Georgetown University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Development Management and Policy

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Georgetown University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Development Management and Policy POLÍTICAS EDUCATIVAS DE ALFABETIZACIÓN E INCLUSIÓN DIGITAL EN LA ARGENTINA: LA EXPERIENCIA DE “EDUC.AR” SOCIEDAD DEL ESTADO 2000-2010 A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Development Management and Policy By Daniela de Michele, B.A. Washington, DC August 1, 2012 Copyright 2012 by Daniela de Michele All Rights Reserved ii EDUCATION POLICIES ON DIGITAL LITERACY AND DIGITAL INCLUSION IN ARGENTINA, THE EXPERIENCE OF “EDUC.AR” STATE CORPORATION 2000-2010 Daniela de Michele, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Silvia Finocchio, Phd.. ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is contribute to the analysis of the policies on education and new technologies in Argentina. As case study, I have worked with the state corporation Educ.ar S.C., during the period 2000-2010, under the authority of the Ministry of Education. Educ.ar S.C. have had amongst its main projects the development of an Education Webpage mainly dedicated to the generation of digital resources and the training of teachers on new information technologies, while using them in the process. Educ.ar S.C has also participated in different public enterprises related to computer equipment and connectivity throughout the nation. Educ.ar S.C has also been the creator of a television network. Using as a start point the concept of public policy cycle, this dissertation seeks to show three different periods of Educ.ar S.C. characterized mainly by the different grasps, objectives, resources, target population, relation between the actors involved in the process and results. Simultaneously, I seek to address the different moments that make the public policy cycle: arise of the problem, perception of the problem, inclusion in the government agenda, formulation of alternatives, decision and adoption of a legislative program, implementation of action plans, and evaluation of the policy’s effects. The cycle’s perspective has allowed me to corroborate the existence of feedback between cycles, and how the elaboration of new policies, in the context of iii Educ.ar S.C, had taken into account the analysis of the policies implemented in the previous cycle. In time, using the design and reach of the policy as a check point, I have established the degree of implementation of these policies and identified which have been the major obstacles that led to any of the proposals to failure. The degree of implementations of these policies has contemplated, also, the relation with the economic, social and political context, as well as the influence of the multilateral organizations establishing the national agenda on new technologies and education. As a conclusion I consider that the stability of this project throughout several administrations and governments has been fruitful and allowed a learning process worthy to be noted and valued as it represents an unusual case in the public policies implemented in the region. Unlike similar educative projects, Educ.ar S.C has placed the teacher in a prominent position, and generated many of the digital resources and teacher’s training courses in new technologies. In the same way, the experience has served as a foundation for the design and implementation of other projects that try to include or strengthen the presence of new technologies in education. iv ÍNDICE Introducción .............................................................................................……………………….1 Marco conceptual y metodología de la investigación…………….……………………………….8 Capítulo I “Período 2000 -2003: De metas revolucionarias a rumbos inciertos”………………..13 Los orígenes del Educ.ar Sociedad del Estado…………………………………..………………13 La puesta en marcha del portal: Start up y Lanzamiento……………..………………………….26 El Portal……………………………………………………………………………….…………29 El Plan de Conectividad y el Plan de Capacitación Docente……………………...……….……40 Financiamiento……………………………………………………………………...……………43 Resultados inesperados, crisis y rumbo incierto ………………………………………………...44 Balance de la primera etapa……………..………………………………………………..…….. 55 Capítulo II “Período 2003-2007”: El relanzamiento del Portal Educ.ar”………………………..64 El nuevo rol del portal en el ámbito del Ministerio de Educación………………….……..….….64 Cambios en la estructura de gestión del portal: el rol de los especialistas………………………74 Los docentes, los nuevos protagonistas del Portal …………………………………………...….78 Las estrategias de capacitación docente del Portal …………………………………….………..80 Weblogs…………………………………………………………………………………...…..…80 La colección de CD …………………….………………………………………………….…….82 “PAR@ EDUC.AR”: actualización disciplinar a través de las nuevas tecnologías………..…..85 Plataforma online de capacitación docente………………………………………………..……87 v Entrevistas y Convocatorias……………………………………………………………….…….89 Cooperación Internacional: El plan de inclusión digital canadiense y RELPE………………….90 Cambios en el diseño del portal………………………………………………………………….94 Conectividad y equipamiento. Responsabilidades compartidas: Educ.ar en la Campaña Nacional de Alfabetización Digital……………………………………………………………..………….97 El programa de reciclado de computadoras ……………………………………...……………...98 La Red Educ.ar……………………………………………………………………………….100 Balance de la segunda etapa: Relanzamiento y Consolidación Institucional …………………100 Capítulo III: Período 2008 – 2010. Consolidación y Expansión de Educ.ar………………….107 El gobierno de Fernández de Kirchner: Las principales políticas sociales, educativas y comunicacionales del período…………………………………………………..………………107 El Canal Encuentro: Televisión + Internet………………………..……………………………116 Colaboración con otros Ministerios e instituciones estatales y participación de Educ.ar en la discusión tecnológica nacional…………………………………………………………………132 La participación de Educ.ar en el Programa Conectar Igualdad……………………………….135 Balance de la tercera etapa: Hacia una estrategia de inclusión digital y convergencia de medios…………………………………………………………………………..………………141 Conclusiones Finales…………………………………………………………………………...145 BIBLIOGRAFÍA SELECTIVA..................................................................................................152 vi INTRODUCCIÓN El objetivo de esta investigación es el de estudiar las políticas públicas vinculadas a la aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías al ámbito educativo. Particularmente mi interés se centró en el estudio de las políticas en TICsa llevadas adelante por la Sociedad de Estado Educ.ar dependiente del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación durante el período comprendido entre el año 2000 y el 2010. Hemos elegido a Educ.ar como objeto de estudio puesto que consideramos que constituye uno de los principales espacios donde confluyeron y se organizaron las políticas en TICs impulsadas por el Estado Nacional. De todos modos, cabe aclarar que dado que en el ámbito de Educ.ar se han desarrollado en los últimos años programas de gran magnitud, a los fines de nuestra investigación nos hemos centrado preferentemente en la acciones impulsadas desde el portal Educ.ar en relación con ellos. Las políticas orientadas a incorporar y fortalecer la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías en el ámbito educativo en nuestro país han atravesado distintas instancias de desarrollo en estos últimos treinta años. Previo a la creación de Educ.ar, la Argentina llevó adelante durante la década del ochenta y noventa diferentes políticas destinadas a incorporar las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en los ámbitos educativos. En un principio, la introducción de las TICs estuvo vinculada primordialmente a acciones pobremente coordinadas, e impulsadas desde los propios ámbitos escolares o bien por parte de los gobiernos provinciales. No obstante, a partir de mediados de la década de los noventa se implementaron diversos planes o programas del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación que tuvieron como principal objetivo o como una línea más dentro de ella la inclusión de nuevas tecnologías. Por ejemplo, programas tales como el PRODYMES I y II (Programa para la descentralización y mejoramiento de la escuela secundaria) o el Proyecto Redes se proponían como principal objetivo mejorar la calidad educativa y se centraron en la distribución de equipamiento informático, sobre todo a través del a Por TIC nos referimos al conjunto de tecnologías que permite adquirir, producir, almacenar, procesar, presentar y comunicar información. Esto incluye a las computadoras, a dispositivos más tradicionales como la radio y la televisión, y a tecnologías de última generación, como los reproductores de video y de audio digital (DVD, Mp3) o los celulares, entre otros. En el sistema educativo, además, existen tecnologías específicas que, sobre la base de estos dispositivos, están diseñadas especialmente para los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, como por ejemplo las pizarras interactivas. (Mezzadra,2010, p. 5) 1 armado de laboratorios de informática o centros de recursos multimediales. En líneas generales, las diferentes políticas en TICs implementadas durante la década del noventa dan cuenta de una fuerte desconexión y yuxtaposición entre las mismas, lo que tuvo como resultado una introducción desorganizada de estas tecnologías en las escuelas. A su vez, hubo problemas respecto de la coordinación y la falta de mantenimiento de los equipos, lo cual dificultó la concreción de resultados positivos en el lago plazo (Mezzadra, 2010, p. 15 y 16). En este contexto, la creación del portal Educ.ar en el año 2000 representa un intento por otorgarle mayor organicidad a las políticas de introducción
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