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General Packet Radio Service Third-Generation Wireless Systems Have Yet to Be Deployed

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General Packet Radio Service Third-Generation Wireless Systems Have Yet to Be Deployed backed” onto existing GSM wireless networks. The fixed-band- width voice channels of the GSM network are then used for table look up (in the GSM’s Location Register data bases) to obtain a Packet Radio user profile. The signaling and the data traffic are then sent through a separate radio channel that provides 8 timeslots. These timeslots can be used together (to provide a wide-bandwidth channel for a single user) or they can be parceled out among multiple users (to pro- vide several narrow-bandwidth channels). By using multiple channel timeslots together, Packet Radio can provide mobile terminals with transmission speeds ranging from 14.4 Kbits/sec to 115 Kbits/sec. Because Packet Radio can pro- vide a wide range of bandwidths on demand, it can be configured to efficiently handle short “bursty” traffic (such as email and web browsing) as well as large volumes of data. In addition, different levels of service can be provided to different subscribers, billing them accordingly. By Robert Haim Once the user’s data has been sent over the radio channel times- lots, it is packetized for routing over an IP-based Public Land The volume of data traffic has been rapidly overtaking the Mobile Network. (Since these IP-based backbones are used to volume of voice traffic in fixed networks. Data traffic is expected interconnect wireless base stations within a local wireless system, to exceed voice traffic in fixed networks this year, and there is we will call them internal networks.) little doubt that wireless networks will follow soon after. However, second-generation wireless infrastructures were designed pri- Internal networks can be used to carry packets between mobile marily for voice communications, and will need to be replaced terminals within a local area. However, to allow a mobile terminal or enhanced to handle the anticipated data traffic. Third- to connect to a fixed terminal, the data packets are routed over generation wireless systems designed to handle a mix of voice Public Data Networks, such as ATM networks, X.25 networks, or and data traffic have been prototyped, but they have not yet been the Internet. (Because these networks carry data outside the local deployed. An interim solution is to enhance existing second- wireless system, we will call them external networks.) generation wireless systems with hardware and software that will allow them to carry data traffic. This article discusses how Packet Radio protocols and network components this is currently being done. To support Packet Radio operation, new protocols and new hard- ware components must be added to a GSM wireless network. Third-generation wireless systems (such as IMT-2000, UMTS) These are described in the next sections. have been designed to handle both voice and data traffic effi- ciently, taking into account the anticipated rise in data traffic, rel- Packet Radio Components ative to voice traffic. However, these new wireless systems are Two new major components are needed to: very complex, and that complexity has slowed the standardization process — international standards bodies have yet to approve all ■ Provide routing within and between internal networks of the needed standards. ■ Integrate the operation of the internal networks with an exist- ing (voice) GSM wireless network This complexity has also delayed full implementation and wide- ■ Provide routing between internal networks and external networks spread deployment of these third-generation systems. While there have been some proof-of-concept prototypes in Korea and Japan, These new components are called General Packet Radio Service third-generation wireless systems have yet to be deployed. Support Nodes. (We will call them simply Nodes.) General Packet Radio Service There are two types of Nodes: Because of the delays in implementing third-generation wireless ■ Serving Nodes ■ Gateway Nodes systems, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) has been intro- duced as an interim method for sending data at high-speeds over Serving Nodes current wireless network infrastructures, such as: Serving Nodes on an internal network collectively perform sev- eral functions within their service area: ■ Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) wireless networks ■ They detect the presence of any new Packet Radio mobile station. ■ TDMA-based wireless networks ■ They process the registration of the new mobile subscriber, and keep a record of its location. Note: The term General Packet Radio Service is quite a mouthful, ■ They send queries to Home Location Registers, to obtain pro- so we will simply call it Packet Radio in this article. file data for each Packet Radio subscriber. ■ They deliver packets to the mobile stations. How Packet Radio works A voice-based wireless link provides a fixed bandwidth that is Gateway Nodes adequate for voice communication. However, different types of A Gateway Node also performs several functions: data communication require different bandwidths — often much more bandwidth than a voice channel can provide. To provide ■ It provides an interface between an internal network and an the additional bandwidth, Packet Radio systems can be “piggy- external network. ■ It maintains the routing information that is needed to “tunnel” ■ The Base Station System General Packet Radio Service Protocol Data Units (PDUs) between internal networks, allow- Protocol (BSSGP) communicates with its counterpart in the ing the Serving Nodes in one internal network to exchange Serving Node, to allow processing of routing and quality of data with those in another internal network. service information. The base station protocol uses the Frame ■ It provides network and subscriber screening, and address Relay Q.922 core protocol as its transport mechanism. mapping between internal networks and external networks. There are also special protocol layers that run on the Serving Network enhancements Nodes (see Figure 3). In addition to adding the Serving and Gateway nodes to the GSM wireless network (to provide high-speed data paths), the existing GSM infrastructure must also be enhanced to support Packet Serving Node protocol stacks Radio as follows: SNDCP GMM GTP ■ The GSM base stations must be enhanced to communicate LLC TCP/UDP with the Serving Node that is handling the wireless data com- munications within its coverage area. BSSAP+ BSSGP ■ The GSM Home Location Registers must be enhanced to register Packet Radio user profiles, and to respond to queries SCCP Network IP originating from Serving Nodes regarding these profiles. MTP3 Service Packet Radio MTP2 Q.922 (core) L2 network protocols Base station Application software running protocol stacks MTP1 HDLC PHY on a mobile terminal commu- Application nicates by making API calls Figure 3 to a standard network-level protocol, such as IP or X.25. IP or X.25 Below this network-level pro- GMM SNDCP ■ The Base Station System General Packet Radio Service tocol are layers that provide Protocol (BSSGP) communicates with its counterpart in the special data and signaling LLC base station, and processes routing and quality of service infor- protocols that are used to mation. The base station protocol uses the Frame Relay Q.922 communicate with GSM base RLC core protocol as its transport mechanism. stations and Serving Nodes. MAC ■ The BSSAP+ software manages paging for voice and data (See Figure 1) connections, and optimizes paging for mobile subscribers. PHY BSSAP+ is also responsible for location and routing updates, ■ The Sub-Network De- as well as mobile station alerting. pendent Convergence Pro- Figure 1 ■ The Logical Link Control (LLC) layer communicates with its tocol (SNDCP) is a special counterpart in the mobile terminal to assure reliable transfers layer below the network-level protocol that communicates with between the mobile terminal and the Serving Node across the its counterpart in the Serving Node. SNDCP also provides data wireless link. compression, data segmentation, and multiplexing of network- layer messages onto the radio link connection. There is also a special protocol layer ■ The Logical Link Control (LLC) is a special data link layer that runs on the Gateway Nodes (see Gateway Node protocol for Packet Radio that is similar to Link Access Figure 4). protocol stack Protocol -D (LAPD). This protocol layer communicates with its counterpart in the Serving Node to assure reliable transfers ■ The Tunnel Protocol (GTP) adds IP or X.25 between the mobile terminal and the Serving Node across the routing information to protocol wireless link. data units for Node-to-Node deliv- GTP ■ The Packet Radio Mobility Management (GMM) software ery through the IP backbone. The TCP/UDP is used for signaling, and handles mobility issues such as Tunnel Protocol operates on top of roaming, authentication, and selection of encryption algo- TCP/UDP over IP. IP rithms. Packet Radio L2 (IP/ATM) There are also several special network operation PHY protocol layers that run on Base station In Packet Radio communication, a the GSM base stations (see protocol stacks new network connection is estab- Figure 4 Figure 2). lished for each data transaction, and LLC Relay then released once that transaction is completed. However, these ■ The Network Service proto- connections are established so quickly that the user is given the BSSGP col manages the conver- RLC impression of always being “connected”. The process used to gence sublayer that operates Network establish and sever connections in real time requires several between the base station Service steps: protocol and the Frame MAC Relay Q.922 Core by map- Q.922 (core) ■ Network access ping the base station proto- ■ Routing and data transfer col’s service requests to the PHY ■ Mobility management appropriate Frame Relay services. Figure 2 These steps are described on next pages. a long time before widespread demand is apparent. As a result, leading-edge technology providers often face substantial risks when introducing new products. Packet Radio is a good example of this. The technology requires a very substantial initial investment in a new infrastructure, and the payoff might be a while coming.
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