faíred to establish ítself to the degree it had done in Eastern canada. !üíth these reservations in mind., an analysis of the relevant census returns is reveaLing. rn LBTI-, the census reËurns for ontario show that 7,106 people consÍciered themselves Friends; this was out of a totaL canadían membership of, 7,34s. By r.9r1, however, Èhe centre oi gravity oi the ¡theoreticarr membership had moved westward. of che totaL number of. 4,022 Friends riving in canada, onry 2,BgB resided in Ontario, whereas L,Lgî livecl in the trrlesËern provinces of British Colt4ubia, Alberta, saskatchewan and Manitoba. From the figures previously noËed for Ëhe ractuar-r membership, I as opposed to the theoreticarr membership figures given here, it is evident that the society stilr had the majority of ractual'membership its f.iving in ontario in the period of the Great trrlar. The organizationaL centre of the society therefore remained in ontario whiLe many members moved into the Idest and outside the paLe of organÍzatÍon. Quaker A new Quarterly meeting was established in British colurnbia in r9L2, whích her.ped Eo strengthen the sociery in that province' However circumstances r^7ere more conducive to the estabLishment of meetings in British columbia than in the oÈher T,¡esfern provinces' The census returns for 191l shov¡ that three-quarters r/ò. of those claiming to be members of the Society of Friends lived withÍn seventy-five miles of vancouver. In Alberta, SaskaËchewan and Manitoba, Fríends did not live as close Ëo each oÈher and this made attempËs to organize Quakerism in these areas much more dífficult. There was little hope Ëhat these members would remain Friends unless a nerv network meetíngs of could be established in these provÍnces. rn Ëhe evenr, although some small meetings r^rere established, lack of funds and peopLe to \"7ork as missionaries, when added to the problem of

A further point which stands ouË clearly from an examination of the eensus returns for 1861-L921 ís thaË the membership of the society of Friends !ùas decl-ining throughout the períod. rn 186r , 7,504 peopre claimed to be members of the socíety, whereas , in Lg2r, the totar. figure. for Canada T¡ras only 3,LîL.

From this statistical analysís of the membership a1d. strueture of the society of Friends it can be seen thaË at the period r¿hen the society was faced with the greatest challenge to its peace tesËímony which the society had knotøn, it was also faaed v¿iÈh many oLher problems which r¿eakened ÍË ín the fight against conscriptíon. trüith a rhree-fold division within Íts own ranks, unÍty of acËion against the common enemy was rlot easy- T'he contÍnual- movement of Friends into the'i,lest, usiraliy wÍth the result that these members rvere lost to the society, sapped the strength of Quakerism in canad.a, leaving only a smalL body of Friends in the East Ëo form a bulwark against conscriptÍon. ÏI DespíËe the srnall membership of the socíety of Friends in canada during the Great trrlar, Fríends as índividuals and as members of the society, had to face many of the problems whích confronted the rarger numbers and more powerful Britísh society. when war came, in August LgLi, canadian Fríends had to decíde whether Ëo maintain the peace policy of theÍr society by refusing to herp the war effort in an¡rway, hovrever trivial, or whether to seelc some form of service v¡hich would e'ab1e them to serve their country and humanity without violating their principles. some had to decide whether for them the correct path did not lie in enlístment ancr a place at the Front. Later, in 1917, when the canadian governmenL introduced conscription, Friends, Ëogether with other groups whose tenets precludêd parÈicipation in r¡rar, ürere only promised non-combatant service should they appry for exemption on grounds of 23L conscience. As most members of Èhe socíety were rural dwellers, however, they found Ít relaiívely easy to secure exemption through the exemptions afforded by the goverrunent to farmers and farm 231. This dÍd not-appr-y to Mennonites or Doukhabors who had been granted exemption from miLitary serve by order in councii. of August 13, 1873 and by order in councir. oi oecember 6, rg9B, sects had ,""p""iirr"ry. These come to canada on the understanding that they wourd called upon t.o undertake not be military service. The pLedge was honoured by the government in 1917-19. rt is interesting to note the following, however, in the right of modern events' some Mennonites and Doukhabouié n"¿ into the u.s-A- move¿ across the border since their original emigration to canada. The ment of canada were informed r'.1 govern_ that soñe of these are noT^7 returníng in order to escaPe rnilitary service in the united Lived for years-...tt. states where they have rn view of this, regisration r4ras passed which stipulared thac only members of rhe orígi"ãr descendents' o¡ Ëheir ÌÂrho resided permanentry ín canada"*igrari,ons could claim exemption under Ëhe above orders in council. The Canada Gazette, 9 November, l9L8, p. 1613. L8ù. wôrkers. trrlhen, in April , LgrB, trre government cancerled a1r exempËions previousLy granted to men in the age group 2rJ-22, Friencls courd no longer obtain exemption on the strengLh of their ímportance as part of Ehe agricuLtural economy. Arthough the size of Ëhe prob1em greater 'zas in Britaín, canadian Friends of miriËary and non-miritary age had major decisions to make concerning the conflict between mílitarism and ehe tradíËíonal Quaker peace testimony.

Friends in canada had a 10ng hÍstory of peace testimony Ëo guÍde them in the decisions they had Ëo make. They could also car.r upon the experíence, in matters of peace, found in the history of Quakerism in Britain and America. From the earriesË pe::íods of the socÍety peace r^'as a basic element Ín the Quaker way of life. I¡Iherever dispute arose peaceful means r,¡ere offered as a solution. ArbitraËion was prominent in deaLÍngs between Friends, and force of any kind r.¡as frowned upon.

stephen s----- of Norwich rvas disciplined 'ffor striking when struckr'. 232 w^ny FrÍends who came to canada in the rate eighteenth cenËury came from the united states and these settlers had already had to face the probl-ems raísed by the American revolutíon. During the revolution, Friends hacl sought to remain neutral, but some members of the socíety had taken part in the war and they ,,\,7ere dísowned by their Monihly Meetings when in membership". 233 As settLers, Friends appear to have been readily received in canada' Theír peace testimony was made clear to the British authoríties in canada and it seems that thís tesËimony was providecl ior. Lord simcoe 232- Quoted in Dorland, ,rAd.vices,, offenders", york 14 and taken from ¡rTreating with New Discipliná, 1810, pp. T_àg. 233. M.E.^Hírst, (London: Swarthmore Press L923) p. 3g9. 181_. vnrote' t'r have not hesitatecl to promise to the Quakers and other sects the simiLar e>lemptíon, however, and by the Þfi1ítia Act (1793) they were requirecì to pay Ëwenty shillíngs â year in peace time and. five pounds a year in time of vrar. Many Friends refused to pay this money, for they fert that by paying such a fine, a direct contribution was being made to the country'|rs T^rar funds. Holvever those refusing to pay were fiçed by the authorities, good.s being seízed by Locar J.p.fs to the varue of the annual exemption fee' Eight members of yonge the street Dfonthly Meeting were imprÍsoned, in 1810, for one month because Ëhey refused to pay such fees. 235 Maíntaining the peace Quaker po'icy \nlas not easy; there rvere social hardships. rn hi" ), Robert Gourlay hinted that it r¡ras very profítable to have a peace policy during v¡ar_time. He argued that the prosperity of Friends in Norwich was largery due to rtthe advantages of remaining at peace on their farms 'during the ínvasion of the-province 18L2-14). (the war of Quakers, Mennonites or Tunkers have all this blessed privilege and ,." ,llored in lieu to pay money of mílitary service- They had the further advanËage of the hÍgh. pr:Lce of froauce occasíorr*a Uy the wa_r whÍch many othàrs could r, rrorn r,¡rrii;-;i;.ä'^iar*s lay negre"iå5"l"r38vantase 234' Quoted in Dorland, símcoe 54 and iaken from letter written by ro Dundas,. !7g2, voL. i, o. 1gg of E.A. cruikshank, Papers, pubi-Íshed by ontario simcoe Historicar socíety, ToronÈo, Lg23. 235. Quored in Dorland, 3L2. Símpkin'i¿-r"l"'"n'rr,LB22),#,Voi..I(London:236. Robert GourLay, Sta L82 such " writíngs may have influenced those who resented the l-aek of rnartial ardour shown by Friends and hel-ped sow doubts among non-Quaker neighbours

concerning the sincerity of Fríendrs views on hrar. some Friends, eíther from social or fínanciar. pressure found it difficult to maintain the peace testimony. T'he society often found iË necessary to discipline members who gave \ùay to, or threatened viol_ence. Lewis PoweLl was broughË before a Quaker committee because,, he had given \t7ay to passion so far as to threaten a man with violence who imprest (síc.) his team, and aLso of usíng decepËion to the officers of Ëhe Government to prevent Ëhe teams goingil. 237 From these exampr.es it is evident that the peace polícy of the society of Friends r¡7as essentiaL to the Quaker mode of Lívíng. peace entered into the basic rerationships between peopLe and ï¡7as a poi.icy to be followed in times of peace and war. Although the Brítish authorit,ies recognÍzed this, Ëhey did not exempË Quakers from miLitia dutÍes without seeking to make thern pay for the privii.ege. rf the exemptíon fee was not paid wí1LingLy then it I,Ias taken by force. Friends reacted to thÍs in various \,,rays. some rvould not bend before this violation of their peace poLicy and were will-ing to go to prison rather than compromise theír views' others found it more dífficult to stand firm. There rvere those who, vrhen faced r¿ith Ëhe forcible seizure of goods were wílling to aÈtend militia training. some, like Lewis powell, resorted to threats of vioLence in defence of theÍr property. [¡lÏrerever too close an affinity with violence prevailed, ho\^rever, the society told the offenders that the peace tesËimony must be maintained if the member wished to remain within the ranks of the socÍety. rt required constant prompting then, 237. Dorland, 313. L33. by the elders of che society, to ensure that some of the more adventur- ous members of the Society did not subvert the Society,s peace poLicy. The troubled period of the early nineteenth century which provided the examples used here, gave r,eay to more peaceful times in canada and Friends were not faced wiËh any great chalLenge to their peace policy unËiL the GreaL trtar.

TTT The outbreak of war, ín L9L4, r¡'as preceded by an uneasy perÍod when many arguments were raised against trre grorvÍng quanËÍtíes of arms in the world. canadÍan Friends \^rere as concerned about this problem as r¡'ere their British counterparts and, the pages of the cauadian Frieryl provÍde many examples of thís anxiety. The 'r'est Lake QuarterLy Meeting noted with concern Ëhat the (iahádian: çovernment proposed to spend $g5,000,000 upon war vesseLs. After díscussíng this matter' the Meeting proposed that the cr-erk of the yearly Meetíng uríght summon a represen'ative meetÍng to author ize a protest to be sent to the Governnent about ,,rvasting . . . (money on). . . warlike preparations by a 238 ChristÍan nation". In an article reprinËed frorn the Messenger of peace 239 , the myth of íncreaseci armaments acting as a deterrenË to a T^rarlike natiorr r47as quashed by Mary D. Hole' she argued Éhat knowing the power of submarines to destroy battleships had nor stopped the British navy from increasing its number of batt'eships. rf the u-s.A., Germany, France and Japan are peaceful nations, r'Ihy she added, are they arning at such a fast rate and v¡ho v¡íLl attack them if they are al1 concentrating on ¿g¡.r..a,,240 238. The Canadian Friend. Ner¿market, January, L9L3, p.3 239. A pacifist journar pubríshed by peace Friends in Americal ni"nmo"ã, -irrai"rr". the Ass'ciarion of LB,. i{hen the canadian yearly rvleeting met at Newmarkec (June 26-29, -i9r.3), it was clecided to send a resolution to the Premier of canada protesting strongLy against the Opposíiíon's suggestíon of a Canadian Navy and against the proposed increase in armaments. ïn the memorial, Canadian Friends suggested that:

Our country should seek rather to acËively encourage both nationai.ly ancl internationaLLy, by every means within itã power, the adoptioi'of the Principtres of peace Atbitration "rrá rather than to continue an increasing activíty and l.areer expenditure in preparation for war. Z4L The memoriai- said that ail. Ìvar v'as morarLy r¡rrong and that despite persecution, Fríends had objected to it for 250 years. They asked that attenËíon be turned to the canadian-American border which had remaíned peacefur for almost a hundred years or Ëo canada itseLf which proved that clifferent naËíonalitíes could lÍve together in peace' The memorial ended hrith a suggestion that the money intendecr for armaments r.rould be better spent on Ëhe formation of a canadian Peace commÍssion which could help Lo bring peace and undersËanding betr,reen nations.

FrequentLy iË was asserted in the Canadian Friend that canada needed no defence forces. The real enemies, T\rrote David sËarr Jorden, ttignorance, were vior.ence, ü7aste, ínjustice, disease and vicett. 242 More money !üas needecr to combat these probl.ems, he stated; it shour.d not be wastecl upon arrnaments. But to secure this money for the eradícaËion of the ills he had previousLy enumerated, Jorden argued, it was necessary to combat the actÍons of international armament combines who saw Ëhe v¡ealth of canada and wished to control it. 241. The Canadian Friend, July, 1913. p. 5.

Z4Z. The Canadian Friend., December, 1913. p. 14. 185 . These cornbi*es promised safety for canada by Ëhe defensive capabir- ities of their arms, but such defence was illusory. The real aim of Ëhese armament manufacturers r¿as to groúr richer. Jorden named the manufacturers as Krupp, vÍckers-Armstrong, Brornrn, and schneider-

crevsot, and poiniecr out that the canadian shipbuíi.ding company of Nova scotia was just another name for John Brown, the clydeside Shipbuilding firm. Jordenrs message üras clear and was one which r¿as also prevalent in BríÈish pacifist groups, both Quaker and sociarist

at this períod: a group of European arms manufacturers (he had

mentioned exampres from Germany, Brítain ancr Franc$ro"ru responsibre for the stockpiling of arms. T.hey tempted natíons with safety by selling vast quantities of arms to one nation to defend íËseLf against Ëhe arms they roere seLling to another. rf this murderous traffic Idas not stopped Èhen rvar with all its suffering would follow. 2lv3 Friends were also concerned about the fostering of a rnii-itary spírit in canada. A.G. Dorland in an article entítLed Militarism ín canada expressed Ëhe fears of many Friends. He used. Australia and Nei'¡ zeal.and' as examples of what happened r¡hen milítarist ídeas gained prominence. There, he vrrote,

everyone is required to become a member of the miLitia, and on refusing to do so can be tried and puníshed by court martial from whích there is no appeal- to a civil court. 244 2¿+3- rn BrÍtaÍn, phiLip snowden, r.L.p. member of parliament. using material supplied by trrlalton Newbold, a Quaker-SocÍalist made a speech in the House of commons ín which'he exposed t' the ïntei:natÍonal Armament Ring, and. the financiar., interests of lrf.p.s armament in the British firmstr. Not one of Newbor.ds assertions was chaLlenged Snowden corrunents in his Autobiographv, op. cit., p. 24g.

244. The Canadian Friend, July 1913 p.15. L€J6. Boys of eleven ancr a harf were required to do milítary Lraíning, he continued, and any principal whose school rvas unco-operatíve coulcj be disnissed by che military authoriiies. ït was such a sítuation as this, Dorland maíntained, that the l"linísier of l"liLitia, colorreL sam Hughes, wíshed to introduce Ínto canada. Dorrand gave detaír.s of the objecËs of Ëhe canadian Defence League whích, he said) \¡7ere to give arl males military training; to give boys gymnastic and military trainíng in schoors; and to provicre a cadet corps or simirar organization for boys when they left scrrool. Thís corps would give training under canvas while manoeuvers would be an important aspect of the corps. Friends r¡rere appalled by the idea of boys receivíng rniritary traíning ín schools and at the 1914 canada yearly Meetíng, they drafted a letter to the Minister of Educatíon and to the premier of the Province of ontarío objecting strongl-y to the growth of miritarísrn in schools. MiLitarists, ,, they craÍmed, raished by utilizing the school connection to instilr in the young minds the milítary spÍrit, and a false and pugnacious ídear. of patriotismrr. A horror of war shouLd be taught young the not rhe glorificaËion of ít, the note continued, and the educator " shourd instilL the hÍgher patriotism of social service and of i-nternatíonar brotherhood which wirl make all war betrveen civilizedpeople impossíb1er,. 245 Very young Friends were also made arvare of the problem of nilitarism. A message from the British cor.umbia peace committee began, " Dear childrenrtand r^renË on Èo make speciar note of the drilling of boys in Australia and Ner¡ Zealand. Drilling ï¡ras not 245. The Çanadían FrÍend Ju1.y, I_914. p.g. i87. required in Canad.a, it was pointed out, but if ít r¿ere, many people would, no .doubt, consider this a viol.ation of conscience and refuse to drilL. The children rvere tor.d that boys in Australia had been jailed for their refusal to undergo míLitary Ëraining. Finally, the message stressed that chíldren T^7ere noË too young to contríbute to estabLishing a peaceful- i¿orld. Foreigners \¡rere to be treated with kíndness and not to be treaËed dífferently from canadian people. such an extension of kindness would help to solve internatíonal problems. ïn the troubred years which preceded the begiirning of hostilities in LgL4, Friends in canacra r,rere active in making their views on a''ns, militarism and war known to the government. They did not have Members parr.iament of through which to speak to the Govern¡nent as dÍd BriËish Friends, so that the memoriar. addressed to the Príme Minister of canada was perhaps the best, possibr.y the only means of acquainËing the Goverrunent wiEh their vÍews on armaments. The influence of such a memoriar. wour.d not be great, but nevertheless Fríends were raising a voice, hor¿ever small, against what they considered a great r¡'rong. Friends were anxíous to point out that their vier¿s \¡rere consistent with loyalty to the Empire: loyalty couLd be shown in various rdays. The way suggested by canadian Friends qras to use the money intended to strengthen the canadian and British fleets for the dÍssemination of peace literature. canadian Friends informed the government of their opposition to increased arms and pointed out theír L0ng association with problems resultíng from theír peace Ëestimony.

246. The Canadian Friend June,1914. p.5. 188 " As with their protest, against increased armamenËs, the method the Fríends adopted for showing concern about an increased interest ín mi1í tary training for canadians üras to send a leËter to the GovernmenÈ. I89. CHAPTER II

TIÍE COMING OF TnE Ï^IAR AND CONSCRIPTION ï Iühen war came in August , IgL4, Friends were at once faced r¡ith the problem of the attÍËude they would adopt ro the ürar. rt was Írom Brítish Quakerisur that canadian Fríends took their lead. rn the september editíon of the canadian Fríend appeared the message | sent ouË To Men and úüomen of Goodwirl ín the Britísh Empire , by BrÍtish Friends. Tt began with a statement of loyalty: lrte recogníze that our Government has strenuous made most efforts to preserve peace, and has entered into Lhe vrar ünder " gr".ru sense of duty to a smaLler State towarãs which r¿e moral had and treaty obLigations. l,ltríle as a SocieËy ùre sËand firmly Èo the belief that the method of force is no solutíon question, of any we hold that Ëhe presenË moment is but ror devoted i:t"::"":fr:;ttäåå"'' service There r¡ras no menÊion here of the growth of arms reading to vTar or ühe contríbuting factor of the growth of a militaristic impulse in the EmpÍre' arguments which had played such a prominent part in Quaker ideas concerning the causes of r¿ars. Britaín had entered the war to proËect Belgiurn and there T¡ras an end to the matÈer at this stage. There nas no índicaËion that canadian Friends felt the need to add anything to this British statement, for the message hTas presented without eomment. critícism tras temporarily abated. ïnstead, the message to be ,, considered rvas Let us not faiL first to bLafue ourser-vest'. 247 Fro* the beginning of the war Fríends looked ZA0. C".r¿i?" Comparewitt'wo'ã@Do;1a;;,-Å...ívÇe¡radianFriendSe friu , Seprember, 1914., p. 14. rJ j;,, y-:L" and .,nd er ï- å prÍmariLyiiå"t:rt f: . 1"_ : iï.*" r rå"ä=##ãi;* because.ofIT" írs .nil "i buË vrrong and immoralrt. "or,"equences, ;;;r"J=i.i""'ì"i"åä

247. The Canadían Friend, September, LgL/r, p.I4. 190. to the future and not to the pasË. Th"y asked themselves what service they could perform to help their couritry and humanity in the critical days ahead"

British FrÍends suggested thaL the way to serve r,,Jas to help and pity the rrsufferíng and sÉrickenrl at home and also to pray for and love the enemy. Z4B on October l'th, LgI4, in Toronto, ho'ever, Joseph Ar.len Baker, a canadian r¿ho had líved for many years in Britaín and had become a Britísh M.p., suggested a very practicar. way in which Friends could help serve humanity. Zhg He told his Lísteners that few Bnglish Friends had enlisted, but Èhat a large group of Friends had formed an ambulance unit whÍch was in traÍníng and wouLd soon leave for France. He ar.so tord of the work of British Friends among Austrían ancr German nationals who had been caught in England by the outbreak of the war. Baker rdas a frequent speaker at meetings held by canadian FrÍends in rate Lgr4. Largely through his influence' money contributions soon began to frow from canada. These funds \^¡ere augmented rater by parcer.s of cr.othing, which were theproducts of numerous ser,ring groups which were set up all across Canada by women Friends.

In the early period of the war, the Ambulance Corps ü/as not an official organízation because some Friends dÍd not feel that r--- 248' Friends in canada spoke of Natíonar_ heLp build servíce. trrle must national"t"*"t"r shaping of righteous at home and abroad, or the a;J; oi1!h" policy The Canadían roear o. gover'menrr. Friend, Novembel, tgt+. p. 16. "ã"tr"r 2lrg' Joseph Allen Baker, native orc ontario. London, England in tBzo. rtanurrct.rrgl lrrent to M.p. of Baking l{achinery. Lib. ior EasË Fínsbury, rgos_ilia. DÍed 3 rnformarion from,gtro. ili;: 1918. wá+ nnoz-ioro-ie¡v p. 44T+ d*Lr Friend,August L918. pl-Z- -- t/' ;;å from The canadian 191" such a c10se connecËion with the miLÍtary authorities in keeping 'das with the Quaker peace message. Baker, however, vr'as not one of those who believed Ëhis. Iíe felt that ambulance work rnzas acceptab'e as a form of servÍce for Friends in a time of war. rn a letter prínted in the canad.ian Fríend, he poi.nted out that many of the men in the Corps ürere men of importance; L.E. I{arvey, M.p. and his brothers' aL1 oxford men, he emphasized, were members, as aLso was Lar¿rence cadbury, the son ì of George cadbury of Bourneville. 25a The quality of the men in the Ambu'ance corps was ar.so noted by the Toronto star' An articLe reprinted from this newspaper appearecl togetherI^7ithBaker¡sintheDecembereditionof@. The article srressed that philip J. Baker (J. Allen Baker,s son) was a cambridge graduate and that 'r other members of the corps are Largely lllBl of the same class, men of trained i-ntellects and bo.Íes, idealists, full of the spiriÈ of duty and serf sacrifice,,. zsL Canadian Friends, then, ï¡Iere presented with a spl.endid picËure of the qualifications of the men in the Ambur.ance corps. They vrere told that it contained the son of one of the wealthiest and most respected British Quaker families, that there were luf.F.s and graduaËes of Oxford and Cambridge wíthin it ranks. They were not told of the arguments used by those opposed to ambulance work, who felt that although members of the corps did not carry r^reapons or fight, they wore a uniform and worked ín close co-operatÍon rvith the military authorities. rt seems that there v'ere few doubts in the minds of canadian Friend.s about the compatibÍlity of ambulance work and Ëheir peace testimony. problems concerning the saving and healing of wound,ed soLd.iers, so that they night then be returned to 250. The Canadian Friend, December, IgL4. p.7. 25L. Ibid. p. 15. t92 " the FronË r^7ere not raised i:r Trre canadian FriencÌ. irleirher was the argument thac by taiiing up work as amburance men, Friends r^7ere con_ demning other men to a place at the Front. These arguments may have been puË forward and discussed by some Fríends in canada, but such arguments did not find theÍr Ì,ùay ínto print. From the beginning of the Fríendrs Ambulance corps in BrÍtain, Friends in canadaappear to have wholeheartedly supported ambulance r¿ork rvith funds, materials and eventually with recruits. 252 The names attached to an appeaL for contributions for the corps in December, LgL', show that Ín canada, at least, the corps rofficÍa1': was considered Arbert s. Rogers, Clarence E. picket, tr{a'ter D. Gregory, Joseph p. Rogers, all very prominent members progressive of the sectíon of the soeieËy of Friends signed the appeal whích asserted that the corps gave Fríends a chance t'to assist financially in relieving the suffering and dÍstress wíthout in any \^ray compromísing Friend¡s princípIes of Peacetr. 253

Ewarr trrrighr, pÍckering; 313;"(il"ï::y1"":Iîgî,y;a1d Dayiã noe"I",'Ë";;;;;;å,;-;ii loronËo; ffi,"'l".1"c_;;bå';-;;..;;"-;;;";";.Ïi;;"ff;"i:"."*l"X:::}.1:*::." ååiiïi;"å'ii a Quaker organization, but rnany Frierrá" *"r" il;;;j. (ii) $s' 276.99 had been senr to Britaín since November 17, rgr-4, reported The Canadian Friend on December, lgl+,-p.2. (iii¡ The Canadiqn Frieng, To.o.'c@'a.iånipof}irs.s.M.Busse1].ehad'sentJuLy 19L5, pp. 12_13, reporred thar 75 hospitaL shírts, r.,000 bandages, socks, scarfs ro F.A. c. and. wristers

253. The Canadian Friencl, December, L9L4, p.g. 193. II ConscriptÍon, whÍch had been ÍnEroduced into EngLancl, ïdales, and scotrand, in L916, did not appear in canada until Augusc LgL7. FrÍends in canada had discussed the possibílity of its intro_ duction, but this had been before the outbreak of the r¿ar. From the outbreak of the war to the time when the goverffnent actually íntroduced ir little was written i" @ ro shor¿ that Qualcers r¡rere r¿orried about the possÍbiLity of conscrÍption being brought into canada. This r¿as despite the assertion, in september, L974, that: rnre must " offer strenuous opposition to Ëhe estabLishment of compulsory military training in any part of the Empirett. 254 quakers apparenLLy írnagined that they wouLd receive exemption if conscription was introduced, so perhaps they Ì'ere more compLacent about the issue than they might otherwise have been. Even the announcement that the Government r^7as to hoLd a census under the auspÍces of a NatíonaL servÍce commÍssÍon does not seem to have ruffled contrÍbutors to The canadian Friend. such a step in Britain had brought storms of protest, for it hTas asserted that a census of this nature ÍmpLÍed conscription. rn canada, the Friends appear to have raised littre protest. The onry mention of the census to appear in The canadian Friend vTas conËained in a report from the Yonge street Quarterry Meeting which indicated that the ,, general feeling was that it is advisabr.e to respond and not to ígnore the efforts of the commission". 255 lùh"r, answering the questions contained in the census card, FrÍends were advised to ansr¡'er Ín fu1l and noË merely to state ry.sr or tno'. specific attention was drawn to fi470 0f 254. The Canadían Fríend, September, L914, p. L6. 255. The Canadian Friend, January, lgLl, p.g. I 91. the questÍons: ni¡nber twenty-three r,,lhich asked " ffoulcl you be witlíng to change your present r^rork for other necessary !úork at the same pay during the war?tt and number twenty-four " are you wíLLing, if your railvray fare is paid, to Leave where you nov¡ live and go to some othei: place in canada to do such work?" Friends, it was suggested, shour.cl reply that they lì7ere not wilLing to change their occupations if it meant t'forcing someone else our of his present employmenË and into the fighting rankstt. 256

ALËernatíve service, which producecr much argument in Britain beEween sectíons of the conscientious objection movemerrt, did not become a major Íssue in canada. Frie'ds \irere advised that they should not support such a measure, but @ r{ent no furËher vrith the problem; no discussion of the rights or r^Trongs of alternative service appeared in íts pages. As most Friends lived in rural areas and many of them were farmers, it was perhaps natural that there was líttle interest shown in alternative service. rn the past farmers had been allowed to continue upon their farms and there was nothing to indicate thai this r¿ou1d not obtain during thÍs war. rn the event, aLternative service was not introduced inËo canada. After the Government cancer-led aL1 exemptíons, in April, r.9r-8, hor,iever, Friends became more interested. in Alternative service. The mínutes of the 1918 Yearl-y Meeting show that a ietter concerning such service was drafted and sent to the prime Minister in ottawa. rn the letter Friends requested that their members be aLlowed to take up service with the F'A'u', the Bnglish I^I.v.R. committee or the Arnerícan Reconstruction units in France, but they also asked that a order "i*ila. to that issued 256. Ibid., p.B. 795. by the u.s.A. (31.5.18) ar-rowing alternative agrÍculturaL service, be made in canada. 257 Nothing came of this request, however, and. the government made no provision for arternative service in canada. There r47ere no Quaker M.p.s in the Canadian parLiament Ëo raise a voice against conscríption. 258 During the Summer of 19L7, whire rhe Military servíce Birl was being debated, conscríptÍon and Íts possible effects upon Friend.s in canada did not receive any attention in The canadian Friend. Friend,s expressed their views to the Government ín the usuar way: by sendíng it a resor.utíon. rt is apparent that despite the reticence of Friends to discuss conscriptíon publically in theír journal, much díscussion had taken place privately on the subject. Faced vJith â problem r¿hich affected the whore of the society, some unity rrras effected. A joint committee had been formed in May, L91-r representing the Èhree sections of Quaker opinion, and it was these representatÍves who affíxed their names to the resolution sent to parliament in May, L9r7 - They \4rere, charles A. zavitz (Hicksite), George clark 257. (1918), p. 24. 258. There ü7as one M.p. who is reported to have been a Quaker. lhís was Lieut. -cor.. John, James cãiri"t, conservarive M'P' for Thund".._B1y.an-d Raíny River. Born I.{au¡e, IndÍana,-U.S.A. 17 septeurber, rBT3, Terre Mayor åt p-ort Arrhur, l_89g, M.L.A. porË Arthur 1898-1911, Elected for Ëo the House or cåm*ons ar the rgr.L General Ei.ecrion- January, -_rn 19i.5, he r,¡as ;;ñ";;o"iJ åãi';" , special service officer r¡ith ihe canadian Expeditionary the rank of Lieut.-coloner.. Force with Lieut.lcor. nr"å"r'J. chambers, ed. , t9L7. p. 109- Carrick dÍd not speak enthe House_ on conscription or conscientíous objection in 19L7 and did nor seek re-erecriår-io towards rhe erecrÍon herd the end ot L9r7- He was not, therefore, an M.p. objectors when Quakers ffÍriTï;r;:"""tu"tious v¡ere beíng r"k"n inËo rhe Army arter 196. (conservaiive) and Albert s. Rogers (progressive). rn the resolutÍon, the friends asked that the o1d e>remptions r¿hich they had enjoyecr be íncluded in the BilL, rf but that they should be broadened to include a1i- those whose conscience forbade them to carry arms, regardless of their membership in anyparticular church or socÍet r,, 259 A Letter of acknowledgment was received prime fro¡n the Minister in which he stated that the resoLutíon r¿ould be placed before the Minister who eras preparíng the 8i11. trr'hen rhe Military servíce Bilr. emergàd from Parliament it vras seen that the Government had. not responcled to the appeal for a v¡íder conscÍence clause. Exemption on grouncis of conscientious objectiol-' to military service r.üas to be granted only to aembers of a rerigious bocry. The so car"lea conscience clause which r47as contained in the rnilítary service Bill- stated that exemption could be obtained if the applicant:

ConscíentiousLy objects to the unclerËaking of combatant service and is prohibited. from so doing by the ÈeneLs and artícLes of faith, in effect on 6th July, LgL7, of any organized religious denomination existing and well recognized at such date and to which in good he belongs. 260 faith

A further clause, however, dealing ¡,rith conditional certiL_.icates of exempÈíon stipulated that a

certificate may be conditional as to time or otherwise and if granced only on grouncls of objection shall conscientious state that such exemption is from com- batant service only. 26L 2s9. The Canadian Friend, October , L9!7, p. 6. 260. Milítarv ServÍce AcL (IgL7) rt (1) (f). , 7,&g George V, E>

it is expedient in the national interest that the man should instead of- being enrployea in milítary ser_ :il;-$. "iäi""o ín other 'ã't i"-íÀi"i"ïä-t-å'iåil,tuaL1y

untir. the government cancelled exemptions under this category, in Aprí1, 1g1B it appears that Friends were often successful in securing exemptíons under the provÍsions of this clause. No evic'ence has yeË been discovered to show that any Friend was refused exemption until after this date. 263

The decision as to who was eligible for exemption was in the hands of 10ca1 tríbu'als which ï7ere set up across canada. Each Tribunal consisted of trvo men, one chosen by a boarcr of serection desÍgnated by the senate and House of commons, the other by the 1egal authoritíes in a province, by an appropriate jucrge or by the MinÍster 262. rbið.. , rr. ( 1) (a) .

263' Non-combatants hTere not calred ouË untÍ1 ApriL, r.g1'. 19 B. of iustice. 264 provísion was made for appeal against the decision of a 10ca1 Ëribunal and in the lasË instance appeal was avair.able to the cenrrar Appear Judge Ín oËtawa. Locar rríbunals began ro siË on BËh November, IgL7.

Quaker attÍtudes to the Military service Act and to 10car. tribunars were wer-l represented by a report submiËted to .rhe canadian Friend by Ëhe British corurnbia Quarterry Meetíng. 265 rn the report, these Friends argued that since the Act was now the 'aw most helpfuL service which Friend.s could perform T/üas to ensure that aLL mernbers of the society affected by the Milítary service Act r^rere made aware of the requÍrements of the Bir.l. rn the october issue of The canadian FrÍend appeared extracts from a let'er which had. been sent to aLl members of the peace committee. 266 In the letter it was suggesËed thaË members r.ook carefuLLy at the exemption clauses , for they might be able to claim exemption on grounds other than conscience. Attention r'¡as also drawn to the crosing date for applicatíons. Friends were told to appry early, to present themselves at their roca' tribunaL and to beprepared to state their case wÍth evidence if required. clerks of the Monthry Meetings ivour-d provide those seeking exemptíon with certifícates showing that they were members of the socíety. Also prÍnted at thÍs time was an extract from the MiLitary service Birl in which the classes of those required for service r4zere given together with 264. Ttre ganadian Vo1. (parr emergency I'{inister _Gazerre 5l 1) p. 811. (ïn an or ¡uirGiõla uppoirrt'¡oar, men.). 265. The Canadian Friend, December, LgL7. p. 4.

266' The peace committee ,ù7as chairman A.G. Dorrand aË thís periopacifism. 2æ. CHAPTER III

CONSCRIPTTON AND CONSCIEI\]CB I on 20 April r9r8, by tr.^ro orders in councir, the canadian goverilnent strengthened the lIílitary servÍce Act. All exemptíons previousry granted io those in the age group 20-22 were cancelled and Ëhe age of call-up hTas lor,¡ered from twenty to nineteen years . 267 l{o p::ovísion was made for conscienËious objectors at this time except that they \,/ere to be pLaced on non-combatant service and would not be sent overseas. The urgent need for more men ín the canadian ExpeditÍon- ary Force r¡'as so great, the Government insisted that:,,time does not permit of examination by exemption tribunals of the value in civil life' or the position, of the indÍviduai.s called up for duËy¡' . 26g Later the governnent mocrifÍed Ëhe two orders in councíl of Aprir, rgr8 and once again a1L0vred exemption for members of certain religious groups whích the GoverrmlenË recognized as having tenets vrhich forbade their members to take part in rvar. 269 The groups to which the Govern_ ment drew specific attention as fulfilLing the necessary requirements under the new order were Mennonites, Dunkers (Tunkers), christaderphians and seventh Day Ad.ventÍsts. Tn a note attached to this list of religíous groups it was poÍnted out that the list rras not exhaustive and that: trThe Socíety of Friends (Quakers) e.g. should be added though no 20 epritlul;13: ***ff+;rlî"1;"il,order in councí L (s6z) and (ere) 268. Ibíd., Order 1n Council (9I9) 20 April t9tB. 269. Tbid,. Order tn , Council P.C. (L567) 6 July 1918. 201. judgment has been rendered as yeË concerning ít,, . 270 Betrveen the period of the orders in counci L o-i 2a Aprít , LgLg and that of 6 July, 1g1g however, some men previously exemp'ed with conscientious objections to lrar had been caLled to the col0urs and had reported for duty at the approprÍate military barracks. one member of the society of Friends who receÍved orders to repo rt for cruty during this perÍod v¡as Thomas George l"fabLey. 27L Mab'ey r¿as born at Apsley Guise, Bedfordshire, England on 3 November, rïg4- He became an orphan while sti1L a small boy; and under a scheme organized by Dr. Barnardo,rs Homes he was brought ouË to canada in r-904. on arrival ín canada, Mabley r¡,ent to work on the farm of l{oward zavitz, a Mabley Quaker. r.7as not a bírthright Quaker, but f-iving and working with Quakers he came to admire them and ¡vhen it \À7as suggested to hirn in November lgr.o that he joín the soc:i.qty, he did so. At the time of the introduction of conscription irrto c"naaa, Mabley had acquired eÍghteen acres of r.and, and was employed on a farm of 200 acres. By the provisions of the Míritary service Act, therefore, he could apPly for exemption upon tr¡ro grounds: his usefulness to the counÈry as a man engaged in agriculture and as a member of the society of Friends' Mabley applied for exemptions on both grounds and he was served notice that his case would be heard beËore Bryanston Tríbunal No' 438 on 19 Novernber 1917. He r¿as ínformed that hÍs presence vras allor¿ed' buË that it vlas not recommended, unless there T4ras sone diffÍ- culty in presenËing his case in writing. Mabi.ey attended the tribunal, but has said that he Èook r-ittr-e part in the proceedings. z7z Most of.

22 ruLy îli;. u". B3o, p . 247, 271' Later, after his te_rm in prís6n as a conscientious he r"zas adopred by his urrptoyãr, objector, iorrra'i;;í;r]"*r,¿ took the surrÌane Zavitz. Z7Z. In conversarÍon r¿ith the author 24 August , 1968. 202. the questions cenËered about his farming acËiviËíes. r"fabley was asked r¿hether he considered himself a bonafide farmer, how much stock he or'¡ned and Èhe number of acres he farmed. I-Ie not 'üas questíoned about hís membership of the socíety of FrÍends nor about any conscienÉíous objections Lo r¡7ar which he might hold. After hearing the evidence, the tribunal decided to grant Mabrey exemption from military servÍce. A1though the document ínforming him of his exemption does noË índicate the grounds of exemptÍon, it is clear that Ít !üas granted because of his connectÍon with agriculture and noL because he ï'as a member of the society of Friends. he changes made in the Military Service AcE Ín Aprí-I IglB cancelled .rableyrs exemption gained on 1g November LgL7. As there r^7ere to be no tribunals to crecide r¿ho ruas or r^ras not a conscientíous objector, ÍË was evident that unless the MÍlitary service Act was subjected to further change, I,iabley would be callecl for military service. At this period he v¡as not averse to vrorkÍng with' if not for the mílitary, for he applied to the Amerícan service cornmíttee. A r.etter from this commíËtee shows that on 29 May 1918, Mabley \iras accepted for service with,, rhe America Friends ReconstrucEion unit of the Red cross to engage in rerief and reconstruction vrork in France, and is under orders of this committee to sail for France at the earliest possible d.ate,, . 273 lviableyrs discharge papers show, however, thaË on this date he enlísteci as a private in Ëhe rsr Depot Battalian, trüestern ontario Regíment c'o'M'F., canadian ExpediËionary Force at London, ontario. 273. Letter from the American Friends George Mabley signed service committee to vincenr ¡.--ni"rror";;-¿;;";,]rrrr. secrerary) countersigned by (ílLegible) public notary. and LUJ. At the army camp t'Iabiey rras Lreated as any other recruiL" For the fÍrst few days he slept und.er canvas, ate his mear_s and answered the role-call without complaint. No_one Ín the tent he occupied.. knew he rüas a conscientious objector, for he did not speak to anyone concerning his opinions upon r^7ar. rn these early days the recruits r¡7ere dressed in civílÍan cl0thes, but eventually they r^rere asked to present themser-ves for theír mílitary uniforms. Mabley has stated thaË trre first miritary order he refused was in his tent just before he \¡7as to present himself for a uniform. He was asked to pick up hÍs bLankets, but he would not do this. Next he went r¿ith others to the outfitting store where he refused to sígn for his uniform' rt was at this momerrt that Mabley ïi7as Lhreatened wíth íll-treatment. A sergeant d,rew his bayonet in a threatening manner, but after this gesture the bayonet was quickly replaced an. an officer I^7as summoned. Mabley was asked r,¿hether he understood what his refusal meant. IIe repried that he understood the seriousness of his actions after which a superior officer was caLled and a note was made of the charge to be made agains' lIabley. He was puÈ on a rground charget which meant thaË he could not reave the barracks. rground The charger r-asted for two weeks until Mabley was brought before a courr Martial on 17 June 191g. During this period Mabrey recalls that he receíved very littr.e attentíon from the mi1ítary who did not seem to know what to do wÍth him. 274 At his court Martial, Mabley was brought before sÍx officers and in Ëhe court room he r^'as surrounded by solcliers. He pleaded 274. In conversation with the author 24 August , Lg6B. 2A4. guilty to the charge of disobeying an order and sËated that he had done rhis knowing that for such a breach of army disciprine he could be sentenced to tv70 years imprisonment. ïhe court asked why he adopted this attitude of non-compliance with military orders. Mabley replied that he rüas a conscÍentious objector. He r¿as not asked to give any detair.s about his beliefs, nor was he arlowed a counseL Ëo speak 275 for hirn. Aftu, this brief period of questioning his hearing ended. A verdict of guílty was brought in against Mabley ( July 4)' He Ltas sentenced to t\,ro years in Kingston penitentiary. The next day he was paraded. before the regimenË in which he would not serve and his thTo year senËence was read out before the assembl-ed troops. ThÍs ceremony over, Mabley üras transferred to the London city jaiL where he was Ëo serve a period of solitary confinement before being transferred to Kingston penitentiary. rn the cíty jail he vras not praced in solÍtary confinement, but was confíned with a group of men. None of these rvere conscientious objectors, but men convÍcted of civil crimes. Mabley was confíned at London unti'l 18 July. There he lived for two weeks on Ìnater and. mush. Toilet facir.ities consisted of a pail kept in the corner of the cell. ïhe journey to KingsËon \,i7as made by train, Mabley being handcuffed 276 to another prisoner. on arrival at the penitentiary he collecred his prÍson cloLhíng and his prison number (G. 740). After this, a number of forms of príson emproyment T^rere offered to him' From the list of carpenter, farm-rrrorker or machine shop 27s. Nrab'ey to the autrror in conversaËion 24 August Lg6g. 276- r'[.abLey recalls EhaË the man to whom he vTas not a conscientíous was handcuffed objector._ He.r¿as, t"g; man r¿ho talked the rime of escaping and tãt¿ all u"¡rey (a,smalr ñan) thar if he escaped he was taking Mabley wíth him. 2t5. oPerative, l'Iabley chose farm-work; the work he knew best. DurÍng the whor'e time he was in jaiL, he had no complaÍnts about his treatment by the prison authoritÍes or by the prison guards. He worked from g a.m. to L2 noon and from I p.m. to 5 p.m. on the prison farm and found Èhat if he r¿orked well and kept his cer.l clean and tÍdy he \¡7as not punished in any rvay. one privilege granÈed to the prisoners ai Kingston r¡ras thaË Ëhey were allowed to wal_k in the tor'7n during their luncrr hour. This gave them some contact r¿ith the world outsíde prison and made their stay ín prison ress arduous. Ministers of various churches came to see Mabley while he was in prison. He has said that many of these tried to persuade hiur to abandon hÍs position as a conscientious objector, but that none of them succeecled in changing his mind. 277. Despite the attempts of these men to change his vievrs, Mabley dicl not refuse to see them and ta'ke' with all those minÍsters who came to see hím. Mabrey explaÍns his conscientious objectioir io simple Èerms. He believed ín the il Quaker peace testimony and he would have nothing at all to do r¿ith the mi1Ítary". 278 The army did talk Ëo him about the possibiLity of his doing non-combatant servíce, but he refused 279 this' lut^bl"v TÁ7as the only member of the society of Friends Ín 277. In conversation with the aurhor 24 August 196B. 278. rbid.

279' rhere is some doubË as Ëo whether offered non-combatant service. Mabley was officially solicitor rn a letter to Hugh Guthrie, the Generar- daËed lL January, 19r.g, c.A. zavitzmentions that Fríends had been exempted from combátant service on occasions (An example given differenr rvas rhe- u""*paior, ãi r. I,Iay whose appeal from combatant service was allowed by 18 May, thã centràt appu"t Judge on 1918). rr appears from rhis tt"r .rr.r, åc ruas arguÍng thar Mabley trris d.ate zavLtz should ar.so have-b;;;-'g;"nred non_combaranr serví ce. 2Ð6. Kiugston jail during his period of confínement, but there r¿ere other objectors there at this time. He tar_ked with some of chem and they informed him that they refused to fíght ín Europe, but they would fight in canada if they fer-t that this was necessary for the defence of the country.

lrlhile Mabley r^'as at l(ingston another member of the society of FrÍends, Howard Toole, T¡ras in prison at Burwash ïndustriar Farm. Her¿as also imprísoned for his objectíon on conscíentíous grounds to military servÍce. Littr-e is known to the author about Tooreûs background other than the fact that he came from the MounË Albert area of ontario, 280 Like Mabley he r,rr€rs a member of the I{icksite branch of the society of Friends. Toor.e ü7as court martialed on 31 May 1918. II The canadian Friend has few references to the two men v¡ho Ìn'ent to prison because of their observance of the Quaker peaee testímony. one articre arone mentÍons both men by name and this was written by A.G. Dorland afËer the trüar had ended. Dor'and visited Mabrey at Kíngston penitentiary and recorded his impressions in the april, lgrg edition of rhe canadían Ì-riend. ÌIe found Mabley ín the hospiial wing recovering from a bout of influenza. 2g1 rr,.y 2gO, Information _ given U-._r. Starr, Newmarket, letter ro aurhor 14 oecemf;ãr-ïsàá.-ñ;'r;;;;'";:lI Ontario, in received ro corres_ the author to an i;"$:ü:"r::::.bv address in Mounr Albert suggesred

zgL' Dorland maintaineu the Penítentiary, ar?t- Mabley, while cutring íce for caught a cold which torrráå does not remember ,o*irrt1.r.rr".. Mabley thi;-" n" he was merely vírulent virous "ry" the victim of a 'flu which affäcted nany peopi.e in 1g1g-1g,. 207 " tal-ked freely and discussed Mtabley's experierrces and those of ïiorsard 282 Tooi-e . Mabley had served eight months of hís tîdo year ""rrturr"" when Dorland visited him and his rel-ease had already been approved.

As soon as he recovered from his inf luenza he \¡7as to be released" Il was in a thoughtful vein that Dorland cLosed his articLe on i{abI-ey. He questioned:

üIhether we sufficiently honoured those who had been willíng to gÍve up their personal freedom and liberty in order that the sacred prínciple of.liberty of conscience might be vindicated. ¿or

rf rhe canadian Friend be taken as a guide, then Dorrandrs thoughts may be ansr¡ered by saying that these men r^7ere certaiirry not honoured for theÍr personal sacrifice. untir the llarch 1920

editíon there is no further mention of either man. Then, under the heading " Young Friends Activites ", Margerie lvloore of Nev¡market r'7rote that toyalty in battre was equalLed by loyarty to conscience. she mentioned llabley as an example of the latter type of royarty, Thís, then, together with Dorlandrs article, trre extent of 'das the interesÈ shown in the tv,ro men who had mâintained the Quaker peace testímony in the face of war. There rüere no artíc1es concerning their call-up, court martial or rer-ease. They and their actions were virtually Ígnored. rn the July, 1g1g edirion Ëhe facr of the release of the t\"/o men was noted r¿ithout detaíls. The reason for the rack of interesË in these two men ís diffÍcult to understand.. rt is true that boÊh men were members of the Hicksíte branch of the society of Friends, whereas The 282- Dorrand thought that Toore came from Mabley (coldstream), the same area as but, irr fact, he came from Mount Albert, Ont. 283. @ April, L9L9, p. to. 2AB.

canadian Friend expresseri the opinions of the progressi_ve section of the socíety. But faced by conscriptÍon, the three seci:ions of the society had come together in a joínt committee and there was uniiy agaÍnst conscríption. The steadfastness of these rrÁro men

should have provided an exampJ-e for other Friends in canacra, but the editors of rhe canadian Fríend do not seem to have been ahTare of the value ûo the society of the experíences of these tr^ro men.

unless Ëhe two men Ì,üere known personally to Friends ín oËher parts of canada or word r¡ras passed by private letter concerning theír stand against conscription, there was littre possibilíty that their posítion would be known across the country. rt míghr be thoughr rhat @ faced proscrÍprion Íf ít had dravzn attention to Ehe Friends in prison because of conscientious objection Ëo. war. Many publications of a relígious nature !ùere proscribed by the government, partícuLarly those of ÈheInternationa].Bib1eStudents.@,hoIíeVer, did print articLes concerning conscientious objectors in BriÈain and it was not proscribed 284 for doing this. As the Orcler ín CouncÍl deaLing r¿ith censorship stressed that opinions r¿hích tended to r¿eaken the war effort in canada or Great Britain would be censored, it does not seem that The canadian Friend had much to fear from the cerrsors.

284. (i) Ihe Canadian Friend , May, 19L7, printed statements made at the Court l4artiai. of Corder Catchpool. pp. 4-5. (ii) the Canadian Friend- S ep tember, 1916, printed a report of Éhe tria 1 of P. SouthaLl of BirmÍngham. Pp. 4-5.

- - 2t9 " Perhaps the sÈatemenÈ made by the Legislative committee at the L9t9 Yearly lvleeting gíves a clue as to why The canadian Friend Í.ai Led to draw attentíon to Mabley and Toole: Consideríng the condition of war and the staËe of public opinion during the period, feels the committee that the Government authorities have shown throughout much corrsideration and our courtesy tohTards members, recognizing the sincerity of our bodv with regard to non- ;:Ïi:,t;:ii"i"ri ;;l'*åEB" rt appears from this statement that the Legíslative committee was satisfíed with the origína1 exemption granted by the Government to members of religious groups whose tefiets precluded participation in war' Thís exemption onry provided for non-combatant service, however, and this was not acceptabLe to a1r msnbers of the society of Friends. From the earrier examination of Friends in ambulance and reconstruction work, it is clear that most of the members of the society in canada wíshed to serve humanÍty in some way while stil1 maintaining an anti-war attitude. Ambulance r¿ork was considered by the Society as fulfilling these condÍtions. The main body of the Society, then, were not absolutíst ín outLook. By thís is meant that few members refused all work which brought them into even the slightest contact with the military. rt was seen that Mabley himseLf had applied for work wíth the AmerÍcan Fríends, servíce cornmittee. His objection to doíng the same hind of r¿ork under the army was that this made hím, in effect, a soldier, for he would be required to don a uniform anci take orders from the army. This he refused ro do. trihíle the society had s¡nnpathy for lvlabley's posítion it is not clear that they r¿anted to draw attention to it

285. The Canadian Friend, July, LgJ.g. 2L0. publicly. The irnage which the Friends had created was one of service and it rdas this image whích they wished to keep before the public and before the Government. 286 This was probably the real reason for the lack of identification between the society of Friends and its two known objectors who r¿ent to jail for their beliefs: the trüo men represented víews whích, arthough consistent with the peace Quaker testimony, rr'rere not the views of the main body of the Society. The experiences of corder catchpoor he1_p to shor¿ the confrict between the rservícet rabsolutistr and the positíons. rn the statement he made at his court lvfartial after he had become an rabsol-utistt he said that when he had volunteered for the F.A.u. he had had to defend his actÍons against many Quakers who fearecl Ëhat such servÍce'mighc lead to a compromise of our peace Testimonyr. 287 This did not deter him, horvever, and it was not until the voluntary units became, ín effect, absorbecr into Ëhe medical unÍts of the army ihat he decided to leave the F.A.u. He left, he indicated because men who held the same convictions as he did. were car.red cowards in England whíre he was held up before the pubr.ic as genuine conscientious objector. Although this is a British Example of rservicet and 'absor.utistr opinion roithin the society, ít can be used in conjunctíon with what is known abouË the position o¡_. George Mabley to show that there was the same divergence of opinÍon among 286. rThe only exemption rhe members of F,A.u. asked for I^7as not to be cornpelled to carry armst. 1.914.p.1-5.Reprintofartic1e-rrom-rrl"Ësr.=.(nodatesupp1ied)The canadian Friend roecå*bur

287. The Canadian Friend, May, L9L7, p.4. 23_1. Friends rabsoluËisË'. in canada. Ifabley Ì^'as not an ÏIe wourd have accepËed worlc with the American Friends service committee if the canadian government had permiËted him to d.o so. rn canadÍan terms, hor¿ever, Mabley and roore r¡rere considered to be rrebelsr. To the public and to the Governnûent, ít was a thin l_ine which divided service rvith a volunteer unit attached to the army from ambulance work within the army. rt was a distinction r,rhÍch some Friends found it difficurt to make too. The example of the changed círc'mstances of corder catchpool was used by the editor of The canadian Friend to provide for Fríends t' a crear statement for those who have been unabr.e to understand the position of the conscientious objector in prísonr. 2BB l¡Ihen Mabley and roor.e decided not to serve,as non-combatants, they arienated Ëhemselves in some degree from the rnain body of opinÍon withín the socÍety of FrÍends. The adoption of arnburance work by the society brurred. the clarity of what the correct position of a Friencl shouLd be in a Èime of v¡ar- rt rvas no Longer a question of whether it was right or nrong have to connecËions with nrilitary pursuits. Many members had decided that some connection could be maintained r¿ithout harming the Peace Quaker Testimony. once this por.icy r{as adopted, those v¡ho rvoul-d not serve became exËremists. Mabrey and roole r{ere not consídered to be exampl.es of what Ëhe Quarter posÍrion should be in time of war. rn the early nineteenth century they would have been rhought oF as men dedicated to the Quaker peace ,cestimony, and those who hacl served the mi1Ítary in any üray would have been censured. rn the early tr¿entieth century, they were vÍrtually forgotten by 2BB" Ibid.: p. 5. 2L2" The canadian Fríend ancr the opínion ii represented, and Eo-orê

rrTas censured for participation in the war be they combatants, non-combatants or vo]-unteer ambulance r,¡orkers. Mabley and roole were not completeLy forgotten by che society of Fríends while they were in jail. c.A. zavitz, clerk of the Genesee yearly Meeting, took a great interesr- in the werfare 289 of both men' He, as a representative of the Genesee yearly Meetíng, worked vrith Alberr s. Rogers (progressive) on a joint commi-ttee of legislation 290 r,¡hich rùas responsible for contacts between the society and ottawa. This committee also informecl Friends of the conients of the Mil-itary servÍce Act, its amenclments and exemptions.

L.lI- Toor-e \^ras the first member of the society to be court martiaLled on 3r- I"Iay 1g1B. c.A. zavitz, on hearing of the Íntencted tríaL, sent two ielegrams concerning Toole: one to Jusiíce Duff, the Central Appeal Judge, and rhe other to }lajor hlilU_am Keslick, the seco'rd Depot of Èhe rst canadian ordinance Regimeni at Niagara camp, ontarÍo- These communications informed the recipíents thât Toole úras a member of the society of FrÍends whose members had herd their peace testimony for two-hundred and sixty years. Two clays earlier üiÍIliam Harris, clerk to the canada yearly i{eeting (Progressive), ancr A.s. Rogers had visitecr ottawa and secured a 289. Charluf A. Zavitz, professor of Field Husbandry in the AgricuLtural college at Guålph, oniarÍo. sc- confered rvith D. by u. of roronto L9L6 for atËairunents in Field Husbandry. Dorland, A.G. op. cit. p. L7L and.ff.. 290-. The Canadian Friencl, Oct. irgJT mentions that they were Èo rrori( with any representaËive appoíntec1 by the Conservative of Fríends. bod.y 212 copy of l{outine order 47L whic..,- they senË to c.A. zavítz. zgL This order sËípulated that conscientious objectors would not be sent overseas but røould serve rvithin canada in the canad.ian Engineers; the Army Service Corps; the Army lfedical Corps; the canadían ordínance corps on ci.erícal duties. Harris anci Rogers rirote that they had hoped to see the Minister of MilítÍa, bur that he was not in Ottawa. 292

On 31 May 1918, when l'abley enl_isted, C.A. Zavitz agaín sent teLegrams to Ëhe authorÍties ínforming them of Mabley,s membership of the society of Friends and that he had been accepted for service in trre Ameri-can Friends Reconstruction unit. zavitz hÍnted that I'abley might be able to gíve greater service to hÍs country at the farm upo'which he had been empl0yed for thÍrteen years' Flowever, Mabley T¡7as court martíal'ed as Toole had been, and was sent ro jail- on Èhe day of hís court-martial (June i.B), the Genesee yearly Meeting sent him a letter of sympathy: lùe have been moved and drarvn by our for affection thee Ëo rùrite in tender synpathy of thee at this tíme r¿hen thy life fr"" fu"r, brought into places of difficulty and danger service in the inro which^thee iras been ied by thy conscience ... . 293

291' Routine order 47L (22 Aprir, 191s). cated in lerrer A.S. conrents communi- Rogers ro C.A. Zavií, Zõ ft^y 1918. 292' Fríends appear to v7aSstatedinT@,-Ju1y,igiBP.o.thatC.A.Zavítzhave been more successful later. rt and Albert Rogãs nt"r r¿rã-iñã-Ffo. ,rã-orher åå*¡"." of rhe in orrawaand i;:ffiJlvernmenr had an 'inrer"".i.,g and sarisfacrory

- Genesee Yearly (18 .ir,.,.f i;rfflt"r Meeting ro George Mabley 2L4.. rt seems thaL aparL from this simple 1etter Mabrey hacr litËle con_ taci with other Friends whii.e he r¿as in prison. A member from Mableyts district has said that Mabley did not encourage uiri¡ççs.294 Mabley has said that he cannot recarr- adoptíng thís attítude, for he agreed to see all those who wíshed to visit him, He does admit, however, Ëhat he had wíshed that Fríends would not concern themselves wiËh Ërying to secure hís release as he wished Ëo fstick it out, unËi1 the 295 end of Ëhe war. Mabley and Toole did correspond wíth each other whire they were Ín jail, but these leËters are no longer available for examinatíon. ïn January, LgLg, trrro months after the armistice C.A. zavítz râ7rote to the sor-icitor General, Hugh Guthrie asking for the release of Mabley 296 and Toole. He agaín made a brief statement of Quaker peace views, giving hÍstoricaL examples to shord that these vÍews had been held for over 250 years. Just over a month later, a letter from Thomas Mulvey, the undersecretary of state informed Zavítz thaË:

I am commanded to Ínform you that his Excellency the Governor General has pleased been to order that these tr,ro youns-' "'-men be releaseci from close custod,y. 2gj rn a repLy to this r.etter it was stated that Toole had been released 294'' c' Harold zavítz in conversation T,7ith the author, Toronto, L7 April, Lg6g.

295' George Mabley in conversatíon 196g. wíth the author 24 August,

296. Letter _ C.A. Zavitz to Hugh Guthrie The 11 January, LgLg. reply to this leËËer menËions a Letter on behalf dated L1 January, lgLg. of Toolå also 297' Letter ro c.A. zavítz from Thomas Mulvey 25 February 1g1g. and had arri-ved home 25 February lgLg, bu. that liabley vras sr:l; in prison suffering from influerlza. zgï As his díshonourable discharge shows, Mabrey T,üas evenËuaIly released g May, LgLg after spending nearly ni'e ancl a half months aL l(ingston. Although it has been found, then, that Friends worked for freedom of conscience and sought to secure the release oi those who were of military age, but who refused to fight or undertake non-combatant service, they seem to have been r.oath to draw pubLic attentíon to the probLem of conscientious objection Ín canacia. The pages of the canadian FrÍend roould not have reachecr a wide reading publ-i-c, but at reast they could have informed members of the Society itself about the men r^¡ho wentto jail because of LheÍr views concerning peace and military service. There can be no doubt, from the fer¿ scraps of information provideci by The canadian Fríend regardíng conscientious objectors in canada, that conscientious objectíon Tdas a probLem for Friends ar.l across canada. The Britisrr columbia Meeting Quarterly had reporËed in the November L9L7 editíon of the canadian Friend that they had few men of míli.iai-y age in the Meeting, but that if a further draft was called out there would be some men invor.ved. The March, rgLg edition, however, carried a report that Friends in vancouver had, for some Ëime, been visíting conscientious objectors ín okar.la prison. r, There are oihers in the penitentiary whom we should f.ike to visiÊ, the report continued, but the too rigorous regul-atíons make it ímpossible',l 2gg 298. Lerter to Thomas MuLvey (unsignecl) 13 t"larch LgW. 299. The Canadían Friend March, LgLg.p.7. 2L6.

Noching inciicates whether the conscieniious objectors were Friends or non-Fríends, but the acË of visiting these men shows that Friends in Èhe Ï{est were as much invorved in the problem of conscientious objection as \rere those in the East. The posiËion which Friencls in the iùest had adopted to the problem vras not reported, however, nor r^7as any real discussion of the problem attempted through the pages of The Cgnadian Friend.

Little materÍal is avaiLabLe to assess the attitude of Friends Ëov¡ards non-Quaker objecËors. rt will be remembered that the premier resolution sent Ëo Borden ín May L9r7 i'ad, shown concern not only for Friends but for al-l those r,¡ho had conscientíous objection to t carrying arms regardless of their membership in any particuLar church or socÍety!. 300 Mabley,rs testimony shorus that there were objectors other than religious ones, but there is no indication thar Friends workecl on their behalf. 301 rn the Easr no evÍdence has been discovered by the author to show that Friends combíned in any way with any other groups, religÍous or otherwise,

300. The Friendrs peace cor¡rnitËee recommended r1. The Relígious that society extend moral lo Ëhose who though not members of the SocÍety hoLd genuine",rpport oÈjection to \¿ar.l 301. PeLham Quarterly Meeting did discuss conscientious earry rer_ease of objectors from prison and decided to bring the maEter to the attention of the Joint LegisLative committee yearly -1,9L9, of y:eti.ng. -Canadian Friend, March p. 2. (Ey this date, Too1e had been releaseá änd Mableyrs been ordered, release had onry a bout of influenza was r."upi"g him from hÍs freedom. Authorts note) --r- zii.

fo protest against the imprisonmer:t of conscÍentious objectors.3o2 The InJest, however, dicl produce a bod.y which rÁ7as open, ,,Èo al1 those who on any grounds objected to conscription and whicir sought to help those who objectedtt. 303 Thís organízation, formed in vÍctoría, British coLumbia, was ca1led the canadian Freedom League. Friends in vicÊoria do noË seem to have been too sure of the attítude to adopt to this League' 304 rn The canadiaq Friend of November, L9L7 ít \das reported Ëhat:

I{hile trro or three Friends have atLended some of the League Meetings _ as a congregatÍon we are anxious to keep in touch !üíËh yeárly Meetingrs actíons in connectíon with the Mílitary Service 6s¡. 305 rt would seem' then, that Friends in victoria were not preparecr to commit themselves too deeply to a league agaÍnst conscription. As indÍviduaLs, some Friends were wir.ling to have dearings with non-Friends ínvolved in the conscientious objection issue, but

the Socíety itsel"f r^7as more reticent.. 302. (i) t Dorland mentions that a group of Hicksite Friends formed The peace aad Arbitration societ! r ähortly after of the Boer the crose l{ar which l¿as undenominatíon"i, brrt his refererrces to the Society end in j-906. Dorland, 322_323: (ii¡.The c-an-adian Friend, February r.913, p. 10. made meetíng reference ro of thÍs society. Discussed r^Tere the growth of armaments the world; Ín Quaker loyalty to the_Nation;_-the promotion es peace in the worLd. Mr. clark did not ber.íeve thai the a sentíment ' task of promoting ín favour of peace beLonged entirely to the ,oori,irrg classes and socialists".

303. Canaclian Friend November l_917. p.3. 304- rn reply io a r-etter sent to victoria public Library requesting information on the canadian Freed,om League, received the author a communícaËion stating that an examínation relevanË LocaL of newspapers had revealed ,rã Ëru"" of the League. The Library had also contacted the provinciar. Library provincial Archives, arra the but no information concerning trre League was found. Letter, VÍctoria Public Library to auËhor, 13 }íarch, fgãg. 305.Ibid. p.3. zLg. coNclüsI${s

rt seens cl,ear from a¡r exani,natlon of Brltish and canadlaü Íû, Qudeêrs the êteat Har thaü the peace feetieony of the 6ociery f.a countrÍes Þoth had u¡tËerBone å urarhed change sfuce Ëhe ¿a, of George cetder Box. Gatc*rÞçol çuuned up thls ëhange fn attitude very !üe¡,1 whertr in the Éidsf of hÍs reJectlott of anbul¿rrce work he wrote:

ft uav be ill-ogÈcal ry bein* here. I d¿d Bot co¡rF ollt ¿Ìt tlte esd of a trpån of rÍãEóling e:tacrlJ¡. I could rot see f*orge Fox cl'earl¡ iü the wer ¿one-ürft ... r bever iailed Êo eee Jepu,e ch$st hÞre... rah, you have gore ooß to save l{fe, not to killr r saf,d $ir W.p. EFtåe to üe the qther da¡i, ...(he)... pnt ftrÈO uorfs the thou[þrorïat hÊç so often be" ny notive force. '¡u)

these wards contained tke key Êo ntrch Qu*er th{nking during the ûar: a slrtkfng of Quaker erclusiveuecs fa ord,er to gf.ve servlce fo othèr$. 1'[rere wae nqf.hfng new fn Quakers serviüE.oÈher6. friêy r*efe tfel,l knø,rn phirqÊthroptstÊ aud theit work ÈoÍ4rds príson refonn f,ñd the abolÍÈion of, sl*rnry provdde noceable exaryIes of guaker serviçe- Itr can he argued thet these ectivittes helÞed ín comê ¡uay to hreak do¡ctt the Þarrler rcr¡fch exlsted hetúreerr many Qual

.i l.-:-- : t :.1 't. .., ,

305. Catchpool, fti +tó q'Tonts, p. 88. [.*ttê¡ dâted 12 ìÍarch, IFIS. al'g. ner'hers of the society of Friends. And after tg3z, Quakers took place their in ParliauenÈ, agar.n conf,lruing that the qufetlst perfod !t;ts over.

llre Þeace teetlmoay of the society ëxperienced changes too. quåkers part took la natf.onal and internetfoaal. peace societies in dre ni¡reteeqth centur:f atrd senÈ peace del.egptlons throrighogt Erlrope. Ðventually aid and personnel- vrere df.epatctred to hrâr-tôrn areas. st{J'x. naintaiÉed Quakets that Éar ffas $rong fn all cfrcu¡nsËancês, brrt they no longer renafned aloof from war. ìfgt the F.A.u., fornçd after the ouibreek of hostillrf.es ia LgL4, ¡rarlced a further stage fn rhe evoLVenent of the Quakef peace testífnony; for Quekere actu*Lly trent lritD the firing aoae to aid qld rÉscue sordrers. previousr.y, arthough had Qupkers sent telief suppl,ies durÍng kartire, they had not sent persounel into çhe wâr zone.

The flgures aupplÍed by Graban {ü service shonr that for othets aotJ.vatèd the largest sectLo¡r of the Society FrÍeads of duriug the ereat War. l{e record¿d that 640 uren r¡ere involved in a¡úulance work at the Front. Ngt eu- qf these trere Quakers sone ffe,re and not'csrrscfentious obJectors, þut Qrakèfs rnade up a large part of thås unft. tttÈfè trere also 440 rren euroltred fn the Çeneral of the Sectiou F.A.ü. ¡rho sen¡ed in Eritafn. Mafry of these nÊil rrefe rt v¡as Quakers' also estimeted by Grahan that 32 percent of euakers of military age enllsted. These figures can be conpared wlth the 27g Quakers who raent tc Jail for con¡cie¡rce sake of whon 142 r¿ere absorstísts. uûforËunately, sirnllar fígures have aot been gathered for c¿¡rada. 306 Aprf.r, -306' rn 1.919 å..G. Dotland nade an appeal ln rhe canadiarr Frlend fof Êucrr $ratiÊrÍcs. The authgr-*nq"ii"ã f;;';h; bv ff8.3h.::1"ä"il."-1d the AssÍst*t'$Ëerraq¡ or trre ca¡reda"ä"ffi- tearty lreerlng no etarilùiðà"ãå*ffd*ffiråH thar the respor¡ðe å:¿S:, wÊs ", ";;;';;-*' zAQ. However, the pages of the ca¡iadla¡l Fùlend show.a predominance of men who served ín anrbulance and recçnstn¡ctfo¡¡ l¡ork over those who Ðent to jail. That sone tarradi¿n euakers enllsted is beyond dpubt. rhe authot was told by George zavrtz arr{ Eafor. d zavltz thet James Stacton of the GoLdstrea¡u MeeÈifrg enlisted æd @ ¡nenrions the menorial çervf_ce pf Ðerrid Secord Muirhead, a birthríght uiasrher of the pelhan r€etfng who hed been kil].ed r.n acrfo,r at coral de l{orde, r'r*rce oü the ?7 septenrber, 1g1g. The ûote reported th4t althoueh Muirhead did not believe ih war, he {üa,s not ê consclentious obJector and had saÍd, r'other boys nrust go ñd r am f¡o::better f.h,an they.rr $ttangely f,or a Quaker Journal, the wotdo sf Mqirheedre Camrârrdlng offlcer were given: *tle $¿¡s¡ as btave å Eordr.Er as.afly offrcer could *t"¡'n 307 From.the caþary Meeüí*g câMe news çþ¿¿ arr thçse who had served the 'kith u,ilitary forcee, aüd uho arë noor lfví{g, harm returned and are again taklng up the pursufts of, Þéace.,, 30g ïkere åre n*ùeroue refered'ces in the canEdist FrÍend to people returoiüg fron qêrviçe þvetr- seg$ but the servf cç they had r r.endered f.s not alWays gÍrren. Idany of thesé:'appear ro have þeeu pentsero of the sreker Adulr sêhgpl, an o¡g¿¡1_ fzatfon actf'rç Brftafn in end cênadâ wtrieh provf.ded evetriilg claeses fn h#y *ubJects. It teas open to no,n-euaker$ and Fred ltaE"t.aû, who ¡sas a pronlnent æúer of the Ádul't school Inové{rë[t ft ca[ada confiras that ¡nany of its ¡ron-Qgaker qêúere of nilftary age weüt fnro thé Ar¡ry. Çleerly theo to deal wlth *solutlst conscfentÍous oh3eetore withia the $ociety of, Frlends ia eåther Britaln or canada fs co deal with a¡r" gqs. 309

3Q7. fite Caqf,dia¡¡ Friend, Jai¡qarlr, 1919, p. '.'., 4. 308. The Çp¡rådåan {riend, Novenher, lgt9, p. 5. 309' A word of watulgg EuBt arweys be inserted ¡rhen quotÍng statisflcs edricêr'hirìs rertgiou. €roqpg, for nany who craiæd---Fæç nenbershrp.*q' !{e.le 4ot aecessgrfly aetlr,¡e qêffiers. . .,-,: 2,2tr. was nor rt intçÈded rhat thfs srudy should be BrinariLy a c9nparatlve study of trf.tf.sh aftd Oapedian qoúçcr.eûffous objectiqn, sone interestlBE but cguperlçorls eah Þe qadë ånd thege ha'e been mad.e

whetever possihle. llre ettuaËlOn of QuAkeæ Ía Brlt¿fe and Canada

¡rå-E úif,ferea€ ln næty rdBYS. rn Ganada, Quakerd,En was roqÈed :in rutal areAÊ' 4loBt of its a#re'..eÉts. !{eÉe f,¿tryçrs pr farn r¿srkerg. In the there were purÊrtilrg cities Quaker$ A widê Varf^ety of occupaËíóns, but as

en examfnatfon of ce¡tsug returnr¡ ehoçr, vèry few e¡rakers wgre urbaa d¡rellere. Brftrsh Quakers, orr the othçr hand, werê to be foqrd ûn all type$ pccuparf.Õh¡ çf for business a¡rd le{ustry had attr¿cred naËy

Quakere iRto urban areäs. rt ca$ bç sÐcLuded frÖür thlc that the , coÊcept of service for others took dffferent fomÉ le an iudtptrlalized BtitaÍa add'a parÊfall,y inúuetriatf¿ed Ça*ada. as wae seen by an

ExaminaÈion' of tbe ltves of, Cordsr 0äÈcftpool. and Stephen llobhouse,

Quakers ln Brftaln $qre vef,J' Êçtlvq f^n socf.al +.rork arcng thp industrtal poor. Ttrus, it fs not sr¡rprfs{ag thaÈ sop¡e QEetrêrs should #how ,4n lntçreçt in socfalÍ.sm and Þelteve that a form of this doptrfnç vpurd

solte dte iLls they sftr arOrnd t{lem. $ocf.alfet-Quaker*, thëü, rüére a producç the of fnteresr of a rel{giouu grorlp in socLal ¡vsrfate. çaûadlab QuEkers, becausê of their n¡tal orLentatÍon !úÉre ñofê concêrued r,rith socfal welfare the of irynfgrants arrd in sendlgg out rnissl.qrarfes aBong the nefr arrÍva].ç fron Eutrope. Eoci,alfe¡¡t¿Ss b,at an irryortant elenetrt ln Quaker thinhing in canada flor was Ít an luportånt eleuent f¡¡ Êhe thlnkirtg of the maJority of othcr Ca¡ladiar¡s. 222. yet it rrould be wrç4g to ;rssume there were 4o spcialists in catada at thãt period' Among Quakers the arrthor hss forrnd ohe person in caqada who fercib\r expresscd ths need fof plô\r$s.håEg poutÍcs. 3r0 ltris was George Ï' she¡rard who, fn å^ lçtÈer to flie ptn¡ethsha¡e, regretted th*t prospec$ for such pol.itÍcs in caaada ûere di.scouraging. HE felt canadtåtr tq,bour.n'ps onry iûËetìêsted in uainËafnfng confrfct bet¡veen e&leyêr égd enployêe. 3Ll Neither nag $heward {upressed ¡rÍth the socf.ety nf Frfende fn tanada. Çuakeræ appeared to srrpport BrfÊfsh pa.rÈ{ctpeclqn in the w€r, he said, anð,

have aeÍthÊr Èl*e couråge to repudtate Frlende vfews re t¡ar ü,or to oaintain tåer¡¡ frt fact thefr ai¡o seeñs tO be to Aafntalq-thef_t-otg** actuated ay åfff.-tåÍåo*' "euiitø'ts or tñE

. rn Br{tain the posftion nnas dlf,fere¡rt, gocfar.rst-Quakers althcueh a niqotl'ty t¿lthip the fiocf.ety of, g'rleads, lrete lnf!.uentf al fp nany aspqcts of its I'f-fe. rt wds poesÍbre to shqw io thiç study Ëhe conçêrn shorn by euakërâ for the grorth of, atns priOr to the rsaf,. Ttrfs ¡ras true :in Eritaffi a'*d €m¿da. çå*adf"an Qrrakers sêht petitions tó tfie çEyerapeüt, huç iE Briråfa the cohbinarlon of Eratfeticg çUpplted by a @

310. Readers or ! na c*ifs¿grr rri+{ ,neËe b$t reco¡urended, ro read &g-.flg'#share, therfficaie *,ar rhe Brtr.'sh J'qrnal had a ¡narked effecr oq Èhe er";;rãilitir*"ttoo. 3ll.Canadlan j.abopr rÍAs ågalnst con6criþt.[qn before it was lnËroduce"d, but oaçe q f¿tÈ, it uas êccepted. 312. ihe plöú¡ltlshare, Vol.. IIf, Jrme, lgl$, È. 166. 223. Aç prevfously state{, dre f,irst reactiofi of Quakers to ¡sar ¡¡ag conditiorred by the senrj.ce performed in the wârs of the ¡rfne_ teenth and early twè¡¡tlâth centurÍes. In LgL4, the idea of a Frietds .embulance UniÊ ¡aqs welcpne to thosç who co$ld not ff.ght, but nho wished to serlre others ed et the sane tl¡ç eþo¡ Loyalty to theÍr The persrJüal reactiorrs nåtfon' of ünro $oclalf.*t-nuakers have þees nçted. g4¡6þpoo1, anxiouÊ to sÈ¡ïe, wes¡ an êarly 4êffiÈr Of the F.A.(í. tldb= house for his parÈ, worked on behalf of ëneüy,allens and their f,¿ü.les 1n Brtrtain. xlre ¿trftude of these fido çhånged 'sÈ[ marbedly túren conscrlpiion wag i$ttoduced rn 191ó. ttobhor¡çe hed advocated altÊrnative set?íce ¡-efore the war, brrt repqdiated such servrce r¡n¿s¡ thè threat qf soüÞulsion. As AdJËtaqt of the ¡..A.U., Catchpoolrs decl.storr to retum to Britafti arrd eeÞk absolÞte em4Ftf.on r¡as úot ßede ìrf.thout a anount thougbt Ereat of cattcern.lng ftÉ effect Upon thê, ¡.est of the Unft. Both rqen trere refi¡sed absolute exeüptiOt and rn¡êre drafæd fûto the Ar¡ry. For these nren, nei.ther åfny or prlsott llfe ryaS narke{ by the tll_tfeat¡¡ent üet by eom absolutLst obfectors. çÉtehþþgl ånd Hshhoqse flfd not ga bfi hqfiger ot v¡ork 6tri.keÊ and gave tittle' trouble f.o jell. Hotrever, toh,_ house dtd obJect to the sllence rulè. Catc.hpool torrtd that afrer a period of lnprisofimêtrt 4 rett¡rn to â,rüry life wes refreshfTtg ln sone Írays. yetr as the cage of Erigtttnore shows, ttre å,rrny df.d not alrray* ef,f,use an a{r of freedom wtren eorryared rith príson lf.f,e. 313

S13.. One oÞJector told the author thar after wearlng the sa& cl'oÈhes for te¡ Ëays, sreepr.ng on a pr.lfÀ"m in the guardroon harrÍng aothing he foqnd and tq -ds, rhe-routinä or pà"oo hr"-Jeiatirrery uêfs6ræ. Fred Easra', secretary of Çanada v"aliy-er"eli;;,-itåî* oÞjector in Brf.taia ," furing the breat !Íar. Larè,r hè eaEê to líve fn Canad¿. Recounted $.u conversatior¡ ftith the author, Toronto, August, 1968. 22 22h. Canadian Quakers r€sp.mded l¡øneêiately to the idea of v¡artlne servÍce' Money ánd supplies q7ete for the F.A.II. sent from Çanada arrd later Quakers ürent to serr¡e in the firet Brftfsh aiúuldrce ünii for rtary and ¡vith A¡nerican â¡rbutrarce arrd recortçËrucEfon units. one of the chief advocetes of the F.A.ü. in canada ¡t¡as J. Arren Baker, a ca¡radia* born Quaker who !'as a æ¡rúer of the srftieh of com¡ûotts. '{ouse He ttavelled extensfvely acroôs canada on þehalf pf the F.A.TJ. Conscrlptiqr did not occur ia Canada uqtft 191.7 and very fer Quakers ¡vere affected by consctlptfon iü Íts early d¿ys tlecAsâe ñpsÈ rænbers of, the soc:i.ety $ëre engaged iu agrículture a*d were exenptefl from milítary eervÍce because of the írnportarce of Èhelr oceupatlofiE. t'fatry Qudkers rsith çaho¡n the author has had co{fverõatÍ.ns aleo insi.st that noet young Quakers they knew at Ëf¡ãt tÍþe tfere éither jugt tOo younË or too old the for draft- Horuvet, r,rhen the Govem$eÍrt câlcÉr.led all exeupËfons io Aprfl, 1çlg, sone eqakêtrs r{ere claÍned hy thÊ Arny artd the stotry oae of of theçe ffin shorrs thaf he received frreh the sal* treatüÊüt 4Ç the firo gocfal.i.st-Quaker objeetors whpse ar¡¡y ørd prison ç¡rpèrieÈcee were exa¡daed thíe Ín Trprk. lfabr.ey was qôt ill-treated and Érè pattern of court-tü?ttlal 4d then trassfgrÉnce to cfi¡fL pr¿$on v¡as the s4ue systen whie& had bèen evolvêd for BrlÈlsh objectoß who ¡rourd n'ot perforur alternative sëslri.e. yet Ín $one $ays Mableyrs stËfy â$d treat4nt ¡^¡ere dfffereat. Ile actually reported at the ftflttary barracke lrhereas catchpool r a*d l{obhousé r{ere fetchedr üy the Aru¡r. Mabley regretted this later srd told the authof rhet if he eould re-live that sÊctfon of h*o lffe he vs¡Sd Êrftl resisr, but be ¡+qutd ¡nake the 225. Arny fetch hirn. Another dtff,erence betÌ,ûeeû Mabley and the Fritish exa¡rtÈed ObJectors here r¡es that hls €eüËegcê wäe heavlef. BËttish aþSolutíste usual.I.y receir¡ed lLZ deys gêûtence, r4¡ere thÊn træsferted back to the Arny a¡rd were re-court-Þet'tiå11Èd. This ¡sas not the case fn Cæ.ada.

Mahley w¿¡s not an abcolqtist, for þe would have åccepted !ùork wfth the Anerlcan ReconstructÍon urr1t lf thg öorc+rmnt had altsteÉ hiu to take ft' Yet' þe na{atafns that he refu¡ed Rgrt-codùatast çerrricÊ ffithÉrr the Arüry. rh prÍeop Mabr.çy r,rå,s ÈrêaÈed tþre like BriËtsh öÞJêctors rdho accepËËd the tloæ CIfflce $cheæ. Ee rrorhed on thç priçon faru apd was ar'L0wed to wal"k fa Kf.ngscon dur{ng hi.s l,¡sch br+ak. Fred Eaela4r who ¡'ùas e*g*ged in Eone office n*qrk at tÍakeff*ld prtssn iþ Brftaú*, recqrle that prfsoaers t¡ere free beb¿eÈn Ëhe hoúr$ of s¡stÌ and g¡30 p.M. and, that Satrrrday afteraoo¡rs and Sundarys v¡Þre free. Spue prístrrèrs went hore at ¡¡eekends. Mabfey cpuld 4tt gg boþê, hr¡t ke h*d ¡nore freedop than the Brftish absol.urfet. has yet rt tû þe established whether tttere wére ar¡y ¿ÞsolutisËs in caneda in tl¡e ßreqt !far. lbac there rüåre saëfalist obJectors f* çanadä seens cleef fro¡n tçro eXanplee $eçhered f,rob @. Ûæ reporÈ ståted Joseph that Murrgyr a Çoû$afenttor¡s ohJector uas senteqced to Êf{ro yeÊr6 ln the penÍtentiarÍ for refusftg to repôrt fof se'Tice. He was nrr alreged to have såf,d, årn a canscientious qbjêctor oft êccotdtt of belqg a ramber of the Socf.altçt pärty.i' 314

314. lke $ülnnipêe Trihtrne, 25 January, !.glg, p. 1. 226. Another article rêferred to chrrstqpher Einserr- and Robert 0sward Knaggs who were given flue years hard Tabour for refusfog to don tnif,orqs. Lt wes s+aÈed that knaggS refused on rel.igious grounds, "although he wdo trot ã eonçc1éatiouç objçctqr." Klnsell did oot gLve a reaþon for fiot enllsfiiag, hrrs üa g:reat deel of I.Id.I{. (Intero,atfmal Fcrkere of türe i^forldl Lf.tetature was fsr¡nd in his poseeesion at thç ifæ of hiÊ atrresû.,r 3L5

rt r¿as sÇeû that $ahley w4s Ìröt ÍlL*treated ard ûo reports of, Çanadian Quakers being 1l!.-treated haræ been for¡nd fn tfie Þrocess pf thls study; l(et Gratran records that 25 Canadfa¡r co46cieÊtious ohJçctors, 'rafter a.BarÈieul.erly crrrel Íucärcer¿tloü ln canada ¡cere to Englandu shipped where tltey received strnilar rough treatÍnent. rrr l{andsr,qorth MilÍtary PrisoR Èhey were sUå$ected to about 100 deys of cotrfiue¡nent and fed fof three days on hread qnd nater af¡d fpr t¡rree days on a dore suhstanttAl dLet. lhis alcafüâte feeding systéh sras cÞntinued for the L00 days. €reham asgertË that ltf.ss Joen FWr a to rúlitary vieÍtor câüps, 4iscoveted that orre of these qe{, wás a Quaher, but she dld not rrlel.t hin. T6e naüe of dris na¡t is Írot given in Çrehanrs accor$t. ¡16

However, ¡,rould Ít appear that Capada, H.ke Britaiq, had uen wlro thought objectors shogld be taught a les*o'. Ðn 24 Januarf, 1g1g, page the frsnt of Ére t{innfpeg Trfbune cEtr!¿d a photograph of nlne 3L5. Ibid., p. ll.

316. Ttre- Ganadfer - _ Qçaker was told ÉrAt tfre Chaplain rras there Èo see hln. He thought thi"s ras the usuat Anglican visitor an4 refused see he to him. Ttre vi_ettof rras, tu facli ff"" ray. Crahan, op. cit. r pp. 133-1.34. 227. rntefitqrtonal Bíble stgdente ¡¿ho llere cQfiËclettious objectors, brrt who had been taken ieto thê årfiy. 3L7 orre of ttre hen, Robert clggg, sigaed ao afffdevir fn sÊ. Donfface t10splt81 sËEting that tle had recaÍved "cr$eI aad irrhuna¡r treathep,t.r' Another Ean. D.B. Naí-sh, woÉ al.l.eged to har¡e reeeived harsh treatnent at.l[into Barracks. A objeetorr.Charlea further Matheson, r¡ho dfd not appeår ¿Ê the photo- n{sg said to have g{vea Êraphr way undpr tprture and agrqed to obey Ör&fs.

Gleggrs afftdavit, sfgaed before F.J. D&vÍdson, Þarríster, said he had been taken Ín charge oÉ Xg Jarruarg, 1916 (slc. skould read, L918) ar an ebsentee and takcn to Minto Baf,rack'. ftrère, he rêfueed obey to ord,ers and r¿as not issftÊd wfth hlauhets and had to üpon bare boards. eleep An ZL Janqf,fy, Cl_egg refuçed to neve certaÉn pails çft1ch led ro his being taken iato déte,rrion. The next dsy a uaJor ordered hfa conflued to barr6ake f,or 6ae days. When Clegg $till- refr¡sed orders âfte.r tt¡fs detentÍor, he was tåhen to the ablutfons, forcfbly r¡ncreçsed and gfwn a[,içe-csld shürer for lr &inures. A ÈoTt"comissloned of,frcer partiaJ.ry drfed hin, but asked clegg to ff'[íBh the drlrlng- clegg nefused dtd nras laghed wf th the tov¡d-ir_ qütil he wae. dry. rtrett, betweeu policeÌûg6 tlro l¿i¡.f.üary hê wa$ nad.e Èo run up aild down. In tlre afrernoon, Ctreg€ allèdged he was glvën the sñrru trsaÊneflt exeept he was not laçhed r,¡ith a çqrüeL. Íet after hie cold shøt'êr, he was Êakën and Lald on a col.d, sto*e srab. He ray ühere h.elpless.

317. ,ftrq ilf.qnfaes Tfibuhe, 24 January, lgJ.g, p. I. 229. A sordfêr at th€ barracks, private peur Qase, ålso igsued a etatament which safd that oïê üan had been gtven one fÍfteeü nÌinutË shoraeÌ and another úarr two tr5 nlü,qtè shor¡grs wf,th a 3e ninute interval 6g¡¡qeêÊ them. Dttrrûg rhe nr.ghÊ oüë rqa*rs coÉdrËion rûãs so bad that he was taken to hospital. caee sald the saldie.r€ at the caup ¡reçe, a¡uro..yed by che affafr and reÞçrts uËre false that rrr. aor.díerç and flpt the autharities were re.ponsfble for the treatmeht of the x+ter*atronal Biþle Btudents. ofi 25 January, the I{iriúlpeg lrfbuoe reported that ir was Èhougþt a nilitary court exçnerqûsd hadr fhe au¡¡6rÍtfeB 4t Éhe c¿¡qÞ ürho clafned that the ttorture bathr ¡¡as in reallty a regçlati,orr bsth. yet, the co¡úandttg of,ficer of the depot battalfon gnd hlç sçcond, iq corunåÉd were drarged by the r.F.S. trrÈh cürspÍtL¿g to comnit âû tüdfcreble offenee. sargeant slmpson, prôvost trlÉ sarÊêaÍrt, was chargeü r+tith assault occasioning bod{ly har¡n. 1\to days later, Maåiôtrase ttugh Jôh4 MacÐoü.ald rEfused to hear the cåçe agafnst strçso*, but agrend to a rílrtary Ìeguest that he tfied by court-¡nartiá,1. The report thar the uil.itâry aËrhorltfes hüd beëtr exonerated proved correct' Hotrevs¡r it rrrâÊ announced sF 31 Jçnuaw Èhat the r.B.s. lawyet had perrissíon to Þring in a plea of uandanúeq: the aagisrrate had to Ëry the case egaÍhst Ëiqsoû. All thte g1me CJ.egg sraÊ kept fn hospltal, arthougfi it wás narrrrained that he trad ouly been give& a rregslation þatht. ThÊré $a8 ûo fuather referënce to the events Êt tr'tiato Farracks ia lte TünÈiÈeg Ttibtûe up to 4 Febnrary where the a¡thor ended hfs search. a full^ etauination of the legal groceedtags rirould be lntefestfuig, but esseilËia11y the stãteñëüt of frLvare caçe and the 229. length Çleggts stay of ln hospf.tal see¡rç to Índicate tåat there wês a casè to alrswer. And in rlany ca$ee of ill-treatner¿t to cortsciÉrrtÍous in rregulatf.on objectors BrÍtalnr the bathr seems tô have played aq impertau,t part. dfter readlrtg reportÞ of such i.I"l-treatnenr, it ís uu.derst4ndable that the Leglelatine comrittee of the canad¿ yeerly Meetf.frg indicated a statea*ent in Lssued after the vyar tfur they had. reeeived fair tregtment f,rou the Govenrqe*t in the dfffícult circtrnstances oce¿¡sioned by the war.

I.ltren consfdering the i1flue1ce of anÈí-hrar parlianentárffiis oa legislation dealing r,¡Íth eotlsçfentious ohJåctors in Britaln it qrês seen that the Quaker If.P.s in the Liberal parÈy had sotre succêss fn widening trrê conscience clause. T.E- Hafvey and Araold Ronrätree were greatly interested Ín aLternative ÊervÍeê and they consístçntly \{orked to get more conscíentl.ous obJecËors rdithfur the scppe of such 6ervíce' Fer¿ of tt¡e antÍ-wÈr gËaup tr¿d acy vympathy for the absolutfst cbJector, although R.L. outhwaíte wâç aü e$ceptiorr;. for he rhought then the only true objectors. ËhÍltp SRmrden rdas Ehe Breatêst chanpíon I Þf the nbJector in terms of parlíauentê{y I q¡¡e'tfoÐí4g, but he ü'as ß0È a thorougfu-goÍn$ pacifist. rD co¡runorl with naay socfallsts he did not Object to war â11 in circunsttlceÉ. [ndeed, he was ÇurPni¡ed to be hundreds sènt of r.etters fron objector$ and thè1r relatt*¡e+ rshrch Éought to fnvolve hfrn in thei.r Ðroþlerbs. 1le assuued it HÊ$ hi$ çCaad agalnat cortscr:iption ¡shich had brought hfn tt¡is ñail. Boulton nakes the poínt th4t ûâtry of the socialíSt leaflers of the N-ß.F. had strong fion-coûformtet Þackgrounds ever though thry üight

ûot hstre beçn attached to any church after their yauüh ot early nanhg6d. 21O. Ttrfs seen* also to be true of the antf-war Broup which contained QuÊkers, Baptfsts, CongregationaLfsts, Iftritarlans, Free presbyterians arÌd PtiuÍtive aqd Tfeslyan Methodlsts. rn assessfng the wor& of these rnen is parlrarænt, iË seens Ét first as though ¡þ9y had little çuqcess fn opposing the vúar. fitey Itere too few to stop codrscr{ptfön ottce the rrish $I¿tionalÍsrs and påriy LÍberaJ.r ¿¡¡¿ Labour øenbers had failed tç oppose coüscriptlofi. rüherr an exten'l.n of conscriptÍo[ !r*s rutroduced, oppositfon wêF *gåin tÖo úeagre', to substantially nodify Ëhe åqeeÉÍng BllL. tlowever, by questioning coatfÂuall.y the Góvernúent pn the wer and on conscientÍous objection as,welL a6 0n many other f.Ésues ínvplvf.ng corrscientlous objectôrs' the ailti*.tar gro!¡p dÍd help nøry objèctorg to çe',*rç fâirer treathent. Sonre cf this questloÉåúg has been çhs*n fn thf6 study, there r¡¡ere but othèr'questlons dealfttg r¡tth tÈ,ç Eþhe tfftse scherrË, trÍbt¡nar decfeioh¡ and concerrrfng lndr*vÍdüal 0bJectorr whçae *rhereabouts were rnþo$Ín to the{r relatÍr¡çs. And fhe group WaS JUst å6 vecel outsC.de, Ëhe llouse. Anti-rrar l,f.p.s tr¿vçll.ed alL over the cqunt¡y spé.aiiing at Peatê neetfnge.

0ûe sf thê naÍn differences bett¿een Gsûadiân arrÉ Bni.tfsh legfslatlon concerftiüg conscr.entf,ous obJeetÍo,q w4s tfr,at e¡€npt{.o's on grouadp of cmeièdce could only be claír¡ed fn Cmada ff qhe clgieant was a ænùer of a rel_igious group r¡ttose téürets conËalneü 4 cotrscfentÍquç obJectlotr to .{s rrar. the ease of the r.B.s. r4 leffqnípêg showsr ho!¡êver, the Çor¡erqnent reserî\red the ri*t to dete'rÊfuË which rellglous of,gê{t_ izatiÞÀ fuLfil"led ttte necessary qualÍffeatioËts. IË Trru be rerne¡nbered that Êtte@ts to sêcure a sfmilar exeuçÊ{g¡1 cr.Erree 1n British 231. had leglslatÍon failed. In lgt6.ft.was cl.ear to the BritÍsh Go¡rern_ nent thêt there ltere maûy nÊÉ $tithaut rellgÍous afÈachmeats q,{ro would resist conscríptfon atrd althosgh Ëhe Goye¡ioEent prov{ded, fn sorne ùeêsure' for the$e oen, it sooC bÊCahe appÊreilt Elr*t the GovetïrmeBt had wrderestinated thefr Éüürber. Hence thê need Ëo cJ.arffy the position of qon-rel'igÍous obJectors for tribunale v&f.éür Íf,sisted thâr socÍaLfsts cor¡ld ¡tEÈ have a conselFntiç¡rs ohjpctioq to ûar. trn Carrada there were Êo few soçlalfsts that the Çanediån Governuent cEul.d bring fn legislâtlon grætfurg e$èûptfons oûly to rerigfous oüjectors. there were not enough socialf.sts tp char.renge this decísion.

rn Brf"taia theæ uëre çertaiû men çsho lrel,d bcth a rel"igf.ous a¡rd a socialist oÞjectlon to war. Ihe Socíatfst*euaker gf,oup exanined in thrs study o¡as coFrposed peopr.e of who held both vierre. rt was foqnd that the group had agreeaenÈs and disagrneemenüs ¡rlth other Quaker* and also wùth other söclsrfsts. IüittrrÉ the Quaker u.veffÐt, the s.q.s. acted as left-widg a ñfMrlty whtck sought to bÉnË Êöciêlfsfi fRto rtte $oc{ety of, Friends' scci' I'fst'Qsakers w4nted, to change çhe society fn nfrly ways, but econanici; ¡sggnr wag the hasfs för måny of ttte ehangns they suggested. trlften speaking of war, çhe $ocfatist-Quakers ùn$r.sted that it ¡res no lq1øer enough for Quakers ûo speak of ware befrrg caused þ lust or gree{. rtey afgued that a ttrorough exauination of q¡er qnd lÈs ca'ses Ìrar¡ needed.. ftr the P1óu4shåre, sociarist-Quakers sought to exaud,nè !ûar in thÞ context of social reeonstftctiotr. ldfthout such reco¡tstructio4, they clairned, there could bE no B€rnacs¡¡t pêace. It¡r¡s, as wâs cXearly seen

there could be no Þèr'füâgeqt peace. Ttrus, as was clearly see¡r vrlter $ocialist-QuAkerÞ exeoåned the peace Þtroposals of ttie fr.D.C., +r of afly other otgatlaatfoq m 1ndl.v1d,ua1, they always Í¡tefsted. thgt *rtren peace came rfas not iûtportõtt rmless the recfrÉetrucÈion "uooarr*l in The Plôúehshåre took pLace. Ttrerg would he no net¡ åeÊÉ.uni,qg whetr hostÍlitiçs ceased. The forces which produced ¡¿ar hÈd to be attaeked iumed{ately or afrer the Ênd of the flghtfäg there ltight be, a periofl of peace, but ít vroul.d be f,sllo+ed by rrar withirt a 4rder of years. For Social-ist-Quakers, çapÍtelfsu caused srare æd the femedy they euggested was GuiLd soclalisn. such sociallun soqghr to orgartÍøe industry under ¡ror'ker-cou,tröt add ñu*gqsted a eirüllar way of

or6anå?1ng other aspects of society. Gu¿ld sçeiplism ftáE nçt a tevolqtf.onary forn of socf.alÍerû aïrd socÍalíst-euakerç refueed to cçnsidêr the, pos$ÍbíllËy of seùaing contfol. óf the country by force fU order tq iryLenênt thé re,forüs they wanted. Bpfor* ¡rras tÞ be brougþt about without bloodshed. APPENDIX M Srq.. 32. CANADA. t\ MILII'ARY SERVICE '*: 'Notiee ef üíspos¡tlon of Claim for Exerstptíen.

St. and No

City or Tow-n. €;""

Se¡ial No. 'rt; Consecutive No. o¡ Schedule 2. r tzt ,t a .È-.. e. iJ You are from Military Service made on bchalf of

\¡f / Any cornmunicltion on the subject of this notice is to be sent to._-;J'. _(_ì2_ ¡fr' f:l _:_

under the lvriritarv service Act' 1e17'" ; ;;"; ;L".-* i":ï:iistrar ";;";; gi*i,q*tËrg[*rcå;ii"¿ily;"' p É:+ {ä,:}r,.r,:t)-' |on,he.... /: .,, t .r d¿v ' of ""s+--.------/ l' .' -',1' ----...--.-..----1917. Notice of it has also been given to the Military Representative. 4nø;,Ø,,Ør4 ùIember of Tribu¡al.

¡*Êí¡:;+r: --/ (

n{ s á.. 23.

Scrial No, MILITARY SERVICE ACT, IIIT 'T tt9"78,\ i;C

" !. I --- I

INotice of F{çaring I of Applicarion J, fo, ll E*.ffi ri Name . . ...1Þ:. Tþqnq$..fì.:.. LraÞlp_tq ......

City or Town...... ï.-I.q.qf. t .ù_¡1,.. . j.l¡i.t .

- The application for the exemption I fi:om military ._-J servicê ôf \ I Yourself, I will be considered by the I Locerl Exemption Tribunal sitting at (Sr. and No.) I

( ci ty or Town).. jì .. ;f lÈn s.t. gn ...,{¡: t7t) i. i:rtin¿r I ^:i:l:?.9 :l: on the...... _1.p-ij¡.r..... ,i ....duy or....'ig.Yg.ry.þ.q¡:.:...... r9L7, at ten o,ctock th.e morning, or such later hour in rrrburìal of that clay as the number may dictate. of cases before the y.ou desire ^__, t"Trþing to lay before uf i-fr i;;r#liffi f¡;iäË.ï1;t;.uiiïi{{î'ill'å1*}# '$i,{;å::[ll"t,Lx?"";ii|üär'å,1ti";:r,."xi¡ju:î ,"""i,.""i,1"iî,",'ffi ïif åä'fuå'"åu:l äïi#i:ifï::T:*' v;;äy"ä""liå '' tr'," rvay,,vi¡ is permittecr, but it is '"""Jåäffå:îfi"å'fI'S?ffi*fåf*î:J,iÞ"".r 'ot "*""yåî.rlr;*ç*rii",\:¡rq"li.å,'ü.r"'Jj*'j{:i: jäîË,ï:tffi î'iîåiffi .jid*äîiJ."',',T',î,;ili::,"31tï üäü:Ë'-:iJi"ä'îË"}trt!'i'''frrã' ä'"ä"ïàiri..ifilJffåïäJì'îr'iumbers.t trc iåöàî'tiirs '"uåo" 'otice, ancr the

. ury Resist¡ar ",,u*li,,l;I"lLËËlr_*,1 , IoNDoN, oNT. N{ilitary Service Act, 1917, sccrion ," rolroflï,:The 11, subsecrion 4, provides

:.i,*:[i$'ååiîiåJ"T'.":,*¿üî"î,rrlf{,îrå:i.,,jr¡iii,îîr""ïerï?:,',' 1cs*i ica,e ;åm"llli,,r:l,til.ti:l¿",".b;i"j;;Ì"1i,ï ì."1i,",iåll3i,.isi*iyi:iîl;:1t-?:"äT,å,1'iï,îå

-:l INSTRUCTIOìg T_g ,TRiBUN.å.L._Onc copy_of this notice is r ï.äti'li$ ,ri:i:6liî,n*ï',è;l+ä:Xi-[l'-;s ici be q."r'ã;,ü ¿iî3ii!,1,9,9ril ìiå'j,lÌ, åiåïJå,ï:ìåJ,ìì**?:lîi;,ù"ïåitrrii*,å"r,"1:',Tilï#i'î,".'j,i"""îiål'*¡,ï,'fJ,;;,î,',.å.,,ti rf the men is ¡;ot-.on, the sg.ledule, a fo¡n, of cjaim, for exempiion À{ s A the scheãulã'ri;,ì;åiiJ- 3 wil be fiIed by the.Registrar to thã äiriî1f:åfJ".:ntn'å*h:'Ï*Æ:iäinof the rlm llor exemÞtio¡r so filled ::I'l"t aãå;ã' entry--'v'r onv¡¡ theL¡¡ç schedulesçutsuure á"4 *Ë'ãå"i"åÏriiE notice. wlll be lnserted in the appropriate"r1 ,po."" órrìtii

INST4UCTIoNSTo.:"!*:*JlTt;lf^1rr3,;ruri??ïo_1fg, Exemption h¿s been dísmisscd. *träiä:,y":.*ml+i*l+'_l+l*lr*ffi ;fr ïååi"ft ,,.:,T#ï:.$.,üBxtirîåxï Ë. ¡ -- +æTf i.be Cla.im for Ïlxemptiol..has I "îLi" been ollowe.d,a Certi_fcate of Exernpbjon ¡vill öîihË'åä"*li bo..,,uri¿*,,óo-,, #äälo,,,on" be scnt to the i!ii"öt',îil"'u{r:';¡:sr,1'. rnåîiã¿iã"i'.iilö spccincd cr ror. n"å'iìlìã.Ëä'"ìî.:ü,ill:if"',]ilì""i'.i¿l}rll"ï'äìîjl i" wrricli thc *uo riu. grentecl until the sc¡viccs,of the of the Mccticat c,t"go.y*,rt[ ¡r:-';lÎtt,l"ïrÞt"" r,ïilïõ,ï:iì",T1ä:Ii.:';:ffi.,f;ç$, .¡nen catcgoly i' ot excnrptio'''.o ar'cedv urgccr, as r;"ii;íä;;îüå'drn"y arisei6.1t¡h"t*{;il:ä,il,{*îf,"¡íit in rhe inrer,iar. If vou desirc to rnusr "'r:1r-"oo givc-noti.".ii)ï¡i¡"c.of thc-g-rouncrs. vour appeal to "TIic licgisti'ar irråïl'ìiiiîiy s".rri."ä.t, upon whicrr vou basc "n¿0. rsft;'äärìc p,ace statccl above. gjl.iii:"îï];å-iå::*"#îi?åiI:î åijjåli"'*lrhc trrird day afrc' rhc,crerivery by-rhc posr and co,,sccurivu ;.hãå;i; ",'#'bì.'o,, #ì;ñil;*iïf ;fi#; ff, by reason of any^delay "jrnlåä'år'li:J$:î,:"".r,*'.'dí cán'iot.gi"áìãirö';¡ in the tlcliverv of vo.o apprcar rvitrriî;il;i,;.rlåi'aTiffi r,ï,;ln';åinTi"åî$ï?iîrårrlf,l iiLIiJ'i7Eou,: opptài,;ì;"ïü; ä'ifå'ålft?!,:i ¡Tîå|i:-:Yiù;i'iå"¡ià' ì"",ons ror ,re dcrs,v åtïi, å:,s,îåïjä1iliiiåii;i¡??,i '"T"','if"1,i'V"l"X?'"0ïîïff$î*J,#iil-Jà:fii$""iï

,,n]"t'{,t:i,îï\i,îå'j'j"";i3i,i:Jål,iåillllr:""il;:x,l]ñå}:.o"*,*ra, in crue course, as ro rhe

-Þt

É."Èt ELEPHONE WALNUT 6473 AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE 20 SOUTH TWELFTH STREET PHILADELPHIA, PA. COMMITTEE RUFUS M, VINCENT JONES, cHÀtRMAN D. NIcHoLsoN, ExECUTIVE sEcRETÄRY ALFRED G. scATTERGooD, vtcE.cHAtRMAN SAMUELJ. BUNTING.JR. ì CHARLES F. JENKtNS, TREA5uRER REBECCA CARTER I orr,.-on$ sEcRErÀRtEs L. CLARKSON HINSHAW F. ALGERNON EVANS ) EDGAR A. STRANAHAN PAUL J. FtJRNAS. FtELÞ sEcRElaRy J. EDi¡/IN JAY f o Yho¡r ALBERT S, ROGERS ft May C¡ncern: WALTER C. WOODWARD AI.LEN D. HOLE T.hj-s 1s to certi.fy that. T: George }fabley JOHN R. CARY ¡ul:o reside,g at, Ilclertän, W¡LLARD E. SWIFT ontario,'-ðanaOa L. HOLLINGSWORTH WOOD k'as HOMER L. MORRIS been 'c.u-'r-v apro:Lnted as Frlend.s a Ðeutber of the Aneri-can V¡NCENT D. NICHOLSON Rc'cons t,rJt:ion tlnib of +;ne néà cress .bo wtLLtAM W. COCKS 1n engage reriof anil rêc'i,11r:t*rcf i i:: ,-rorlc iir-¡r,oncu, LUCY BIDDLE LEWIS under r'"r.;-d'g¡s cf an,J. is HANNAH CLOTHIER HULL th'rs c,-'ruij.ttee t; r"ii^i'or the pírrì Frar¡ce at ARABELLA CARTER earriest s ibi_e d_ate T. JANNEY BROWN J. BARNARD WALTON r.:s u?il wli-l eilgage- --ï-,-l,lud.:i.c¿r.1, in i'rance in the :Íol.r,,.w.inr" J. HAROLD WATSON lines of' r.ei j.ef w-rL:l: ARTHUR C. JACKSON relief rtrcrl< ^ U""i,itrf- gur.,ulåf WILLIAM C. BIDDLE ,i:: t+. r*li pu¡u.-i.a ""c. are . ,g"e L: cn of' France ffhc JESSE HOLMES riv:,.ns. uncre.r inr::e.sc:..ì-¡a¡l_,.- iJnr," r àl.rcl v"r¡ sse JOHN R. MAXWELL ieiurr.i*"¿ron"on.il is c,f, bht: ANNE G. WALTON #!íåå::r.,lnl,rr,,,r¿¿1o.i.iì - "nu s.rearest HE,NRY W. COMFORT z . t+Ei i c.,i t o-T r . STANLEY R. YARNALL ;f ï;' li,:"3,,ï : ;3;;, inc_r...;¿;s i.,:rg a:ns i,,.::: lå1ï:;;" CHARLES J. RHOADS ?n L_r.r:.t o,i __r-anC crô i n,; " tion ur:'ori-ri'a .is ^ ". HAROLD EVANS rr¿c-k or il,:i jir.3iåo";,::"åt";i:åä3: HENRY J. CAÞBURY 5 ' cr:nsfrucr:ion *ic"åtu.li..to" MORRIS E. LEEDS devas b¿¡.tr:.c .r ¡ärtãi:1,, ho¡_rses ":eg:._c ns f .;- ;;; in the J. HENRY SCATTERGOOD nsop-le ti.-at Ì(ere eithe:. WILLIAM h;;;"i"J" W, COMFORT #å";ïr:í"îrtfiï' har,e þeen r.ivins in ALVA J, SMITH "ér1"". EDWARD F. STRATTON rurope lras r::lll!:;ff #ää-lii,Ë lfiel;J.ill"j;-',,,,;:f;ilä"år"" Fart of the obriga.iirìri-r;"r"t-aáä"essed ú"itãä "õt*t"". a a .:_etter l¡_ i,."îärrowì.ng is an ;iffiii.::r* r"ãuidenb \riitson re Õur

u apprec .d Í" j, ii ", : happiness"p that. ; i i,ïä Ëi" ïï 1,'1, f,:íi,;"i; I :. ";..,* it ;; ;;;"å ca.rilii: iecr out :Ln " :":;; Red cross which i" goinq;;;;r; as.sõc.tãtjon .wrth the the heart of ¡meri";:-'õäi'ot.ttv"r"ãJãui wirk.i.n France to e)rpress voü::s, vfoo,Jr,a.gr,. !r/i]s¡¡¡ .ir ÅtmRrcÁtü ryï4IÐS Sr,javrcI ccm"fïTrÆ.

niecuãir"{SWv uqr J fhis egth Á-,- ^-o Ì/.r.oqr ' iT-äffi;* Tå' il{ii*.'l ";* that he * *Í; å ä-;, I " sisned.the å¡oíã"3u1i11,f""tip,,""A¡,irlËi .ôhe ;ilä ;,i; lîä sl i u, o.¿ro."ti.r, of the ;" -#''ii. lnrovrledge#:iË!åiul'i;äu;,*;5: v-¿v 15:#iiåiji"f;i¡.;.;" + q\ Exe cut i r e , 5./,_,ir_rì_fri€¿1,"o"e true to hls ;;"" ;: -, :: \\''J';'"', -'-"' 'l 'l'i' .' irt' l-r'rir'i':i iii:'l'nlr ?lili' Lì2i 0ue1ph, Sixth i,[onth, ].Bth, 1g18.

To George Àrabley 5'ro¡u Genesee Tearly ìibeting of Friends,

Dear George:

l i?e have 'been noved and crrawn rry our affectf on for thee to n'rite Ín tender-syrnpathy to thee at thls tine when thy life iras been brought i.nf;o praces of oifficurty and d'anger, in the -r,hlch service to thee has been lect by thy consciunoe, and iu whieh thee is ro,¡/ girring thy r*hole effort. our hopes are e?er rvith thåe and ,'r"t proy th¿¡t ,; . God may grant'thee light and stren€ith íì: end courege to support and. g^lii-ae thee, always , anû. ln everj¡ need. -r'The lord, shall keep thee fron alL evll he shail keep thy sou_I .' ',ihe lord shell keep thy goin! out and thy conlng ln, f¡o¡o this tlne forth, and. for êvêf¡¡s¡6.ri

In deep ånd abiding 1ove fron thy 3riends.

-:t,. 0n behalf of tbe yearly ì,[eeting.

I CAf-i,qil)l,AtrN HXpHÐtTfOI\ARy trORCH @gBÇEdAæGæ çEÐR€.EM'E@AtrÐ

the DATE below is as follorvs:-

Marks or Scars.

Date of Discharge niïtl; * sc**pcs -rrriäry"m : ,\r: -^-^l Date...SI.Gil+TI. LfAf. te rg

N'B'-Às no duplicate of this certiÊcate will be issued, any person ûnding saqe is requested to forward it ln an unstamped envelope to the Secretary, Militia Council, Ottawa, C"*iã".- M.F.IY.39. .' 75rt.-?-r9. IÐD 10-!i-g rL Q, 1î7È-El-88¿ tr I¡ 102-I,i-Iii (P. T. O,)

.-::¿-:i: a

Ilar Off1ce, S.lf. l9ttr SeBtenber, 1916.

9lr, - r en oom¡¡aaded. by-tle cor¡nell thaü lt appearg $n¡ to lnforr yo' f--ron retärte wrricå t Ã"" been reoervect ln . thls Deparünent thaü rn'certarn rnsïances attempts been mad.e by conrr¡andúF òrrroãr"-õã -õnper have obJeotore perforn-tËe&i-aùtrõ"_-õy-iso-orrngeoasclentroue tò acts of grave tneuþordrnaülon and. eneu"r"s õõrõriäoã" physleel I ân-r by meanre. therefore, to-reqããã[it at i"ã iriiie gooa enougb üo take steps to ensure thet suoþ a proeed.ure, lt is raklng p,-aoe, 1äsedlatãif-õ"ãF;,-äa ãrnãt-õãdåi¿rr.s Offlcere be lnforned, tnÀt aôte 'f þy eonscrentloJ¡e. or iñ,s'bord.lnatlon oonnlütcd, -ou¡geiore_ehoula uã-¿ealü ¡vrth strretr.y ln accord'anoe rlth ühe Law. rhã ñ; õõ"äà"""a etrãulã be plaoed ln erreet anê renande¿-ror-trral- iunedletety unlese a mlnor punlshnent-rs-Ãrrã*õã, -är,thebi--ããoit_r""t1a1, sold.ler concerRedl electe üo acoept tue Àwãre or rrrã-cãåronar"g CIffloer.. rr rree ar.so been r"porcãã rh"r- "have been award.lng ðõrr;"ãüä-õirru"", eoldlerÉooneerned,-ghr".ntãnees of aetãñtren rrühout glvlng the oppo¡tunltt-ói-;icersrsrng his rrght to 3Ë":ü''|ri:ua;tiil,ä* isiË,är,ï:iåT," ea'e'iËq Ëi'Ëi ühe Arny counclr :r,:lr;;iiüi offloer 1111.,ãrrãüãiy oongrd.er whether the eonoeined., çnó rrãä. uããã-s"liä"-or a grave dererletloa ;fruå:L#å.ut""oåard. "i-'ine rcwî-ã"ri"be perræred ro reraln rü ehoula Þ" oJ.early polnted. out to alr, eonoerned the trearnenr or rhe eõããl.rirtigùi õu¡ãðt9" ,mõ-rã-iãersrrneühaü l-arsful nlttrary oon b"-;ä;tty aeoorded. ro any orher"nd,ã-ãnouie soralò;-*,õ-rãäiräy-äî-ääå""àr stnller.to that lneubsrd.lnarloñ, rhar r*--is entrreii Ëurvéísii"-õi-aieolpllne lf e sold'ler ¡rho co¡mrüe'-äa aet or läe*bord.rnatton t;teûlaü9lq plaeed. fn ãfoee ls not rreernenù-i,r' t¡" ooRflnement of punlehsent 1"J--oõ-ãã""o1on ãw,ãr ¿olå"lrîil"iffååå, 1a!.d1 áorm irr-tt" ¡""y-Ãõt anê Klngrs le strlctLy prohtbltea, aaq lËgnleülons ta'tsen of anv io"g. ËrC-ãerrous norloe rttr be rrregur-aritrãs rn ini¡-ieãàeot rhreh-õõne üo 'rght. I an, S1r, ïoar obed.lent eerva.ht, ,!Ð:È4"¡3:{t¿é¡r$!r-.-:¡j:à¿.+? }i,a.r! :á. *..; .¡ r.

F'OR CONSCIENCE, SAKI, fol

" The rather terrifying originals those closely irucribed pages of rnicroscopic handrvriting." [p, xvi.l

:ry:?_ õTr3€F*.h "r-¡ì3:îiFlçì?tsÊr€ffi ,

'r--4'ÉE+ry€F:ry!-¡j€rrr|:'s-1r' åPPENÐIX E

BBowlI aLFRED] r" BABRATT ¡. tr[ .â-soétn"r - ¡ oxon ; B.A,..r__LoRd.on bom Deeeaber' 1887 edueaúea . -Écrtãniir"rri-lió"ããi..e"11ese; 3t o_ford,.. ; Leeturer,- Itood.broohe- Seüüiãrðãt vG e :ñ r nã rõäi n'.år i" cõi i àg-,, o,r ¡ó ät2letä*ffi Ruskln t926'-ttt*.. ils¡d;l-sõri"niõiirãár.,,s 14 i ; :?t1;rt, Lgt+o-t+?. . r{r,rar.srry or rabour Erueatronã¡,-¿¿"r"nrr, gmg+r6 naucãtr.õn'fåreÈr, ( trf enbèrv'of goe-lety,,"r-rrrend.s.. 19þg) . The. ËËr"äa on the NaülonaL E¡eourlve or rh_a N_'¡fu. rÞij,rnãir ñG-;;_"iä"ãöi""*ii ¡,_", One of frve membere òl-tt íe exe-cutlve- ,!.9L?. pêy a flne Jãtted. for ref;uslng üo rn eoan¡eetron rr_th thã-Bùurïã"tton of a, reaflet åP;*å:*. ffi r":* ilr ffiriüi;f ;;iiii*si*stg*.

GIBBIIüS r" EUGE,, Grad.uatc lrl[anchester Ualverstty.. Queker Ad,utt -of -s"ãiã[i-"i-AeÈlve ln lhe Sehooi {ovenenro. r{þnben, or Enä Frlend,s.. Served, on ühã tüeti.onal -- Hànbsr of the I.t.p. E:recutlve of tfrelù_A"F:.

gARE' t¡trLLra$f ,LoF$tsr.author, leeüurer 4pr1L 1868., and. ed.l,tor. Born 30 Engrseer:rã- iËe, ó"ãi""i"t-anr p'larrns: rrad.es üfitlï' the Great tJar.. Eeoang a..leetul"r rn Goryaretlve Eetlelon to rhe rheóeupñiã*i süñõ;il-nre-rt;d;." eon@6meè rlrh eonparaûlve relieiã"å "úil]õã-E;-oä-¡"tot narnry ;$t :$Jå.ffi;ürî;irt"*"åi:.äãrå*ã¿ i t ""

I.ÑF,l r, EOBEtsf ,... 0.,, Lond.on nerohanü. , gfrthrtght croydon.. Ee was urLen rn-4"qacuifã-ttrã.rsrn eueEer of way to as Groyd.on on hre F.$.c. Jall e-c.o_. tn Lti6:. Gã""ãä-àe non..Seo..of the ana ¡res olooeiy-ã"ãáõiåt"ã-;i;; @.. .',. .. ItÍttERArr,'gEoBgE¡' GTLBEBîr, arüE¡,,M.,a;-oxforá¡tilEia" r, oxford.î r.,.t.D..¡ D.r,,ltt. r, Blrnluqhan; e.irti.r Graegow; of the -aeeiùã1""i"""or¡,., F.Ê..s..t.+ T"uetee Brltlsh ltuggr¡4,,tgr4¡-Éiurn_syõñÀi,-ñõ of Greek¡,gxford unlversltv slnoe tga6;, rÍailes, 1886. Ed't¡.oercd. Heíor¡Ànt-eäyr"íjl--Éånããi,load.on¡!ou!h z Jar,ruary, coJ'l'eger,.'"orð., pronineai sü.. Johnf E nenber of ühe u..D.o;" PEEI,; HUBEBT wruLlê*, eÈ,ttor, - -Frlend.:., the euaker rekly ,lf,"ú;iil, íeeËI^Tg" ËËüþ;"a a.r-*tãñ- colleãe. Ëü:"i3i3ån:;iî s[ä;ü, - Fli;-$ä": Lsos¡- eclltärtå|ïïl;-ããrtorl *33i¿.Da11v riõiî gur-lns thã'*, jornõ rr,ä-piä";þ:ffi::, Quaker ttinührv; å"è -¿glftt-¡iår"rr"r_ õ"ðËer"ri. .ä.slõ]" served nonrhc, ãËã'i"". . eeeane-se_oreüary hard. iïBläras"a-c.ó.:il tgtE-à+ -ãailJr :;;å of rhe Frlende Burean¡,, ,rrlälttee ' ¡ , , ¡;; Ñ;; press

Eü-PETHTCK-LA}IBEhüCE, FBEÐEBI ;ãËi¡¡ r¿.e!ïr BBil, Manefler'd' Ho'q-e- unrvãrãitv"är'Ëå*¡iiËäri, s"*iËñãrrtl, åB r l', i*åå"ï;u selectêd. as I"¡U.. e*Atããi:-, cannrng Torn; hls opposltl0n rVr, f,,,*tãiü,, retlred. beoeuee of nonthe r" üñ-õãü*r er"r*ñ-üä.t1_900. rnprisoaed. t L9LZ. for eonJoi"i"y oonnecte¿ rrtrr nlne nom.n suffraslsrs¡,-If"r.""H". E";.rut""ãüî;;.:;ä ee*no"-trJ ." c¡o' d'urlng eteai frr" u.D.c., ,dlå:: aLternatlve servlee ""o"ptedïäinãi., u*"ü" end. iff -ipiilldiËåå"Ëå"ffi ffi Jää*.-jtñi _ ã" ã Ji,ir ry tn õãntrrüùr;;-;; Ëf;"iÏ;ffi;åå;ä::otratrõn- ã'nära*t"

B'fitüTREE' ltlAUBrcE, f,'r' th.glogy stud.ent lecturln I ar sw*rtrtñåi"'öåtträä";õ;;ä;_r,eed,s:t orford.. He wag arregned' aa a-c.o. gi" when.. he wae rhe workrns :,àeturãsï";;*;dd.:ressed ,"rãry cre'*-enã-i"tå" ãn" r.[.p. to '.ã-j"iãäã

$Ar.TERr. Atruryr. basterlologlsË born Aususr zt+ t''gi -p;;rã-iõ"" ¡. !g??, Greenrlehr,dled. rarer éæéãä-ÃîF"äã' frãsreyen uetrrõ¿isrs, (a beoasã Éivúññ'Ëi"tn""o., bur tenperance nõvenãntl-ãt nlae ,:i;;¡-rñ;-Ë;d or Eope 4rnv meetlnss th; ;é"-år-"ee 'ffi"äiea;*ã addressed sa'vetron Guvs Eoepltal .?r - îã._ noan schso1 õõrrãor.---iagu.rrr-Jorã"ã ..-n.ãäãî' ¡ agnostlc ¡rh'Ie.'ted.lcar a-t cr¡vs. "ocrerlsr and. a,!, Fed'erer'0n, uur leitiãrir"-àó-¡oio"ðtäî"u1an-tn" soolar. Denocratlc nonths Later. to-ïããve sooleüy a fer Began setürenent."?ty rhle rho iorn rñïàrr.a¿eei-rä-iry-Ë::""**r"åüîå"":;::l{_ Ë*"3åIr3gtj3;aras. tntervler¡ed' rrir-roi"tñi"- rork ä"i¿ sarrer, rdesolt:-in-"-ä*iäå"rt_"ñã"ãîã ñ" "" lmpressed ¡rrüh ür" enrl-rer.lsl0ue- "iit u,r. ii TË-"!,å¡":*:*ft*ii' **t:"õi'iåoä, . * ã rñ'b"",ond s ey 'i F;i";ã"1:ä""",e poos ffitllå3å:f,"iå g:*j$;:l; i*äïL"'" prolrectn of þrllLlant ned.leaL oatreer as prophesled. :by wlnnlng ühe Ebtrance soholarshlp ar Guys; irr" prist-Tear prräe"iîööîT, ühe sand,s eox sehotarslrtp for Þnisroioei-iieããii EiiËr" flrsr_ oLaes hoaoure !h"* graauättng as- Ãa I{.äh an¿ .was alrarrled. the sotdr med,at, and. rhe EÏeaEure¡r!s, prlz" (iglji.--r";råãããtiið es aÌl [{.D.,he agala ron prããã-ãnà'sãlnea (1.8?-61: frret irne"ãord, ned.a1 a vear ì.ater eãiains-Blrê gotrd. ned.ar. and. erÏ¡1b1t10n ln publ,l' Eeatüh.,""n-trre ¡ornã¿-tt ã ùËãrãr-pãrly uêcame treasure of thé-sãnnonasey Assooraülon wrrlle rn "na Belmgnd-eer!" El-eoted to Èãmondsäy nãroùsr¡ counelr (1903) and. to Lond,on counlr counelL..- o"ä ãi-til. for¡nd.ers of Bersondsey .Tfir,.F._ (_r9g8 u""o"é"e"irrLy Bennonêeey 'il sontestcd. nesü ab ar¡ l.L,;p. óan¿rã;t;;-1t09 and. 1g1g.; Et ected ?s a tr,aþour represonÈatlve there ín-sãáã-ãàËlitËi;-ä"ät¡r, 1g22. ^ Ðeieaiea-ln tgzj. Be-eleoteê rn igãþ-an¿ held.

SP.åAKES', MALCOLMT, the for¡ad,er of Èhe hlld.erer parLta,ment and. lnventor lhe6oe1etyofFitends"ä¿-aGu1]'d.socraiist;---9f-plan-adopted. uy wt¡itrãi counort. ilenber of BIBTIOGBAPBT SEËEOfSD : BIBITI OCRåpEr

.â.O UTCPUBLISEED PAPEBS

fhe Papers of George üabley..

B. FUBLISEEÐ DOCT'ITTENTS

Caned.a Gazette. VoIs. LI-III.

Egeg. 1860-61r 187r¡ 18811 1B9o-91¡ a Tl'utt, Canrad.a.. parlf.a,nent ¡ ParlÊanepterq_Debagee ( L9t6_t9!gr, ( Eouee of Conl¡ons,), ercat,.rffi'"i";n"ryio,?(3i,?,,li[li?iz|,,åpr11l 1919. Gieat Brltala Etcpptroisr ï(LgL?)r,?-8¡ George vJ, Greatr Brlteln" 7-8, GaorgeT ù,, I r' Í ?3, 3iä';' .!eL? Great_Brltalnr . parl,lanent. Parllanenùary cônmons) r ( rgr6_igiöi: Debaþpg (Eiàuse of

(Soclety of Frlend.er, Canad,a), G-- JOTBN^åI,S ASD T{EWSPAPEß8

6ãnad,lan Frlend.¡ Jano. Lgt3 - Dêoe. L9tgr, %åiÍ:fit;iåå"lttt - 10 Apru ¡,Lstet¡ rr vors.¡ Ecluonton Jsurnalr,l Aeg.f, - 26 litov.r,!g!?.

L!üeËary Dtsest,, (U.9. ) &9þ., (Great:Brlüatn) Egrygt.. (u.8:. ¡ .G S"ept . ¡ .L91.5t (Greatr:Brtteln)

( 1etr6-1 %"l9i,i::11ñ;u,I'å; :t-n,, ezot ¡

The Tlnget. (London, , EngLand.) ejçåHffiii ,3"1ä"3;"13iÍ - 14 $raroh, 1e18, Londonr , ïlrurloes-1¡1Þuae., 24 Ja¡r. ,, - b Fcb.¡ lp1go.

D¡-. T¡UCIFF'ICIAL COABESPOT$DËNCE

Peargoa¡, J.. _ r, Eèf erenoe DeparÈnent , Giicater.Vlcüorla PubLto Ltbraryr,T_ed ¡ v'oübrtâr, G. ro t@'B¡t." rãirrli¡-lrãrerr ,, !g6gn Süarrr, Ert[ç to 8.J.. Fell ,,tl* Dec. 1, L$69.

8.. DI.ågIEg .,.AI{D LEIÎERS

Gâtehpool r, Corð'èro. I.ond,onr George 3ra f ¡ Eçl I --a Gourlayr, Bobert.. gtat.l-stloal t.., V¡L. Lond.on¡ and, !{brshall,-T{lE I., $lnpkln Slckaller, John¡ L. ed,.. Unlverslty pressr. l Canbrld.ge:

F aa BI OGBAP.HIES AND AUTOBIOGBAPEIES

Ad'dlson '1å" i. ttot . . t.r rond on ' ,IiËåHeg-Pgg-g¿ggr , ¡ Herbêrr aÉderü:*i"Tuïäir.@. Londonr Gborse arlen and

å,squlthr, Earl of Oxford and. Asqulth., Lqndon¡ FÍcGlelland. ,and, stË"ãiã, r Blaxland., , Gregory.. J. Frederlek l-ttr1l€;: .., tond.on ¡ Broekuay, Fenner., t9t,¡6, t. I Lond.on¡ - Clynes, J.Iù.'. ![ coo, ,19 Lond.sn : Eutohlnson and, Elton, Lord. London:

Eea1yr , ÎiM. '(t891 .- , Vol. - ,'New II: .. 9tokeg Co. r , L929,. Eobhouser, Stephen. Jenês CLark, .19 a" Lond.on:

fiughes r , HllIlan, 8.., (18831683 -_1952)..- 1ei Jenktas,, Boy.. 4Fgurtþ. Lond.on¡ Colllns, Lg64. Lloyd, George, , Ilavrd... r{ar MengrEgr,, yor. . r^r ¡ : sth. , Lond on r lvor Nreholãõãæfiãt;""n1,- tgli,, êd. Peühl oE;Larrene€ F..lf, r" o" Fåüe Eas Load,on ¡ Et¡tohlneoa and. Gþ. r Bus selL r, Beftfer¿û:.;, Lond,on: Gborge Snl11le, Robertii" [fHy Llfe For,Laþour¡" Lond.onl ltt Ls and Boon Ltd.. ¡ , t92l*, snowrr én,¿Slitii;; _þ.q:. vol1 r¡ (t86tr-19L9), ffi#f8#ffi HÉteon r, L93l*. Spend.eu; . J..À.. a¡rd, Oyr¿t Aegulüh... Atqulth.. Vô.. iI¡ London¡ Eu Trevel,yan Gèorge r,. r, üläoaul"y.. ttf-e ef JQhn B¡rshEi. Lsnd,on: Gìcneüeble ar,rd. Co. ¡, tgi3, lilntertofr r , Earlo. Qrde¡re of ühc.Dayr, toñd,onl t9 53" 6Eeelt end, Oorr, ![cioêr, Af.len. " tondon ¡

gL. $ECONDAEtr HOAKS

A1êrend.err, Horae€r r, G... of; eP Testt lety of n3. ¡'r êê¡' 1956r. Bêltr, Jullan¡.êd., tilnd.on¡ Cobê Gtgoll ¡ , Bôu1t_ttnr, Davld.o, ebjeotloa Overrqlêd.. Keyrf,967. Irond.on ¡: ttlacG.i.Þbon and. Eyrd.r, BoUêrtb,0.. Unlve¡islty of .. Tóronto¡

Glia,nberg , ErnesËr qenadrar¿ r , err, pgFuauÊatary ." LgL?. Cllne, Catherlne, . Ann., gyracuse tnlvnrelty preee ,, lTF],.@.. €bl-e¡, GiÐ.E. A a 2nd..., ed.. , 9l+8. ., Lond.on: lteühuen and.

gg .". Load.on¡ Parsons, l,egaard ---,0 t*ntä.ffii:ir .' Load'on¡ sethuen and

DcÍterro. Gra,ntr.. lll.nnlpeg,, Fróã Dorlanôr, Arthr¡r W.,r,, Ganratt .., End.enr, peul.r,H¡. AeblevmeaËi.

Ettèn r,. Eenry r, \bÍr r, o,. Lond.ou: Loagmany t,,L959,

Graha,rr.. Johnr"H. . LgT6.LgL9, 922. Giryaar,gtepheno,, L923,'. .. Ironêon¡ S.eeûIlllanr,

Elrst r, M;8. " i. I¿ond,on¡ Branthmsrer pregg r, Ëobgsnr,SoG:¡ 0.8e11 ., Iond.on¡

IlacDodagh , ,: ül chael . and. Stbughton¡,1" ... Ëoad.on.¡ Hod.d.er:- !1a,ygr¡, Stephenru Lond,on: Ind.e üll!.þandr, Eelph." Iroad.onl Georgee Allen and. Ua Borrntreer, Josr, g., ed.., Lond.oa: Frlend.e peãõË o, ltd.r" êd.r,

$he tlae'lihê.. ( 1916_1960). . Whof ( e Thor" 19111-19 52,) . . IÍlleon, Bryan, 8... geote anê Soclety.. Berkeley .ångeleec and. Los untvemia Prese ;,, tt6t.',